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Elgohary MK, Abd El Hadi SR, Abo-Ashour MF, Abo-El Fetoh ME, Afify H, Abdel-Aziz HA, Abou-Seri SM. Fragment merging approach for the design of thiazole/thiazolidine clubbed pyrazoline derivatives as anti-inflammatory agents: Synthesis, biopharmacological evaluation and molecular modeling studies. Bioorg Chem 2023; 139:106724. [PMID: 37451146 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2023.106724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Fragment merging approach was applied for the design of thiazole/thiazolidinone clubbed pyrazoline derivatives 5a-e, 6a-c, 7 and 10a-d as dual COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors. Compounds 5a, 6a, and 6b were the most potent and COX-2 selective inhibitors (IC50= 0.03-0.06 μM, SI = 282.7-472.9) with high activity against 5-LOX (IC50 = 4.36-4.86 μM), while compounds 5b and 10a were active and selective 5-LOX inhibitors with IC50 = 2.43 and 1.58 μM, respectively. In vivo assay and histopathological examination for most active candidate 6a revealed significant decrease in inflammation with higher safety profile in comparison to standard drugs. Compound 6a exhibited the same orientation and binding interactions as the reference COX-2 and 5-LOX inhibitors (celecoxib and quercetin, respectively). Consequently, compound 6a has been identified as a potential lead for further optimization and the development of safe and effective anti-inflammatory drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed K Elgohary
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Soha R Abd El Hadi
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt.
| | - Mahmoud F Abo-Ashour
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, El Saleheya El Gadida University, Egypt
| | - Mohammed E Abo-El Fetoh
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Hassan Afify
- Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Egyptian-Russian University, Badr City, Cairo 11829, Egypt
| | - Hatem A Abdel-Aziz
- Applied Organic Chemistry Department, National Research Center, Dokki, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| | - Sahar M Abou-Seri
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, Kasr El-Aini Street, Cairo P.O. Box 11562, Egypt.
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Khan S, Yusufi FNK, Yusufi ANK. Comparative effect of indomethacin (IndoM) on the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane and oxidative stress in the kidney, small intestine and liver of rats. Toxicol Rep 2019; 6:389-394. [PMID: 31080746 PMCID: PMC6506459 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Indomethacin (IndoM) administration causes renal, hepatic and intestinal toxicity. The renal proximal tubule, intestinal mucosa particularly their BBM and liver seem to be the major IndoM targets. IndoM produces multiple adverse effects in the liver, kidney, and intestine and alters metabolic functions. IndoM shifts energy dependence from oxidative metabolism to anaerobic glycolysis by causing damage to mitochondria. IndoM caused nephrotoxicity and other effects by increasing ROS generation and suppression of antioxidant mechanism.
Indomethacin (IndoM) has prominent anti-inflammatory and analgesic-antipyretic properties. However, high incidence and severity of side-effects on the structure and functions of the kidney, liver and intestine limits its clinical use. The present study tested the hypothesis that IndoM causes multi-organ toxicity by inducing oxidative stress that alters the structure of various cellular membranes, metabolism and hence functions. The effect of IndoM was determined on the enzymes of carbohydrate metabolism, brush border membrane (BBM) and oxidative stress in the rat kideny, liver and intestine to understand the mechanism of IndoM induced toxicity. Adult male Wister rats were given IndoM (20 mg/kg) intra-peritoneally in sodium bicarbonate twice a day for 3 d. The body weights of the rats were recorded before and after experimental procedure. IndoM administration significantly increased blood urea nitrogen, serum creatinine, cholesterol and alkaline phosphatase but inorganic phosphate indicating IndoM induced renal, hepatic and intestinal toxicity. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase along with glucose-6- and fructose-1, 6-bis phosphatase, glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and NADP-malic enzyme increased but malate dehydrogenase decreased in all tissues. Lipid peroxidation (LPO) significantly increased whereas the antioxidant enzymes decreased in all rat tissues studied. The results indicate that IndoM administration caused severe damage to kidney, liver and intestine by icreasing LPO, suppressing antioxidant enzymes and inhibiting oxidative metablolism. The energy dependence was shifted to anaerobic glycolysis due to mitochondrial damage supported by increased gluconeogenesis to provide more glucose to meet energy requirements.
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Key Words
- ACPase, Acid phosphatase an enzyme
- ALP, Alkaline phosphatase an enzyme
- ANOVA, Analysis of variance statistical tool
- ATP, Adenosine 5’-triphosphate energy currency
- BBM, Brush border membrane intestinal membrane
- BBMV, Brush border membrane vesicles
- BUN, Blood urea nitrogen blood parameter
- Carbohydrate metabolism
- G6PDH, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase an enzyme
- G6Pase, Glucose-6-phosphatase an enzyme
- GGTase, γ-Glutammyl transferase an enzyme
- HK, Hexokinase an enzyme
- HMP, Hexose monophosphate
- Indomethacin
- Intestine
- Kidney
- LAP, Leucine amino peptidase, an enzyme
- LDH, Lactate dehydrogenase an enzyme
- LPO, Lipid peroxidation
- Liver
- MDH, Malate dehydrogenase an enzyme
- ME, Malic enzyme an enzyme
- NADP+, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
- NADPH, Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (reduced) reducing equivalent
- Oxidative stress
- Pi, Inorganic phosphate
- ROS, Reactive oxygen species
- SH, Sulfhydryl groups
- SOD, Superoxide dismutase, an enzyme
- TCA cycle, Tri-carboxylic acid cycle
- Toxicity
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheeba Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, India
| | - Faiz Noor Khan Yusufi
- Department of Statistics and Operations Research, Faculty of Science, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, 202002, U.P., India
| | - Ahad Noor Khan Yusufi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Life Sciences, Aligarh Muslim University, India
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El-Yazbi AF, Eid AH, El-Mas MM. Cardiovascular and renal interactions between cyclosporine and NSAIDs: Underlying mechanisms and clinical relevance. Pharmacol Res 2018; 129:251-261. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2017] [Revised: 11/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Nagappan AS, Varghese J, James JV, Jacob M. Indomethacin induces endoplasmic reticulum stress, but not apoptosis, in the rat kidney. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 761:199-205. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Ahmad MK, Khan AA, Mahmood R. Taurine ameliorates potassium bromate-induced kidney damage in rats. Amino Acids 2013; 45:1109-21. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-013-1563-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Hörl WH. Nonsteroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs and the Kidney. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2010; 3:2291-2321. [PMID: 27713354 PMCID: PMC4036662 DOI: 10.3390/ph3072291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2010] [Revised: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) inhibit the isoenzymes COX-1 and COX-2 of cyclooxygenase (COX). Renal side effects (e.g., kidney function, fluid and urinary electrolyte excretion) vary with the extent of COX-2-COX-1 selectivity and the administered dose of these compounds. While young healthy subjects will rarely experience adverse renal effects with the use of NSAIDs, elderly patients and those with co-morbibity (e.g., congestive heart failure, liver cirrhosis or chronic kidney disease) and drug combinations (e.g., renin-angiotensin blockers, diuretics plus NSAIDs) may develop acute renal failure. This review summarizes our present knowledge how traditional NSAIDs and selective COX-2 inhibitors may affect the kidney under various experimental and clinical conditions, and how these drugs may influence renal inflammation, water transport, sodium and potassium balance and how renal dysfunction or hypertension may result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter H Hörl
- Division of Nephrology and Dialysis, Department of Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Währinger Gürtel 18-20, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
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Catal T, Sacan O, Yanardag R, Bolkent S. Protective effects of antioxidant combination against D-galactosamine-induced kidney injury in rats. Cell Biochem Funct 2010; 28:107-13. [DOI: 10.1002/cbf.1625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Oliver SR, Wright VP, Parinandi N, Clanton TL. Thermal tolerance of contractile function in oxidative skeletal muscle: no protection by antioxidants and reduced tolerance with eicosanoid enzyme inhibition. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 295:R1695-705. [PMID: 18768765 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.90429.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms for the loss of muscle contractile function in hyperthermia are poorly understood. This study identified the critical temperature, resulting in a loss of contractile function in isolated diaphragm (thermal tolerance), and then tested the hypotheses 1) that increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) production contributes to the loss of contractile function at this temperature, and 2) eicosanoid metabolism plays an important role in preservation of contractile function in hyperthermia. Contractile function and passive force were measured in rat diaphragm bundles during and after 30 min of exposure to 40, 41, 42 or 43 degrees C. Between 40 and 42 degrees C, there were no effects of hyperthermia, but at 43 degrees C, a significant loss of active force and an increase in passive force were observed. Inhibition of ROS with the antioxidants, Tiron or Trolox, did not inhibit the loss of contractile force at 43 degrees C. Furthermore, treatment with dithiothreitol, a thiol (-SH) reducing agent, did not reverse the effects of hyperthermia. A variety of global lipoxygenase (LOX) inhibitors further depressed force during 43 degrees C and caused a significant loss of thermal tolerance at 42 degrees C. Cyclooxygenase (COX) inhibitors also caused a loss of thermal tolerance at 42 degrees C. Blockage of phospholipase with phospholipase A(2) inhibitors, bromoenol lactone or arachidonyltrifluoromethyl ketone failed to significantly prevent the loss of force at 43 degrees C. Overall, these data suggest that ROS do not play an apparent role in the loss of contractile function during severe hyperthermia in diaphragm. However, functional LOX and COX enzyme activities appear to be necessary for maintaining normal force production in hyperthermia.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ryan Oliver
- University of Florida, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA
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Sivalingam N, Basivireddy J, Balasubramanian KA, Jacob M. Curcumin attenuates indomethacin-induced oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Arch Toxicol 2007; 82:471-81. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-007-0263-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2007] [Accepted: 10/31/2007] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
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Farkouh CR, Merrill JD, Ballard PL, Ballard RA, Ischiropoulos H, Lorch SA. Urinary Metabolites of Oxidative Stress and Nitric Oxide in Preterm and Term Infants. Neonatology 2006; 90:233-42. [PMID: 16735789 DOI: 10.1159/000093633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2005] [Accepted: 01/05/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many neonatal diseases have been associated with oxidative stress and altered nitric oxide status. OBJECTIVE To determine the effects of clinical interventions on the levels of urinary peroxides, a marker of oxidative stress, and urinary nitrate/nitrites, indices of nitric oxide production and metabolism, in the first 72 h of life in premature infants. METHODS A single, spot urine sample was collected from 82 premature and 20 healthy term infants within the first 72 h of life. The peroxide levels were quantified using a fluorometric method, and nitrate/nitrite levels were quantified by chemiluminescence. RESULTS Premature infants had a median peroxide level of 10.0 micromol/mmol creatinine (Cr) (interquartile range 4.8-20.0 micromol/mmol Cr). These values were significantly higher than term infants (median 5.0 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 2.7-10.0 micromol/mmol Cr). Urinary nitrate/nitrite levels were not significantly different between preterm (220.5 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 161-287 micromol/mmol Cr) and healthy term infants (244 micromol/mmol Cr, interquartile range 194-316 micromol/mmol Cr). For urinary peroxides, infants on TPN had significantly higher urinary peroxide levels than infants who were not on TPN at the time of urine collection (p = 0.006). Administration of indomethacin was associated with lower levels of urinary nitrate/nitrites (p = 0.0003). Both effects remained significant after controlling for gestational age, degree of respiratory distress and day of urine collection. CONCLUSION Monitoring the level of both peroxides and nitrate/nitrite may offer added information about the degree of oxidative stress experienced by a newborn but needs to account for clinical and therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiana R Farkouh
- Division of Neonatology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Hall AM, Unwin RJ. The Not So ‘Mighty Chondrion’: Emergence of Renal Diseases due to Mitochondrial Dysfunction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006; 105:p1-10. [PMID: 17095876 DOI: 10.1159/000096860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondria are intracellular organelles with a variety of vital functions, including the provision of energy in the form of adenosine 5'-triphosphate. Increasingly, we are becoming more aware of the importance of mitochondrial dysfunction in a number of common medical conditions. In this review and overview, we focus on the growing evidence that mitochondrial dysfunction is involved in either the etiology or underlying pathophysiology of a broad spectrum of renal diseases, including acute renal injury due to ischemia-reperfusion injury, renal Fanconi syndrome, and glomerular disorders such as focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In addition, mitochondrial dysfunction may also contribute to the growing burden of chronic kidney disease seen in our aging population, which is still largely unexplained. Unfortunately, at present, our ability to diagnose and treat renal disorders related to mitochondrial dysfunction is limited, and further work in this field is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Hall
- Centre for Nephrology and Department of Physiology (Epithelial Transport and Cell Biology Group), Royal Free and University College Medical School, London, UK.
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Narita T, Sato R, Tomizawa N, Tani K, Komori S, Hara S. Safety of reduced-dosage ketoprofen for long-term oral administration in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2006; 67:1115-20. [PMID: 16817730 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.67.7.1115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety of reduced-dosage ketoprofen (RDKET) for long-term oral administration in healthy dogs. ANIMALS 14 healthy Beagles. PROCEDURES Racemic ketoprofen (0.25 mg/kg, PO) and gelatin capsules, as a drug-free placebo, were each administered to 7 dogs for 30 days. Dogs were periodically monitored via physical examination, blood analyses, endoscopic examinations, fecal occult blood tests (tetramethylbenzidine and guaiac methods), renal function tests (effective renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate), urinalyses, urinary enzyme indices (N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase and gamma-glutamyl-transferase), and hemostatic function tests (buccal mucosa bleeding time, cuticle bleeding time, prothrombin time, activated partial thromboplastin time, and fibrinogen concentration). RESULTS Pyloric antrum lesion grade was significantly higher in the RDKET group on day 28, compared with the pretreatment and control group grades. Fecal occult blood grade measured by use of the tetramethylbenzidine method was significantly higher in the RDKET group on day 30, compared with the pretreatment grade. No other significant differences were detected between treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE RDKET induced mild to moderate gastric mucosal injuries especially in the pyloric antrum in healthy Beagles, whereas no adverse effects were observed in renal function or hemostasis. Fecal occult blood tests may be useful as screening tests for adverse gastrointestinal effects induced by RDKET in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Narita
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Science, The United Graduate School of Veterinary Sciences, Gifu University, Japan
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Sen S, Doger FK, Sen S, Aydin ON, Karul A, Dost T. The protective effect of nitroglycerin on gastrointestinal and renal side effects of lornoxicam in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2006; 541:191-7. [PMID: 16765342 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2006] [Revised: 05/10/2006] [Accepted: 05/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The aim of this study is firstly, to determine the preventive effect of chronic usage of combination of nitroglycerin and lornoxicam on gastrointestinal and renal side effects and secondly, to investigate the oxidative and antioxidative effects of this combination in rats. METHODS Thirty-seven Wistar male rats were divided into five groups for 15 days; isotonic group (n = 8, sodium chloride 0.09, Group ISO), lornoxicam group (n = 8, lornoxicam 1.3 mg/kg, Group L), nitroglycerin group (n = 6, nitroglycerin 1 mg/kg, Group NTG), lornoxicam-nitroglycerin combination group (n = 8, 1.3 mg/kg lornoxicam + 1 mg/kg nitroglycerin, Group L-NTG), and control group (n = 7, no drug was administered, Group C). Nitric oxide, malondialdehyde, reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase, interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha concentrations were measured before drug injection and on fifteenth day in all blood samples. Gastrointestinal and renal biopsies were performed on fifteenth day. RESULTS Two rats died on tenth and twelfth days in Group L. There were significant differences in Group L compared to the other groups for the lesions of stomach and kidney (p = 0.01, p = 0.028 respectively). Gastric ulceration was occurred in a rat in Group L. Malondialdehyde, TNF-alpha, and IL-6 levels decreased in NTG and L-NTG groups, whereas catalase and glutathion levels increased in NTG, L and L-NTG groups compared to control group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Lornoxicam may cause gastrointestinal and renal side effects without oxidative stress. Adding nitroglycerin to lornoxicam for chronic treatment may prevent these side effects and enhance antioxidative effect compared to the use of lornoxicam alone in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selda Sen
- Adnan Menderes University, Medical Faculty, Anesthesiology and Reanimation Department, Turkey.
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