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Park J, Kang GH, Kim Y, Lee JY, Song JA, Hwang JH. Formaldehyde exposure induces differentiation of regulatory T cells via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway in Yucatan minipigs. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8149. [PMID: 35581361 PMCID: PMC9114421 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12183-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of minipigs (Sus scrofa) as a platform for toxicological and pharmacological research is well established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of formaldehyde (FA) exposure on helper T cell-mediated splenic immune responses in Yucatan minipigs. The minipigs were exposed to different inhaled concentrations of FA (0, 2.16, 4.62, or 10.48 mg/m3) for a period of 2 weeks. Immune responses elicited by exposure to FA were determined by assessing physiological parameters, mRNA expression, and cytokine production. Additionally, the distribution of helper T cells and regulatory T (Treg) cells and expression of NFAT families, which are well-known T cell receptor signalling proteins associated with regulatory T cell development, were evaluated. Exposure to FA suppressed the expression of genes associated with Th1 and Th2 cells in minipigs in a concentration-dependent manner. The subsequent production of cytokines also declined post-FA exposure. Furthermore, exposure to FA induced the differentiation of CD4+ Foxp3+ Treg cells with divergent expression levels of NFAT1 and NFAT2. These results indicated that exposure to FA increased the Treg cell population via the NFAT-mediated T cell receptor signalling pathway, leading to suppression of effector T cell activity with a decline in T cell-related cytokine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongsik Park
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Goo-Hwa Kang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngkyu Kim
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biotechnology, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul-si, 27447, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Young Lee
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.,Department of Human and Environmental Toxicology, University of Science & Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ah Song
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Hwang
- Animal Model Research Group, Jeonbuk Department of Inhalation Research, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak 1-gil, Jeonguep, Jeollabuk-do, 56212, Republic of Korea.
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Evaluating the Sub-Acute Toxicity of Formaldehyde Fumes in an In Vitro Human Airway Epithelial Tissue Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052593. [PMID: 35269734 PMCID: PMC8910234 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is an irritating, highly reactive aldehyde that is widely regarded as an asthmagen. In addition to its use in industrial applications and being a product of combustion reaction and endogenous metabolism, FDA-regulated products may contain FA or release FA fumes that present toxicity risks for both patients and healthcare workers. Exposure to airborne FA is associated with nasal neoplastic lesions in both animals and humans. It is classified as a Group 1 carcinogen by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) based on the increased incidence of cancer in animals and a known human carcinogen in the Report on Carcinogens by National Toxicology Program (NTP). Herein, we systematically evaluated the tissue responses to FA fumes in an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model. Cultures were exposed at the air interface to 7.5, 15, and 30 ppm of FA fumes 4 h per day for 5 consecutive days. Exposure to 30 ppm of FA induced sustained oxidative stress, along with functional changes in ciliated and goblet cells as well as possible squamous differentiation. Furthermore, secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines, IL-1β, IL-2, IL-8, GM-CSF, TNF-a and IFN-γ, was induced by repeated exposures to FA fumes. Expression of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-7, MMP-10, MMP-12, and MMP-13 was downregulated at the end of the 5-day exposure. Although DNA-damage was not detected by the comet assay, FA exposures downregulated the DNA repair enzymes MGMT and FANCD2, suggesting its possible interference in the DNA repair capacity. Overall, a general concordance was observed between our in vitro responses to FA fume exposures and the reported in vivo toxicity of FA. Our findings provide further evidence supporting the application of the ALI airway system as a potential in vitro alternative for screening and evaluating the respiratory toxicity of inhaled substances.
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Hamad SH, Brinkman MC, Tsai YH, Mellouk N, Cross K, Jaspers I, Clark PI, Granville CA. Pilot Study to Detect Genes Involved in DNA Damage and Cancer in Humans: Potential Biomarkers of Exposure to E-Cigarette Aerosols. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:genes12030448. [PMID: 33809907 PMCID: PMC8004185 DOI: 10.3390/genes12030448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on how gene expression enables identification of individuals who are at risk of exposure to carcinogens from e-cigarette (e-cig) vaping; and how human vaping behaviors modify these exposures. This pilot study aimed to identify genes regulated from acute exposure to e-cig using RT-qPCR. Three subjects (2M and 1F) made three visits to the lab (nTOT = 9 visits); buccal and blood samples were collected before and immediately after scripted vaping 20 puffs (nTOT = 18 samples); vaping topography data were collected in each session. Subjects used their own e-cig containing 50:50 propylene glycol (PG):vegetable glycerine (VG) +3-6 mg/mL nicotine. The tumor suppressor TP53 was significantly upregulated in buccal samples. TP53 expression was puff volume and flow rate dependent in both tissues. In blood, the significant downregulation of N-methylpurine DNA glycosylase (MPG), a base excision repair gene, was consistent across all subjects. In addition to DNA repair pathway, cell cycle and cancer pathways were the most enriched pathways in buccal and blood samples, respectively. This pilot study demonstrates that vaping 20 puffs significantly alters expression of TP53 in human tissues; vaping behavior is an important modifier of this response. A larger study is needed to confirm these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samera H. Hamad
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (P.I.C.); (C.A.G.); Tel.: +1-608-217-2829 (S.H.H.); +1-443-791-3553 (P.I.C.); +1-614-607-2766 (C.A.G.)
| | | | - Yi-Hsuan Tsai
- UNC Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
| | - Namya Mellouk
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA;
| | - Kandice Cross
- Gad Consulting Services, Risk Assessment, Consulting in Raleigh, Raleigh, NC 27609, USA;
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA;
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Pamela I. Clark
- School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (P.I.C.); (C.A.G.); Tel.: +1-608-217-2829 (S.H.H.); +1-443-791-3553 (P.I.C.); +1-614-607-2766 (C.A.G.)
| | - Courtney A. Granville
- Drug Information Association, Washington, DC 20036, USA
- Correspondence: (S.H.H.); (P.I.C.); (C.A.G.); Tel.: +1-608-217-2829 (S.H.H.); +1-443-791-3553 (P.I.C.); +1-614-607-2766 (C.A.G.)
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Formaldehyde exposure induces regulatory T cell-mediated immunosuppression via calcineurin-NFAT signalling pathway. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17023. [PMID: 33046725 PMCID: PMC7550593 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72502-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the effects of Formaldehyde (FA) exposure on splenic immune responses wherein helper T cells become activated and differentiate into effector T and regulatory T cells. BALB/c mice were exposed to two FA concentrations (1.38 mg/m3 and 5.36 mg/m3) for 4 h/day and 5 days/week for 2 weeks. FA-induced immune responses were examined by the production of cytokines, expression of mRNAs, and distributions of helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Moreover, expression of calcineurin and NFATs, regulatory T cell-related signalling proteins, were evaluated. FA exposure suppressed Th2-, Th1-, and Th17-related splenic cytokines in a dose-dependent manner. mRNA expression of splenic cytokines was also decreased by FA exposure, which correlated with decreased cytokine expression. In parallel, FA exposure promoted T cell differentiation into regulatory T cells in a dose-dependent manner supported by the expression of calcineurin and NFAT1. Taken together, our results indicated that FA exposure increases the number of regulatory T cells via calcineurin-NFAT signalling, thereby leading to effector T cell activity suppression with decreased T cell-related cytokine secretion and mRNA expression. These findings provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the adverse effects of FA and accordingly have general implications for human health, particularly in occupational settings.
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Costa S, Costa C, Madureira J, Valdiglesias V, Teixeira-Gomes A, Guedes de Pinho P, Laffon B, Teixeira JP. Occupational exposure to formaldehyde and early biomarkers of cancer risk, immunotoxicity and susceptibility. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 179:108740. [PMID: 31563789 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.108740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a high-volume production chemical manufactured worldwide to which many people are exposed to both environmentally and occupationally. FA was recently reclassified as a human carcinogen. Several epidemiological studies have revealed an increased risk of cancer development among workers exposed to FA. Although FA genotoxicity was confirmed in a variety of experimental systems, data from human studies are conflicting. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the occupational exposure to FA in a multistage approach relating the exposure with different biomarkers (dose and effect) and individual susceptibility. Air monitoring was performed to estimate the level of exposure to FA during shift work. Eighty-five workers from hospital anatomy-pathology laboratories exposed to FA and 87 controls were tested for cytogenetic alterations in lymphocytes (micronucleus, MN; sister-chromatid exchange, SCE) and T-cell receptor (TCR) mutation assay. The frequency of MN in exfoliated buccal cells, a first contact tissue was also assessed. Percentages of different lymphocyte subpopulations were selected as immunotoxicity biomarkers. The level of formic acid in urine was investigated as a potential biomarker of internal dose. The effects of polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolising enzymes and DNA repair enzymes on the endpoints studied were determined. The mean level of FA exposure was 0.38 ± 0.03 ppm. MN (in lymphocytes and buccal cells) and SCE were significantly increased in FA-exposed workers compared to controls. MN frequency positively correlated with FA levels of exposure and duration. Significant alterations in the percentage of T cytotoxic lymphocytes, NK cells and B lymphocytes were found between groups. Polymorphisms in CYP2E1, GSTP1 and FANCA genes were associated with increased genetic damage in FA-exposed subjects. The obtained information may provide new important data to be used by health and safety care programs and by governmental agencies responsible for setting the acceptable levels for occupational exposure to FA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Carla Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Madureira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Vanessa Valdiglesias
- Universidade da Coruña, DICOMOSA Group, Department of Psychology, Area of Psychobiology, Faculty of Education Sciences, Campus Elviña s/n, 15071-A, Coruña, Spain
| | - Armanda Teixeira-Gomes
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paula Guedes de Pinho
- UCIBIO/REQUIMTE, Department of Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
| | - Blanca Laffon
- EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Rua Alexandre Herculano, 321, 4000-055, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Rua das Taipas, nº 135, 4050-600, Porto, Portugal
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Liu QP, Zhou DX, Lv MQ, Ge P, Li YX, Wang SJ. Formaldehyde inhalation triggers autophagy in rat lung tissues. Toxicol Ind Health 2018; 34:748233718796347. [PMID: 30360701 DOI: 10.1177/0748233718796347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA), a ubiquitous environmental contaminant, has long been suspected of causing lung injury. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain elusive. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of autophagy in lung injury induced by FA inhalation. In this study, lung weight coefficient, interleukin 8 in bronchoalveolar fluid, and histopathological examination were used to evaluate the lung injury. Moreover, electron microscopy, Western blotting for the ratio of LC3-II/LC3-I were used to detect autophagy in lung tissues. Our results indicated that the lung toxicity of FA inhalation is dose dependent. Lung weight coefficient, inflammatory response, and histopathological structure in the 0.5 mg/m3 FA exposure group showed no obvious changes compared with the control. However, exposure to 5 and 10 mg/m3 FA produced lung injury including pulmonary edema, histological changes, and inflammatory responses. Furthermore, the alterations of autophagy correlated with lung injury. Taken together, these data indicate that FA exposure triggers autophagy of alveolar epithelial cells, which might play a pivotal role in lung injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Ping Liu
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 2 Third Ward of VIP, 323 Hospital of PLA, Xi'an, China
| | - Dang-Xia Zhou
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Mo-Qi Lv
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
- 3 Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, China
| | - Pan Ge
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yi-Xin Li
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shi-Jie Wang
- 1 Department of Pathology, Medical School, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Zhang X, Zhao Y, Song J, Yang X, Zhang J, Zhang Y, Li R. Responses to Comments on "Differential Health Effects of Constant and Intermittent Exposure to Formaldehyde in Mice: Implications for Building Ventilation Strategies". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:3322-3324. [PMID: 29473741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b00844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
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Mediating Role of TRPV1 Ion Channels in the Co-exposure to PM2.5 and Formaldehyde of Balb/c Mice Asthma Model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11926. [PMID: 28931832 PMCID: PMC5607312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11833-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a complex pulmonary inflammatory disease that can be promoted by air pollutants such as PM2.5 and formaldehyde (FA). However, existent experimental evidence principally focuses on the negative influence of a single air pollutant, neglecting the possible synergistic effect in biological responses to mixture of these pollutants, a more common situation in our daily life. In this study, allergic Balb/c mice were exposed to a mixture of PM2.5 and FA, and their toxicological effects and mechanisms were explored. It is demonstrated that the combined exposure to PM2.5 and FA can greatly aggravate allergic asthma in mice. When compared with exposure to PM2.5 or FA alone, the co-exposure showed a certain synergistic effect. Increased levels of ROS, inflammatory factors and total serum immunoglobulin E were concomitant with this deterioration. Furthermore, results suggested that co-exposure exacerbated the activation of TRPV1 signal pathways, with an enhancement in substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide production, which contributed to inflammation in asthma by neurogenic inflammation. The study also proved that capsazepine treatment could reduce the levels of not only pro-inflammatory neuropeptides, but also oxidative stress. It is concluded that co-exposure to PM2.5 and FA exacerbated allergic asthma through oxidative stress and enhanced TRPV1 activation.
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Jiménez-Villarreal J, Betancourt-Martínez ND, Carranza-Rosales P, Viveros-Valdez E, Guzmán-Delgado NE, López-Márquez FC, Martíneza JM. Formaldehyde induces DNA strand breaks on spermatozoa and lymphocytes of Wistar rats. CYTOL GENET+ 2017. [DOI: 10.3103/s0095452717010078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tkachenko H, Grudniewska J. Evaluation of oxidative stress markers in the heart and liver of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss walbaum) exposed to the formalin. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2016; 42:1819-1832. [PMID: 27435746 PMCID: PMC5127868 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-016-0260-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to examine change in lipid and protein oxidation biomarkers, transamination enzymes and lactate dehydrogenase activities, lactate and pyruvate levels in liver and heart tissue of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum) that was exposed to formalin baths. Increase of 2-thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and carbonyl derivatives of protein oxidative destruction was noticed only in cardiac tissue of formalin-exposed fish. Activity of lactate dehydrogenase and lactate level in the cardiac tissue were elevated, indicating active glycolysis. Effects of formalin disinfection were different in both tissues. Aldehydic and ketonic derivatives of oxidatively modified proteins in liver were consistently reduced upon exposure to the formalin. In support of this, decrease in alanine and aspartate aminotransferases was noticed. Formalin disinfection of rainbow trout results in metabolic plasticity, predominantly in liver with decreased levels of oxidative stress biomarkers and aminotransferases activity. Formalin-induced oxidative stress in the cardiac tissue was more considerable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halyna Tkachenko
- Department of Zoology and Animal Physiology, Institute of Biology and Environmental Protection, Pomeranian University in Slupsk, Arciszewski Str. 22B, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Grudniewska
- Department of Salmonid Research, Stanislaw Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Rutki, 83-330 Żukowo, Poland
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North M, Gaytán BD, Romero C, De La Rosa VY, Loguinov A, Smith MT, Zhang L, Vulpe CD. Functional Toxicogenomic Profiling Expands Insight into Modulators of Formaldehyde Toxicity in Yeast. Front Genet 2016; 7:200. [PMID: 27909446 PMCID: PMC5112362 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2016.00200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a commercially important chemical with numerous and diverse uses. Accordingly, occupational and environmental exposure to FA is prevalent worldwide. Various adverse effects, including nasopharyngeal, sinonasal, and lymphohematopoietic cancers, have been linked to FA exposure, prompting designation of FA as a human carcinogen by U.S. and international scientific entities. Although the mechanism(s) of FA toxicity have been well studied, additional insight is needed in regard to the genetic requirements for FA tolerance. In this study, a functional toxicogenomics approach was utilized in the model eukaryotic yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae to identify genes and cellular processes modulating the cellular toxicity of FA. Our results demonstrate mutant strains deficient in multiple DNA repair pathways-including homologous recombination, single strand annealing, and postreplication repair-were sensitive to FA, indicating FA may cause various forms of DNA damage in yeast. The SKI complex and its associated factors, which regulate mRNA degradation by the exosome, were also required for FA tolerance, suggesting FA may have unappreciated effects on RNA stability. Furthermore, various strains involved in osmoregulation and stress response were sensitive to FA. Together, our results are generally consistent with FA-mediated damage to both DNA and RNA. Considering DNA repair and RNA degradation pathways are evolutionarily conserved from yeast to humans, mechanisms of FA toxicity identified in yeast may be relevant to human disease and genetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew North
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Brandon D Gaytán
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Carlos Romero
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Y De La Rosa
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Alex Loguinov
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Martyn T Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Luoping Zhang
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chris D Vulpe
- Department of Nutritional Science and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, CA, USA
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Shim I, Choi K, Hirano S. Oxidative stress and cytotoxic effects of silver ion in mouse lung macrophages J774.1 cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:471-478. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.3382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ilseob Shim
- Department of Environmental Health Research; National Institute of Environmental Research; Republic of Korea
| | - Kyunghee Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Research; National Institute of Environmental Research; Republic of Korea
| | - Seishiro Hirano
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research; National Institute for Environmental Studies; Japan
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Bogen KT, Heilman JM. Reassessment of MTBE cancer potency considering modes of action for MTBE and its metabolites. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 45 Suppl 1:1-56. [PMID: 26414780 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2015.1052367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
A 1999 California state agency cancer potency (CP) evaluation of methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) assumed linear risk extrapolations from tumor data were plausible because of limited evidence that MTBE or its metabolites could damage DNA, and based such extrapolations on data from rat gavage and rat and mouse inhalation studies indicating elevated tumor rates in male rat kidney, male rat Leydig interstitial cells, and female rat leukemia/lymphomas. More recent data bearing on MTBE cancer potency include a rodent cancer bioassay of MTBE in drinking water; several new studies of MTBE genotoxicity; several similar evaluations of MTBE metabolites, formaldehyde, and tert-butyl alcohol or TBA; and updated evaluations of carcinogenic mode(s) of action (MOAs) of MTBE and MTBE metabolite's. The lymphoma/leukemia data used in the California assessment were recently declared unreliable by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Updated characterizations of MTBE CP, and its uncertainty, are currently needed to address a variety of decision goals concerning historical and current MTBE contamination. To this end, an extensive review of data sets bearing on MTBE and metabolite genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and tumorigenicity was applied to reassess MTBE CP and related uncertainty in view of MOA considerations. Adopting the traditional approach that cytotoxicity-driven cancer MOAs are inoperative at very low, non-cytotoxic dose levels, it was determined that MTBE most likely does not increase cancer risk unless chronic exposures induce target-tissue toxicity, including in sensitive individuals. However, the corresponding expected (or plausible upper bound) CP for MTBE conditional on a hypothetical linear (e.g., genotoxic) MOA was estimated to be ∼2 × 10(-5) (or 0.003) per mg MTBE per kg body weight per day for adults exposed chronically over a lifetime. Based on this conservative estimate of CP, if MTBE is carcinogenic to humans, it is among the weakest 10% of chemical carcinogens evaluated by EPA.
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Murta GL, Campos KKD, Bandeira ACB, Diniz MF, Costa GDP, Costa DC, Talvani A, Lima WG, Bezerra FS. Oxidative effects on lung inflammatory response in rats exposed to different concentrations of formaldehyde. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 211:206-213. [PMID: 26774767 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.12.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The formaldehyde (FA) is a crosslinking agent that reacts with cellular macromolecules such as proteins, nucleic acids and molecules with low molecular weight such as amino acids, and it has been linked to inflammatory processes and oxidative stress. This study aimed to analyze the oxidative effects on pulmonary inflammatory response in Fischer rats exposed to different concentrations of FA. Twenty-eight Fischer rats were divided into 4 groups (N = 7). The control group (CG) was exposed to ambient air and three groups were exposed to different concentrations of FA: 1% (FA1%), 5% (FA5%) and 10% (FA10%). In the Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid (BALF), the exposure to a concentration of 10% promoted the increase of inflammatory cells compared to CG. There was also an increase of macrophages and lymphocytes in FA10% and lymphocytes in FA5% compared to CG. The activity of NADPH oxidase in the blood had been higher in FA5% and FA10% compared to CG. The activity of superoxide dismutase enzyme (SOD) had an increase in FA5% and the activity of the catalase enzyme (CAT) showed an increase in FA1% compared to CG. As for the glutathione system, there was an increase in total glutathione (tGSH), reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidized glutathione (GSSG) in FA5% compared to CG. The reduced/oxidized glutathione ratio (GSH/GSSG) had a decrease in FA5% compared to CG. There was an increase in lipid peroxidation compared to all groups and the protein carbonyl formation in FA10% compared to CG. We also observed an increase in CCL2 and CCL5 chemokines in the treatment groups compared to CG and in serum there was an increase in CCL2, CCL3 and CCL5 compared to CG. Our results point out to the potential of formaldehyde in promoting airway injury by increasing the inflammatory process as well as by the redox imbalance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giselle Luciane Murta
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Keila Karine Duarte Campos
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carla Balthar Bandeira
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry (LBM), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Mirla Fiuza Diniz
- Laboratory of Morphopathology (LMP), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme de Paula Costa
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Daniela Caldeira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolic Biochemistry (LBM), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - André Talvani
- Laboratory of Immunobiology of Inflammation (LABIIN), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Wanderson Geraldo Lima
- Laboratory of Morphopathology (LMP), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil
| | - Frank Silva Bezerra
- Laboratory of Experimental Pathophysiology (LAFEx), Department of Biological Sciences (DECBI), Center of Research in Biological Sciences(NUPEB), Federal University of OuroPreto (UFOP), Ouro Preto, MG, Brazil.
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15
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Moskalev A, Shaposhnikov M, Plyusnina E, Plyusnin S, Shostal O, Aliper A, Zhavoronkov A. Exhaustive data mining comparison of the effects of low doses of ionizing radiation, formaldehyde and dioxins. BMC Genomics 2014; 15 Suppl 12:S5. [PMID: 25563934 PMCID: PMC4303946 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-15-s12-s5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Ionizing radiation in low doses is the ubiquitous environmental factor with harmful stochastic effects. Formaldehyde is one of the most reactive household and industrial pollutants. Dioxins are persistent organic pollutants and most potent synthetic poisons effective even at trace concentrations. Environmental pollutants are capable of altering the expression of a variety of genes. To identify the similarities and differences in the effects of low-dose ionizing radiation, formaldehyde and dioxin on gene expression, we performed the bioinformatic analysis of all available published data. Results We found that that in addition to the common p53-, ATM- and MAPK-signaling stress response pathways, genes of cell cycle regulation and proinflammatory cytokines, the studied pollutants induce a variety of other molecular processes. Conclusions The observed patterns provide new insights into the mechanisms of the adverse effects associated with these pollutants. They can also be useful in the development of new bio-sensing methods for detection of pollutants in the environment and combating the deleterious effects.
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16
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Attia D, Mansour N, Taha F, Seif El Dein A. Assessment of lipid peroxidation and p53 as a biomarker of carcinogenesis among workers exposed to formaldehyde in the cosmetic industry. Toxicol Ind Health 2014; 32:1097-105. [PMID: 25193344 DOI: 10.1177/0748233714547152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite the wide use of cosmetic products, they exert a number of health effects on tissues ranging from irritation to cancer. Our study aimed at assessing the effect of formaldehyde on lipid peroxidation and verifying the susceptibility to carcinogenesis using p53 as a biomarker among workers exposed to formaldehyde in cosmetic industry. Our entire exposed group (n = 40) and the controls (n = 20) were subjected to estimation of formate in urine, serum malondialdehyde (MDA), and p53. Also, complete blood picture, liver, and kidney function tests were carried out. The study revealed significant increase in the levels of formate, MDA, and p53 in the exposed group compared with their control group. Our results showed that workers in cosmetic industry had significant exposure to formaldehyde. Furthermore, the study pointed to the negative impact of formaldehyde as a cause of oxidative stress and suspicious carcinogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalia Attia
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neveen Mansour
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fatma Taha
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Aisha Seif El Dein
- Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
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17
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Wang F, Li C, Liu W, Jin Y. Modulation of microRNA expression by volatile organic compounds in mouse lung. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2014; 29:679-689. [PMID: 24733833 DOI: 10.1002/tox.21795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 06/17/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are one of main pollutants indoors. Exposure to VOCs is associated with cancer, asthma disease, and multiple chemical allergies. Despite the adverse health effects of VOCs, the molecular mechanisms underlying VOCs-induced disease remain largely unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), as key post-transcriptional regulators of gene expression, may influence cellular disease state. To investigate whether lung miRNA expression profiles in mice are modified by VOCs mixture exposure, 44 male Kunming mice were exposed in 4 similar static chambers, 0 (control) and 3 different doses of VOCs mixture (groups 1-3). The concentrations of VOCs mixture were as follows: formaldehyde, benzene, toluene, and xylene 3.0 + 3.3 + 6.0 + 6.0 mg/m(3) , 5.0 + 5.5 + 10.0 + 10.0 mg/m(3) , 10.0 + 11.0 + 20.0 + 20.0 mg/m(3) , respectively, which corresponded to 30, 50, and 100 times of indoor air quality standard in China, after exposure to 2 weeks (2 h/day, 5 days/week). Small RNAs in lung and protein isolated from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) were collected and analyzed for miRNA expression using microarray analysis and for interleukin-8 (IL-8) protein levels by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, respectively. VOCs exposure altered the miRNA expression profiles in lung in mice. Specifically, 69 miRNAs were significantly differentially expressed in VOCs-exposed samples versus controls. Functional annotation analysis of the predicted miRNA transcript targets revealed that VOCs exposure potentially alters signaling pathways associated with cancer, chemokine signaling, Wnt signaling, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction, and cell adhesion molecules. IL-8 isolated from BALF and nitric oxide synthase of lung increased significantly, whereas GSH of lung decreased significantly in mice exposed to VOCs. These results indicate that inhalation of VOCs alters miRNA patterns that regulate gene expression, potentially leading to the initiation of cancer and inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Wang
- School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering, MOE, Dalian 116024, China; Department of Biological Science, Luoyang Normal University, Luoyang 471022, China
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18
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Moskalev A, Shaposhnikov M, Snezhkina A, Kogan V, Plyusnina E, Peregudova D, Melnikova N, Uroshlev L, Mylnikov S, Dmitriev A, Plusnin S, Fedichev P, Kudryavtseva A. Mining gene expression data for pollutants (dioxin, toluene, formaldehyde) and low dose of gamma-irradiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86051. [PMID: 24475070 PMCID: PMC3901678 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
General and specific effects of molecular genetic responses to adverse environmental factors are not well understood. This study examines genome-wide gene expression profiles of Drosophila melanogaster in response to ionizing radiation, formaldehyde, toluene, and 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. We performed RNA-seq analysis on 25,415 transcripts to measure the change in gene expression in males and females separately. An analysis of the genes unique to each treatment yielded a list of genes as a gene expression signature. In the case of radiation exposure, both sexes exhibited a reproducible increase in their expression of the transcription factors sugarbabe and tramtrack. The influence of dioxin up-regulated metabolic genes, such as anachronism, CG16727, and several genes with unknown function. Toluene activated a gene involved in the response to the toxins, Cyp12d1-p; the transcription factor Fer3's gene; the metabolic genes CG2065, CG30427, and CG34447; and the genes Spn28Da and Spn3, which are responsible for reproduction and immunity. All significantly differentially expressed genes, including those shared among the stressors, can be divided into gene groups using Gene Ontology Biological Process identifiers. These gene groups are related to defense response, biological regulation, the cell cycle, metabolic process, and circadian rhythms. KEGG molecular pathway analysis revealed alteration of the Notch signaling pathway, TGF-beta signaling pathway, proteasome, basal transcription factors, nucleotide excision repair, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, circadian rhythm, Hippo signaling pathway, mTOR signaling pathway, ribosome, mismatch repair, RNA polymerase, mRNA surveillance pathway, Hedgehog signaling pathway, and DNA replication genes. Females and, to a lesser extent, males actively metabolize xenobiotics by the action of cytochrome P450 when under the influence of dioxin and toluene. Finally, in this work we obtained gene expression signatures pollutants (dioxin, toluene), low dose of gamma-irradiation and common molecular pathways for different kind of stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Moskalev
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Ecological Department, Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
| | - Mikhail Shaposhnikov
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Ecological Department, Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Anastasia Snezhkina
- Group of Postgenomic Studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Valeria Kogan
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Quantum Pharmaceuticals, Moscow, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Plyusnina
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Ecological Department, Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Darya Peregudova
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Nataliya Melnikova
- Group of Postgenomic Studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Leonid Uroshlev
- Group of Postgenomic Studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Computational Systems Biology, Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Mylnikov
- Department of Genetics, St. Petersburg State University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexey Dmitriev
- Group of Postgenomic Studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Plusnin
- Laboratory of Molecular Radiobiology and Gerontology, Institute of Biology of Komi Science Center of RAS, Syktyvkar, Russia
- Ecological Department, Syktyvkar State University, Syktyvkar, Russia
| | - Peter Fedichev
- Laboratory of Genetics of Aging and Longevity, Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, Dolgoprudny, Russia
- Quantum Pharmaceuticals, Moscow, Russia
| | - Anna Kudryavtseva
- Group of Postgenomic Studies, Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology of RAS, Moscow, Russia
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19
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Boyer IJ, Heldreth B, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Hill RA, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Marks JG, Shank RC, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Andersen FA. Amended Safety Assessment of Formaldehyde and Methylene Glycol as Used in Cosmetics. Int J Toxicol 2013; 32:5S-32S. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581813511831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde and methylene glycol may be used safely in cosmetics if established limits are not exceeded and are safe for use in nail hardeners in the present practices of use and concentration, which include instructions to avoid skin contact. In hair-smoothing products, however, in the present practices of use and concentration, formaldehyde and methylene glycol are unsafe. Methylene glycol is continuously converted to formaldehyde, and vice versa, even at equilibrium, which can be easily shifted by heating, drying, and other conditions to increase the amount of formaldehyde. This rapid, reversible formaldehyde/methylene glycol equilibrium is distinguished from the slow, irreversible release of formaldehyde resulting from the so-called formaldehyde releaser preservatives, which are not addressed in this safety assessment (formaldehyde releasers may continue to be safely used in cosmetics at the levels established in their individual Cosmetic Ingredient Review safety assessments).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan J. Boyer
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Toxicologist, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Bart Heldreth
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Chemist, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald A. Hill
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - James G. Marks
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Ronald C. Shank
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Thomas J. Slaga
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Paul W. Snyder
- Cosmetic Ingredient Review Expert Panel Member, Washington, DC, USA
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20
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Wang F, Li C, Liu W, Jin Y. Oxidative damage and genotoxic effect in mice caused by sub-chronic exposure to low-dose volatile organic compounds. Inhal Toxicol 2013; 25:235-42. [DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.779767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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21
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Lee KM, Kang HA, Ko CB, Oh EH, Park M, Lee HY, Choi HR, Yun CH, Jung WW, Oh JW, Kang HS. Differential gene expression profiles in spontaneously hypertensive rats induced by administration of enalapril and nifedipine. Int J Mol Med 2012; 31:179-87. [PMID: 23165955 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2012.1183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 10/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enalapril and nifedipine are used as antihypertensive drugs; however, the therapeutic target molecules regulated by enalapril and nifedipine have yet to be fully identified. The aim of this study was to identify novel target genes that are specifically regulated by enalapril and nifedipine in tissues from spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) using DNA microarray analysis. We found that administration of SHR with enalapril and nifedipine differentially regulated 33 genes involved in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. Furthermore, we identified 16 genes that have not previously been implicated in cardiovascular diseases, including interleukin-24 (IL-24). Among them, exogenous administration of IL-24 attenuated the expression of vascular inflammation and hypertension-related genes induced by H2O2 treatment in mouse vascular smooth muscle (MOVAS) cells. This study provides valuable information for the development of novel antihypertensive drugs. In addition, the genes identified may be of use as biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki-Mo Lee
- School of Biological Sciences and Technology, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 500‑757, Republic of Korea
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22
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Assessment of immunotoxicity and genotoxicity in workers exposed to low concentrations of formaldehyde. Arch Toxicol 2012; 87:145-53. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-012-0961-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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23
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Jerbi MA, Ouanes Z, Besbes R, Achour L, Kacem A. Single and combined genotoxic and cytotoxic effects of two xenobiotics widely used in intensive aquaculture. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2011; 724:22-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2011.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2010] [Revised: 01/23/2011] [Accepted: 04/24/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Zhang R, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Lee NH, You HJ, Hyun JW. Triphlorethol-a improves the non-homologous end joining and base-excision repair capacity impaired by formaldehyde. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2011; 74:811-821. [PMID: 21541882 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2011.567957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) that induce DNA base modifications and DNA strand breaks and contributes to mutagenesis and other pathological processes. DNA non-homologous end-joining (NHEJ), a major mechanism for repairing DNA double-stranded breaks (DSB) in mammalian cells, involves the formation of a Ku protein heterodimer and recruitment of a DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) to the site of DNA damage. HCHO treatment induced DSB and decreased the protein expressions of Ku 70 and phosphorylated DNA-PKcs. Triphlorethol-A reduced DNA strand breaks and restored the expression of NHEJ-related proteins. In response to oxidative DNA base damage, 8-oxoguanine DNA glycosylase 1 (OGG1) plays a vital role in repair of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OhdG) via the base-excision repair (BER) process. In this study, HCHO significantly increased 8-OhdG levels, whereas triphlorethol-A lowered 8-OhdG levels. Suppression of 8-OhdG formation by triphlorethol-A was related to enhanced OGG1 protein expression. Triphlorethol-A also enhanced the expression of phosphorylated Akt (the active form of Akt), a regulator of OGG1, which was found to be decreased by HCHO treatment. The phosphoinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)-specific inhibitor LY294002 abolished the cytoprotective effects induced by triphlorethol-A, suggesting that OGG1 restoration by triphlorethol-A is involved in the PI3K/Akt pathway. These results suggest that triphlorethol-A may protect cells against HCHO-induced DNA damage via enhancement of NHEJ and BER capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Medicine and Veterinary Medical Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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25
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26
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Zhang R, Lee IK, Kang KA, Piao MJ, Kim KC, Kim BJ, Lee NH, Choi JY, Choi J, Hyun JW. Cytoprotective effects of triphlorethol-A against formaldehyde-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis: role of mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent pathway. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2010; 73:1477-89. [PMID: 20954074 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2010.511564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity of formaldehyde (HCHO) has been attributed to its ability to form adducts with DNA and proteins. Triphlorethol-A, derived from Ecklonia cava, was reported to exert a cytoprotective effect against oxidative stress damage via an antioxidant mechanism. The aim of this study was to examine the mechanisms underlying the triphlorethol-A ability to protect Chinese hamster lung fibroblast (V79-4) cells against HCHO-induced damage. Triphlorethol-A significantly decreased the HCHO-induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Triphlorethol-A prevented increased cell damage induced by HCHO via inhibition of mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptosis pathway. Triphlorethol-A diminished HCHO-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, including loss of mitochondrial membrane action potential (Δψ) and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) depletion. Furthermore, the anti-apoptotic effect of triphlorethol-A was exerted through inhibition of c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase (JNK), which was enhanced by HCHO. Our data indicate that triphlorethol-A exerts a cytoprotective effect in V79-4 cells against HCHO-induced oxidative stress by inhibiting the mitochondria-mediated caspase-dependent apoptotic pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- School of Medicine and Applied Radiological Science Research Institute, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
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27
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Ahn KH, Kim SK, Lee JM, Jeon HJ, Lee DH, Kim DK. Proteomic Analysis of Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid Obtained from Rats Exposed to Formaldehyde. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.56.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyong Hoon Ahn
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Seok Kyun Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Jung Min Lee
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Hyung Jun Jeon
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dong Hoon Lee
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
| | - Dae Kyong Kim
- Department of Environmental and Health Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University
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28
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Neuss S, Zeller J, Ma-Hock L, Speit G. Inhalation of formaldehyde does not induce genotoxic effects in broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) cells of rats. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2010; 695:61-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2009] [Revised: 11/11/2009] [Accepted: 11/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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29
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EU research activities in alternative testing strategies: current status and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2009; 83:1037-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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30
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Jiang S, Yu L, Cheng J, Leng S, Dai Y, Zhang Y, Niu Y, Yan H, Qu W, Zhang C, Zhang K, Yang R, Zhou L, Zheng Y. Genomic damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes and association with polymorphisms of three glutathione S-transferases in workers exposed to formaldehyde. Mutat Res 2009; 695:9-15. [PMID: 19818869 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2009.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2009] [Revised: 08/26/2009] [Accepted: 09/29/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
DNA and chromosome damages in peripheral blood lymphocytes were evaluated in 151 workers occupationally exposed to formaldehyde (FA) and 112 non-FA exposed controls. The effects of polymorphisms in three glutathione-S-transferase (GSTs) genes on the DNA and chromosome damages were assessed as well. Alkaline comet assay and cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) assay were used to determine DNA and chromosome damages, respectively. The genotypes of GSTP1 (Ile105Val), GSTT1, and GSTM1 were assayed. The mean 8-h time-weighted average (TWA) concentrations of FA in two plywood factories were 0.83ppm (range: 0.08-6.30ppm). FA-exposed workers had higher olive tail moment (TM) and CBMN frequency compared with controls (Olive TM, 3.54, 95%CI=3.19-3.93 vs. 0.93, 95%CI=0.78-1.10, P<0.01; CBMN frequency, 5.51+/-3.37 vs. 2.67+/-1.32, P<0.01). Olive TM and the CBMN frequency also had a dose-dependent relation with the personal FA exposure. Significant association between FA exposure history and olive TM and CBMN frequency were also identified. The level of olive TM was slightly higher in FA-exposed workers with GSTM1 null genotype than those with non-null genotype (3.86, 95%CI=3.31-4.50 vs. 3.27, 95%CI=2.83-3.78, P=0.07) with adjustment of covariates. We also found that FA-exposed workers carrying GSTP1 Val allele had a slightly higher CBMN frequency compared with workers carrying only the wild-type allele (6.32+/-3.78 vs. 5.01+/-2.98, P=0.05). Our results suggest that the FA exposure in this occupational population increased DNA and chromosome damages and polymorphisms in GSTs genes may modulate the genotoxic effects of FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shoufang Jiang
- National Institute of Occupational Health and Poison Control, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Sandikci M, Seyrek K, Aksit H, Kose H. Inhalation of formaldehyde and xylene induces apoptotic cell death in the lung tissue. Toxicol Ind Health 2009; 25:455-61. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233709106824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the localization and number of apoptotic cells in lung tissue and bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue (BALT) of newborns, young, and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde (6 ppm) or technical xylene (300 ppm) for 6 weeks (8 h/day). A total of 27 female Sprague-Dawley rats were used. Apoptotic cells were mainly localized around the bronchus and bronchioles and relatively less frequently on the walls of alveoli and interalveolar septa both in control and experimental groups. In the BALT, reactive cells were localized in the area under the epithelium and distributed homogenously within the lymphoid follicles. The numbers of apoptotic cells in the lung tissue including the BALT were significantly higher in young and adult rats exposed to formaldehyde and xylene than those detected in control groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Sandikci
- Department of Histology-Embryology, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey,
| | - K. Seyrek
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Aksit
- Department of Biochemistry, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
| | - H. Kose
- Department of Biophisic, Adnan Menderes University, Faculty of Medicine, Aydin, Turkey
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Costa S, Coelho P, Costa C, Silva S, Mayan O, Santos LS, Gaspar J, Teixeira JP. Genotoxic damage in pathology anatomy laboratory workers exposed to formaldehyde. Toxicology 2008; 252:40-8. [PMID: 18721846 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2008.07.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (FA) is a chemical traditionally used in pathology and anatomy laboratories as a tissue preservative. Several epidemiological studies of occupational exposure to FA have indicated an increased risk of nasopharyngeal cancers in industrial workers, embalmers and pathology anatomists. There is also a clear evidence of nasal squamous cell carcinomas from inhalation studies in the rat. The postulated mode of action for nasal tumours in rats was considered biologically plausible and considered likely to be relevant to humans. Based on the available data IARC, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, has recently classified FA as a human carcinogen. Although the in vitro genotoxic as well as the in vivo carcinogenic potentials of FA are well documented in mammalian cells and in rodents, evidence for genotoxic effects and carcinogenic properties in humans is insufficient and conflicting thus remains to be more documented. To evaluate the genetic effects of long-term occupational exposure to FA a group of 30 Pathological Anatomy laboratory workers was tested for a variety of biological endpoints, cytogenetic tests (micronuclei, MN; sister chromatid exchange, SCE) and comet assay. The level of exposure to FA was evaluated near the breathing zone of workers, time weighted average of exposure was calculated for each subject. The association between the biomarkers and polymorphic genes of xenobiotic metabolising and DNA repair enzymes was also assessed. The mean level of exposure was 0.44+/-0.08ppm (0.04-1.58ppm). MN frequency was significantly higher (p=0.003) in the exposed subjects (5.47+/-0.76) when compared with controls (3.27+/-0.69). SCE mean value was significantly higher (p<0.05) among the exposed group (6.13+/-0.29) compared with control group (4.49+/-0.16). Comet assay data showed a significant increase (p<0.05) of TL in FA-exposed workers (60.00+/-2.31) with respect to the control group (41.85+/-1.97). A positive correlation was found between FA exposure levels and MN frequency (r=0.384, p=0.001) and TL (r=0.333, p=0.005). Regarding the genetic polymorphisms studied, no significant effect was found on the genotoxic endpoints. The results of the present biomonitoring study emphasize the need to develop safety programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solange Costa
- National Institute of Health, Environmental Health Department, Praça Coronel Pacheco 15, 4050-453 Porto, Portugal.
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Andersen ME, Clewell HJ, Bermudez E, Willson GA, Thomas RS. Genomic signatures and dose-dependent transitions in nasal epithelial responses to inhaled formaldehyde in the rat. Toxicol Sci 2008; 105:368-83. [PMID: 18499655 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfn097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated and acute exposure studies assessed time and concentration-dependencies of nasal responses to formaldehyde. Exposures were to 0, 0.7, 2, and 6 ppm for 6 h/day, 5 days/week for up to 3 weeks. Neither cell proliferation nor histopathology was observed at 0.7 ppm. At 6 ppm, cell proliferation increased at the end of the first week (day 5), but not at the end of week 3 (day 15). Squamous metaplasia occurred at day 5; epithelial hyperplasia occurred at both day 5 and day 15. In microarray studies, no genes were altered at 0.7 ppm. At 2 ppm, 15 genes were changed on day 5; only half of them were changed at 6 ppm. No genes were changed significantly at 2 ppm at day 15. The pattern of gene changes at 2 and 6 ppm, with transient squamous metaplasia at day 5, indicated tissue adaptation and reduced tissue sensitivity by day 15. The acute study included an additional concentration (15 ppm) and an instillation group (40 microl, 400 mM per nostril). Three times more genes were affected by instillation than inhalation. U-shaped dose responses were noted in the acute study for many genes that were also altered at 2 ppm on day 5. On the basis of cellular component gene ontology benchmark dose analysis, the most sensitive changes were for genes were associated with extracellular components and plasma membrane. With formaldehyde, there are temporal and concentration-dependent transitions in epithelial responses and genomic signatures between 0.7 and 6 ppm. Low concentrations primarily affect extracellular matrix or external plasma membrane portions of the epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin E Andersen
- The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709-2137, USA.
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Developments in industrial and occupational toxicology: REACH, toxicogenomics, mycotoxins, lead, asbestos, boron, bitumen, deletions polymorphisms and SNP interactions. Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:483-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0315-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2008] [Accepted: 04/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lilienblum W, Dekant W, Foth H, Gebel T, Hengstler JG, Kahl R, Kramer PJ, Schweinfurth H, Wollin KM. Alternative methods to safety studies in experimental animals: role in the risk assessment of chemicals under the new European Chemicals Legislation (REACH). Arch Toxicol 2008; 82:211-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-008-0279-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kajimura K, Tagami T, Yamamoto T, Iwagami S. The Release of Formaldehyde upon Decomposition of 2-Bromo-2-nitropropan-1, 3-diol (Bronopol). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1248/jhs.54.488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Lee MH, Kim YA, Na TY, Kim SH, Shin YK, Lee BH, Shin HS, Lee MO. Identification of formaldehyde-responsive genes by suppression subtractive hybridization. Toxicology 2008; 243:224-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2007] [Revised: 10/10/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Li GY, Lee HY, Shin HS, Kim HY, Lim CH, Lee BH. Identification of gene markers for formaldehyde exposure in humans. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2007; 115:1460-6. [PMID: 17938736 PMCID: PMC2022670 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.10180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2007] [Accepted: 07/12/2007] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Formaldehyde (FA) is classified as a human carcinogen and has been linked to increased leukemia rates in some epidemiologic studies. Inhalation of FA induces sensory irritation at relatively low concentrations. However, little is known concerning the cellular alterations observed after FA exposure in humans. OBJECTIVES Our aim was to profile global gene expression in Hs 680.Tr human tracheal fibroblasts exposed to FA and to develop biomarkers for the evaluation of FA exposure in humans. METHODS AND RESULTS We used gene expression analysis, and identified 54 genes designated as FA responsive. On the basis of these data, we conducted an exploratory analysis of the expression of these genes in human subjects exposed to high or low levels of FA. We monitored FA exposure by measuring the urinary concentration of thiazolidine-4-carboxylate (TZCA), a stable and quantitative cysteinyl adduct of FA. Nine genes were selected for real-time PCR analysis; of these, BHLHB2, CCNL1, SE20-4, C8FW, PLK2, and SGK showed elevated expression in subjects with high concentrations of TZCA. CONCLUSION The identification of gene marker candidates in vitro using microarray analysis and their validation using human samples obtained from exposed subjects is a good tool for discovering genes of potential mechanistic interest and biomarkers of exposure. Thus, these genes are differentially expressed in response to FA and are potential effect biomarkers of FA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Yong Li
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Young Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education and Abuse Drug Research Center, Kongju National University, Kongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon-Young Kim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hong Lim
- Occupational Safety and Health Research Institute, Korea Occupational Safety and Health Agency, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Hoon Lee
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Address correspondence to B-H. Lee, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, San 56-1, Sillim-dong, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea. Telephone: +82-2-880-7843. Fax: +82-2-874-7843. E-mail:
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