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Bak SM, Nakata H, Koh DH, Yoo J, Iwata H, Kim EY. In vitro and in silico AHR assays for assessing the risk of heavy oil-derived polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in fish. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 181:214-223. [PMID: 31195230 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the aftermath of the Great East Japan Earthquake of March 11, 2011, marine fish in Kesennuma Bay, Japan, have been contaminated with heavy oil containing polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To estimate the risk of six PAHs (benzo[α]pyrene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, and 1-methylphenanthrene), which have been detected at high levels in the tissues of fish from Kesennuma Bay, we attempted to evaluate the effects of these PAHs on the fish aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) signaling pathway. We initially measured PAH concentrations and cytochrome P4501A catalytic activities (EROD: ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase and MROD: methoxyresorufin-O-demethylase) as markers of AHR activation in greenlings (Hexagrammos otakii) collected from Kesennuma Bay in 2014. The results showed that alkylated PAH concentrations and EROD/MROD activities were higher in sites close to the oil-spilled sites than in the control site, suggesting AHR activation by spilled alkylated PAHs. We then investigated AHR-mediated responses to these PAHs in the in vitro reporter gene assay system where red seabream (Pagrus major) AHR1 (rsAHR1) or rsAHR2 expression plasmids were transiently transfected into COS-7 cells. The in vitro assay showed rsAHR isoform-, PAH-, and dose-dependent transactivation potencies. The relative effective concentrations of benzo[α]pyrene, dibenzothiophene, phenanthrene, 2,3,5-trimethylnaphthalene, acenaphthene, and 1-methylphenanthrene that induce 20% of the maximum benzo[α]pyrene response (REC20-BaP) for rsAHR1 activation were 0.052, 38, 79, 88, 270 nM, and no response, respectively, and those for rsAHR2 activation were 0.0049, 32, 53, 88, 60 nM, and no response, respectively. The results showed that the REC20-BaP values of benzo[α]pyrene for both the rsAHR1 and rsAHR2 isoforms were lower than the concentrations (0.041-0.20 nM) detected in the muscle tissue of fish from Kesennuma Bay, while the REC20-BaP values of other PAHs were higher than their tissue concentrations. In silico rsAHR homology modeling and subsequent ligand docking simulation analyses indicated that the rsAHR activation potencies of PAHs could be predicted from a rsAHR2 model. This study shows that in vitro and in silico rsAHR analyses may be a useful tool for assessing the risks to fish contaminated with PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Min Bak
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Faculty of the Advanced Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Chuo-ku, Kumamoto, 860-8555, Japan.
| | - Dong-Hee Koh
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University,26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jean Yoo
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology, Center for Marine Environmental Studies, Ehime University, Bunkyo-cho 2-5, Matsuyama, 790-8577, Japan.
| | - Eun-Young Kim
- Department of Life and Nanopharmaceutical Science, Kyung Hee University,26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea; Department of Biology, Kyung Hee University, 26, Kyungheedae-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea.
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De Anna JS, Leggieri LR, Arias Darraz L, Cárcamo JG, Venturino A, Luquet CM. Effects of sequential exposure to water accommodated fraction of crude oil and chlorpyrifos on molecular and biochemical biomarkers in rainbow trout. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 212:47-55. [PMID: 30012402 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Fish can be simultaneously or sequentially exposed to various kinds of pollutants, resulting in combined effects. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons induce cytochrome P450 monooxygenase 1A (CYP1A) expression, which catalyzes the conversion of the organophosphorus insecticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) into its most active derivative, CPF-oxon. CPF-oxon inhibits CYP1A and other enzymes, including carboxylesterases (CEs) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE). We studied the effects of an in vivo exposure to crude oil water accommodated fraction (WAF) followed by an ex vivo exposure of liver tissue to CPF on the expression of Cyp1a, AhR and ARNT mRNA, CYP1A protein and on the activity of biomarker enzymes in the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Juvenile rainbow trout were exposed to WAF (62 μg L-1 TPH) for 48 h. Then, liver was dissected out, sliced and exposed to 20 μg L-1 CPF ex vivo for 1 h. Liver tissue was analyzed for mRNA and protein expression and for CEs, AChE, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and CYP1A (EROD) activity. WAF induced Cyp1a mRNA and CYP1A protein expression by 10-fold and 2.5-8.3-fold, respectively, with no effect of CPF. WAF induced AhR expression significantly (4-fold) in control but not in CPF treated liver tissue. ARNT mRNA expression was significantly lowered (5-fold) by WAF. CPF significantly reduced liver EROD activity, independently of WAF pre-treatment. CEs activity was significantly inhibited in an additive manner following in vivo exposure to WAF (42%) and ex vivo exposure to CPF (19%). CPF exposure inhibited AChE activity (37%) and increased GST activity (42%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Julieta S De Anna
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta provincial 61, km 3, 8371 Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
| | - Leonardo R Leggieri
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta provincial 61, km 3, 8371 Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina
| | - Luis Arias Darraz
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Juan G Cárcamo
- Instituto de Bioquímica y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Campus Isla Teja, Valdivia, Chile; Centro FONDAP, Interdisciplinary Center for Aquaculture Research (INCAR), Chile
| | - Andrés Venturino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología Ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, CITAAC, UNCo-CONICET, Instituto de Biotecnología Agropecuaria del Comahue, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Ruta 151, km 12, 8303 Cinco Saltos, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Carlos M Luquet
- Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología Acuática, INIBIOMA- CONICET- CEAN, Ruta provincial 61, km 3, 8371 Junín de los Andes, Neuquén, Argentina.
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Fernández I, Gavaia PJ, Laizé V, Cancela ML. Fish as a model to assess chemical toxicity in bone. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 194:208-226. [PMID: 29202272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental toxicology has been expanding as growing concerns on the impact of produced and released chemical compounds over the environment and human health are being demonstrated. Among the toxic effects observed in organisms exposed to pollutants, those affecting skeletal tissues (osteotoxicity) have been somehow overlooked in comparison to hepato-, immune-, neuro- and/or reproductive toxicities. Nevertheless, sub-lethal effects of toxicants on skeletal development and/or bone maintenance may result in impaired growth, reduced survival rate, increased disease susceptibility and diminished welfare. Osteotoxicity may occur by acute or chronic exposure to different environmental insults. Because of biologically and technically advantagous features - easy to breed and inexpensive to maintain, external and rapid rate of development, translucent larvae and the availability of molecular and genetic tools - the zebrafish (Danio rerio) has emerged in the last decade as a vertebrate model system of choice to evaluate osteotoxicity. Different experimental approaches in fish species and analytical tools have been applied, from in vitro to in vivo systems, from specific to high throughput methodologies. Current knowledge on osteotoxicity and underlying mechanisms gained using fish, with a special emphasis on zebrafish systems, is reviewed here. Osteotoxicants have been classified into four categories according to the pathway involved in the transduction of the osteotoxic effects: activation/inhibition of membrane and/or nuclear receptors, alteration of redox condition, mimicking of bone constituents and unknown pathways. Knowledge on these pathways is also reported here as it may provide critical insights into the development, production and release of future chemical compounds with none or low osteotoxicity, thus promoting the green/environmental friendly chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Fernández
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal.
| | - Paulo J Gavaia
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - Vincent Laizé
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
| | - M Leonor Cancela
- Centre of Marine Sciences (CCMAR), University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Department of Biomedical Sciences and Medicine, University of Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal; Algarve Biomedical Center (ABC), Universidade do Algarve, Campus de Gambelas, Faro, Portugal
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Cocci P, Mozzicafreddo M, Angeletti M, Mosconi G, Palermo FA. In silico prediction and in vivo analysis of antiestrogenic potential of 2-isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX) in juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 133:202-210. [PMID: 27454205 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Revised: 07/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have shown both anti-estrogenic and anti-androgenic activities of 2-isopropylthioxanthone (2-ITX), a well known food contaminant, in in vitro assays. However, no data are available on the anti-estrogenic potentials and risks of 2-ITX in aquatic organisms. This work evaluated the potential endocrine disrupting effects of 2-ITX at the level of estrogen receptor (ER) signaling cascade using juvenile goldfish (Carassius auratus) as model. Firstly, we investigated the ligand binding efficiency of 2-ITX to the ligand binding domains (LBD) of goldfish ER subtypes using a molecular docking approach. Secondly, we assessed the effects of 2-ITX on E2-induced hepatic expression of ERα1, ERβ1, ERβ2, and vitellogenin (VTG) in vivo. Crosstalk between ER-VTG and aryl hydrocarbon receptor 2 (AhR2)-cytochrome P4501A (CYP1A) was also investigated. Fish were injected with increasing doses of 2-ITX ranging from 2 to 10µg/g BW, and results were compared to the effect of tamoxifen, a well-known ER modulator. We observed that compared to ERβ, the interaction potentials of 2-ITX to goldfish ERα1 LBD was more stable in the inactive receptor conformation. The in silico docking simulation analysis also revealed that 2-ITX acted as agonist for the goldfish AhR2 LBDs suggesting the ability of this compound to activate the cross-talk between the ERα- and AhR-signaling pathways. In vivo experiments confirm in silico simulation predictions demonstrating that 2-ITX reduced the estrogenicity of E2 at both transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels, indicating a clear anti-estrogenic effect. Co-exposure of E2 and 2-ITX also resulted in a significant decrease of CYP1A gene expression with respect to 2-ITX alone. Results from these studies collectively revealed that the antiestrogenic property of 2-ITX can be ascribed to a combination of effects on multiple signaling pathways suggesting the potential for this environmental contaminant to affect the hormonal control of reproductive processes in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Cocci
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Matteo Mozzicafreddo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Mauro Angeletti
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Gilberto Mosconi
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
| | - Francesco Alessandro Palermo
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, Via Gentile III Da Varano, I-62032 Camerino, MC, Italy
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