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Re L. The Molecular Key to Understanding the Medical Ozone Action. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6148. [PMID: 38892336 PMCID: PMC11172801 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Currently, treatment with medical ozone (MO) is considered one of the most interesting and safe integrative options that can effectively complement many conventional medical therapies, mainly, but not exclusively, involving aging and pain [...].
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamberto Re
- Clinical Pharmacology, Marche Polytechnic University, 60128 Ancona, Italy;
- WFOT, Scientific Committee, 25128 Brescia, Italy
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2
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Abstract
Significance: Routine exposure to xenobiotics is unavoidable during our lifetimes. Certain xenobiotics are hazardous to human health, and are metabolized in the body to render them less toxic. During this process, several detoxification enzymes cooperatively metabolize xenobiotics. Glutathione (GSH) conjugation plays an important role in the metabolism of electrophilic xenobiotics. Recent Advances: Recent advances in reactive sulfur and supersulfide (RSS) analyses showed that persulfides and polysulfides bound to low-molecular-weight thiols, such as GSH, and to protein thiols are abundant in both eukaryotes and prokaryotes. The highly nucleophilic nature of hydropersulfides and hydropolysulfides contributes to cell protection against oxidative stress and electrophilic stress. Critical Issues: In contrast to GSH conjugation to electrophiles that is aided by glutathione S-transferase (GST), persulfides and polysulfides can directly form conjugates with electrophiles without the catalytic actions of GST. The polysulfur bonds in the conjugates are further reduced by perthioanions and polythioanions derived from RSS to form sulfhydrated metabolites that are no longer electrophilic but rather nucleophilic, and differ from metabolites that are formed via GSH conjugation. Future Directions: In view of the abundance of RSS in cells and tissues, metabolism of xenobiotics that is mediated by RSS warrants additional investigations, such as studies of the impact of microbiota-derived RSS on xenobiotic metabolism. Metabolites formed from reactions between electrophiles and RSS may be potential biomarkers for monitoring exposure to electrophiles and for studying their metabolism by RSS. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 40, 679-690.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianli Zhang
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Takaaki Akaike
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Molecular Toxicology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Sawa
- Department of Microbiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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3
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Htut NW, Onkoksoong T, Saelim M, Kueanjinda P, Sampattavanich S, Panich U. Live-cell imaging Unveils stimulus-specific dynamics of Nrf2 activation in UV-exposed melanoma cells: Implications for antioxidant compound screening. Free Radic Biol Med 2024; 211:1-11. [PMID: 38092271 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
The transcription factor Nuclear factor e2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) is pivotal in orchestrating cellular antioxidant defense mechanisms, particularly in skin cells exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation and electrophilic phytochemicals. To comprehensively investigate Nrf2's role in maintaining cellular redox equilibrium following UV-induced stress, we engineered a novel Nrf2 fusion-based reporter system for real-time, live-cell quantification of Nrf2 activity in human melanoma cells. Utilizing live quantitative imaging, we dissected the kinetic profiles of Nrf2 activation in response to an array of stimuli, including UVA and UVB radiation, as well as a broad spectrum of phytochemicals including ferulic acid, gallic acid, hispidulin, p-coumaric acid, quercetin, resveratrol, tannic acid, and vanillic acid as well as well-known Nrf2 inducers, tert-butylhydroquinone (tBHQ) and sulforaphane (SFN). Intriguingly, we observed distinct dynamical patterns of Nrf2 activity contingent on the specific stimuli applied. Sustained activation of Nrf2 was empirically correlated with the increased antioxidant response element (ARE) activity. Our findings demonstrate the nuanced impact of different phenolic compounds on Nrf2 activity and the utility of our Nrf2-CTΔ16-YFP reporter in characterizing the dynamics of Nrf2 translocation in response to diverse stimuli. In summary, our innovative reporter system not only revealed compounds capable of modulating UVA-induced Nrf2 activity but also showcased its utility as a robust tool for future antioxidant compound screening efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nilar Win Htut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; University of Medicine 2, Yangon, Khaymar Thi Rd, Yangon, Myanmar
| | - Tasanee Onkoksoong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Malinee Saelim
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Patipark Kueanjinda
- Center of Excellence in Immunology and Immune-mediated Diseases, Division of Immunology, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
| | - Somponnat Sampattavanich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand; Siriraj Center of Research Excellence (SiCORE) for Systems Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand
| | - Uraiwan Panich
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10700, Thailand.
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Fasipe B, Laher I. Nrf2 modulates the benefits of evening exercise in type 2 diabetes. SPORTS MEDICINE AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2023; 5:251-258. [PMID: 38314046 PMCID: PMC10831386 DOI: 10.1016/j.smhs.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Exercise has well-characterized therapeutic benefits in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Most of the beneficial effects of exercise arise from the impact of nuclear factor erythroid 2 related factor-2 (Nrf2) activation of glucose metabolism. Nrf2 is an essential controller of cellular anti-oxidative capacity and circadian rhythms. The circadian rhythm of Nrf2 is influenced by circadian genes on its expression, where the timing of exercise effects the activation of Nrf2 and the rhythmicity of Nrf2 and signaling, such that the timing of exercise has differential physiological effects. Exercise in the evening has beneficial effects on diabetes management, such as lowering of blood glucose and weight. The mechanisms responsible for these effects have not yet been associated with the influence of exercise on the circadian rhythm of Nrf2 activity. A better understanding of exercise-induced Nrf2 activation on Nrf2 rhythm and signaling can improve our appreciation of the distinct effects of morning and evening exercise. This review hypothesizes that activation of Nrf2 by exercise in the morning, when Nrf2 level is already at high levels, leads to hyperactivation and decrease in Nrf2 signaling, while activation of Nrf2 in the evening, when Nrf2 levels are at nadir levels, improves Nrf2 signaling and lowers blood glucose levels and increases fatty acid oxidation. Exploring the effects of Nrf2 activators on rhythmic signaling could also provide valuable insights into the optimal timing of their application, while also holding promise for timed treatment of type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Babatunde Fasipe
- Faculty of Basic Clinical Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Bowen University, Iwo, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Laher
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology, Pharmacology and Therapeutics, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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5
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Identifying multiscale translational safety biomarkers using a network-based systems approach. iScience 2023; 26:106094. [PMID: 36895646 PMCID: PMC9988559 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.106094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Animal testing is the current standard for drug and chemicals safety assessment, but hazards translation to human is uncertain. Human in vitro models can address the species translation but might not replicate in vivo complexity. Herein, we propose a network-based method addressing these translational multiscale problems that derives in vivo liver injury biomarkers applicable to in vitro human early safety screening. We applied weighted correlation network analysis (WGCNA) to a large rat liver transcriptomic dataset to obtain co-regulated gene clusters (modules). We identified modules statistically associated with liver pathologies, including a module enriched for ATF4-regulated genes as associated with the occurrence of hepatocellular single-cell necrosis, and as preserved in human liver in vitro models. Within the module, we identified TRIB3 and MTHFD2 as a novel candidate stress biomarkers, and developed and used BAC-eGFPHepG2 reporters in a compound screening, identifying compounds showing ATF4-dependent stress response and potential early safety signals.
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Corrigan RR, Labrador L, Grizzanti J, Mey M, Piontkivska H, Casadesús G. Neuroprotective Mechanisms of Amylin Receptor Activation, Not Antagonism, in the APP/PS1 Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2023; 91:1495-1514. [PMID: 36641678 DOI: 10.3233/jad-221057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Amylin, a pancreatic amyloid peptide involved in energy homeostasis, is increasingly studied in the context of Alzheimer's disease (AD) etiology. To date, conflicting pathogenic and neuroprotective roles for this peptide and its analogs for AD pathogenesis have been described. OBJECTIVE Whether the benefits of amylin are associated with peripheral improvement of metabolic tone/function or directly through the activation of central amylin receptors is also unknown and downstream signaling mechanisms of amylin receptors are major objectives of this study. METHODS To address these questions more directly we delivered the amylin analog pramlintide systemically (IP), at previously identified therapeutic doses, while centrally (ICV) inhibiting the receptor using an amylin receptor antagonist (AC187), at doses known to impact CNS function. RESULTS Here we show that pramlintide improved cognitive function independently of CNS receptor activation and provide transcriptomic data that highlights potential mechanisms. Furthermore, we show than inhibition of the amylin receptor increased amyloid-beta pathology in female APP/PS1 mice, an effect than was mitigated by peripheral delivery of pramlintide. Through transcriptomic analysis of pramlintide therapy in AD-modeled mice we found sexual dimorphic modulation of neuroprotective mechanisms: oxidative stress protection in females and membrane stability and reduced neuronal excitability markers in males. CONCLUSION These data suggest an uncoupling of functional and pathology-related events and highlighting a more complex receptor system and pharmacological relationship that must be carefully studied to clarify the role of amylin in CNS function and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luis Labrador
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - John Grizzanti
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Megan Mey
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Helen Piontkivska
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Gemma Casadesús
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
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7
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Zhao P, Wei Y, Sun G, Xu L, Wang T, Tian Y, Chao H, Tu Y, Ji J. Fetuin-A alleviates neuroinflammation against traumatic brain injury-induced microglial necroptosis by regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:269. [PMID: 36333786 PMCID: PMC9636801 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02633-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microglia-mediated inflammatory response is a vital mechanism of secondary damage following traumatic brain injury (TBI), but the underlying mechanism of microglial activation is unclear. METHODS Controlled cortical impact (CCI) was induced in adult male C57BL/6J mice, and glutamate was used to construct a classical in vitro injury model in the primary microglia. Microglial activation was determined by western blot and immunostaining. The inflammatory factors were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The oxidative stress marker and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by immunoblotting and MitoSox Red staining. Transmission electron microscopy was used to observe the typical morphology of necroptotic cells. RESULTS Our quantitative proteomics identified 2499 proteins; 157 were significantly differentially expressed in brain tissue between the 6 h after CCI (CCI6h) group and sham group, and 109 were significantly differentially expressed between the CCI24h and sham groups. Moreover, compared with the sham group, the terms "acute-phase response", "inflammation", and "protein binding" were significantly enriched in CCI groups. Fetuin-A, a liver-secreted acute-phase glycoprotein, was involved in these biological processes. Using an experimental TBI model, we found that the Fetuin-A level peaked at 6 h and then decreased gradually. Importantly, we showed that administration of Fetuin-A reduced the cortical lesion volume and edema area and inhibited the inflammatory response, which was associated with suppressing microglial necroptosis, thus decreasing microglial activation. Furthermore, administration of Fetuin-A attenuated mitochondrial oxidative stress in glutamate-treated microglial cells, which is a critical mechanism of necroptosis suppression. In addition, we demonstrated that Fetuin-A treatment promoted translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf-2) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in vivo; however, the Nrf-2 inhibitor ML385 and si-heme oxygenase-1 (si-HO-1) disrupted the regulation of oxidative stress by Fetuin-A and induced increased ROS levels and necroptosis in glutamate-treated microglial cells. Fetuin-A also protected neurons from adverse factors in vivo and in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrated that Fetuin-A activated Nrf-2/HO-1, suppressed oxidative stress and necroptosis levels, and thereby attenuates the abnormal inflammatory response following TBI. The findings suggest a potential therapeutic strategy for TBI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengzhan Zhao
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.412679.f0000 0004 1771 3402Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, 230031 Anhui China
| | - Yutian Wei
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Guangchi Sun
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Lei Xu
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Tian Wang
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Yufei Tian
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Honglu Chao
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Yiming Tu
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China
| | - Jing Ji
- grid.412676.00000 0004 1799 0784Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210029 Jiangsu China ,grid.89957.3a0000 0000 9255 8984Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, 215031 Jiangsu China
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Normal and Pathological NRF2 Signalling in the Central Nervous System. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11081426. [PMID: 35892629 PMCID: PMC9394413 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11081426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) was originally described as a master regulator of antioxidant cellular response, but in the time since, numerous important biological functions linked to cell survival, cellular detoxification, metabolism, autophagy, proteostasis, inflammation, immunity, and differentiation have been attributed to this pleiotropic transcription factor that regulates hundreds of genes. After 40 years of in-depth research and key discoveries, NRF2 is now at the center of a vast regulatory network, revealing NRF2 signalling as increasingly complex. It is widely recognized that reactive oxygen species (ROS) play a key role in human physiological and pathological processes such as ageing, obesity, diabetes, cancer, and neurodegenerative diseases. The high oxygen consumption associated with high levels of free iron and oxidizable unsaturated lipids make the brain particularly vulnerable to oxidative stress. A good stability of NRF2 activity is thus crucial to maintain the redox balance and therefore brain homeostasis. In this review, we have gathered recent data about the contribution of the NRF2 pathway in the healthy brain as well as during metabolic diseases, cancer, ageing, and ageing-related neurodegenerative diseases. We also discuss promising therapeutic strategies and the need for better understanding of cell-type-specific functions of NRF2 in these different fields.
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Liu S, Pi J, Zhang Q. Signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE antioxidant response pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 54:102389. [PMID: 35792437 PMCID: PMC9287733 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 55.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The KEAP1-NRF2-ARE signaling pathway plays a central role in mediating the adaptive cellular stress response to oxidative and electrophilic chemicals. This canonical pathway has been extensively studied and reviewed in the past two decades, but rarely was it looked at from a quantitative signaling perspective. Signal amplification, i.e., ultrasensitivity, is crucially important for robust induction of antioxidant genes to appropriate levels that can adequately counteract the stresses. In this review article, we examined a number of well-known molecular events in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway from a quantitative perspective with a focus on how signal amplification can be achieved. We illustrated, by using a series of mathematical models, that redox-regulated protein sequestration, stabilization, translation, nuclear trafficking, DNA promoter binding, and transcriptional induction - which are embedded in the molecular network comprising KEAP1, NRF2, sMaf, p62, and BACH1 - may generate highly ultrasensitive NRF2 activation and antioxidant gene induction. The emergence and degree of ultrasensitivity depend on the strengths of protein-protein and protein-DNA interaction and protein abundances. A unique, quantitative understanding of signal amplification in the KEAP1-NRF2-ARE pathway will help to identify sensitive targets for the prevention and therapeutics of oxidative stress-related diseases and develop quantitative adverse outcome pathway models to facilitate the health risk assessment of oxidative chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengnan Liu
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China
| | - Jingbo Pi
- Program of Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China.
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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Zoungrana LI, Krause-Hauch M, Wang H, Fatmi MK, Bates L, Li Z, Kulkarni P, Ren D, Li J. The Interaction of mTOR and Nrf2 in Neurogenesis and Its Implication in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132048. [PMID: 35805130 PMCID: PMC9265429 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurogenesis occurs in the brain during embryonic development and throughout adulthood. Neurogenesis occurs in the hippocampus and under normal conditions and persists in two regions of the brain—the subgranular zone (SGZ) in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles. As the critical role in neurogenesis, the neural stem cells have the capacity to differentiate into various cells and to self-renew. This process is controlled through different methods. The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) controls cellular growth, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy. The transcription factor Nrf2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) is a major regulator of metabolism, protein quality control, and antioxidative defense, and is linked to neurogenesis. However, dysregulation in neurogenesis, mTOR, and Nrf2 activity have all been associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s, Huntington’s, and Parkinson’s. Understanding the role of these complexes in both neurogenesis and neurodegenerative disease could be necessary to develop future therapies. Here, we review both mTOR and Nrf2 complexes, their crosstalk and role in neurogenesis, and their implication in neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Ines Zoungrana
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Meredith Krause-Hauch
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Mohammad Kasim Fatmi
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Lauryn Bates
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Zehui Li
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Z.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Parth Kulkarni
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Engineering and Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (Z.L.); (P.K.)
| | - Di Ren
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
| | - Ji Li
- Department of Surgery, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (L.I.Z.); (M.K.-H.); (H.W.); (M.K.F.); (L.B.); (D.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-813-974-4917
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Semkova V, Haupt S, Segschneider M, Bell C, Ingelman-Sundberg M, Hajo M, Weykopf B, Muthukottiappan P, Till A, Brüstle O. Dynamics of Metabolic Pathways and Stress Response Patterns during Human Neural Stem Cell Proliferation and Differentiation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11091388. [PMID: 35563695 PMCID: PMC9100042 DOI: 10.3390/cells11091388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding early nervous system stress response mechanisms is crucial for studying developmental neurotoxicity and devising neuroprotective treatments. We used hiPSC-derived long-term self-renewing neuroepithelial stem (lt-NES) cells differentiated for up to 12 weeks as an in vitro model of human neural development. Following a transcriptome analysis to identify pathway alterations, we induced acute oxidative stress (OS) using tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) and assessed cell viability at different stages of neural differentiation. We studied NRF2 activation, autophagy, and proteasomal function to explore the contribution and interplay of these pathways in the acute stress response. With increasing differentiation, lt-NES cells showed changes in the expression of metabolic pathway-associated genes with engagement of the pentose phosphate pathway after 6 weeks, this was accompanied by a decreased susceptibility to TBHP-induced stress. Microarray analysis revealed upregulation of target genes of the antioxidant response KEAP1–NRF2–ARE pathway after 6 weeks of differentiation. Pharmacological inhibition of NRF2 confirmed its vital role in the increased resistance to stress. While autophagy was upregulated alongside differentiation, it was not further increased upon oxidative stress and had no effect on stress-induced cell loss and the activation of NRF2 downstream genes. In contrast, proteasome inhibition led to the aggravation of the stress response resulting in decreased cell viability, derangement of NRF2 and KEAP1 protein levels, and lacking NRF2-pathway activation. Our data provide detailed insight into the dynamic regulation and interaction of pathways involved in modulating stress responses across defined time points of neural differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vesselina Semkova
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Simone Haupt
- LIFE & BRAIN GmbH, Cellomics Unit, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Catherine Bell
- Karolinska Institute, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohamad Hajo
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Beatrice Weykopf
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Pathma Muthukottiappan
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Till
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (O.B.)
| | - Oliver Brüstle
- Institute of Reconstructive Neurobiology, Medical Faculty & University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, 53127 Bonn, Germany
- Correspondence: (A.T.); (O.B.)
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12
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Zang CX, Wang L, Yang HY, Shang JM, Liu H, Zhang ZH, Ju C, Yuan FY, Li FY, Bao XQ, Zhang D. HACE1 negatively regulates neuroinflammation through ubiquitylating and degrading Rac1 in Parkinson's disease models. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2022; 43:285-294. [PMID: 34593974 PMCID: PMC8792019 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-021-00778-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's disease (PD) and Alzheimer's disease. HACE1 (HECT domain and Ankyrin repeat Containing E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase 1) is a tumor suppressor. Recent evidence suggests that HACE1 may be involved in oxidative stress responses. Due to the critical role of ROS in neuroinflammation, we speculated that HACE1 might participate in neuroinflammation and related neurodegenerative diseases, such as PD. In this study, we investigated the role of HACE1 in neuroinflammation of PD models. We showed that HACE1 knockdown exacerbated LPS-induced neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells in vitro through suppressing ubiquitination and degradation of activated Rac1, an NADPH oxidase subunit. Furthermore, we showed that HACE1 exerted vital neuronal protection through increasing Rac1 activity and stability in LPS-treated SH-SY5Y cells, as HACE1 knockdown leading to lower tolerance to LPS challenge. In MPTP-induced acute PD mouse model, HACE1 knockdown exacerbated motor deficits by activating Rac1. Finally, mutant α-synuclein (A53T)-overexpressing mice, a chronic PD mouse model, exhibited age-dependent reduction of HACE1 levels in the midbrain and striatum, implicating that HACE1 participated in PD pathological progression. This study for the first time demonstrates that HACE1 is a negative regulator of neuroinflammation and involved in the PD pathogenesis by regulating Rac1 activity. The data support HACE1 as a potential target for PD and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-xia Zang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Lu Wang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Han-yu Yang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Jun-mei Shang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Hui Liu
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Zi-hong Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Cheng Ju
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Fang-yu Yuan
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Fang-yuan Li
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Xiu-qi Bao
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
| | - Dan Zhang
- grid.506261.60000 0001 0706 7839State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050 China
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13
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Cediel-Ulloa A, Isaxon C, Eriksson A, Primetzhofer D, Sortica MA, Haag L, Derr R, Hendriks G, Löndahl J, Gudmundsson A, Broberg K, Gliga AR. Toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated from gas-metal arc welding in primary human small airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21846. [PMID: 34750422 PMCID: PMC8575907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cediel-Ulloa
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Tandem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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14
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Alam SI, Kim MW, Shah FA, Saeed K, Ullah R, Kim MO. Alpha-Linolenic Acid Impedes Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Neurodegeneration in Mouse Brain. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092274. [PMID: 34571925 PMCID: PMC8467071 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Alpha-Linolenic acid (ALA), an omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid, is extracted from plant sources and has been shown to be one of the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents. Herein, we revealed the molecular mechanism underlying the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant potential of (ALA), against cadmium in the adult mouse brain. We evaluated the neuroprotective effect of ALA (60 mg/kg per oral for 6 weeks) against CdCl2 (5 mg/kg)-induced oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and neuronal apoptosis. According to our findings, ALA markedly reduced ROS production and nitric oxide synthase 2 (NOS2) and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor-2 erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in mice treated with CdCl2. Most importantly, the molecular docking study revealed that ALA allosterically decreases the overexpression of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) activity and inhibited the detrimental effect against CdCl2. Moreover, ALA suppressed CdCl2-induced glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), nuclear factor-kappa b (NF-κB), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) in the mouse brain. Further, we also checked the pro- and anti-apoptotic proteins markers such as Bax, Bcl-2, and caspase-3, which were regulated in the cortex of ALA co-treated mouse brain. Overall, our study suggests that oral administration of ALA can impede oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and increase neuronal apoptosis in the cortex of Cd-injected mouse brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayed-Ibrar Alam
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 PLUS), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-I.A.); (M.-W.K.); (K.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Min-Woo Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 PLUS), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-I.A.); (M.-W.K.); (K.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Fawad Ali Shah
- Department of Pharmacology, Riphah Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Riphah International University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan;
| | - Kamran Saeed
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 PLUS), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-I.A.); (M.-W.K.); (K.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Rahat Ullah
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 PLUS), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-I.A.); (M.-W.K.); (K.S.); (R.U.)
| | - Myeong-Ok Kim
- Division of Life Sciences and Applied Life Science (BK 21 PLUS), College of Natural Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea; (S.-I.A.); (M.-W.K.); (K.S.); (R.U.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-55-772-1345
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15
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Wu X, Xu J, Cai Y, Yang Y, Liu Y, Cao S. Cytoprotection against Oxidative Stress by Methylnissolin-3- O-β-d-glucopyranoside from Astragalus membranaceus Mainly via the Activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 Pathway. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26133852. [PMID: 34202670 PMCID: PMC8270303 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26133852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astragalus membranaceus is a famous herb found among medicinal and food plants in East and Southeastern Asia. The Nrf2-ARE assay-guided separation of an extract from Jing liqueur led to the identification of a nontoxic Nrf2 activator, methylnissolin-3-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (MNG, a component of A. membranaceus). Nrf2 activation by MNG has not been reported before. Using Western Blot, RT-qPCR and imaging, we investigated the cytoprotective effect of MNG against hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. MNG induced the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1, accelerated the translocation of Nrf2 into nuclei, and enhanced the phosphorylation of AKT. The MNG-induced expression of Nrf2, HO-1, and NQO1 were abolished by Nrf2 siRNA, while the MNG-induced expression of Nrf2 and HO-1 was abated and the AKT phosphorylation was blocked by LY294002 (a PI3K inhibitor). MNG reduced intracellular ROS generation. However, the protection of MNG against the H2O2 insult was reversed by Nrf2 siRNA with decreased cell viability. The enhancement of Nrf2 and HO-1 by MNG upon H2O2 injury was reduced by LY294002. These data showed that MNG protected EA.hy926 cells against oxidative damage through the Nrf2/HO-1 and at least partially the PI3K/Akt pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jian Xu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye 435100, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yousheng Cai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- Institute of TCM and Natural Products, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wuhan University, 185 Donghu Road, Wuhan 430071, China
| | - Yuejun Yang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye 435100, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Yuancai Liu
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine Health Food, Jing Brand Research Institute, Jing Brand Co., Ltd., Daye 435100, China; (J.X.); (Y.Y.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (S.C.); Tel.: +86-71-4876-8056 (Y.L.); +1-808-981-8010 (S.C.)
| | - Shugeng Cao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Daniel K. Inouye College of Pharmacy, University of Hawai’i at Hilo, Hilo, HI 96720, USA; (X.W.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.L.); (S.C.); Tel.: +86-71-4876-8056 (Y.L.); +1-808-981-8010 (S.C.)
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16
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Ford HR, Busato S, Bionaz M. In vitro–In vivo Hybrid Approach for Studying Modulation of NRF2 in Immortalized Bovine Mammary Cells. FRONTIERS IN ANIMAL SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fanim.2021.674355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2) plays a key role in the response to oxidative stress. Diets containing known NRF2 modulators could be used to minimize oxidative stress in dairy cows. Currently, studies evaluating the activity of NRF2 in bovine have used the classical in vitro approach using synthetic media, which is very different than in vivo conditions. Furthermore, studies carried out in vivo cannot capture the short-term and dynamic response of NRF2. Thus, there is a need to develop new approaches to study NRF2 modulation. The aim of the present study was to establish an in vitro–in vivo hybrid system to investigate activation of NRF2 in bovine cells that can serve as an intermediate model with results closer to what is expected in vivo. To accomplish the aim, we used a combination of a gene reporter assay in immortalized bovine mammary cells, synthetic NRF2 modulators, and blood serum from periparturient cows. Synthetic agonist tert-butylhydroquinone and sulforaphane confirmed to be effective activators of bovine NRF2 with acute and large effect at 30 and 5 μM, respectively, with null response after the above doses due to cytotoxicity. When the agonists were added to blood serum the response was more linear with maximum activation of NRF2 at 100 and 30 μM, respectively, and the cytotoxicity was prevented. High concentration of albumin in blood serum plays an important role in such an effect. Brusatol (100 nM) was observed to be an effective NRF2 inhibitor while also displaying general protein synthesis inhibition and cytotoxicity when added to synthetic media. A consistent inhibition of NRF2 was observed when brusatol was added to the blood serum but the cytotoxicity was reduced. The synthetic inhibitor ML385 had no effect on modulation of bovine NRF2. Hydrogen peroxide activates NRF2 in bovine mammary cells starting from 100 μM; however, strong cytotoxicity was detected starting at 250 μM when cells were cultivated in the synthetic media, while blood serum prevented cytotoxicity. Overall, our data indicated that the use of synthetic media can be misleading in the study of NRF2 in bovine and the use of blood serum appears necessary.
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17
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Wijaya LS, Rau C, Braun TS, Marangoz S, Spegg V, Vlasveld M, Albrecht W, Brecklinghaus T, Kamp H, Beltman JB, Hengstler JG, van de Water B, Leist M, Schildknecht S. Stimulation of de novo glutathione synthesis by nitrofurantoin for enhanced resilience of hepatocytes. Cell Biol Toxicol 2021; 38:847-864. [PMID: 34021431 PMCID: PMC9525367 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-021-09610-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Toxicity is not only a function of damage mechanisms, but is also determined by cellular resilience factors. Glutathione has been reported as essential element to counteract negative influences. The present work hence pursued the question how intracellular glutathione can be elevated transiently to render cells more resistant toward harmful conditions. The antibiotic nitrofurantoin (NFT) was identified to stimulate de novo synthesis of glutathione in the human hepatoma cell line, HepG2, and in primary human hepatocytes. In intact cells, activation of NFT yielded a radical anion, which subsequently initiated nuclear-factor-erythroid 2-related-factor-2 (Nrf2)-dependent induction of glutamate cysteine ligase (GCL). Application of siRNA-based intervention approaches confirmed the involvement of the Nrf2-GCL axis in the observed elevation of intracellular glutathione levels. Quantitative activation of Nrf2 by NFT, and the subsequent rise in glutathione, were similar as observed with the potent experimental Nrf2 activator diethyl maleate. The elevation of glutathione levels, observed even 48 h after withdrawal of NFT, rendered cells resistant to different stressors such as the mitochondrial inhibitor rotenone, the redox cycler paraquat, the proteasome inhibitors MG-132 or bortezomib, or high concentrations of NFT. Repurpose of the antibiotic NFT as activator of Nrf2 could thus be a promising strategy for a transient and targeted activation of the endogenous antioxidant machinery. Graphical abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas S Wijaya
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Carina Rau
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Theresa S Braun
- Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology (KoRS-CB), Department of Chemistry, University of Konstanz, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Serif Marangoz
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Vincent Spegg
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Matthijs Vlasveld
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebke Albrecht
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Tim Brecklinghaus
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Hennicke Kamp
- BASF SE, Experimental Toxicology and Ecology, Ludwigshafen am Rhein, Germany
| | - Joost B Beltman
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jan G Hengstler
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Technical University Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Bob van de Water
- Division of Drug Discovery and Safety, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, 2300, RA, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Stefan Schildknecht
- In vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department of Biology, University of Konstanz, P.O. Box M657, Universitätsstr. 10, 78457, Konstanz, Germany. .,Albstadt-Sigmaringen University, Faculty of Life Sciences, 72488, Sigmaringen, Germany.
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18
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Slezak J, Kura B, LeBaron TW, Singal PK, Buday J, Barancik M. Oxidative Stress and Pathways of Molecular Hydrogen Effects in Medicine. Curr Pharm Des 2021; 27:610-625. [PMID: 32954996 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200821114016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
There are many situations of excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as radiation, ischemia/reperfusion (I/R), and inflammation. ROS contribute to and arises from numerous cellular pathologies, diseases, and aging. ROS can cause direct deleterious effects by damaging proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids as well as exert detrimental effects on several cell signaling pathways. However, ROS are important in many cellular functions. The injurious effect of excessive ROS can hypothetically be mitigated by exogenous antioxidants, but clinically this intervention is often not favorable. In contrast, molecular hydrogen provides a variety of advantages for mitigating oxidative stress due to its unique physical and chemical properties. H2 may be superior to conventional antioxidants, since it can selectively reduce ●OH radicals while preserving important ROS that are otherwise used for normal cellular signaling. Additionally, H2 exerts many biological effects, including antioxidation, anti-inflammation, anti-apoptosis, and anti-shock. H2 accomplishes these effects by indirectly regulating signal transduction and gene expression, each of which involves multiple signaling pathways and crosstalk. The Keap1-Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, which can be activated by H2, plays a critical role in regulating cellular redox balance, metabolism, and inducing adaptive responses against cellular stress. H2 also influences the crosstalk among the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy and apoptosis, which involve MAPKs, p53, Nrf2, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, mTOR, etc. The pleiotropic effects of molecular hydrogen on various proteins, molecules and signaling pathways can at least partly explain its almost universal pluripotent therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Slezak
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Branislav Kura
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tyler W LeBaron
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pawan K Singal
- Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, St. Boniface Hospital Research Centre, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R2H 2A6, Canada
| | - Jozef Buday
- Department of Psychiatry, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University in Prague and General University Hospital in Prague, 121 08 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Barancik
- Centre of Experimental Medicine, Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 841 04 Bratislava, Slovakia
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19
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McGinnis A, Klichko VI, Orr WC, Radyuk SN. Hyperoxidation of Peroxiredoxins and Effects on Physiology of Drosophila. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10040606. [PMID: 33920774 PMCID: PMC8071185 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10040606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The catalytic activity of peroxiredoxins (Prx) is determined by the conserved peroxidatic cysteine (CysP), which reacts with peroxides to form sulfenic acid (Cys-SOH). Under conditions of oxidative stress, CysP is oxidized to catalytically inactive sulfinic (Cys-SO2) and sulfonic (Cys-SO3) forms. The Cys-SO2 form can be reduced in a reaction catalyzed by sulfiredoxin (Srx). To explore the physiological significance of peroxiredoxin overoxidation, we investigated daily variations in the oxidation state of 2-Cys peroxiredoxins in flies of different ages, or under conditions when the pro-oxidative load is high. We found no statistically significant changes in the 2-Cys Prxs monomer:dimer ratio, which indirectly reflects changes in the Prx catalytic activity. However, we found daily variations in Prx-SO2/3 that were more pronounced in older flies as well as in flies lacking Srx. Unexpectedly, the srx mutant flies did not exhibit a diminished survivorship under normal or oxidative stress conditions. Moreover, the srx mutant was characterized by a higher physiological activity. In conclusion, catalytically inactive forms of Prx-SO2/3 serve not only as a marker of cellular oxidative burden, but may also play a role in an adaptive response, leading to a positive effect on the physiology of Drosophila melanogaster.
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Freeborn RA, Rockwell CE. The role of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious disease: Therapeutic possibilities. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2021; 91:61-110. [PMID: 34099113 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Nrf2 is a cytoprotective transcription factor which is involved in ameliorating oxidative stress and toxic insults. Recently, an immunomodulatory role for Nrf2 has gained appreciation as it has been shown to protect cells and hosts alike in a variety of immune and inflammatory disorders. However, Nrf2 utilizes numerous distinct pathways to elicit its immunomodulatory effects. In this review, we summarize the literature discussing the roles of Nrf2 in autoimmunity and infectious diseases with a goal of understanding the potential to therapeutically target Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Freeborn
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Institute for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States; Cell and Molecular Biology Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States.
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21
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Menzel A, Samouda H, Dohet F, Loap S, Ellulu MS, Bohn T. Common and Novel Markers for Measuring Inflammation and Oxidative Stress Ex Vivo in Research and Clinical Practice-Which to Use Regarding Disease Outcomes? Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 10:antiox10030414. [PMID: 33803155 PMCID: PMC8001241 DOI: 10.3390/antiox10030414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Many chronic conditions such as cancer, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, type-2 diabetes, obesity, peripheral/coronary artery disease and auto-immune diseases are associated with low-grade inflammation. Closely related to inflammation is oxidative stress (OS), which can be either causal or secondary to inflammation. While a low level of OS is physiological, chronically increased OS is deleterious. Therefore, valid biomarkers of these signalling pathways may enable detection and following progression of OS/inflammation as well as to evaluate treatment efficacy. Such biomarkers should be stable and obtainable through non-invasive methods and their determination should be affordable and easy. The most frequently used inflammatory markers include acute-phase proteins, essentially CRP, serum amyloid A, fibrinogen and procalcitonin, and cytokines, predominantly TNFα, interleukins 1β, 6, 8, 10 and 12 and their receptors and IFNγ. Some cytokines appear to be disease-specific. Conversely, OS-being ubiquitous-and its biomarkers appear less disease or tissue-specific. These include lipid peroxidation products, e.g., F2-isoprostanes and malondialdehyde, DNA breakdown products (e.g., 8-OH-dG), protein adducts (e.g., carbonylated proteins), or antioxidant status. More novel markers include also -omics related ones, as well as non-invasive, questionnaire-based measures, such as the dietary inflammatory-index (DII), but their link to biological responses may be variable. Nevertheless, many of these markers have been clearly related to a number of diseases. However, their use in clinical practice is often limited, due to lacking analytical or clinical validation, or technical challenges. In this review, we strive to highlight frequently employed and useful markers of inflammation-related OS, including novel promising markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alain Menzel
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Hanen Samouda
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
| | - Francois Dohet
- Laboratoires Réunis, 38, Rue Hiehl, L-6131 Junglinster, Luxembourg; (A.M.); (F.D.)
| | - Suva Loap
- Clinic Cryo Esthetic, 11 Rue Éblé, 75007 Paris, France;
| | - Mohammed S. Ellulu
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Azhar University of Gaza (AUG), Gaza City 00970, Palestine;
| | - Torsten Bohn
- Nutrition and Health Research Group, Department of Population Health, Luxembourg Institute of Health, 1 A-B, Rue Thomas Edison, L-1445 Strassen, Luxembourg;
- Correspondence:
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Moné MJ, Pallocca G, Escher SE, Exner T, Herzler M, Bennekou SH, Kamp H, Kroese ED, Leist M, Steger-Hartmann T, van de Water B. Setting the stage for next-generation risk assessment with non-animal approaches: the EU-ToxRisk project experience. Arch Toxicol 2020; 94:3581-3592. [PMID: 32886186 PMCID: PMC7502065 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-020-02866-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In 2016, the European Commission launched the EU-ToxRisk research project to develop and promote animal-free approaches in toxicology. The 36 partners of this consortium used in vitro and in silico methods in the context of case studies (CSs). These CSs included both compounds with a highly defined target (e.g. mitochondrial respiratory chain inhibitors) as well as compounds with poorly defined molecular initiation events (e.g. short-chain branched carboxylic acids). The initial project focus was on developing a science-based strategy for read-across (RAx) as an animal-free approach in chemical risk assessment. Moreover, seamless incorporation of new approach method (NAM) data into this process (= NAM-enhanced RAx) was explored. Here, the EU-ToxRisk consortium has collated its scientific and regulatory learnings from this particular project objective. For all CSs, a mechanistic hypothesis (in the form of an adverse outcome pathway) guided the safety evaluation. ADME data were generated from NAMs and used for comprehensive physiological-based kinetic modelling. Quality assurance and data management were optimized in parallel. Scientific and Regulatory Advisory Boards played a vital role in assessing the practical applicability of the new approaches. In a next step, external stakeholders evaluated the usefulness of NAMs in the context of RAx CSs for regulatory acceptance. For instance, the CSs were included in the OECD CS portfolio for the Integrated Approach to Testing and Assessment project. Feedback from regulators and other stakeholders was collected at several stages. Future chemical safety science projects can draw from this experience to implement systems toxicology-guided, animal-free next-generation risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Moné
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Pallocca
- CAAT-Europe at the University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany
| | - S E Escher
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine (ITEM), Hannover, Germany
| | - T Exner
- Edelweiss Connect GmbH, Basel, Switzerland
| | - M Herzler
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Berlin, Germany
| | | | - H Kamp
- BASF SE, Ludwigshafen, Germany
| | - E D Kroese
- TNO Innovation for Life, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Leist
- CAAT-Europe at the University of Konstanz, Constance, Germany.
- In Vitro Toxicology and Biomedicine, Department Inaugurated By the Doerenkamp-Zbinden Foundation at the University of Konstanz, University of Konstanz, 78457, Constance, Germany.
| | - T Steger-Hartmann
- Investigational Toxicology, Bayer AG, Pharmaceuticals, Berlin, Germany
| | - B van de Water
- Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
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23
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Dikovskaya D, Dinkova-Kostova AT. Measuring Changes in Keap1-Nrf2 Protein Complex Conformation in Individual Cells by FLIM-FRET. CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN TOXICOLOGY 2020; 85:e96. [PMID: 32786061 DOI: 10.1002/cptx.96] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-erythroid 2 p45-related factor 2 (Nrf2)-mediated stress response is a major cellular defense mechanism against endogenous and exogenous oxidants, electrophiles, and pro-inflammatory agents. A number of Nrf2 inducers are being developed to therapeutically stimulate this pathway. Inducers are typically sensed by Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1), a negative regulator and a binding partner of Nrf2. Modifications of Keap1 by oxidants or electrophiles, or its targeting by compounds that disrupt its interaction with Nrf2, alter the conformation of the Keap1-Nrf2 protein complex, which initiates the accumulation of Nrf2 required for mounting a stress response. To detect conformational changes in the Keap1-Nrf2 complex in live cells, we have developed a procedure based on Fluorescence Lifetime Imaging-Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FLIM-FRET). The procedure includes a FLIM time course in cells expressing fluorescently-tagged Nrf2 and Keap1, followed by an extended analysis pipeline that quantifies changes in fluorescence lifetime of labeled Nrf2. The analysis visualizes and removes intensity-dependent bias in fluorescence lifetime measured with the Time-Correlated Single Photon Counting (TCSPC) approach, thereby improving the accuracy of quantification. The throughput is increased by the whole-experiment analysis within the newly developed FLIM dataset tool (FLIMDAST) and by the time-lapse FLIM described here. This pipeline is also suitable for applications beyond the Nrf2 field that assess small changes in fluorescence lifetime of objects with variable fluorescence intensities measured using TCSPC-based FLIM. © 2020 The Authors. Basic Protocol 1: Lipofectamine 2000 transfection Alternate Protocol 1: Calcium phosphate transfection Basic Protocol 2: Time course with individual FLIM Alternate Protocol 2: Time course with time-lapse FLIM Support Protocol: Measuring Instrument Response Function (IRF) Basic Protocol 3: Data analysis in SPCImage Basic Protocol 4: Data processing in ImageJ/FIJI Basic Protocol 5: Experiment analysis in FLIMDAST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dina Dikovskaya
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee, United Kingdom
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences and Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Hatherell S, Baltazar MT, Reynolds J, Carmichael PL, Dent M, Li H, Ryder S, White A, Walker P, Middleton AM. Identifying and Characterizing Stress Pathways of Concern for Consumer Safety in Next-Generation Risk Assessment. Toxicol Sci 2020; 176:11-33. [PMID: 32374857 PMCID: PMC7357173 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many substances for which consumer safety risk assessments need to be conducted are not associated with specific toxicity modes of action, but rather exhibit nonspecific toxicity leading to cell stress. In this work, a cellular stress panel is described, consisting of 36 biomarkers representing mitochondrial toxicity, cell stress, and cell health, measured predominantly using high content imaging. To evaluate the panel, data were generated for 13 substances at exposures consistent with typical use-case scenarios. These included some that have been shown to cause adverse effects in a proportion of exposed humans and have a toxicological mode-of-action associated with cellular stress (eg, doxorubicin, troglitazone, and diclofenac), and some that are not associated with adverse effects due to cellular stress at human-relevant exposures (eg, caffeine, niacinamide, and phenoxyethanol). For each substance, concentration response data were generated for each biomarker at 3 timepoints. A Bayesian model was then developed to quantify the evidence for a biological response, and if present, a credibility range for the estimated point of departure (PoD) was determined. PoDs were compared with the plasma Cmax associated with the typical substance exposures, and indicated a clear differentiation between "low" risk and "high" risk chemical exposure scenarios. Developing robust methods to characterize the in vitro bioactivity of xenobiotics is an important part of non-animal safety assessment. The results presented in this work show that the cellular stress panel can be used, together with other new approach methodologies, to identify chemical exposures that are protective of consumer health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Hatherell
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Maria T Baltazar
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Joe Reynolds
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul L Carmichael
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Matthew Dent
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Hequn Li
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | | | - Andrew White
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
| | - Paul Walker
- Cyprotex Discovery Ltd, Macclesfield, Cheshire SK10 4TG, UK
| | - Alistair M Middleton
- Unilever Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science Park, Sharnbrook, Bedfordshire MK44 1LQ, UK
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25
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Caffeine Modulates Cadmium-Induced Oxidative Stress, Neuroinflammation, and Cognitive Impairments by Regulating Nrf-2/HO-1 In Vivo and In Vitro. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8050680. [PMID: 31091792 PMCID: PMC6572702 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8050680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd), a nonbiodegradable heavy metal and one of the most neurotoxic environmental and industrial pollutants, promotes disturbances in major organs and tissues following both acute and chronic exposure. In this study, we assessed the neuroprotective potential of caffeine (30 mg/kg) against Cd (5 mg/kg)-induced oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation, neuronal apoptosis, and cognitive deficits in male C57BL/6N mice in vivo and in HT-22 and BV-2 cell lines in vitro. Interestingly, our findings indicate that caffeine markedly reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) and lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels and enhanced the expression of nuclear factor-2 erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) and hemeoxygenase-1 (HO-1), which act as endogenous antioxidant regulators. Also, 8-dihydro-8-oxoguanine (8-OXO-G) expression was considerably reduced in the caffeine-treated group as compared to the Cd-treated group. Similarly, caffeine ameliorated Cd-mediated glial activation by reducing the expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), ionized calcium-binding adapter molecule 1 (Iba-1), and other inflammatory mediators in the cortical and hippocampal regions of the mouse brain. Moreover, caffeine markedly attenuated Cd-induced neuronal loss, synaptic dysfunction, and learning and cognitive deficits. Of note, nuclear factor-2 erythroid-2 (Nrf-2) gene silencing and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) inhibition studies revealed that caffeine exerted neuroprotection via regulation of Nrf-2- and NF-κB-dependent mechanisms in the HT-22 and BV-2 cell lines, respectively. On the whole, these findings reveal that caffeine rescues Cd-induced oxidative stress-mediated neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and memory impairment. The present study suggests that caffeine might be a potential antioxidant and neuroprotective agent against Cd-induced neurodegeneration.
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