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Martello S, Ueda Y, Bylicky MA, Pinney J, Dalo J, Scott KMK, Aryankalayil MJ, Coleman CN. Developing an RNA Signature for Radiation Injury Using a Human Liver-on-a-Chip Model. Radiat Res 2024; 202:489-502. [PMID: 39089691 DOI: 10.1667/rade-24-00047.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Radiation exposure in a therapeutic setting or during a mass casualty event requires improved medical triaging, where the time to delivery and quantity of medical countermeasures are critical to survival. Radiation-induced liver injury (RILI) and fibrosis can lead to death, but clinical symptoms manifest late in disease pathogenesis and there is no simple diagnostic test to determine RILI. Because animal models do not completely recapitulate clinical symptoms, we used a human liver-on-a-chip model to identify biomarkers of RILI. The goals of this study were: 1. to establish a microfluidic liver-on-a-chip device as a physiologically relevant model for studying radiation-induced tissue damage; and 2. to determine acute changes in RNA expression and biological pathway regulation that identify potential biomarkers and mechanisms of RILI. To model functional human liver tissue, we used the Emulate organ-on-a-chip system to establish a co-culture of human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) and hepatocytes. The chips were subject to 0 Gy (sham), 1 Gy, 4 Gy, or 10 Gy irradiation and cells were collected at 6 h, 24 h, or 7 days postirradiation for RNA isolation. To identify significant expression changes in messenger RNA (mRNA) and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA), we performed RNA sequencing (RNASeq) to conduct whole transcriptome analysis. We found distinct differences in expression patterns by time, dose, and cell type, with higher doses of radiation resulting in the most pronounced expression changes, as anticipated. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis indicated significant inhibition of the cell viability pathway 24 h after 10 Gy exposure in LSECs but activation of this pathway in hepatocytes, highlighting differences between cell types despite receiving the same radiation dose. Overall, hepatocytes showed fewer gene expression changes in response to radiation, with only 3 statistically significant differentially expressed genes at 7 days: APOBEC3H, PTCHD4, and GDNF. We further highlight lncRNA of interest including DINO and PURPL in hepatocytes and TMPO-AS1 and PRC-AS1 in LSECs, identifying potential biomarkers of RILI. We demonstrated the potential utility of a human liver-on-a-chip model with primary cells to model organ-specific radiation injury, establishing a model for radiation medical countermeasure development and further biomarker validation. Furthermore, we identified biomarkers that differentiate radiation dose and defined cell-specific targets for potential radiation mitigation therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Martello
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Michelle A Bylicky
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | | | - Juan Dalo
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Kevin M K Scott
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Molykutty J Aryankalayil
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - C Norman Coleman
- Radiation Oncology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
- Radiation Research Program, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland 20850
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Liu J, Du H, Huang L, Xie W, Liu K, Zhang X, Chen S, Zhang Y, Li D, Pan H. AI-Powered Microfluidics: Shaping the Future of Phenotypic Drug Discovery. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:38832-38851. [PMID: 39016521 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c07665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Phenotypic drug discovery (PDD), which involves harnessing biological systems directly to uncover effective drugs, has undergone a resurgence in recent years. The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) over the past few years presents numerous opportunities for augmenting phenotypic drug screening on microfluidic platforms, leveraging its predictive capabilities, data analysis, efficient data processing, etc. Microfluidics coupled with AI is poised to revolutionize the landscape of phenotypic drug discovery. By integrating advanced microfluidic platforms with AI algorithms, researchers can rapidly screen large libraries of compounds, identify novel drug candidates, and elucidate complex biological pathways with unprecedented speed and efficiency. This review provides an overview of recent advances and challenges in AI-based microfluidics and their applications in drug discovery. We discuss the synergistic combination of microfluidic systems for high-throughput screening and AI-driven analysis for phenotype characterization, drug-target interactions, and predictive modeling. In addition, we highlight the potential of AI-powered microfluidics to achieve an automated drug screening system. Overall, AI-powered microfluidics represents a promising approach to shaping the future of phenotypic drug discovery by enabling rapid, cost-effective, and accurate identification of therapeutically relevant compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchi Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hanze Du
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Translation Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Lei Huang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Wangni Xie
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Kexuan Liu
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Xue Zhang
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Shi Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Translation Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, 71 Xinmin Street, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Daowei Li
- Jilin Provincial Key Laboratory of Tooth Development and Bone Remodeling, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Jilin University, 1500 Qinghua Road, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Hui Pan
- Department of Endocrinology, Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Translation Medicine Centre, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Peking Union Medical College, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing 100730, China
- Key Laboratory of Endocrinology of National Health Commission, Department of Endocrinology, State Key Laboratory of Complex Severe and Rare Diseases, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
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Deng Q, Yang Y, Liu Y, Zou M, Huang G, Yang S, Li L, Qu Y, Luo Y, Zhang X. Assessing immune hepatotoxicity of troglitazone with a versatile liver-immune-microphysiological-system. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1335836. [PMID: 38873410 PMCID: PMC11169855 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1335836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury is a prevalent adverse event associated with pharmaceutical agents. More significantly, there are certain drugs that present severe hepatotoxicity only during the clinical phase, consequently leading to the termination of drug development during clinical trials or the withdrawal from the market after approval. The establishment of an evaluation model that can sensitively manifest such hepatotoxicity has always been a challenging aspect in drug development. In this study, we build a liver-immune-microphysiological-system (LIMPS) to fully demonstrate the liver injury triggered by troglitazone (TGZ), a drug that was withdrawn from the market due to hepatotoxicity. Leveraging the capabilities of organ-on-chip technology allows for the dynamic modulation of cellular immune milieu, as well as the synergistic effects between drugs, hepatocytes and multiple immune cells. Through the LIMPS, we discovered that 1) TGZ can promote neutrophils to adhered hepatocytes, 2) the presence of TGZ enhances the crosstalk between macrophages and neutrophils, 3) the induction of damage in hepatocytes by TGZ at clinically relevant blood concentrations not observed in other in vitro experiments, 4) no hepatotoxicity was observed in LIMPS when exposed to rosiglitazone and pioglitazone, structurally similar analogs of TGZ, even at the higher multiples of blood drug concentration levels. As an immune-mediated liver toxicity assessment method, LIMPS is simple to operate and can be used to test multiple drug candidates to detect whether they will cause severe liver toxicity in clinical settings as early as possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quanfeng Deng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Youlong Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuangui Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mengting Zou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Guiyuan Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shiqi Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yueyang Qu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Xiuli Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Disease and College of Pharmaceutical Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, China
- Hunan Key Laboratory for Bioanalysis of Complex Matrix Samples, Changsha, Hunan Province, China
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Scheidecker B, Poulain S, Sugimoto M, Arakawa H, Kim SH, Kawanishi T, Kato Y, Danoy M, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Mechanobiological stimulation in organ-on-a-chip systems reduces hepatic drug metabolic capacity in favor of regenerative specialization. Biotechnol Bioeng 2024; 121:1435-1452. [PMID: 38184801 DOI: 10.1002/bit.28653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2024]
Abstract
Hepatic physiology depends on the liver's complex structural composition which among others, provides high oxygen supply rates, locally differential oxygen tension, endothelial paracrine signaling, as well as residual hemodynamic shear stress to resident hepatocytes. While functional improvements were shown by implementing these factors into hepatic culture systems, direct cause-effect relationships are often not well characterized-obfuscating their individual contribution in more complex microphysiological systems. By comparing increasingly complex hepatic in vitro culture systems that gradually implement these parameters, we investigate the influence of the cellular microenvironment to overall hepatic functionality in pharmacological applications. Here, hepatocytes were modulated in terms of oxygen tension and supplementation, endothelial coculture, and exposure to fluid shear stress delineated from oxygen influx. Results from transcriptomic and metabolomic evaluation indicate that particularly oxygen supply rates are critical to enhance cellular functionality-with cellular drug metabolism remaining comparable to physiological conditions after prolonged static culture. Endothelial signaling was found to be a major contributor to differential phenotype formation known as metabolic zonation, indicated by WNT pathway activity. Lastly, oxygen-delineated shear stress was identified to direct cellular fate towards increased hepatic plasticity and regenerative phenotypes at the cost of drug metabolic functionality - in line with regenerative effects observed in vivo. With these results, we provide a systematic evaluation of critical parameters and their impact in hepatic systems. Given their adherence to physiological effects in vivo, this highlights the importance of their implementation in biomimetic devices, such as organ-on-a-chip systems. Considering recent advances in basic liver biology, direct translation of physiological structures into in vitro models is a promising strategy to expand the capabilities of pharmacological models.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Stéphane Poulain
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sugimoto
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Keio University, Yamagata, Japan
- Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo Medical University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Soo H Kim
- Institute of Industrial Science, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takumi Kawanishi
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yukio Kato
- Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Mathieu Danoy
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Feng L, Wang Y, Fu Y, Li T, He G. Stem Cell-Based Strategies: The Future Direction of Bioartificial Liver Development. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2024; 20:601-616. [PMID: 38170319 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-023-10672-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acute liver failure (ALF) results from severe liver damage or end-stage liver disease. It is extremely fatal and causes serious health and economic burdens worldwide. Once ALF occurs, liver transplantation (LT) is the only definitive and recommended treatment; however, LT is limited by the scarcity of liver grafts. Consequently, the clinical use of bioartificial liver (BAL) has been proposed as a treatment strategy for ALF. Human primary hepatocytes are an ideal cell source for these methods. However, their high demand and superior viability prevent their widespread use. Hence, finding alternatives that meet the seed cell quality and quantity requirements is imperative. Stem cells with self-renewing, immunogenic, and differentiative capacities are potential cell sources. MSCs and its secretomes encompass a spectrum of beneficial properties, such as anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, anti-ROS (reactive oxygen species), anti-apoptotic, pro-metabolomic, anti-fibrogenesis, and pro-regenerative attributes. This review focused on the recent status and future directions of stem cell-based strategies in BAL for ALF. Additionally, we discussed the opportunities and challenges associated with promoting such strategies for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Feng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550000, Guizhou, China.
| | - Yi Wang
- Shanxi Cancer Hospital/Shanxi Hospital Affiliated to Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences/Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, 030013, Shanxi, China
| | - Yu Fu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China
| | - Ting Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510140, Guangdong, China.
| | - Guolin He
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, Guangdong, China.
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Zhou Y, Moon JH, Kim JT, Qiu S, Lee SB, Park HJ, Son MJ, Lee GY, Kwon JW, Park SH, Auh JH, Lee HJ. Curcumol metabolized by rat liver S9 fraction and orally administered in mouse suppressed the proliferation of colon cancer in vitro and in vivo. Food Sci Biotechnol 2024; 33:171-180. [PMID: 38186621 PMCID: PMC10767046 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-023-01321-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Following 3R (reduction, refinement, and replacement) principles, we employed the rat liver S9 fraction to mimic liver metabolism of curcumol having high in vitro IC50 on cancer cells. In HCT116 and HT29 colon cancer cells, the metabolites of curcumol by S9 fraction exerted more enhanced activity in inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via regulating the expression of cyclin D1, CDK1, p21, PARP and Bcl-2 than curcumol. In addition, oral administration of curcumol at 4 mg/kg BW significantly suppressed the development of colon tumor induced by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium, and induced cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in tumor tissues. In mass analysis, curcumenol and curzerene were identified as the metabolites of curcumol by S9 fraction metabolism. Taken together, curcumol metabolites showed the enhanced suppressive effect on colon cancer, suggesting that S9 fraction can be considered as simple, fast, and bio-mimicking platform for the screening of chemical libraries on different chronic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimeng Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Moon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Jin Tae Kim
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Seung Beom Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ho Jin Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Moon Jeong Son
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Ga Yeon Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Jung Won Kwon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - So-Hyeon Park
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Joong-Hyuck Auh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
| | - Hong Jin Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, 17546 South Korea
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Rajan SAP, Sherfey J, Ohri S, Nichols L, Smith JT, Parekh P, Kadar EP, Clark F, George BT, Gregory L, Tess D, Gosset JR, Liras J, Geishecker E, Obach RS, Cirit M. A Novel Milli-fluidic Liver Tissue Chip with Continuous Recirculation for Predictive Pharmacokinetics Applications. AAPS J 2023; 25:102. [PMID: 37891356 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-023-00870-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
A crucial step in lead selection during drug development is accurate estimation and optimization of hepatic clearance using in vitro methods. However, current methods are limited by factors such as lack of physiological relevance, short culture/incubation times that are not consistent with drug exposure patterns in patients, use of drug absorbing materials, and evaporation during long-term incubation. To address these technological needs, we developed a novel milli-fluidic human liver tissue chip (LTC) that was designed with continuous media recirculation and optimized for hepatic cultures using human primary hepatocytes. Here, we characterized the LTC using a series of physiologically relevant metrics and test compounds to demonstrate that we could accurately predict the PK of both low- and high-clearance compounds. The non-biological characterization indicated that the cyclic olefin copolymer (COC)-based LTC exhibited negligible evaporation and minimal non-specific binding of drugs of varying ionic states and lipophilicity. Biologically, the LTC exhibited functional and polarized hepatic culture with sustained metabolic CYP activity for at least 15 days. This long-term culture was then used for drug clearance studies for low- and high-clearance compounds for at least 12 days, and clearance was estimated for a range of compounds with high in vitro-in vivo correlation (IVIVC). We also demonstrated that LTC can be induced by rifampicin, and the culture age had insignificant effect on depletion kinetic and predicted clearance value. Thus, we used advances in bioengineering to develop a novel purpose-built platform with high reproducibility and minimal variability to address unmet needs for PK applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jason Sherfey
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Shivam Ohri
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Lauren Nichols
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - J Tyler Smith
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Paarth Parekh
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - Eugene P Kadar
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Frances Clark
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Billy T George
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Lauren Gregory
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - David Tess
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - James R Gosset
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Jennifer Liras
- Pfizer Worldwide Research and Development, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 02139, USA
| | - Emily Geishecker
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton Laboratories, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut, 06340, USA
| | - Murat Cirit
- Javelin Biotech Inc, 299 Washington street, Woburn, Massachusetts, 01801, USA.
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Kaden T, Graf K, Rennert K, Li R, Mosig AS, Raasch M. Evaluation of drug-induced liver toxicity of trovafloxacin and levofloxacin in a human microphysiological liver model. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13338. [PMID: 37587168 PMCID: PMC10432496 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40004-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury induced by already approved substances is a major threat to human patients, potentially resulting in drug withdrawal and substantial loss of financial resources in the pharmaceutical industry. Trovafloxacin, a broad-spectrum fluoroquinolone, was found to have unexpected side effects of severe hepatotoxicity, which was not detected by preclinical testing. To address the limitations of current drug testing strategies mainly involving 2D cell cultures and animal testing, a three-dimensional microphysiological model of the human liver containing expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells, monocyte-derived macrophages and differentiated HepaRG cells was utilized to investigate the toxicity of trovafloxacin and compared it to the structurally-related non-toxic drug levofloxacin. In the model, trovafloxacin elicited vascular and hepatocellular toxicity associated with pro-inflammatory cytokine release already at clinically relevant concentrations, whereas levofloxacin did not provoke tissue injury. Similar to in vivo, cytokine secretion was dependent on a multicellular immune response, highlighting the potential of the complex microphysiological liver model for reliably detecting drug-related cytotoxicity in preclinical testing. Moreover, hepatic glutathione depletion and mitochondrial ROS formation were elucidated as intrinsic toxicity mechanisms contributing to trovafloxacin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kaden
- Dynamic42 GmbH, Jena, Germany
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | | | | | - Ruoya Li
- Biopredic International, St Gregoire, France
| | - Alexander S Mosig
- Institute of Biochemistry II, Center for Sepsis Control and Care, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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9
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Fanizza F, Boeri L, Donnaloja F, Perottoni S, Forloni G, Giordano C, Albani D. Development of an Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Based Liver-on-a-Chip Assessed with an Alzheimer's Disease Drug. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023. [PMID: 37318190 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Liver-related drug metabolism is a key aspect of pharmacokinetics and possible toxicity. From this perspective, the availability of advanced in vitro models for drug testing is still an open need, also to the end of reducing the burden of in vivo experiments. In this scenario, organ-on-a-chip is gaining attention as it couples a state-of-the art in vitro approach to the recapitulation of key in vivo physiological features such as fluidodynamics and a tri-dimensional cytoarchitecture. We implemented a novel liver-on-a-chip (LoC) device based on an innovative dynamic device (MINERVA 2.0) where functional hepatocytes (iHep) have been encapsulated into a 3D hydrogel matrix interfaced through a porous membrane with endothelial cells (iEndo)]. Both lines were derived from human-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and the LoC was functionally assessed with donepezil, a drug approved for Alzheimer's disease therapy. The presence of iEndo and a 3D microenvironment enhanced the expression of liver-specific physiologic functions as in iHep, after 7 day perfusion, we noticed an increase of albumin, urea production, and cytochrome CYP3A4 expression compared to the iHep static culture. In particular, for donepezil kinetics, a computational fluid dynamic study conducted to assess the amount of donepezil diffused into the LoC indicated that the molecule should be able to pass through the iEndo and reach the target iHep construct. Then, we performed experiments of donepezil kinetics that confirmed the numerical simulations. Overall, our iPSC-based LoC reproduced the in vivo physiological microenvironment of the liver and was suitable for potential hepatotoxic screening studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fanizza
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Lucia Boeri
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Francesca Donnaloja
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Simone Perottoni
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Gianluigi Forloni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan 20156, Italy
| | - Carmen Giordano
- Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering 'Giulio Natta', Politecnico di Milano, Milan 20133, Italy
| | - Diego Albani
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, Milan 20156, Italy
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10
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Yang S, Ooka M, Margolis RJ, Xia M. Liver three-dimensional cellular models for high-throughput chemical testing. CELL REPORTS METHODS 2023; 3:100432. [PMID: 37056374 PMCID: PMC10088249 DOI: 10.1016/j.crmeth.2023.100432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced hepatotoxicity is a leading cause of drug withdrawal from the market. High-throughput screening utilizing in vitro liver models is critical for early-stage liver toxicity testing. Traditionally, monolayer human hepatocytes or immortalized liver cell lines (e.g., HepG2, HepaRG) have been used to test compound liver toxicity. However, monolayer-cultured liver cells sometimes lack the metabolic competence to mimic the in vivo condition and are therefore largely appropriate for short-term toxicological testing. They may not, however, be adequate for identifying chronic and recurring liver damage caused by drugs. Recently, several three-dimensional (3D) liver models have been developed. These 3D liver models better recapitulate normal liver function and metabolic capacity. This review describes the current development of 3D liver models that can be used to test drugs/chemicals for their pharmacologic and toxicologic effects, as well as the advantages and limitations of using these 3D liver models for high-throughput screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu Yang
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Masato Ooka
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ryan Jared Margolis
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Menghang Xia
- Division of Preclinical Innovation, National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Yuan Y, Cotton K, Samarasekera D, Khetani SR. Engineered Platforms for Maturing Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Liver Cells for Disease Modeling. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023; 15:1147-1160. [PMID: 36738860 PMCID: PMC10034210 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2023.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Several liver diseases (eg, hepatitis B/C viruses, alcoholic/nonalcoholic fatty liver, malaria, monogenic diseases, and drug-induced liver injury) significantly impact global mortality and morbidity. Species-specific differences in liver functions limit the use of animals to fully elucidate/predict human outcomes; therefore, in vitro human liver models are used for basic and translational research to complement animal studies. However, primary human liver cells are in short supply and display donor-to-donor variability in viability/quality. In contrast, human hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells and embryonic stem cells are a near infinite cell resource that retains the patient/donor's genetic background; however, conventional protocols yield immature phenotypes. HLC maturation can be significantly improved using advanced techniques, such as protein micropatterning to precisely control cell-cell interactions, controlled sized spheroids, organoids with multiple cell types and layers, 3-dimensional bioprinting to spatially control cell populations, microfluidic devices for automated nutrient exchange and to induce liver zonation via soluble factor gradients, and synthetic biology to genetically modify the HLCs to accelerate and enhance maturation. Here, we present design features and characterization for representative advanced HLC maturation platforms and then discuss HLC use for modeling various liver diseases. Lastly, we discuss desirable advances to move this field forward. We anticipate that with continued advances in this space, pluripotent stem cell-derived liver models will provide human-relevant data much earlier in preclinical drug development and reduce animal usage, help elucidate liver disease mechanisms for the discovery of efficacious and safe therapeutics, and be useful as cell-based therapies for patients suffering from end-stage liver failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yuan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Kristen Cotton
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Dinithi Samarasekera
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Salman R Khetani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois.
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12
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Kaur I, Vasudevan A, Rawal P, Tripathi DM, Ramakrishna S, Kaur S, Sarin SK. Primary Hepatocyte Isolation and Cultures: Technical Aspects, Challenges and Advancements. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:131. [PMID: 36829625 PMCID: PMC9952008 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are differentiated cells that account for 80% of the hepatic volume and perform all major functions of the liver. In vivo, after an acute insult, adult hepatocytes retain their ability to proliferate and participate in liver regeneration. However, in vitro, prolonged culture and proliferation of viable and functional primary hepatocytes have remained the major and the most challenging goal of hepatocyte-based cell therapies and liver tissue engineering. The first functional cultures of rat primary hepatocytes between two layers of collagen gel, also termed as the "sandwich cultures", were reported in 1989. Since this study, several technical developments including choice of hydrogels, type of microenvironment, growth factors and culture conditions, mono or co-cultures of hepatocytes along with other supporting cell types have evolved for both rat and human primary hepatocytes in recent years. All these improvements have led to a substantial improvement in the number, life-span and hepatic functions of these cells in vitro for several downstream applications. In the current review, we highlight the details, limitations and prospects of different technical strategies being used in primary hepatocyte cultures. We discuss the use of newer biomaterials as scaffolds for efficient culture of primary hepatocytes. We also describe the derivation of mature hepatocytes from other cellular sources such as induced pluripotent stem cells, bone marrow stem cells and 3D liver organoids. Finally, we also explain the use of perfusion-based bioreactor systems and bioengineering strategies to support the long-term function of hepatocytes in 3D conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Impreet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Ashwini Vasudevan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Preety Rawal
- School of Biotechnology, Gautam Buddha University, Greater Noida 201312, India
| | - Dinesh M. Tripathi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117581, Singapore
| | - Savneet Kaur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
| | - Shiv K. Sarin
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi 110070, India
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13
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Kaden T, Noerenberg A, Boldt J, Sagawe C, Johannssen T, Rennert K, Raasch M, Evenburg T. Generation & characterization of expandable human liver sinusoidal endothelial cells and their application to assess hepatotoxicity in an advanced in vitro liver model. Toxicology 2023; 483:153374. [PMID: 36396002 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) are highly specialized endothelial cells forming the hepatic sinusoidal wall. Besides their high endocytic potential, LSECs have been demonstrated to markedly contribute to liver homeostasis and immunity, and may partially explain unexpected hepatotoxicity of drug candidates. However, their use for in vitro investigations is compromised by poor cell yields and a limited proliferation capacity. Here, we report the transient expansion of primary human LSECs from three donors by lentiviral transduction. Transduced ("upcyte®") LSECs were able to undergo at least 25 additional population doublings (PDs) before growth arrest due to senescence. Expanded upcyte® LSECs maintained several characteristics of primary LSECs, including expression of surface markers such as MMR and LYVE-1 as well as rapid uptake of acetylated LDL and ovalbumin. We further investigated the suitability of expanded upcyte® LSECs and proliferating upcyte® hepatocytes for detecting acetaminophen toxicity at millimolar concentrations (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10 mM) in static 2D cultures and a microphysiological 3D model. upcyte® LSECs exhibited a higher sensitivity to acetaminophen-induced toxicity compared to upcyte® hepatocytes in 2D culture, however, culturing upcyte® LSECs together with upcyte® hepatocytes in a co-culture reduced APAP-induced toxicity compared to 2D monocultures. A perfused Dynamic42 3D model was more sensitive to acetaminophen than the 2D co-culture model. Cytotoxicity in the 3D model was evident by decreased cellular viability, elevated LDH release, reduced nuclei counts and impaired cell morphology. Taken together, our data demonstrate that transient expansion of LSECs represents a suitable method for generation of large quantities of cells while maintaining many characteristics of primary cells and responsiveness to acetaminophen.
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14
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Hofmann J, Pühringer M, Steinkellner S, Holl AS, Meszaros AT, Schneeberger S, Troppmair J, Hautz T. Novel, Innovative Models to Study Ischemia/Reperfusion-Related Redox Damage in Organ Transplantation. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 12:antiox12010031. [PMID: 36670893 PMCID: PMC9855021 DOI: 10.3390/antiox12010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The implementation of ex vivo organ machine perfusion (MP) into clinical routine undoubtedly helped to increase the donor pool. It enables not just organ assessment, but potentially regeneration and treatment of marginal organs in the future. During organ procurement, redox-stress triggered ischemia-reperfusion injury (IRI) is inevitable, which in addition to pre-existing damage negatively affects such organs. Ex vivo MP enables to study IRI-associated tissue damage and its underlying mechanisms in a near to physiological setting. However, research using whole organs is limited and associated with high costs. Here, in vitro models well suited for early stage research or for studying particular disease mechanisms come into play. While cell lines convince with simplicity, they do not exert all organ-specific functions. Tissue slice cultures retain the three-dimensional anatomical architecture and cells remain within their naïve tissue-matrix configuration. Organoids may provide an even closer modelling of physiologic organ function and spatial orientation. In this review, we discuss the role of oxidative stress during ex vivo MP and the suitability of currently available in vitro models to further study the underlying mechanisms and to pretest potential treatment strategies.
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15
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Torizal FG, Utami T, Lau QY, Inamura K, Nishikawa M, Sakai Y. Dialysis based-culture medium conditioning improved the generation of human induced pluripotent stem cell derived-liver organoid in a high cell density. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20774. [PMID: 36456801 PMCID: PMC9715714 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25325-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cell-derived liver organoids (HLOs) have recently become a promising alternative for liver regenerative therapy. To realize this application, a large amount of human-induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) derived-liver cells are required for partial liver replacement during transplantation. This method requires stepwise induction using costly growth factors to direct the hiPSCs into the hepatic lineage. Therefore, we developed a simple dialysis-based medium conditioning that fully utilized growth factors accumulation to improve hepatic differentiation of hiPSCs at a high cell density. The results demonstrated that the dialysis culture system could accumulate the four essential growth factors required in each differentiation stage: activin A, bone morphogenetic protein 4 (BMP4), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), and oncostatin M (OSM). As a result, this low lactate culture environment allowed high-density bipotential hepatic differentiation of up to 4.5 × 107 cells/mL of human liver organoids (HLOs), consisting of hiPSC derived-hepatocyte like cells (HLCs) and cholangiocyte like-cells (CLCs). The differentiated HLOs presented a better or comparable hepatic marker and hepatobiliary physiology to the one that differentiated in suspension culture with routine daily medium replacement at a lower cell density. This simple miniaturized dialysis culture system demonstrated the feasibility of cost-effective high-density hepatic differentiation with minimum growth factor usage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuad Gandhi Torizal
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tia Utami
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Qiao You Lau
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Inamura
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Nishikawa
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Sakai
- grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Bioengineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan ,grid.26999.3d0000 0001 2151 536XDepartment of Chemical Systems Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Dalsbecker P, Beck Adiels C, Goksör M. Liver-on-a-chip devices: the pros and cons of complexity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2022; 323:G188-G204. [PMID: 35819853 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00346.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically relevant and broadly applicable liver cell culture platforms are of great importance in both drug development and disease modeling. Organ-on-a-chip systems offer a promising alternative to conventional, static two-dimensional (2-D) cultures, providing much-needed cues such as perfusion, shear stress, and three-dimensional (3-D) cell-cell communication. However, such devices cover a broad range of complexity both in manufacture and in implementation. In this review, we summarize the key features of the human liver that should be reflected in a physiologically relevant liver-on-a-chip model. We also discuss different material properties of importance in producing liver-on-a-chip devices and summarize recent and current progress in the field, highlighting different types of devices at different levels of complexity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mattias Goksör
- Department of Physics, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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17
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Liu M, Xiang Y, Yang Y, Long X, Xiao Z, Nan Y, Jiang Y, Qiu Y, Huang Q, Ai K. State-of-the-art advancements in Liver-on-a-chip (LOC): Integrated biosensors for LOC. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 218:114758. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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18
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Hoyle H, Stenger C, Przyborski S. Design considerations of benchtop fluid flow bioreactors for bio-engineered tissue equivalents in vitro. BIOMATERIALS AND BIOSYSTEMS 2022; 8:100063. [PMID: 36824373 PMCID: PMC9934498 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbiosy.2022.100063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the major aims of bio-engineering tissue equivalents in vitro is to create physiologically relevant culture conditions to accurately recreate the cellular microenvironment. This often includes incorporation of factors such as the extracellular matrix, co-culture of multiple cell types and three-dimensional culture techniques. These advanced techniques can recapitulate some of the properties of tissue in vivo, however fluid flow is a key aspect that is often absent. Fluid flow can be introduced into cell and tissue culture using bioreactors, which are becoming increasingly common as we seek to produce increasingly accurate tissue models. Bespoke technology is continuously being developed to tailor systems for specific applications and to allow compatibility with a range of culture techniques. For effective perfusion of a tissue culture many parameters can be controlled, ranging from impacts of the fluid flow such as increased shear stress and mass transport, to potentially unwanted side effects such as temperature fluctuations. A thorough understanding of these properties and their implications on the culture model can aid with a more accurate interpretation of results. Improved and more complete characterisation of bioreactor properties will also lead to greater accuracy when reporting culture conditions in protocols, aiding experimental reproducibility, and allowing more precise comparison of results between different systems. In this review we provide an analysis of the different factors involved in the development of benchtop flow bioreactors and their potential biological impacts across a range of applications.
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Key Words
- 3D, three-dimensional
- ABS, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene
- ALI, air-liquid interface
- Bioreactors
- CFD, computational fluid dynamics
- Cell culture
- ECM, extracellular matrix
- FDM, fused deposition modelling
- Fluid flow
- PC, polycarbonate
- PET, polyethylene terephthalate
- PLA, polylactic acid
- PTFE, polytetrafluoroethylene
- SLA, stereolithography
- Tissue engineering
- UL, unstirred layer
- UV, ultraviolet light
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Affiliation(s)
- H.W. Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - C.M.L. Stenger
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S.A. Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK,NETPark Incubator, Reprocell Europe Ltd., Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK,Corresponding author at: Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.
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19
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Rashidi H, Hay DC. Nuclear factor programming improves stem-cell-derived hepatocyte phenotype. Cell Stem Cell 2022; 29:657-658. [PMID: 35523133 DOI: 10.1016/j.stem.2022.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In this issue of Cell Stem Cell, Ma et al. demonstrate that the activation of the nuclear receptor thyroid hormone receptor beta (NR1A2) improves the differentiation status of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Rashidi
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child, London, UK; UCL Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, Royal Free Hospital, London, UK
| | - David C Hay
- Institute for Regeneration and Repair, Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK.
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20
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Graffmann N, Scherer B, Adjaye J. In vitro differentiation of pluripotent stem cells into hepatocyte like cells - basic principles and current progress. Stem Cell Res 2022; 61:102763. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2022.102763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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21
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Yamamoto C, Takemura A, Ishii S, Doi A, Saito I, Yamada H, Sakai Y, Matsunaga T, Ito K. A novel perfusion culture system for screening mitochondrial toxicity in primary mouse hepatocytes. J Toxicol Sci 2022; 47:13-18. [PMID: 34987137 DOI: 10.2131/jts.47.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The liver microphysiological system (MPS) model is an in-vitro culture method that mimics physiological blood flow, which enhances basal cellular functions. However, the liver MPS model has not been tested in the preclinical stage because of its obscure utility. It can overcome the major problem of conventional systems-rapid loss of mitochondrial activity in cultured hepatocytes due to limited oxygen supply-by supplying oxygen to cultured hepatocytes using a perfusion device. In this study, we developed a new perfusion culture system that can detect mitochondrial toxicity. Primary mouse hepatocytes were cultured under perfusion condition for 48 hr. The hepatocytes showed increased oxygen consumption and reduced lactate release. These results indicated that the ATP-production pathway was switched from glycolysis to mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation in the perfusion culture system. Furthermore, ATP levels were considerably reduced in the perfusion culture system after exposure to phenformin, a mitochondrial complex I inhibitor. To summarize, the perfusion culture system could improve the mitochondrial activity in primary mouse hepatocytes, and thus, has potential implications in the detection of mitochondrial toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chika Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Akinori Takemura
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | - Sanae Ishii
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
| | | | | | | | - Yoko Sakai
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Tamihide Matsunaga
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Graduate School and Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University
| | - Kousei Ito
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chiba University
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22
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Lee SY, Kim D, Lee SH, Sung JH. Microtechnology-based in vitro models: Mimicking liver function and pathophysiology. APL Bioeng 2021; 5:041505. [PMID: 34703969 PMCID: PMC8520487 DOI: 10.1063/5.0061896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver plays important roles in drug metabolism and homeostasis. The metabolism and biotransformation can not only affect the efficacy of drugs but also result in hepatotoxicity and drug-induced liver injury. Understanding the complex physiology of the liver and the pathogenetic mechanisms of liver diseases is essential for drug development. Conventional in vitro models have limitations in the ability to predict drug effects, due to the lack of physiological relevance. Recently, the liver-on-a-chip platform has been developed to reproduce the microarchitecture and in vivo environment of the liver. These efforts have improved the physiological relevance of the liver tissue used in the platform and have demonstrated its applicability to drug screening and disease models. In this review, we summarize the recent development of liver-on-a-chip models that closely mimic the in vivo liver environments and liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
| | - Donghyun Kim
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, South Korea
| | - Seung Hwan Lee
- Department of Bionano Engineering, Center for Bionano Intelligence Education and Research, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, South Korea
| | - Jong Hwan Sung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul 04066, South Korea
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23
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Tian BR, Lin WF, Zhang Y. Effects of biomechanical forces on the biological behavior of cancer stem cells. J Cancer 2021; 12:5895-5902. [PMID: 34476003 PMCID: PMC8408108 DOI: 10.7150/jca.60893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), dynamic subsets of cancer cells, are responsible for malignant progression. The unique properties of CSCs, including self-renewal, differentiation, and malignancy, closely depend on the tumor microenvironment. Mechanical components in the microenvironment, including matrix stiffness, fluid shear stress, compression and tension stress, affect the fate of CSCs and further influence the cancer process. This paper reviews recent studies of mechanical components and CSCs, and further discusses the intrinsic correlation among them. Regulatory mechanisms of mechanical microenvironment, which act on CSCs, have great potential for clinical application and provide different perspectives to drugs and treatment design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ren Tian
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Fan Lin
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Gene Function and Regulation, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
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24
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Slaughter VL, Rumsey JW, Boone R, Malik D, Cai Y, Sriram NN, Long CJ, McAleer CW, Lambert S, Shuler ML, Hickman JJ. Validation of an adipose-liver human-on-a-chip model of NAFLD for preclinical therapeutic efficacy evaluation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13159. [PMID: 34162924 PMCID: PMC8222323 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92264-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common liver disease and strongly correlates with the growing incidence of obesity and type II diabetes. We have developed a human-on-a-chip model composed of human hepatocytes and adipose tissue chambers capable of modeling the metabolic factors that contribute to liver disease development and progression, and evaluation of the therapeutic metformin. This model uses a serum-free, recirculating medium tailored to represent different human metabolic conditions over a 14-day period. The system validated the indirect influence of adipocyte physiology on hepatocytes that modeled important aspects of NAFLD progression, including insulin resistant biomarkers, differential adipokine signaling in different media and increased TNF-α-induced steatosis observed only in the two-tissue model. This model provides a simple but unique platform to evaluate aspects of an individual factor's contribution to NAFLD development and mechanisms as well as evaluate preclinical drug efficacy and reassess human dosing regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria L Slaughter
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - John W Rumsey
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Rachel Boone
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Duaa Malik
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - Yunqing Cai
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | | | - Christopher J Long
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | | | - Stephen Lambert
- College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, 6850 Lake Nona Blvd, Orlando, FL, 32827, USA
| | - Michael L Shuler
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA
| | - J J Hickman
- NanoScience Technology Center, University of Central Florida, 12424 Research Parkway, Suite 400, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
- Hesperos, Inc., 12501 Research Parkway, Suite 100, Orlando, FL, 32826, USA.
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Arora S, Srinivasan A, Leung CM, Toh YC. Bio-mimicking Shear Stress Environments for Enhancing Mesenchymal Stem Cell Differentiation. Curr Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 15:414-427. [PMID: 32268869 DOI: 10.2174/1574888x15666200408113630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent stromal cells, with the ability to differentiate into mesodermal (e.g., adipocyte, chondrocyte, hematopoietic, myocyte, osteoblast), ectodermal (e.g., epithelial, neural) and endodermal (e.g., hepatocyte, islet cell) lineages based on the type of induction cues provided. As compared to embryonic stem cells, MSCs hold a multitude of advantages from a clinical translation perspective, including ease of isolation, low immunogenicity and limited ethical concerns. Therefore, MSCs are a promising stem cell source for different regenerative medicine applications. The in vitro differentiation of MSCs into different lineages relies on effective mimicking of the in vivo milieu, including both biochemical and mechanical stimuli. As compared to other biophysical cues, such as substrate stiffness and topography, the role of fluid shear stress (SS) in regulating MSC differentiation has been investigated to a lesser extent although the role of interstitial fluid and vascular flow in regulating the normal physiology of bone, muscle and cardiovascular tissues is well-known. This review aims to summarise the current state-of-the-art regarding the role of SS in the differentiation of MSCs into osteogenic, cardiovascular, chondrogenic, adipogenic and neurogenic lineages. We will also highlight and discuss the potential of employing SS to augment the differentiation of MSCs to other lineages, where SS is known to play a role physiologically but has not yet been successfully harnessed for in vitro differentiation, including liver, kidney and corneal tissue lineage cells. The incorporation of SS, in combination with biochemical and biophysical cues during MSC differentiation, may provide a promising avenue to improve the functionality of the differentiated cells by more closely mimicking the in vivo milieu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seep Arora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 117583, Singapore
| | - Akshaya Srinivasan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 117583, Singapore
| | - Chak Ming Leung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 117583, Singapore
| | - Yi-Chin Toh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, National University of Singapore, 21 Lower Kent Ridge Rd, 117583, Singapore
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Establishing a 3D In Vitro Hepatic Model Mimicking Physiologically Relevant to In Vivo State. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051268. [PMID: 34065411 PMCID: PMC8161177 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting is a promising technology to establish a 3D in vitro hepatic model that holds great potential in toxicological evaluation. However, in current hepatic models, the central area suffers from hypoxic conditions, resulting in slow and weak metabolism of drugs and toxins. It remains challenging to predict accurate drug effects in current bioprinted hepatic models. Here, we constructed a hexagonal bioprinted hepatic construct and incorporated a spinning condition with continuous media stimuli. Under spinning conditions, HepG2 cells in the bioprinted hepatic construct exhibited enhanced proliferation capacity and functionality compared to those under static conditions. Additionally, the number of spheroids that play a role in boosting drug-induced signals and responses increased in the bioprinted hepatic constructs cultured under spinning conditions. Moreover, HepG2 cells under spinning conditions exhibited intensive TGFβ-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and increased susceptibility to acetaminophen (APAP)-induced hepatotoxicity as well as hepatotoxicity prevention by administration of N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate that the spinning condition employed during the generation of bioprinted hepatic constructs enables the recapitulation of liver injury and repair phenomena in particular. This simple but effective culture strategy facilitates bioprinted hepatic constructs to improve in vitro modeling for drug effect evaluation.
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Duivenvoorde LPM, Louisse J, Pinckaers NET, Nguyen T, van der Zande M. Comparison of gene expression and biotransformation activity of HepaRG cells under static and dynamic culture conditions. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10327. [PMID: 33990636 PMCID: PMC8121841 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89710-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Flow conditions have been shown to be important in improving longevity and functionality of primary hepatocytes, but the impact of flow on HepaRG cells is largely unknown. We studied the expression of genes encoding CYP enzymes and transporter proteins and CYP1 and CYP3A4 activity during 8 weeks of culture in HepaRG cells cultured under static conditions (conventional 24-/96-well plate culture with common bicarbonate/CO2 buffering) and under flow conditions in an organ-on-chip (OOC) device. Since the OOC-device is a closed system, bicarbonate/CO2 buffering was not possible, requiring application of another buffering agent, such as HEPES. In order to disentangle the effects of HEPES from the effects of flow, we also applied HEPES-supplemented medium in static cultures and studied gene expression and CYP activity. We found that cells cultured under flow conditions in the OOC-device, as well as cells cultured under static conditions with HEPES-supplemented medium, showed more stable gene expression levels. Furthermore, only cells cultured in the OOC-device showed relatively high baseline CYP1 activity, and their gene expression levels of selected CYPs and transporters were most similar to gene expression levels in human primary hepatocytes. However, there was a decrease in baseline CYP3A4 activity under flow conditions compared to HepaRG cells cultured under static conditions. Altogether, the present study shows that HepaRG cells cultured in the OOC-device were more stable than in static cultures, being a promising in vitro model to study hepatoxicity of chemicals upon chronic exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loes P M Duivenvoorde
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Jochem Louisse
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole E T Pinckaers
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tien Nguyen
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Meike van der Zande
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Menezes PD, Gadegaard N, Natal Jorge RM, Pinto SIS. Modelling human liver microphysiology on a chip through a finite element based design approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2021; 37:e3445. [PMID: 33522149 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-chip (OoaC) are microfluidic devices capable of growing living tissue and replicate the intricate microenvironments of human organs in vitro, being heralded as having the potential to revolutionize biological research and healthcare by providing unprecedented control over fluid flow, relevant tissue to volume ratio, compatibility with high-resolution content screening and a reduced footprint. Finite element modelling is proven to be an efficient approach to simulate the microenvironments of OoaC devices, and may be used to study the existing correlations between geometry and hydrodynamics, towards developing devices of greater accuracy. The present work aims to refine a steady-state gradient generator for the development of a more relevant human liver model. For this purpose, the finite element method was used to simulate the device and predict which design settings, expressed by individual parameters, would better replicate in vitro the oxygen gradients found in vivo within the human liver acinus. To verify the model's predictive capabilities, two distinct examples were replicated from literature. Finite element analysis enabled obtaining an ideal solution, designated as liver gradient-on-a-chip, characterised by a novel way to control gradient generation, from which it was possible to determine concentration values ranging between 3% and 12%, thus providing a precise correlation with in vivo oxygen zonation, comprised between 3%-5% and 10%-12% within respectively the perivenous and periportal zones of the human liver acinus. Shear stress was also determined to average the value of 0.037 Pa, and therefore meet the interval determined from literature to enhance liver tissue culture, comprised between 0.01 - 0.05 Pa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Duarte Menezes
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Nikolaj Gadegaard
- Division of Biomedical Engineering, James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow, UK
| | - Renato M Natal Jorge
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, LAETA, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia I S Pinto
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Engineering Faculty of University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Science and Innovation in Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, LAETA, Porto, Portugal
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Fritsche E, Haarmann-Stemmann T, Kapr J, Galanjuk S, Hartmann J, Mertens PR, Kämpfer AAM, Schins RPF, Tigges J, Koch K. Stem Cells for Next Level Toxicity Testing in the 21st Century. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2006252. [PMID: 33354870 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202006252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The call for a paradigm change in toxicology from the United States National Research Council in 2007 initiates awareness for the invention and use of human-relevant alternative methods for toxicological hazard assessment. Simple 2D in vitro systems may serve as first screening tools, however, recent developments infer the need for more complex, multicellular organotypic models, which are superior in mimicking the complexity of human organs. In this review article most critical organs for toxicity assessment, i.e., skin, brain, thyroid system, lung, heart, liver, kidney, and intestine are discussed with regards to their functions in health and disease. Embracing the manifold modes-of-action how xenobiotic compounds can interfere with physiological organ functions and cause toxicity, the need for translation of such multifaceted organ features into the dish seems obvious. Currently used in vitro methods for toxicological applications and ongoing developments not yet arrived in toxicity testing are discussed, especially highlighting the potential of models based on embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells of human origin. Finally, the application of innovative technologies like organs-on-a-chip and genome editing point toward a toxicological paradigm change moves into action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Fritsche
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
- Medical Faculty, Heinrich-Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | | | - Julia Kapr
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Saskia Galanjuk
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Hartmann
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, 39106, Germany
| | - Angela A M Kämpfer
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Roel P F Schins
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Julia Tigges
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
| | - Katharina Koch
- IUF - Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Düsseldorf, 40225, Germany
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Zahmatkesh E, Khoshdel-Rad N, Mirzaei H, Shpichka A, Timashev P, Mahmoudi T, Vosough M. Evolution of organoid technology: Lessons learnt in Co-Culture systems from developmental biology. Dev Biol 2021; 475:37-53. [PMID: 33684433 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2021.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the development of 3D organoids has opened new avenues of investigation into development, physiology, and regenerative medicine. Organoid formation and the process of organogenesis share common developmental pathways; thus, our knowledge of developmental biology can help model the complexity of different organs to refine organoids into a more sophisticated platform. The developmental process is strongly dependent on complex networks and communication of cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions among different cell populations and their microenvironment, during embryogenesis. These interactions affect cell behaviors such as proliferation, survival, migration, and differentiation. Co-culture systems within the organoid technology were recently developed and provided the highly physiologically relevant systems. Supportive cells including various types of endothelial and stromal cells provide the proper microenvironment, facilitate organoid assembly, and improve vascularization and maturation of organoids. This review discusses the role of the co-culture systems in organoid generation, with a focus on how knowledge of developmental biology has directed and continues to shape the development of more evolved 3D co-culture system-derived organoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ensieh Zahmatkesh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel-Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Anastasia Shpichka
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Peter Timashev
- World-Class Research Center "Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare", Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia; Chemistry Department, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Polymers and Composites, N.N.Semenov Federal Research Center for Chemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Tokameh Mahmoudi
- Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran; Department of Regenrative Medicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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31
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Yin J, Sunuwar L, Kasendra M, Yu H, Tse CM, Talbot CC, Boronina T, Cole R, Karalis K, Donowitz M. Fluid shear stress enhances differentiation of jejunal human enteroids in Intestine-Chip. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2021; 320:G258-G271. [PMID: 33074011 PMCID: PMC8202237 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00282.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that the study of normal human enteroids duplicates many known aspects of human intestinal physiology. However, this epithelial cell-only model lacks the many nonepithelial intestinal cells present in the gastrointestinal tract and exposure to the mechanical forces to which the intestine is exposed. We tested the hypothesis that physical shear forces produced by luminal and blood flow would provide an intestinal model more closely resembling normal human jejunum. Jejunal enteroid monolayers were studied in the Emulate, Inc. Intestine-Chip under conditions of constant luminal and basolateral flow that was designed to mimic normal intestinal fluid flow, with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) on the basolateral surface and with Wnt3A, R-spondin, and Noggin only on the luminal surface. The jejunal enteroids formed monolayers that remained confluent for 6-8 days, began differentiating at least as early as day 2 post plating, and demonstrated continuing differentiation over the entire time of the study, as shown by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Differentiation impacted villus genes and proteins differently with early expression of regenerating family member 1α (REG1A), early reduction to a low but constant level of expression of Na+-K+-2Cl- cotransporter 1 (NKCC1), and increasing expression of sucrase-isomaltase (SI) and downregulated in adenoma (DRA). These results were consistent with continual differentiation, as was shown to occur in mouse villus enterocytes. Compared with differentiated enteroid monolayers grown on Transwell inserts, enteroids exposed to flow were more differentiated but exhibited increased apoptosis and reduced carbohydrate metabolism, as shown by proteomic analysis. This study of human jejunal enteroids-on-chip suggests that luminal and basolateral flow produce a model of continual differentiation over time and NaCl absorption that mimics normal intestine and should provide new insights in intestinal physiology.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study showed that polarized enteroid models in which there is no basolateral Wnt3a, are differentiated, regardless of the Wnt3a status of the apical media. The study supports the concept that in the human intestine villus differentiation is not an all or none phenomenon, demonstrating that at different days after lack of basolateral Wnt exposure, clusters of genes and proteins exist geographically along the villus with different domains having different functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Yin
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Laxmi Sunuwar
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Huimin Yu
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Chung-Ming Tse
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - C. Conover Talbot
- 3Institute for Basic Biomedical Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tatiana Boronina
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Robert Cole
- 4Department of Biological Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Katia Karalis
- 2Emulate, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts,5Biomedical Sciences Research Center (BSRC) Alexander Fleming, Vari, Greece,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Mark Donowitz
- 1Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland,7Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Farooqi HMU, Kang B, Khalid MAU, Salih ARC, Hyun K, Park SH, Huh D, Choi KH. Real-time monitoring of liver fibrosis through embedded sensors in a microphysiological system. NANO CONVERGENCE 2021; 8:3. [PMID: 33528697 PMCID: PMC7855143 DOI: 10.1186/s40580-021-00253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Hepatic fibrosis is a foreshadowing of future adverse events like liver cirrhosis, liver failure, and cancer. Hepatic stellate cell activation is the main event of liver fibrosis, which results in excessive extracellular matrix deposition and hepatic parenchyma's disintegration. Several biochemical and molecular assays have been introduced for in vitro study of the hepatic fibrosis progression. However, they do not forecast real-time events happening to the in vitro models. Trans-epithelial electrical resistance (TEER) is used in cell culture science to measure cell monolayer barrier integrity. Herein, we explored TEER measurement's utility for monitoring fibrosis development in a dynamic cell culture microphysiological system. Immortal HepG2 cells and fibroblasts were co-cultured, and transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) was used as a fibrosis stimulus to create a liver fibrosis-on-chip model. A glass chip-based embedded TEER and reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensors were employed to gauge the effect of TGF-β1 within the microphysiological system, which promotes a positive feedback response in fibrosis development. Furthermore, albumin, Urea, CYP450 measurements, and immunofluorescent microscopy were performed to correlate the following data with embedded sensors responses. We found that chip embedded electrochemical sensors could be used as a potential substitute for conventional end-point assays for studying fibrosis in microphysiological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bohye Kang
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Kinam Hyun
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyuk Park
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongeun Huh
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Kyung Hyun Choi
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Jeju National University, Jeju-si, Republic of Korea.
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Tamai M, Fujiyama Y, Tagawa YI. Hepatocytes and Endothelial Networks in a Fluid-Based In Vitro Model of Liver Drug Metabolism. Tissue Eng Part A 2021; 27:1160-1167. [PMID: 33267675 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2020.0226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver toxicity remains a major cause of drug withdrawal from animal testing and human clinical trials. A functional liver culture model corresponding to the liver is urgently required; however, in previous liver models, it has proven difficult to stably maintain multiple liver functions. Previously reported fluid-based systems have some advantages for hepatocyte culture, but have insufficient liver-specific functions because they simply involve moving conventional hepatocyte cultures from a dish into a fluid-based system. Importantly, these cultures have no liver tissue-specific structures that construct liver-specific cellular polarities, such as apical, basolateral, and basal faces. In this study, we developed a fluid-based system for our liver tissue culture models. The liver tissues that were constructed in our originally designed fluid-based systems represent a tissue culture model for studying hepatic functions. Together, our findings show that by mimicking the structure of the liver in the body, our system effectively maintains multiple liver-specific functions. Impact statement A functional liver culture model corresponding to the liver is urgently required; however, in previous liver models, it has proven difficult to stably maintain multiple liver functions. In this study, we developed a fluid-based system for our liver tissue culture models. The liver tissues that were constructed in our originally designed fluid-based systems represent a tissue culture model for studying hepatic functions. Together, our findings show that by mimicking the structure of the liver in the body, our system effectively maintains multiple liver-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Tamai
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan.,Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Fujiyama
- Bio-Industry Unit Technology Research Laboratory, Shimadzu Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoh-Ichi Tagawa
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama-shi, Kanagawa, Japan
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34
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Jin M, Yi X, Liao W, Chen Q, Yang W, Li Y, Li S, Gao Y, Peng Q, Zhou S. Advancements in stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cell models for hepatotoxicity testing. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:84. [PMID: 33494782 PMCID: PMC7836452 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02152-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 01/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is one of the leading causes of clinical trial failures and high drug attrition rates. Currently, the commonly used hepatocyte models include primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), animal models, and hepatic cell lines. However, these models have disadvantages that include species-specific differences or inconvenient cell extraction methods. Therefore, a novel, inexpensive, efficient, and accurate model that can be applied to drug screening is urgently needed. Owing to their self-renewable ability, source abundance, and multipotent competence, stem cells are stable sources of drug hepatotoxicity screening models. Because 3D culture can mimic the in vivo microenvironment more accurately than can 2D culture, the former is commonly used for hepatocyte culture and drug screening. In this review, we introduce the different sources of stem cells used to generate hepatocyte-like cells and the models for hepatotoxicity testing that use stem cell-derived hepatocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meixian Jin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Department of Gynecology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wei Liao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qi Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China
| | - Wanren Yang
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yang Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Shao Li
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Yi Gao
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Qing Peng
- General Surgery Center, Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery II, Guangdong Provincial Research Center for Artificial Organ and Tissue Engineering, Guangzhou Clinical Research and Transformation Center for Artificial Liver, Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Shuqin Zhou
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Thompson CL, Fu S, Knight MM, Thorpe SD. Mechanical Stimulation: A Crucial Element of Organ-on-Chip Models. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:602646. [PMID: 33363131 PMCID: PMC7758201 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.602646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organ-on-chip (OOC) systems recapitulate key biological processes and responses in vitro exhibited by cells, tissues, and organs in vivo. Accordingly, these models of both health and disease hold great promise for improving fundamental research, drug development, personalized medicine, and testing of pharmaceuticals, food substances, pollutants etc. Cells within the body are exposed to biomechanical stimuli, the nature of which is tissue specific and may change with disease or injury. These biomechanical stimuli regulate cell behavior and can amplify, annul, or even reverse the response to a given biochemical cue or drug candidate. As such, the application of an appropriate physiological or pathological biomechanical environment is essential for the successful recapitulation of in vivo behavior in OOC models. Here we review the current range of commercially available OOC platforms which incorporate active biomechanical stimulation. We highlight recent findings demonstrating the importance of including mechanical stimuli in models used for drug development and outline emerging factors which regulate the cellular response to the biomechanical environment. We explore the incorporation of mechanical stimuli in different organ models and identify areas where further research and development is required. Challenges associated with the integration of mechanics alongside other OOC requirements including scaling to increase throughput and diagnostic imaging are discussed. In summary, compelling evidence demonstrates that the incorporation of biomechanical stimuli in these OOC or microphysiological systems is key to fully replicating in vivo physiology in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare L Thompson
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Su Fu
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin M Knight
- Centre for Predictive in vitro Models, School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Thorpe
- UCD School of Medicine, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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36
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Cox CR, Lynch S, Goldring C, Sharma P. Current Perspective: 3D Spheroid Models Utilizing Human-Based Cells for Investigating Metabolism-Dependent Drug-Induced Liver Injury. FRONTIERS IN MEDICAL TECHNOLOGY 2020; 2:611913. [PMID: 35047893 PMCID: PMC8757888 DOI: 10.3389/fmedt.2020.611913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) remains a leading cause for the withdrawal of approved drugs. This has significant financial implications for pharmaceutical companies, places increasing strain on global health services, and causes harm to patients. For these reasons, it is essential that in-vitro liver models are capable of detecting DILI-positive compounds and their underlying mechanisms, prior to their approval and administration to patients or volunteers in clinical trials. Metabolism-dependent DILI is an important mechanism of drug-induced toxicity, which often involves the CYP450 family of enzymes, and is associated with the production of a chemically reactive metabolite and/or inefficient removal and accumulation of potentially toxic compounds. Unfortunately, many of the traditional in-vitro liver models fall short of their in-vivo counterparts, failing to recapitulate the mature hepatocyte phenotype, becoming metabolically incompetent, and lacking the longevity to investigate and detect metabolism-dependent DILI and those associated with chronic and repeat dosing regimens. Nevertheless, evidence is gathering to indicate that growing cells in 3D formats can increase the complexity of these models, promoting a more mature-hepatocyte phenotype and increasing their longevity, in vitro. This review will discuss the use of 3D in vitro models, namely spheroids, organoids, and perfusion-based systems to establish suitable liver models to investigate metabolism-dependent DILI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R. Cox
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- *Correspondence: Christopher R. Cox
| | - Stephen Lynch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Goldring
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Parveen Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science, Institute of Systems, Molecular & Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Liverpool Centre for Cardiovascular Science, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Lucendo-Villarin B, Nell P, Hellwig B, Filis P, Feuerborn D, O'Shaughnessy PJ, Godoy P, Rahnenführer J, Hengstler JG, Cherianidou A, Sachinidis A, Fowler PA, Hay DC. Genome-wide expression changes induced by bisphenol A, F and S in human stem cell derived hepatocyte-like cells. EXCLI JOURNAL 2020; 19:1459-1476. [PMID: 33312107 PMCID: PMC7726493 DOI: 10.17179/excli2020-2934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The debate about possible adverse effects of bisphenol A (BPA) has been ongoing for decades. Bisphenol F (BPF) and S (BPS) have been suggested as “safer” alternatives. In the present study we used hepatocyte-like cells (HLCs) derived from the human embryonic stem cell lines Man12 and H9 to compare the three bisphenol derivatives. Stem cell-derived progenitors were produced using an established system and were exposed to BPA, BPF and BPS for 8 days during their transition to HLCs. Subsequently, we examined cell viability, inhibition of cytochrome P450 (CYP) activity, and genome-wide RNA profiles. Sub-cytotoxic, inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of CYP3A were 20, 9.5 and 25 µM for BPA, BPF and BPS in Man12 derived HLCs, respectively. The corresponding concentrations for H9-derived HLCs were 19, 29 and 31 µM. These IC50 concentrations were used to study global expression changes in this in vitro study and are higher than unconjugated BPA in serum of the general population. A large overlap of up- as well as downregulated genes induced by the three bisphenol derivatives was seen. This is at least 28-fold higher compared to randomly expected gene expression changes. Moreover, highly significant correlations of expression changes induced by the three bisphenol derivatives were obtained in pairwise comparisons. Dysregulated genes were associated with reduced metabolic function, cellular differentiation, embryonic development, cell survival and apoptosis. In conclusion, no major differences in cytochrome inhibitory activities of BPA, BPF and BPS were observed and gene expression changes showed a high degree of similarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucendo-Villarin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - P Nell
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - B Hellwig
- Department of Statistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P Filis
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D Feuerborn
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - P J O'Shaughnessy
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, UK
| | - P Godoy
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J Rahnenführer
- Department of Statistics, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - J G Hengstler
- IfADo-Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors at the Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - A Cherianidou
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - A Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne (UKK), Cologne, Germany
| | - P A Fowler
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - D C Hay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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38
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Lucendo-Villarin B, Meseguer-Ripolles J, Drew J, Fischer L, Ma E, Flint O, Simpson KJ, Machesky LM, Mountford JC, Hay DC. Development of a cost-effective automated platform to produce human liver spheroids for basic and applied research. Biofabrication 2020; 13:015009. [PMID: 33007774 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abbdb2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Liver disease represents an increasing cause of global morbidity and mortality. Currently, liver transplant is the only treatment curative for end-stage liver disease. Donor organs cannot meet the demand and therefore scalable treatments and new disease models are required to improve clinical intervention. Pluripotent stem cells represent a renewable source of human tissue. Recent advances in three-dimensional cell culture have provided the field with more complex systems that better mimic liver physiology and function. Despite these improvements, current cell-based models are variable in performance and expensive to manufacture at scale. This is due, in part, to the use of poorly defined or cross-species materials within the process, severely affecting technology translation. To address this issue, we have developed an automated and economical platform to produce liver tissue at scale for modelling disease and small molecule screening. Stem cell derived liver spheres were formed by combining hepatic progenitors with endothelial cells and stellate cells, in the ratios found within the liver. The resulting tissue permitted the study of human liver biology 'in the dish' and could be scaled for screening. In summary, we have developed an automated differentiation system that permits reliable self-assembly of human liver tissue for biomedical application. Going forward we believe that this technology will not only serve as anin vitroresource, and may have an important role to play in supporting failing liver function in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Lucendo-Villarin
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
- Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - J Meseguer-Ripolles
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
- Both authors contributed equally to this manuscript
| | - J Drew
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - L Fischer
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - E Ma
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - O Flint
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
| | - K J Simpson
- Scottish Liver Transplant Unit, Royal Infirmary, Edinburgh EH16 4SA, United Kingdom
| | - L M Machesky
- CRUK Beatson Institute, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, United Kingdom
- Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Garscube Campus, G61 1BD, United Kingdom
| | - J C Mountford
- SNBTS, 52 Research Avenue North, Heriot-Watt Research Park, Edinburgh EH14 4BE, United Kingdom
| | - D C Hay
- Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4UU, United Kingdom
- Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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39
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Huang D, Gibeley SB, Xu C, Xiao Y, Celik O, Ginsberg HN, Leong KW. Engineering liver microtissues for disease modeling and regenerative medicine. ADVANCED FUNCTIONAL MATERIALS 2020; 30:1909553. [PMID: 33390875 PMCID: PMC7774671 DOI: 10.1002/adfm.201909553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The burden of liver diseases is increasing worldwide, accounting for two million deaths annually. In the past decade, tremendous progress has been made in the basic and translational research of liver tissue engineering. Liver microtissues are small, three-dimensional hepatocyte cultures that recapitulate liver physiology and have been used in biomedical research and regenerative medicine. This review summarizes recent advances, challenges, and future directions in liver microtissue research. Cellular engineering approaches are used to sustain primary hepatocytes or produce hepatocytes derived from pluripotent stem cells and other adult tissues. Three-dimensional microtissues are generated by scaffold-free assembly or scaffold-assisted methods such as macroencapsulation, droplet microfluidics, and bioprinting. Optimization of the hepatic microenvironment entails incorporating the appropriate cell composition for enhanced cell-cell interactions and niche-specific signals, and creating scaffolds with desired chemical, mechanical and physical properties. Perfusion-based culture systems such as bioreactors and microfluidic systems are used to achieve efficient exchange of nutrients and soluble factors. Taken together, systematic optimization of liver microtissues is a multidisciplinary effort focused on creating liver cultures and on-chip models with greater structural complexity and physiological relevance for use in liver disease research, therapeutic development, and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dantong Huang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Sarah B. Gibeley
- Institute of Human Nutrition, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Cong Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Yang Xiao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Ozgenur Celik
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Henry N. Ginsberg
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Kam W. Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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40
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Noh KH, Kang HM, Oh SJ, Lee JY, Kim DH, Kim M, Chung KS, Son MY, Kim DS, Cho HS, Lee J, Lee DG, Lim JH, Jung CR. A new experimental model to study human drug responses. Biofabrication 2020; 12:045029. [PMID: 32975216 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/abb652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Accurate prediction of pharmacokinetic (PK) and pharmacodynamic (PD) characteristics is critical for drug development. Oral drugs are particularly difficult because they are absorbed by the intestine and metabolized in the liver before systemic metabolism in vivo; this is called the first-pass effect and is a critical factor for predicting oral bioavailability (BA). Here, we fabricated a new networking and circulating cell culture system (NCCS), mimicking the circulatory system and interaction of organs for studying the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics of oral drugs in vitro. NCCS consisted of a micro-pump for circulating fluids, two types of multi-insert culture dishes for culturing different cell types, and an orbital shaker for mixing; flow rate and shaking-speed were controlled by weight-sensors and drivers. A first-pass effect test was performed using functionally differentiated HepaRG and Caco-2 cell lines, using a new modified spheroid forming unit (SFU) protocol. To verify the similarity of PK (first-pass effect) data of NCCS with the data from the human body, 15 reference drugs were chosen and their associated data were obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. NCCS generated absorption and metabolism data showed >70% similarity to human data respectively. NCCS can also be used to demonstrate species differences. Animal models are the primary basis for drug discovery, development, and testing. However, the weak correlation between humans and animals, particularly regarding absorption and metabolism, is a substantial limitation for the use of animal models. Here we compare human and mouse acetaminophen (APAP) metabolism using NCCS, and its application can be extended to assess cellular responses, such as efficacy and toxicity, simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Hee Noh
- Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
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41
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Dame K, Ribeiro AJ. Microengineered systems with iPSC-derived cardiac and hepatic cells to evaluate drug adverse effects. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 246:317-331. [PMID: 32938227 PMCID: PMC7859673 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220959598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic and cardiac drug adverse effects are among the leading causes of attrition in drug development programs, in part due to predictive failures of current animal or in vitro models. Hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes differentiated from human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) hold promise for predicting clinical drug effects, given their human-specific properties and their ability to harbor genetically determined characteristics that underlie inter-individual variations in drug response. Currently, the fetal-like properties and heterogeneity of hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes differentiated from iPSCs make them physiologically different from their counterparts isolated from primary tissues and limit their use for predicting clinical drug effects. To address this hurdle, there have been ongoing advances in differentiation and maturation protocols to improve the quality and use of iPSC-differentiated lineages. Among these are in vitro hepatic and cardiac cellular microsystems that can further enhance the physiology of cultured cells, can be used to better predict drug adverse effects, and investigate drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacodynamics to facilitate successful drug development. In this article, we discuss how cellular microsystems can establish microenvironments for these applications and propose how they could be used for potentially controlling the differentiation of hepatocytes or cardiomyocytes. The physiological relevance of cells is enhanced in cellular microsystems by simulating properties of tissue microenvironments, such as structural dimensionality, media flow, microfluidic control of media composition, and co-cultures with interacting cell types. Recent studies demonstrated that these properties also affect iPSC differentiations and we further elaborate on how they could control differentiation efficiency in microengineered devices. In summary, we describe recent advances in the field of cellular microsystems that can control the differentiation and maturation of hepatocytes and cardiomyocytes for drug evaluation. We also propose how future research with iPSCs within engineered microenvironments could enable their differentiation for scalable evaluations of drug effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keri Dame
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translation Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Alexandre Js Ribeiro
- Division of Applied Regulatory Science, Office of Clinical Pharmacology, Office of Translation Sciences, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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42
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Rapid Fabrication of Membrane-Integrated Thermoplastic Elastomer Microfluidic Devices. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11080731. [PMID: 32731570 PMCID: PMC7463978 DOI: 10.3390/mi11080731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging the advantageous material properties of recently developed soft thermoplastic elastomer materials, this work presents the facile and rapid fabrication of composite membrane-integrated microfluidic devices consisting of FlexdymTM polymer and commercially available porous polycarbonate membranes. The three-layer devices can be fabricated in under 2.5 h, consisting of a 2-min hot embossing cycle, conformal contact between device layers and a low-temperature baking step. The strength of the FlexdymTM-polycarbonate seal was characterized using a specialized microfluidic delamination device and an automated pressure controller configuration, offering a standardized and high-throughput method of microfluidic burst testing. Given a minimum bonding distance of 200 μm, the materials showed bonding that reliably withstood pressures of 500 mbar and above, which is sufficient for most microfluidic cell culture applications. Bonding was also stable when subjected to long term pressurization (10 h) and repeated use (10,000 pressure cycles). Cell culture trials confirmed good cell adhesion and sustained culture of human dermal fibroblasts on a polycarbonate membrane inside the device channels over the course of one week. In comparison to existing porous membrane-based microfluidic platforms of this configuration, most often made of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), these devices offer a streamlined fabrication methodology with materials having favourable properties for cell culture applications and the potential for implementation in barrier model organ-on-chips.
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43
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Del Favero G, Kraegeloh A. Integrating Biophysics in Toxicology. Cells 2020; 9:E1282. [PMID: 32455794 PMCID: PMC7290780 DOI: 10.3390/cells9051282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of biophysical stimulation in test systems is established in diverse branches of biomedical sciences including toxicology. This is largely motivated by the need to create novel experimental setups capable of reproducing more closely in vivo physiological conditions. Indeed, we face the need to increase predictive power and experimental output, albeit reducing the use of animals in toxicity testing. In vivo, mechanical stimulation is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vitro, diverse strategies can be used to model this crucial component. The compliance of the extracellular matrix can be tuned by modifying the stiffness or through the deformation of substrates hosting the cells via static or dynamic strain. Moreover, cells can be cultivated under shear stress deriving from the movement of the extracellular fluids. In turn, introduction of physical cues in the cell culture environment modulates differentiation, functional properties, and metabolic competence, thus influencing cellular capability to cope with toxic insults. This review summarizes the state of the art of integration of biophysical stimuli in model systems for toxicity testing, discusses future challenges, and provides perspectives for the further advancement of in vitro cytotoxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Del Favero
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Core Facility Multimodal Imaging, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna Währinger Straße 38-40, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Annette Kraegeloh
- INM—Leibniz-Institut für Neue Materialien GmbH, Campus D2 2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany;
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Mori N, Akagi Y, Imai Y, Takayama Y, Kida YS. Fabrication of Perfusable Vascular Channels and Capillaries in 3D Liver-like Tissue. Sci Rep 2020; 10:5646. [PMID: 32286353 PMCID: PMC7156376 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Although various production methods for 3D vascularised tissues have been developed, constructing capillary-like structures branching from perfusable large channels remains difficult. This study describes a method to fabricate tube-shaped 3D liver-like tissue (tubular liver tissue) with large channels and capillary-like structures using a perfusion device. The perfusion device functions as an interface between the tissue and an external pump, as it has connectors equipped with anchors that hold the tissue in response to its shrinkage, which is accompanied by the self-organisation of capillary-like structures. Histological analysis revealed that perfusion via the large channel induced capillary formation around the channel and maintained proper tissue functions. Accompanied by structural examinations, global gene expression analysis supported this finding; specifically, genes involved in angiogenesis were enriched in the perfused condition. Furthermore, we confirmed the penetrability of the capillary-like structures by infusing India ink, as well as substance exchange by measuring the amounts of secreted albumin. These lines of evidence indicate that our method can be used to construct 3D tissues, which is useful for fields of in vitro tissue regeneration for drug development and regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhito Mori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yuka Akagi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yukiko Imai
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.,Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Yuzo Takayama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki S Kida
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan. .,Advanced Photonics and Biosensing Open Innovation Laboratory, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5-41, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8565, Japan.
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45
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Hoyle HW, Smith LA, Williams RJ, Przyborski SA. Applications of novel bioreactor technology to enhance the viability and function of cultured cells and tissues. Interface Focus 2020; 10:20190090. [PMID: 32194933 DOI: 10.1098/rsfs.2019.0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
As the field of tissue engineering continues to advance rapidly, so too does the complexity of cell culture techniques used to generate in vitro tissue constructs, with the overall aim of mimicking the in vivo microenvironment. This complexity typically comes at a cost with regards to the size of the equipment required and associated expenses. We have developed a small, low-cost bioreactor system which overcomes some of the issues of typical bioreactor systems while retaining a suitable scale for the formation of complex tissues. Herein, we have tested this system with three cell populations/tissues: the culture of hepatocellular carcinoma cells, where an improved structure and basic metabolic function is seen; the culture of human pluripotent stem cells, in which the cultures can form more heterogeneous tissues resembling the in vivo teratoma and ex vivo liver tissue slices, in which improved maintenance of cellular viability is seen over the 3 days tested. This system has the flexibility to be used for a variety of further uses and has the potential to provide a more accessible alternative to current bioreactor technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H W Hoyle
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - L A Smith
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - R J Williams
- Department of Engineering, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - S A Przyborski
- Department of Biosciences, Durham University, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, UK.,Reprocell Europe Ltd, NETPark Incubator, Thomas Wright Way, Sedgefield TS21 3FD, UK
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46
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Ruoß M, Vosough M, Königsrainer A, Nadalin S, Wagner S, Sajadian S, Huber D, Heydari Z, Ehnert S, Hengstler JG, Nussler AK. Towards improved hepatocyte cultures: Progress and limitations. Food Chem Toxicol 2020; 138:111188. [PMID: 32045649 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2020.111188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Hepatotoxicity is among the most frequent reasons for drug withdrawal from the market. Therefore, there is an urgent need for reliable predictive in vitro tests, which unfailingly identify hepatotoxic drug candidates, reduce drug development time, expenses and the number of test animals. Currently, human hepatocytes represent the gold standard. However, the use of hepatocytes is challenging since the cells are not constantly available and lose their metabolic activity in culture. To solve these problems many different approaches have been developed in the past decades. The aim of this review is to present these approaches and to discuss the possibilities and limitations as well as future opportunities and directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Ruoß
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Massoud Vosough
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Alfred Königsrainer
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvio Nadalin
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Silvia Wagner
- Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Sahar Sajadian
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Diana Huber
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Zahra Heydari
- Department of Regenerative Medicine, Cell Science Research Centre, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sabrina Ehnert
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Andreas K Nussler
- Department of Traumatology, Siegfried Weller Institute, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany.
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47
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Deferm N, De Vocht T, Qi B, Van Brantegem P, Gijbels E, Vinken M, de Witte P, Bouillon T, Annaert P. Current insights in the complexities underlying drug-induced cholestasis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2019; 49:520-548. [PMID: 31589080 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2019.1635081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Drug-induced cholestasis (DIC) poses a major challenge to the pharmaceutical industry and regulatory agencies. It causes both drug attrition and post-approval withdrawal of drugs. DIC represents itself as an impaired secretion and flow of bile, leading to the pathological hepatic and/or systemic accumulation of bile acids (BAs) and their conjugate bile salts. Due to the high number of mechanisms underlying DIC, predicting a compound's cholestatic potential during early stages of drug development remains elusive. A profound understanding of the different molecular mechanisms of DIC is, therefore, of utmost importance. Although many knowledge gaps and caveats still exist, it is generally accepted that alterations of certain hepatobiliary membrane transporters and changes in hepatocellular morphology may cause DIC. Consequently, liver models, which represent most of these mechanisms, are valuable tools to predict human DIC. Some of these models, such as membrane-based in vitro models, are exceptionally well-suited to investigate specific mechanisms (i.e. transporter inhibition) of DIC, while others, such as liver slices, encompass all relevant biological processes and, therefore, offer a better representation of the in vivo situation. In the current review, we highlight the principal molecular mechanisms associated with DIC and offer an overview and critical appraisal of the different liver models that are currently being used to predict the cholestatic potential of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neel Deferm
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tom De Vocht
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bing Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Van Brantegem
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eva Gijbels
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Mathieu Vinken
- Entity of In Vitro Toxicology and Dermato-Cosmetology, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Peter de Witte
- Laboratory for Molecular Biodiscovery, Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Thomas Bouillon
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Pieter Annaert
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, Drug Delivery and Disposition, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Daneshgar A, Tang P, Remde C, Lommel M, Moosburner S, Kertzscher U, Klein O, Weinhart M, Pratschke J, Sauer IM, Hillebrandt KH. Teburu—Open source 3D printable bioreactor for tissue slices as dynamic three‐dimensional cell culture models. Artif Organs 2019; 43:1035-1041. [DOI: 10.1111/aor.13518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Assal Daneshgar
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Peter Tang
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Christopher Remde
- Cluster of Excellence, Interdisciplinary Laboratory Image Knowledge Gestaltung Humboldt‐Universität zu Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Michael Lommel
- Biofluid Machanics Laboratory, Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Simon Moosburner
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Ulrich Kertzscher
- Biofluid Machanics Laboratory, Institute for Imaging Science and Computational Modelling in Cardiovascular Medicine Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Oliver Klein
- Berlin‐Brandenburg Center for Regenerative Therapies Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Marie Weinhart
- Institute for Chemistry and Biochemistry Freie Universität Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Igor M. Sauer
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
| | - Karl H. Hillebrandt
- Department of Surgery Campus Charité Mitte I Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health Berlin Germany
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Mesenchymal Stem Cells for Liver Regeneration in Liver Failure: From Experimental Models to Clinical Trials. Stem Cells Int 2019; 2019:3945672. [PMID: 31191671 PMCID: PMC6525815 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3945672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The liver centralizes the systemic metabolism and thus controls and modulates the functions of the central and peripheral nervous systems, the immune system, and the endocrine system. In addition, the liver intervenes between the splanchnic and systemic venous circulation, determining an abdominal portal circulatory system. The liver displays a powerful regenerative potential that rebuilds the parenchyma after an injury. This regenerative mission is mainly carried out by resident liver cells. However, in many cases this regenerative capacity is insufficient and organ failure occurs. In normal livers, if the size of the liver is at least 30% of the original volume, hepatectomy can be performed safely. In cirrhotic livers, the threshold is 50% based on current practice and available data. Typically, portal vein embolization of the part of the liver that is going to be resected is employed to allow liver regeneration in two-stage liver resection after portal vein occlusion (PVO). However, hepatic resection often cannot be performed due to advanced disease progression or because it is not indicated in patients with cirrhosis. In such cases, liver transplantation is the only treatment possibility, and the need for transplantation is the common outcome of progressive liver disease. It is the only effective treatment and has high survival rates of 83% after the first year. However, donated organs are becoming less available, and mortality and the waiting lists have increased, leading to the initiation of living donor liver transplantations. This type of transplant has overall complications of 38%. In order to improve the treatment of hepatic injury, much research has been devoted to stem cells, in particular mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), to promote liver regeneration. In this review, we will focus on the advances made using MSCs in animal models, human patients, ongoing clinical trials, and new strategies using 3D organoids.
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Organ-on-a-chip technology: turning its potential for clinical benefit into reality. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1217-1223. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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