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Li SL, Zhou H, Liu J, Yang J, Jiang L, Yuan HM, Wang MH, Yang KS, Xiang M. Restoration of HMGCS2-mediated ketogenesis alleviates tacrolimus-induced hepatic lipid metabolism disorder. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024:10.1038/s41401-024-01300-0. [PMID: 38760545 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-024-01300-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Tacrolimus, one of the macrolide calcineurin inhibitors, is the most frequently used immunosuppressant after transplantation. Long-term administration of tacrolimus leads to dyslipidemia and affects liver lipid metabolism. In this study, we investigated the mode of action and underlying mechanisms of this adverse reaction. Mice were administered tacrolimus (2.5 mg·kg-1·d-1, i.g.) for 10 weeks, then euthanized; the blood samples and liver tissues were collected for analyses. We showed that tacrolimus administration induced significant dyslipidemia and lipid deposition in mouse liver. Dyslipidemia was also observed in heart or kidney transplantation patients treated with tacrolimus. We demonstrated that tacrolimus did not directly induce de novo synthesis of fatty acids, but markedly decreased fatty acid oxidation (FAO) in AML12 cells. Furthermore, we showed that tacrolimus dramatically decreased the expression of HMGCS2, the rate-limiting enzyme of ketogenesis, with decreased ketogenesis in AML12 cells, which was responsible for lipid deposition in normal hepatocytes. Moreover, we revealed that tacrolimus inhibited forkhead box protein O1 (FoxO1) nuclear translocation by promoting FKBP51-FoxO1 complex formation, thus reducing FoxO1 binding to the HMGCS2 promoter and its transcription ability in AML12 cells. The loss of HMGCS2 induced by tacrolimus caused decreased ketogenesis and increased acetyl-CoA accumulation, which promoted mitochondrial protein acetylation, thereby resulting in FAO function inhibition. Liver-specific HMGCS2 overexpression via tail intravenous injection of AAV8-TBG-HMGCS2 construct reversed tacrolimus-induced mitochondrial protein acetylation and FAO inhibition, thus removing the lipid deposition in hepatocytes. Collectively, this study demonstrates a novel mechanism of liver lipid deposition and hyperlipidemia induced by long-term administration of tacrolimus, resulted from the loss of HMGCS2-mediated ketogenesis and subsequent FAO inhibition, providing an alternative target for reversing tacrolimus-induced adverse reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen-Lin Li
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Jian Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Hui-Min Yuan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Meng-Heng Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ke-Shan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Ming Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China.
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2
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Ventura C, Gomes BC, Oberemm A, Louro H, Huuskonen P, Mustieles V, Fernández MF, Ndaw S, Mengelers M, Luijten M, Gundacker C, Silva MJ. Biomarkers of effect as determined in human biomonitoring studies on hexavalent chromium and cadmium in the period 2008-2020. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:110998. [PMID: 33713715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.110998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A number of human biomonitoring (HBM) studies have presented data on exposure to hexavalent chromium [Cr(VI)] and cadmium (Cd), but comparatively few include results on effect biomarkers. The latter are needed to identify associations between exposure and adverse outcomes (AOs) in order to assess public health implications. To support improved derivation of EU regulation and policy making, it is of great importance to identify the most reliable effect biomarkers for these heavy metals that can be used in HBM studies. In the framework of the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) initiative, our study aim was to identify effect biomarkers linking Cr(VI) and Cd exposure to selected AOs including cancer, immunotoxicity, oxidative stress, and omics/epigenetics. A comprehensive PubMed search identified recent HBM studies, in which effect biomarkers were examined. Validity and applicability of the markers in HBM studies are discussed. The most frequently analysed effect biomarkers regarding Cr(VI) exposure and its association with cancer were those indicating oxidative stress (e.g., 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), malondialdehyde (MDA), glutathione (GSH)) and DNA or chromosomal damage (comet and micronucleus assays). With respect to Cd and to some extent Cr, β-2-microglobulin (B2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are well-established, sensitive, and the most common effect biomarkers to relate Cd or Cr exposure to renal tubular dysfunction. Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and kidney injury molecule (KIM)-1 could serve as sensitive biomarkers of acute kidney injury in response to both metals, but need further investigation in HBM studies. Omics-based biomarkers, i.e., changes in the (epi-)genome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome associated with Cr and/or Cd exposure, are promising effect biomarkers, but more HBM data are needed to confirm their significance. The combination of established effect markers and omics biomarkers may represent the strongest approach, especially if based on knowledge of mechanistic principles. To this aim, also mechanistic data were collected to provide guidance on the use of more sensitive and specific effect biomarkers. This also led to the identification of knowledge gaps relevant to the direction of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Ventura
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Bruno Costa Gomes
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Axel Oberemm
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Max-Dohrn-Straße 8-10, 10589, Berlin, Germany
| | - Henriqueta Louro
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pasi Huuskonen
- Finnish Institute of Occupational Health, PO Box 40, FI-00032 Työterveyslaitos, Finland
| | - Vicente Mustieles
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Mariana F Fernández
- Center for Biomedical Research (CIBM), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute of Granada (ibs.GRANADA), Granada, Spain; Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology & Public Health (CIBERESP), Spain
| | - Sophie Ndaw
- French National Research and Safety Institute (INRS), France
| | - Marcel Mengelers
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Nutrition, Prevention and Health Services, Department of Food Safety, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Centre for Health Protection, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Claudia Gundacker
- Institute of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Vienna, Waehringer Strasse 10, A-1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Maria João Silva
- National Institute of Health Doutor Ricardo Jorge (INSA), Human Genetics Department, Av. Padre Cruz, 1649-016, Lisbon, Toxicogenomics and Human Health (ToxOmics), NOVA Medical School/FCM, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Portugal.
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3
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Luijten M, Wackers PFK, Rorije E, Pennings JLA, Heusinkveld HJ. Relevance of In Vitro Transcriptomics for In Vivo Mode of Action Assessment. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 34:452-459. [PMID: 33378166 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we reported an in vitro toxicogenomics comparison approach to categorize chemical substances according to similarities in their proposed toxicological modes of action. Use of such an approach for regulatory purposes requires, among others, insight into the extent of biological concordance between in vitro and in vivo findings. To that end, we applied the comparison approach to transcriptomics data from the Open TG-GATEs database for 137 substances with diverging modes of action and evaluated the outcomes obtained for rat primary hepatocytes and for rat liver. The results showed that a relatively small number of matches observed in vitro were also observed in vivo, whereas quite a large number of matches between substances were found to be relevant solely in vivo or in vitro. The latter could not be explained by physicochemical properties, leading to insufficient bioavailability or poor water solubility. Nevertheless, pathway analyses indicated that for relevant matches the mechanisms perturbed in vitro are consistent with those perturbed in vivo. These findings support the utility of the comparison approach as tool in mechanism-based risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Paul F K Wackers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen L A Pennings
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Harm J Heusinkveld
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
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4
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Opperhuizen AL, Foppen E, Jonker M, Wackers P, van Faassen M, van Weeghel M, van Kerkhof L, Fliers E, Kalsbeek A. Effects of Light-at-Night on the Rat Liver - A Role for the Autonomic Nervous System. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:647. [PMID: 31281239 PMCID: PMC6596368 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to light at night (LAN) has been associated with serious pathologies, including obesity, diabetes and cancer. Recently we showed that 2 h of LAN impaired glucose tolerance in rats. Several studies have suggested that the autonomic nervous system (ANS) plays an important role in communicating these acute effects of LAN to the periphery. Here, we investigated the acute effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome of male Wistar rats. Expression levels of individual genes were not markedly affected by LAN, nevertheless pathway analysis revealed clustered changes in a number of endocrine pathways. Subsequently, we used selective hepatic denervations [sympathetic (Sx), parasympathetic (Px), total (Tx, i.e., Sx plus Px), sham] to investigate the involvement of the ANS in the effects observed. Surgical removal of the sympathetic or parasympathetic hepatic branches of the ANS resulted in many, but small changes in the liver transcriptome, including a pathway involved with circadian clock regulation, but it clearly separated the four denervation groups. On the other hand, analysis of the liver metabolome was not able to separate the denervation groups, and only 6 out of 78 metabolites were significantly up- or downregulated after denervations. Finally, removal of the sympathetic and parasympathetic hepatic nerves combined with LAN exposure clearly modulated the effects of LAN on the liver transcriptome, but left most endocrine pathways unaffected. Conclusion: One-hour light-at-night acutely affects the liver transcriptome. Part of this effect is mediated via the nervous innervation, as a hepatectomy modulated and reduced the effect of LAN on liver transcripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Loes Opperhuizen
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ewout Foppen
- Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Martijs Jonker
- MAD - Dutch Genomics Service and Support Provider, Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Paul Wackers
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Martijn van Faassen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Michel van Weeghel
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Linda van Kerkhof
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Eric Fliers
- Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Andries Kalsbeek
- Hypothalamic Integration Mechanisms, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Laboratory of Endocrinology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Amsterdam University Medical Center, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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5
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Heusinkveld HJ, Wackers PF, Schoonen WG, van der Ven L, Pennings JL, Luijten M. Application of the comparison approach to open TG-GATEs: A useful toxicogenomics tool for detecting modes of action in chemical risk assessment. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:115-123. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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6
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Tryndyak V, Kindrat I, Dreval K, Churchwell MI, Beland FA, Pogribny IP. Effect of aflatoxin B 1, benzo[a]pyrene, and methapyrilene on transcriptomic and epigenetic alterations in human liver HepaRG cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 121:214-223. [PMID: 30157460 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The increasing number of man-made chemicals in the environment that may pose a carcinogenic risk highlights the need for developing reliable time- and cost-effective approaches for carcinogen detection and identification. To address this issue, we investigated the utility of high-throughput microarray gene expression and next-generation genome-wide DNA methylation sequencing for the in vitro identification of genotoxic and non-genotoxic carcinogens. Terminally differentiated and metabolically competent human liver HepaRG cells were treated at minimally cytotoxic concentrations of (i) the genotoxic human liver carcinogen aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) and its structural non-carcinogenic analog aflatoxin B2 (AFB2); (ii) the genotoxic human lung carcinogen benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P) and its non-carcinogenic isomer benzo[e]pyrene (B[e]P); and (iii) the non-genotoxic liver carcinogen methapyrilene for 72 h and transcriptomic and DNA methylation profiles were examined. Treatment of HepaRG cells with the liver carcinogens AFB1 and methapyrilene generated distinct gene-expression profiles, whereas B[a]P had only a slight effect on gene expression. In contrast to transcriptomic alterations, treatment of HepaRG cells with the carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic chemicals resulted in profound changes in the DNA methylation footprint; however, the correlation between gene-specific DNA methylation and gene expression changes was minimal. Among the carcinogen-altered genes, transferrin (TF) emerged as sensitive marker for an initial screening of chemicals for their potential liver carcinogenicity. Potential liver carcinogens (i.e., chemicals causing altered TF gene expression) could then be subjected to gene-expression analyses to differentiate genotoxic from non-genotoxic liver carcinogens. This approach may substantially enhance the identification and assessment of potential liver carcinogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Volodymyr Tryndyak
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Iryna Kindrat
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Kostiantyn Dreval
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Molecular Medicine, Program in Cancer Genetics, Epigenetics and Genomics, University of New Mexico Comprehensive Cancer Center, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Mona I Churchwell
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Frederick A Beland
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Igor P Pogribny
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, 3900 NCTR Rd, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
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7
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Kohli P, Richnow HH, Lal R. Compound-Specific Stable Isotope Analysis: Implications in Hexachlorocyclohexane in-vitro and Field Assessment. Indian J Microbiol 2016; 57:11-22. [PMID: 28148976 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-016-0630-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Assessment of biotic and abiotic degradation reactions by studying the variation in stable isotopic compositions of organic contaminants in contaminated soil and aquifers is being increasingly considered during the last two decades with development of Compound specific stable isotope analysis (CSIA) technique. CSIA has been recognized as a potential tool for evaluating both qualitative and quantitative degradation with measurement of shifts in isotope ratios of contaminants and their degradation products as its basis. Amongst a wide variety of environmental pollutants including monoaromatics, chlorinated ethenes and benzenes etc., it is only recently that its efficacy is being tested for assessing biodegradation of a noxious pollutant namely hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH), by pure microbial cultures as well as directly at the field site. Anticipating the increase in demand of this technique for monitoring the microbial degradation along with natural attenuation, this review highlights the basic problems associated with HCH contamination emphasizing the applicability of emerging CSIA technique to absolve the major bottlenecks in assessment of HCH. To this end, the review also provides a brief overview of this technique with summarizing the recent revelations put forward by both in vitro and in situ studies by CSIA in monitoring HCH biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puneet Kohli
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department Isotope Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Rup Lal
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007 India
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8
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Luijten M, Olthof ED, Hakkert BC, Rorije E, van der Laan JW, Woutersen RA, van Benthem J. An integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification. Crit Rev Toxicol 2016; 46:615-39. [PMID: 27142259 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2016.1171294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of genotoxic and carcinogenic potential is considered one of the basic requirements when evaluating possible human health risks associated with exposure to chemicals. Test strategies currently in place focus primarily on identifying genotoxic potential due to the strong association between the accumulation of genetic damage and cancer. Using genotoxicity assays to predict carcinogenic potential has the significant drawback that risks from non-genotoxic carcinogens remain largely undetected unless carcinogenicity studies are performed. Furthermore, test systems already developed to reduce animal use are not easily accepted and implemented by either industries or regulators. This manuscript reviews the test methods for cancer hazard identification that have been adopted by the regulatory authorities, and discusses the most promising alternative methods that have been developed to date. Based on these findings, a generally applicable tiered test strategy is proposed that can be considered capable of detecting both genotoxic as well as non-genotoxic carcinogens and will improve understanding of the underlying mode of action. Finally, strengths and weaknesses of this new integrative test strategy for cancer hazard identification are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Evelyn D Olthof
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Betty C Hakkert
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | - Emiel Rorije
- b Centre for Safety of Substances and Products, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
| | | | - Ruud A Woutersen
- d Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO) , Zeist , the Netherlands
| | - Jan van Benthem
- a Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM) , Bilthoven , the Netherlands
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9
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Moffat I, Chepelev N, Labib S, Bourdon-Lacombe J, Kuo B, Buick JK, Lemieux F, Williams A, Halappanavar S, Malik A, Luijten M, Aubrecht J, Hyduke DR, Fornace AJ, Swartz CD, Recio L, Yauk CL. Comparison of toxicogenomics and traditional approaches to inform mode of action and points of departure in human health risk assessment of benzo[a]pyrene in drinking water. Crit Rev Toxicol 2015; 45:1-43. [PMID: 25605026 DOI: 10.3109/10408444.2014.973934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Toxicogenomics is proposed to be a useful tool in human health risk assessment. However, a systematic comparison of traditional risk assessment approaches with those applying toxicogenomics has never been done. We conducted a case study to evaluate the utility of toxicogenomics in the risk assessment of benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), a well-studied carcinogen, for drinking water exposures. Our study was intended to compare methodologies, not to evaluate drinking water safety. We compared traditional (RA1), genomics-informed (RA2) and genomics-only (RA3) approaches. RA2 and RA3 applied toxicogenomics data from human cell cultures and mice exposed to BaP to determine if these data could provide insight into BaP's mode of action (MOA) and derive tissue-specific points of departure (POD). Our global gene expression analysis supported that BaP is genotoxic in mice and allowed the development of a detailed MOA. Toxicogenomics analysis in human lymphoblastoid TK6 cells demonstrated a high degree of consistency in perturbed pathways with animal tissues. Quantitatively, the PODs for traditional and transcriptional approaches were similar (liver 1.2 vs. 1.0 mg/kg-bw/day; lungs 0.8 vs. 3.7 mg/kg-bw/day; forestomach 0.5 vs. 7.4 mg/kg-bw/day). RA3, which applied toxicogenomics in the absence of apical toxicology data, demonstrates that this approach provides useful information in data-poor situations. Overall, our study supports the use of toxicogenomics as a relatively fast and cost-effective tool for hazard identification, preliminary evaluation of potential carcinogens, and carcinogenic potency, in addition to identifying current limitations and practical questions for future work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivy Moffat
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Nikolai Chepelev
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sarah Labib
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie Bourdon-Lacombe
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada.,Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Byron Kuo
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Julie K Buick
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - France Lemieux
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Williams
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Sabina Halappanavar
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Amal Malik
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Mirjam Luijten
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daniel R Hyduke
- Biological Engineering Department, Utah State University, Logan, UT, USA
| | - Albert J Fornace
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular and Cellular Biology, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Carol D Swartz
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Leslie Recio
- Integrated Laboratory Systems Inc., Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Carole L Yauk
- Environmental Health Science and Research Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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10
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Screening a mouse liver gene expression compendium identifies modulators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR). Toxicology 2015. [PMID: 26215100 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the biological and toxic effects of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD), dioxin-like compounds (DLC) as well as some drugs and endogenous tryptophan metabolites. Short-term activation of AhR can lead to hepatocellular steatosis, and chronic activation can lead to liver cancer in mice and rats. Analytical approaches were developed to identify biosets in a genomic database in which AhR activity was altered. A set of 63 genes was identified (the AhR gene expression biomarker) that was dependent on AhR for regulation after exposure to TCDD or benzo[a]pyrene and includes the known AhR targets Cyp1a1 and Cyp1b1. A fold-change rank-based test (Running Fisher's test; p-value ≤ 10(-4)) was used to evaluate the similarity between the AhR biomarker and a test set of 37 and 41 biosets positive or negative, respectively for AhR activation. The test resulted in a balanced accuracy of 95%. The rank-based test was used to identify factors that activate or suppress AhR in an annotated mouse liver/mouse primary hepatocyte gene expression database of ∼ 1850 comparisons. In addition to the expected activation of AhR by TCDD and DLC, AhR was activated by AP20189 and phenformin. AhR was suppressed by phenobarbital and 1,4-Bis[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)] benzene (TCPOBOP) in a constitutive activated receptor (CAR)-dependent manner and pregnenolone-16α-carbonitrile in a pregnane X receptor (PXR)-dependent manner. Inactivation of individual genes in nullizygous models led to AhR activation (Pxr, Ghrhr, Taf10) or suppression (Ahr, Ilst6st, Hnf1a). This study describes a novel screening strategy for identifying factors in mouse liver that perturb AhR in a gene expression compendium.
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11
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Henderson CJ, Cameron AR, Chatham L, Stanley LA, Wolf CR. Evidence that the capacity of nongenotoxic carcinogens to induce oxidative stress is subject to marked variability. Toxicol Sci 2015; 145:138-48. [PMID: 25690736 PMCID: PMC4833039 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfv039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Many drugs and environmental chemicals which are not directly mutagenic have the capacity to increase the incidence of tumors in the liver and other tissues. For this reason, such compounds are known as nongenotoxic carcinogens. The mechanisms underlying their effects remain unclear; however, their capacity to induce oxidative stress is considered to be a critical step in the carcinogenic process, although the evidence that this is actually the case remains equivocal and sparse. We have exploited a novel heme oxygenase-1 reporter mouse to evaluate the capacity of nongenotoxic carcinogens with different mechanisms of action to induce oxidative stress in the liver in vivo. When these compounds were administered at doses reported to cause liver tumors, marked differences in activation of the reporter were observed. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and nafenopin were strong inducers of oxidative stress, whereas phenobarbital, piperonyl butoxide, cyproterone acetate, and WY14,643 were, at best, only very weak inducers. In the case of phenobarbital and thioacetamide, the number of LacZ-positive hepatocytes increased with time, and for the latter also with dose. The data obtained demonstrate that although some nongenotoxic carcinogens can induce oxidative stress, it is not a dominant feature of the response to these compounds. Therefore in contrast to the current models, these data suggest that oxidative stress is not a key determinant in the mechanism of nongenotoxic carcinogenesis but may contribute to the effects in a compound-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin J Henderson
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Amy R Cameron
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lynsey Chatham
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Lesley A Stanley
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Charles Roland Wolf
- Division of Cancer Research, Medical Research Institute, Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Ninewells Hospital & Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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12
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Oshida K, Vasani N, Jones C, Moore T, Hester S, Nesnow S, Auerbach S, Geter DR, Aleksunes LM, Thomas RS, Applegate D, Klaassen CD, Corton JC. Identification of chemical modulators of the constitutive activated receptor (CAR) in a gene expression compendium. NUCLEAR RECEPTOR SIGNALING 2015; 13:e002. [PMID: 25949234 PMCID: PMC4422105 DOI: 10.1621/nrs.13002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The nuclear receptor family member constitutive activated receptor (CAR) is
activated by structurally diverse drugs and environmentally-relevant chemicals
leading to transcriptional regulation of genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism
and transport. Chronic activation of CAR increases liver cancer incidence in
rodents, whereas suppression of CAR can lead to steatosis and insulin
insensitivity. Here, analytical methods were developed to screen for chemical
treatments in a gene expression compendium that lead to alteration of CAR
activity. A gene expression biomarker signature of 83 CAR-dependent genes was
identified using microarray profiles from the livers of wild-type and CAR-null
mice after exposure to three structurally-diverse CAR activators (CITCO,
phenobarbital, TCPOBOP). A rank-based algorithm (Running Fisher’s
algorithm (p-value ≤ 10-4)) was used to evaluate the
similarity between the CAR biomarker signature and a test set of 28 and 32
comparisons positive or negative, respectively, for CAR activation; the test
resulted in a balanced accuracy of 97%. The biomarker signature was used to
identify chemicals that activate or suppress CAR in an annotated mouse
liver/primary hepatocyte gene expression database of ~1850 comparisons. CAR was
activated by 1) activators of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) in wild-type
but not AhR-null mice, 2) pregnane X receptor (PXR) activators in wild-type and
to lesser extents in PXR-null mice, and 3) activators of PPARα in
wild-type and PPARα-null mice. CAR was consistently activated by five
conazole fungicides and four perfluorinated compounds. Comparison of effects in
wild-type and CAR-null mice showed that the fungicide propiconazole increased
liver weight and hepatocyte proliferation in a CAR-dependent manner, whereas the
perfluorinated compound perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) increased these endpoints
in a CAR-independent manner. A number of compounds suppressed CAR coincident
with increases in markers of inflammation including acetaminophen, concanavalin
A, lipopolysaccharide, and 300 nm silica particles. In conclusion, we have shown
that a CAR biomarker signature coupled with a rank-based similarity method
accurately predicts CAR activation. This analytical approach, when applied to a
gene expression compendium, increased the universe of known chemicals that
directly or indirectly activate CAR, highlighting the promiscuous nature of CAR
activation and signaling through activation of other xenobiotic-activated
receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiyu Oshida
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Naresh Vasani
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Carlton Jones
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Tanya Moore
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Susan Hester
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Stephen Nesnow
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Scott Auerbach
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - David R Geter
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Lauren M Aleksunes
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Russell S Thomas
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Dawn Applegate
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - Curtis D Klaassen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
| | - J Christopher Corton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, US Environmental Protection Agency, (KO, NV, CJ, TM, SH, SN), NIEHS (SA) and Bayer CropScience (DRG), Research Triangle Park, NC 27711; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ (LMA), The Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709 (RST), RegeneMed, San Diego, CA (DA), Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health, University of Washington, Seattle, WA (CDK) and the Integrated Systems Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 (JCC)
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13
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Oshida K, Vasani N, Thomas RS, Applegate D, Rosen M, Abbott B, Lau C, Guo G, Aleksunes LM, Klaassen C, Corton JC. Identification of modulators of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) in a mouse liver gene expression compendium. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0112655. [PMID: 25689681 PMCID: PMC4331523 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0112655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 10/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor family member peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α (PPARα) is activated by therapeutic hypolipidemic drugs and environmentally-relevant chemicals to regulate genes involved in lipid transport and catabolism. Chronic activation of PPARα in rodents increases liver cancer incidence, whereas suppression of PPARα activity leads to hepatocellular steatosis. Analytical approaches were developed to identify biosets (i.e., gene expression differences between two conditions) in a genomic database in which PPARα activity was altered. A gene expression signature of 131 PPARα-dependent genes was built using microarray profiles from the livers of wild-type and PPARα-null mice after exposure to three structurally diverse PPARα activators (WY-14,643, fenofibrate and perfluorohexane sulfonate). A fold-change rank-based test (Running Fisher’s test (p-value ≤ 10-4)) was used to evaluate the similarity between the PPARα signature and a test set of 48 and 31 biosets positive or negative, respectively for PPARα activation; the test resulted in a balanced accuracy of 98%. The signature was then used to identify factors that activate or suppress PPARα in an annotated mouse liver/primary hepatocyte gene expression compendium of ~1850 biosets. In addition to the expected activation of PPARα by fibrate drugs, di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, and perfluorinated compounds, PPARα was activated by benzofuran, galactosamine, and TCDD and suppressed by hepatotoxins acetaminophen, lipopolysaccharide, silicon dioxide nanoparticles, and trovafloxacin. Additional factors that activate (fasting, caloric restriction) or suppress (infections) PPARα were also identified. This study 1) developed methods useful for future screening of environmental chemicals, 2) identified chemicals that activate or suppress PPARα, and 3) identified factors including diets and infections that modulate PPARα activity and would be hypothesized to affect chemical-induced PPARα activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiyu Oshida
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Naresh Vasani
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Russell S. Thomas
- Hamner Institutes for Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Dawn Applegate
- RegeneMed, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Mitch Rosen
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Barbara Abbott
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Christopher Lau
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
| | - Grace Guo
- Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Lauren M. Aleksunes
- Rutgers University, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Piscataway, New Jersey, United States of America
| | - Curtis Klaassen
- University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - J. Christopher Corton
- National Health and Environmental Effects Research Lab, US-EPA, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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14
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A novel transcriptomics based in vitro method to compare and predict hepatotoxicity based on mode of action. Toxicology 2015; 328:29-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2014.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Ghallab A, Bolt HM. In vitro systems: current limitations and future perspectives. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:2085-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1404-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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16
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A novel toxicogenomics-based approach to categorize (non-)genotoxic carcinogens. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2413-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1368-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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Schmeits PCJ, Schaap MM, Luijten M, van Someren E, Boorsma A, van Loveren H, Peijnenburg AACM, Hendriksen PJM. Detection of the mechanism of immunotoxicity of cyclosporine A in murine in vitro and in vivo models. Arch Toxicol 2014; 89:2325-37. [PMID: 25224403 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptomics in combination with in vitro cell systems is a powerful approach to unravel modes of action of toxicants. An important question is to which extent the modes of action as revealed by transcriptomics depend on cell type, species and study type (in vitro or in vivo). To acquire more insight into this, we assessed the transcriptomic effects of the immunosuppressive drug cyclosporine A (CsA) upon 6 h of exposure of the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2, the thymoma EL-4 and primary splenocytes and compared these to the effects in spleens of mice orally treated with CsA for 7 days. EL-4 and CTLL-2 cells showed the highest similarities in response. CsA affected many genes in primary splenocytes that were not affected in EL-4 or CTLL-2. Pathway analysis demonstrated that CsA upregulated the unfolded protein response, endoplasmic reticulum stress and NRF2 activation in EL-4 cells, CTLL-2 cells and primary mouse splenocytes but not in mouse spleen in vivo. As expected, CsA downregulated cell cycle and immune response in splenocytes in vitro, spleens in vivo as well as CTLL-2 in vitro. Genes up- and downregulated in human Jurkat, HepG2 and renal proximal tubular cells were similarly affected in CTLL-2, EL-4 and primary splenocytes in vitro. In conclusion, of the models tested in this study, the known mechanism of immunotoxicity of CsA is best represented in the mouse cytotoxic T cell line CTLL-2. This is likely due to the fact that this cell line is cultured in the presence of a T cell activation stimulant (IL-2) making it more suitable to detect inhibitory effects on T cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C J Schmeits
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
| | - M M Schaap
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - M Luijten
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenetics, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - E van Someren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - A Boorsma
- Research Group Microbiology and Systems Biology, TNO, P.O. Box 360, 3700 AJ, Zeist, The Netherlands
| | - H van Loveren
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre for Health Protection, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - A A C M Peijnenburg
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Toxicogenomics, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - P J M Hendriksen
- RIKILT Institute of Food Safety, Wageningen University and Research Centre, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Ireno IC, Baumann C, Stöber R, Hengstler JG, Wiesmüller L. Fluorescence-based recombination assay for sensitive and specific detection of genotoxic carcinogens in human cells. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1141-59. [PMID: 24671466 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1229-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
In vitro genotoxicity tests are known to suffer from several shortcomings, mammalian cell-based assays, in particular, from low specificities. Following a novel concept of genotoxicity detection, we developed a fluorescence-based method in living human cells. The assay quantifies DNA recombination events triggered by DNA double-strand breaks and damage-induced replication fork stalling predicted to detect a broad spectrum of genotoxic modes of action. To maximize sensitivities, we engineered a DNA substrate encompassing a chemoresponsive element from the human genome. Using this substrate, we screened various human tumor and non-transformed cell types differing in the DNA damage response, which revealed that detection of genotoxic carcinogens was independent of the p53 status but abrogated by apoptosis. Cell types enabling robust and sensitive genotoxicity detection were selected for the generation of reporter clones with chromosomally integrated DNA recombination substrate. Reporter cell lines were scrutinized with 21 compounds, stratified into five sets according to the established categories for identification of carcinogenic compounds: genotoxic carcinogens ("true positives"), non-genotoxic carcinogens, compounds without genotoxic or carcinogenic effect ("true negatives") and non-carcinogenic compounds, which have been reported to induce chromosomal aberrations or mutations in mammalian cell-based assays ("false positives"). Our results document detection of genotoxic carcinogens in independent cell clones and at levels of cellular toxicities <60 % with a sensitivity of >85 %, specificity of ≥90 % and detection of false-positive compounds <17 %. Importantly, through testing cyclophosphamide in combination with primary hepatocyte cultures, we additionally provide proof-of-concept for the identification of carcinogens requiring metabolic activation using this novel assay system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivanildce C Ireno
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Ulm, Prittwitzstrasse 43, 89075, Ulm, Germany
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