1
|
Vilas-Boas V, Chatterjee N, Carvalho A, Alfaro-Moreno E. Particulate matter-induced oxidative stress - Mechanistic insights and antioxidant approaches reported in in vitro studies. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 110:104529. [PMID: 39127435 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2024] [Revised: 07/24/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Inhaled particulate matter (PM) is a key factor in millions of yearly air pollution-related deaths worldwide. The oxidative potential of PM indicates its ability to promote an oxidative environment. Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) can cause cell damage via oxidative stress, leading to inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, airway remodeling, and various cell death modes (apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis). ROS can also interact with macromolecules, inducing DNA damage and epigenetic modifications, disrupting homeostasis. These effects have been studied extensively in vitro and confirmed in vivo. This review explores the oxidative potential of airborne particles and PM-induced ROS-mediated cellular damage observed in vitro, highlighting the link between oxidative stress, inflammation, and cell death modes described in the latest literature. The review also analyzes the effects of ROS on DNA damage, repair, carcinogenicity, and epigenetics. Additionally, the latest developments on the potential of antioxidants to prevent ROS's harmful effects are described, providing future perspectives on the topic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vilas-Boas
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Nivedita Chatterjee
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | - Andreia Carvalho
- Nanosafety Group, International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Loktionov AV, Kobzeva KA, Karpenko AR, Sergeeva VA, Orlov YL, Bushueva OY. GWAS-significant loci and severe COVID-19: analysis of associations, link with thromboinflammation syndrome, gene-gene, and gene-environmental interactions. Front Genet 2024; 15:1434681. [PMID: 39175753 PMCID: PMC11338913 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2024.1434681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to replicate associations of GWAS-significant loci with severe COVID-19 in the population of Central Russia, to investigate associations of the SNPs with thromboinflammation parameters, to analyze gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions. Materials and Methods DNA samples from 798 unrelated Caucasian subjects from Central Russia (199 hospitalized COVID-19 patients and 599 controls with a mild or asymptomatic course of COVID-19) were genotyped using probe-based polymerase chain reaction for 10 GWAS-significant SNPs: rs143334143 CCHCR1, rs111837807 CCHCR1, rs17078346 SLC6A20-LLZTFL1, rs17713054 SLC6A20-LLZTFL1, rs7949972 ELF5, rs61882275 ELF5, rs12585036 ATP11A, rs67579710 THBS3, THBS3-AS1, rs12610495 DPP9, rs9636867 IFNAR2. Results SNP rs17713054 SLC6A20-LZTFL1 was associated with increased risk of severe COVID-19 in the entire group (risk allele A, OR = 1.78, 95% CI = 1.22-2.6, p = 0.003), obese individuals (OR = 2.31, 95% CI = 1.52-3.5, p = 0.0002, (p bonf = 0.0004)), patients with low fruit and vegetable intake (OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15-2.58, p = 0.01, (p bonf = 0.02)), low physical activity (OR = 1.93, 95% CI = 1.26-2.94, p = 0.0035, (p bonf = 0.007)), and nonsmokers (OR = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.11-2.46, p = 0.02). This SNP correlated with increased BMI (p = 0.006) and worsened thrombodynamic parameters (maximum optical density of the formed clot, D (p = 0.02), delayed appearance of spontaneous clots, Tsp (p = 0.02), clot size 30 min after coagulation activation, CS (p = 0.036)). SNP rs17078346 SLC6A20-LZTFL1 was linked with increased BMI (p = 0.01) and severe COVID-19 in obese individuals (risk allele C, OR = 1.72, 95% CI = 1.15-2.58, p = 0.01, (p bonf = 0.02)). SNP rs12610495 DPP9 was associated with increased BMI (p = 0.01), severe COVID-19 in obese patients (risk allele G, OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.09-2.01, p = 0.01, (p bonf = 0.02)), and worsened thrombodynamic parameters (time to the start of clot growth, Tlag (p = 0.01)). For rs7949972 ELF5, a protective effect against severe COVID-19 was observed in non-obese patients (effect allele T, OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47-0.95, p = 0.02, (p bonf = 0.04)), improving thrombodynamic parameters (CS (p = 0.02), stationary spatial clot growth rates, Vst (p = 0.02)). Finally, rs12585036 ATP11A exhibited a protective effect against severe COVID-19 in males (protective allele A, OR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.32-0.83, p = 0.004). SNPs rs67579710 THBS3, THBS3-AS1, rs17713054 SLC6A20-LZTFL1, rs7949972 ELF5, rs9636867 IFNAR2-were involved in two or more of the most significant G×G interactions (p perm ≤ 0.01). The pairwise combination rs67579710 THBS3, THBS3-AS1 × rs17713054 SLC6A20-LZTFL1 was a priority in determining susceptibility to severe COVID-19 (it was included in four of the top five most significant SNP-SNP interaction models). Conclusion Overall, this study represents a comprehensive molecular-genetic and bioinformatics analysis of the involvement of GWAS-significant loci in the molecular mechanisms of severe COVID-19, gene-gene and gene-environmental interactions, and provides evidence of their relationship with thromboinflammation parameters in patients hospitalized in intensive care units.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Valerevich Loktionov
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Institute of Continuing Education, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Ksenia Andreevna Kobzeva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Andrey Romanovich Karpenko
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Institute of Continuing Education, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Vera Alexeevna Sergeeva
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, Institute of Continuing Education, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| | - Yuriy Lvovich Orlov
- Institute of Biodesign and Complex Systems Modeling, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga Yurievna Bushueva
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, Kursk, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wang Y, Le Y, Harris KL, Chen Y, Li X, Faske J, Wynne RA, Mittelstaedt RA, Cao X, Miranda-Colon J, Elkins L, Muskhelishvili L, Davis K, Mei N, Sun W, Robison TW, Heflich RH, Parsons BL. Repeat treatment of organotypic airway cultures with ethyl methanesulfonate causes accumulation of somatic cell mutations without expansion of bronchial-carcinoma-specific cancer driver mutations. MUTATION RESEARCH. GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2024; 897:503786. [PMID: 39054009 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2024.503786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The human in vitro organotypic air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model is structurally and functionally similar to the human large airway epithelium and, as a result, is being used increasingly for studying the toxicity of inhaled substances. Our previous research demonstrated that DNA damage and mutagenesis can be detected in human airway tissue models under conditions used to assess general and respiratory toxicity endpoints. Expanding upon our previous proof-of-principle study, human airway epithelial tissue models were treated with 6.25-100 µg/mL ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS) for 28 days, followed by a 28-day recovery period. Mutagenesis was evaluated by Duplex Sequencing (DS), and clonal expansion of bronchial-cancer-specific cancer-driver mutations (CDMs) was investigated by CarcSeq to determine if both mutation-based endpoints can be assessed in the same system. Additionally, DNA damage and tissue-specific responses were analyzed during the treatment and following the recovery period. EMS exposure led to time-dependent increases in mutagenesis over the 28-day treatment period, without expansion of clones containing CDMs; the mutation frequencies remained elevated following the recovery. EMS also produced an increase in DNA damage measured by the CometChip and MultiFlow assays and the elevated levels of DNA damage were reduced (but not eliminated) following the recovery period. Cytotoxicity and most tissue-function changes induced by EMS treatment recovered to control levels, the exception being reduced proliferating cell frequency. Our results indicate that general, respiratory-tissue-specific and genotoxicity endpoints increased with repeat EMS dosing; expansion of CDM clones, however, was not detected using this repeat treatment protocol. DISCLAIMER: This article reflects the views of its authors and does not necessarily reflect those of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Any mention of commercial products is for clarification only and is not intended as approval, endorsement, or recommendation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yiying Wang
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA.
| | - Yuan Le
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Kelly L Harris
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xilin Li
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jennifer Faske
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Rebecca A Wynne
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Roberta A Mittelstaedt
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Jaime Miranda-Colon
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Lana Elkins
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | | | - Kelly Davis
- Toxicologic Pathology Associates, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Nan Mei
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Wei Sun
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology for Immunology & Inflammation, Office of Immunology and Inflammation, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Timothy W Robison
- Division of Pharmacology/Toxicology for Immunology & Inflammation, Office of Immunology and Inflammation, Office of New Drugs, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Robert H Heflich
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| | - Barbara L Parsons
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Keyser BM, Leverette R, Wertman J, Shutsky T, McRae R, Szeliga K, Makena P, Jordan K. Evaluation of Cytotoxicity and Oxidative Stress of Whole Aerosol from Vuse Alto ENDS Products. TOXICS 2024; 12:129. [PMID: 38393224 PMCID: PMC10892160 DOI: 10.3390/toxics12020129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/30/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of in vitro cytotoxicity is an important component of tobacco product toxicological evaluations. However, current methods of regulatory testing involve exposing monolayer cell cultures to various preparations of aerosols from cigarettes or other emerging products such as electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS), which are not representative of human exposure. In the present study, a whole aerosol (WA) system was used to expose lung epithelial cultures (2D and 3D) to determine the potential of six Vuse Alto ENDS products that varied in nicotine content (1.8%, 2.4%, and 5%) and flavors (Golden Tobacco, Rich Tobacco, Menthol, and Mixed Berry), along with a marketed ENDS and a marked cigarette comparator to induce cytotoxicity and oxidative stress. The WA from the Vuse Alto ENDS products was not cytotoxic in the NRU and MTT assays, nor did it activate the Nrf2 reporter gene, a marker of oxidative stress. In summary, Vuse Alto ENDS products did not induce cytotoxic or oxidative stress responses in the in vitro models. The WA exposures used in the 3D in vitro models described herein may be better suited than 2D models for the determination of cytotoxicity and other in vitro functional endpoints and represent alternative models for regulatory evaluation of tobacco products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Brian M. Keyser
- RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC 27106, USA; (R.L.); (J.W.); (K.S.); (P.M.); (K.J.)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kopa-Stojak PN, Pawliczak R. Comparison of the effects of active and passive smoking of tobacco cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. A systematic review. Inhal Toxicol 2024; 36:75-89. [PMID: 38394073 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2024.2319315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This work attempts to summarize current knowledge on the effects of active and passive smoking of cigarettes, electronic nicotine delivery systems and tobacco heating products on the expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response mediators, and on their possible impact on chronic obstructive pulmonary disease development. MATERIALS AND METHODS The literature was searched by the terms: 'smoking', 'active smoking', 'passive smoking', 'main-stream smoke', 'side-stream smoke', 'secondhand smoke', 'cigarette' 'THP', 'tobacco heating product', 'ENDS', 'electronic nicotine delivery system', 'e-cigarette', 'electronic cigarette', oxidative stress', inflammatory response' and 'gene expression'. RESULTS Cigarette smoking (active and passive) induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways. We present the effect of active smoking of e-cigarettes (EC) and heat-not-burn (HnB) products on the increased expression and secretion of oxidative stress and inflammatory response markers. However, there is only a limited number of studies on the effect of their second-hand smoking, and those available mainly describe aerosol composition. DISCUSSION The literature provides data which confirm that active and passive cigarette smoking induces oxidative stress and inflammatory response in the airways and is a key risk factor of COPD development. Currently, there is a limited number of data about ENDS and THP active and passive smoking effects on the health of smokers and never-smokers. It is particularly important to assess the effect of such products during long-term use by never-smokers who choose them as the first type of cigarettes, and for never-smokers who are passively exposed to their aerosol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Natalia Kopa-Stojak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Rafal Pawliczak
- Department of Immunopathology, Division of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Costabile F, Gualtieri M, Rinaldi M, Canepari S, Vecchi R, Massimi L, Di Iulio G, Paglione M, Di Liberto L, Corsini E, Facchini MC, Decesari S. Exposure to urban nanoparticles at low PM[Formula: see text] concentrations as a source of oxidative stress and inflammation. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18616. [PMID: 37903867 PMCID: PMC10616204 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45230-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposures to fine particulate matter (PM[Formula: see text]) have been associated with health impacts, but the understanding of the PM[Formula: see text] concentration-response (PM[Formula: see text]-CR) relationships, especially at low PM[Formula: see text], remains incomplete. Here, we present novel data using a methodology to mimic lung exposure to ambient air (2[Formula: see text] 60 [Formula: see text]g m[Formula: see text]), with minimized sampling artifacts for nanoparticles. A reference model (Air Liquid Interface cultures of human bronchial epithelial cells, BEAS-2B) was used for aerosol exposure. Non-linearities observed in PM[Formula: see text]-CR curves are interpreted as a result of the interplay between the aerosol total oxidative potential (OP[Formula: see text]) and its distribution across particle size (d[Formula: see text]). A d[Formula: see text]-dependent condensation sink (CS) is assessed together with the distribution with d[Formula: see text] of reactive species . Urban ambient aerosol high in OP[Formula: see text], as indicated by the DTT assay, with (possibly copper-containing) nanoparticles, shows higher pro-inflammatory and oxidative responses, this occurring at lower PM[Formula: see text] concentrations (< 5 [Formula: see text]g m[Formula: see text]). Among the implications of this work, there are recommendations for global efforts to go toward the refinement of actual air quality standards with metrics considering the distribution of OP[Formula: see text] with d[Formula: see text] also at relatively low PM[Formula: see text].
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Costabile
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maurizio Gualtieri
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, 26126 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Canepari
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Roberta Vecchi
- Department of Physics, Università degli Studi di Milano,and INFN-Milan, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Massimi
- Department of Environmental Biology, University of Rome Sapienza, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Di Iulio
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca Di Liberto
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuela Corsini
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Facchini
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Decesari
- National Biodiversity Future Center, NBFC, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate - Italian National Research Council (ISAC - CNR), Via Gobetti, 40129 Bologna, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song MA, Mori KM, McElroy JP, Freudenheim JL, Weng DY, Reisinger SA, Brasky TM, Wewers MD, Shields PG. Accelerated epigenetic age, inflammation, and gene expression in lung: comparisons of smokers and vapers with non-smokers. Clin Epigenetics 2023; 15:160. [PMID: 37821974 PMCID: PMC10568901 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-023-01577-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoking and aging are the main risk factors for pulmonary diseases, including cancer. Epigenetic aging may explain the relationship between smoking, electronic cigarette vaping, and pulmonary health. No study has examined smoking and vaping-related epigenetic aging in relation to lung biomarkers. METHODS Lung epigenetic aging measured by DNA methylation (mAge) and its acceleration (mAA) was assessed in young (age 21-30) electronic cigarette vapers (EC, n = 14, including 3 never-smoking EC), smokers (SM, n = 16), and non-EC/non-SM (NS, n = 39). We investigated relationships of mAge estimates with chronological age (Horvath-mAge), lifespan/mortality (Grim-mAge), telomere length (TL-mAge), smoking/EC history, urinary biomarkers, lung cytokines, and transcriptome. RESULTS Compared to NS, EC and SM had significantly older Grim-mAge, shorter TL-mAge, significantly accelerated Grim-mAge and decelerated TL-mAge. Among SM, Grim-mAA was associated with nicotine intake and 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol (NNAL). For EC, Horvath-mAA was significantly correlated with puffs per day. Overall, cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and IL-8) and 759 transcripts (651 unique genes) were significantly associated with Grim-mAA. Grim-mAA-associated genes were highly enriched in immune-related pathways and genes that play a role in the morphology and structures of cells/tissues. CONCLUSIONS Faster lung mAge for SM is consistent with prior studies of blood. Faster lung mAge for EC compared to NS indicates possible adverse pulmonary effects of EC on biological aging. Our findings support further research, particularly on epigenetic markers, on effects of smoking and vaping on pulmonary health. Given that most EC are former smokers, further study is needed to understand unique effects of electronic cigarettes on biological aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min-Ae Song
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 404 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| | - Kellie M Mori
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Public Health, The Ohio State University, 404 Cunz Hall, 1841 Neil Ave., Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Joseph P McElroy
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, College of Medicine, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jo L Freudenheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, School of Public Health and Health Professions, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Daniel Y Weng
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Sarah A Reisinger
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Theodore M Brasky
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Mark D Wewers
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Peter G Shields
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State University and James Cancer Hospital, Columbus, OH, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Zhabin S, Lazarenko V, Azarova I, Klyosova E, Bykanova M, Chernousova S, Bashkatov D, Gneeva E, Polonikova A, Churnosov M, Solodilova M, Polonikov A. The Joint Link of the rs1051730 and rs1902341 Polymorphisms and Cigarette Smoking to Peripheral Artery Disease and Atherosclerotic Lesions of Different Arterial Beds. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13020496. [PMID: 36836853 PMCID: PMC9961460 DOI: 10.3390/life13020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have discovered numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) contributing to peripheral artery disease (PAD), but their joint effects with risk factors like cigarette smoking (CS) on disease susceptibility have not been systematically investigated. The present study looked into whether CS mediates the effects of GWAS loci on the development of PAD and atherosclerotic lesions in different arterial beds. DNA samples from 1263 unrelated individuals of Slavic origin including 620 PAD patients and 643 healthy subjects were genotyped by the MassArray-4 system for rs1051730, rs10134584, rs1902341, rs10129758 which are known as PAD-associated GWAS loci. The rs1051730 polymorphism was strongly associated with an increased risk of PAD (p = 5.1 × 10-6), whereas rs1902341 did not show an association with disease risk. The rs1051730 polymorphism was associated with increased plasma levels of LDL cholesterol (p = 0.001), and conferred a greater risk of PAD in cigarette smokers than in nonsmokers (p < 0.01). Interestingly, the rs1902341T allele was associated with an increased risk of PAD in smokers and a decreased disease risk in nonsmokers. SNPs and CS were both linked to unilateral and/or bilateral atherosclerotic lesions of peripheral vessels, as well as the abdominal aorta, coronary, and cerebral arteries. The studied polymorphisms exert pleiotropic and cigarette smoking-mediated effects on atherosclerotic lesions of different arterial beds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Zhabin
- Department of Surgical Diseases №1, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Victor Lazarenko
- Department of Surgical Diseases of Institute of Continuing Education, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Iuliia Azarova
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Elena Klyosova
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics and Metabolomics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Marina Bykanova
- Laboratory of Genomic Research, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Svetlana Chernousova
- Department of Surgical Diseases №1, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Daniil Bashkatov
- Department of Surgical Diseases №1, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Ekaterina Gneeva
- Department of Surgical Diseases №1, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Anna Polonikova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State University, 85 Pobedy Street, Belgorod 308015, Russia
| | - Maria Solodilova
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
| | - Alexey Polonikov
- Department of Biology, Medical Genetics and Ecology, Kursk State Medical University, 3 Karl Marx Street, Kursk 305041, Russia
- Laboratory of Statistical Genetics and Bioinformatics, Research Institute for Genetic and Molecular Epidemiology, Kursk State Medical University, 18 Yamskaya St., Kursk 305041, Russia
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ouyang J, Hu Z, Tong J, Yang Y, Wang J, Chen X, Luo T, Yu S, Wang X, Huang S. Construction and evaluation of a nomogram for predicting survival in patients with lung cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2022; 14:2775-2792. [PMID: 35321944 PMCID: PMC9004553 DOI: 10.18632/aging.203974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lung cancer is a heterogeneous disease with a severe disease burden. Because the prognosis of patients with lung cancer varies, it is critical to identify effective biomarkers for prognosis prediction. METHODS A total of 2325 lung cancer patients were integrated into four independent sets (training set, validation set I, II and III) after removing batch effects in our study. We applied the microarray data algorithm to screen the differentially expressed genes in the training set. The most robust markers for prognosis were identified using the LASSO-Cox regression model, which was then used to create a Cox model and nomogram. RESULTS Through LASSO and multivariate Cox regression analysis, eight genes were identified as prognosis-associated hub genes, followed by the creation of prognosis-associated risk scores (PRS). The results of the Kaplan-Meier analysis in the three validation sets demonstrate the good predictive performance of PRS, with hazard ratios of 2.38 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.61-3.53) in the validation set I, 1.35 (95% CI, 1.06-1.71) in the validation set II, and 2.71 (95% CI, 1.77-4.18) in the validation set III. Additionally, the PRS demonstrated superior survival prediction in subgroups by age, gender, p-stage, and histologic type (p < 0.0001). The complex model integrating PRS and clinical risk factors also have a good predictive performance for 3-year overall survival. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we developed a PRS signature to help predict the survival of lung cancer. By combining it with clinical risk factors, a nomogram was established to quantify the individual risk assessments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Ouyang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China.,Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang 330006, PR China.,SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Zhijian Hu
- Laboratory Department, Jiujiang University Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Jianlin Tong
- Laboratory Department, Jiujiang University Clinical Medical College, Jiujiang University Hospital, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Yong Yang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Juan Wang
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China
| | - Ting Luo
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Shiqun Yu
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China
| | - Shaoxin Huang
- Laboratory of Precision Preventive Medicine, Medical School, Jiujiang University, Jiujiang, Jiangxi 332000, PR China.,SpecAlly Life Technology Co. Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430075, PR China.,School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266100, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tulen CBM, Wang Y, Beentjes D, Jessen PJJ, Ninaber DK, Reynaert NL, van Schooten FJ, Opperhuizen A, Hiemstra PS, Remels AHV. Dysregulated mitochondrial metabolism upon cigarette smoke exposure in various human bronchial epithelial cell models. Dis Model Mech 2022; 15:dmm049247. [PMID: 35344036 PMCID: PMC8990921 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is the primary risk factor for developing chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The impact of CS exposure on the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial quality control in airway epithelial cells is incompletely understood. Undifferentiated or differentiated primary bronchial epithelial cells were acutely/chronically exposed to whole CS (WCS) or CS extract (CSE) in submerged or air-liquid interface conditions. Abundance of key regulators controlling mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics was assessed. Acute exposure to WCS or CSE increased the abundance of components of autophagy and receptor-mediated mitophagy in all models. Although mitochondrial content and dynamics appeared to be unaltered in response to CS, changes in both the molecular control of mitochondrial biogenesis and a shift toward an increased glycolytic metabolism were observed in particular in differentiated cultures. These alterations persisted, at least in part, after chronic exposure to WCS during differentiation and upon subsequent discontinuation of WCS exposure. In conclusion, smoke exposure alters the regulation of mitochondrial metabolism in airway epithelial cells, but observed alterations may differ between various culture models used. This article has an associated First Person interview with the joint first authors of the paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christy B. M. Tulen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Daan Beentjes
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Phyllis J. J. Jessen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis K. Ninaber
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Niki L. Reynaert
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Primary Lung Culture Facility, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frederik-Jan van Schooten
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Antoon Opperhuizen
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Office of Risk Assessment and Research, Netherlands Food and Consumer Product Safety Authority, PO Box 8433, 3503 RK Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter S. Hiemstra
- Department of Pulmonology, Leiden University Medical Center, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander H. V. Remels
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cipollina C, Bruno A, Fasola S, Cristaldi M, Patella B, Inguanta R, Vilasi A, Aiello G, La Grutta S, Torino C, Pace E. Cellular and Molecular Signatures of Oxidative Stress in Bronchial Epithelial Cell Models Injured by Cigarette Smoke Extract. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:1770. [PMID: 35163691 PMCID: PMC8836577 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure of the airways epithelium to environmental insults, including cigarette smoke, results in increased oxidative stress due to unbalance between oxidants and antioxidants in favor of oxidants. Oxidative stress is a feature of inflammation and promotes the progression of chronic lung diseases, including Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Increased oxidative stress leads to exhaustion of antioxidant defenses, alterations in autophagy/mitophagy and cell survival regulatory mechanisms, thus promoting cell senescence. All these events are amplified by the increase of inflammation driven by oxidative stress. Several models of bronchial epithelial cells are used to study the molecular mechanisms and the cellular functions altered by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure, and to test the efficacy of molecules with antioxidant properties. This review offers a comprehensive synthesis of human in-vitro and ex-vivo studies published from 2011 to 2021 describing the molecular and cellular mechanisms evoked by CSE exposure in bronchial epithelial cells, the most used experimental models and the mechanisms of action of cellular antioxidants systems as well as natural and synthetic antioxidant compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Cipollina
- Ri.MED Foundation, 90133 Palermo, Italy; (C.C.); (M.C.)
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
| | - Andreina Bruno
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Salvatore Fasola
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | | | - Bernardo Patella
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Rosalinda Inguanta
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Antonio Vilasi
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Giuseppe Aiello
- Department of Engineering, University of Palermo, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (B.P.); (R.I.); (G.A.)
| | - Stefania La Grutta
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| | - Claudia Torino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy;
| | - Elisabetta Pace
- Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy; (A.B.); (S.F.); (S.L.G.); (E.P.)
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, National Research Council, 90146 Palermo, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Rayner RE, Wellmerling J, Makena P, Zhao J, Prasad GL, Cormet-Boyaka E. Transcriptomic Response of Primary Human Bronchial Cells to Repeated Exposures of Cigarette and ENDS Preparations. Cell Biochem Biophys 2021; 80:217-228. [PMID: 34767151 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-021-01042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoke deregulates several biological pathways by modulating gene expression in airway epithelial cells and altering the physiology of the airway epithelium. The effects of repeated exposures of electronic cigarette delivery systems (ENDS) on gene expression in airway epithelium are relatively unknown. In order to assess the effect of repeated exposures of ENDS, primary normal human bronchial epithelial (NHBE) cells grown at air-liquid interface (ALI) were exposed to cigarette and ENDS preparations daily for 10 days. Cigarette smoke preparations significantly altered gene expression in a dose-dependent manner compared to vehicle control, including genes linked to oxidative stress, xenobiotic metabolism, cancer pathways, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, fatty acid metabolism, degradation of collagen and extracellular matrix, O-glycosylation, and chemokines/cytokines, which are known pathways found to be altered in smokers. Conversely, ENDS preparations had minimal effect on transcriptional pathways. This study revealed that a sub-chronic exposure of primary NHBE cultures to cigarette and ENDS preparations differentially regulated genes and canonical pathways, with minimal effect observed with ENDS preparations compared to cigarette preparations. This study also demonstrates the versatility of primary NHBE cultures at ALI to evaluate repeat-dose exposures of tobacco products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachael E Rayner
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - Jack Wellmerling
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | | | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA
| | - G L Prasad
- Prasad Scientific Consulting LLC, Lewisville, NC, USA.,Prior employee of RAI Services Company, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Estelle Cormet-Boyaka
- Department of Veterinary Biosciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, 43210, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiong R, Wu L, Wu Y, Muskhelishvili L, Wu Q, Chen Y, Chen T, Bryant M, Rosenfeldt H, Healy SM, Cao X. Transcriptome analysis reveals lung-specific miRNAs associated with impaired mucociliary clearance induced by cigarette smoke in an in vitro human airway tissue model. Arch Toxicol 2021; 95:1763-1778. [PMID: 33704509 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-021-03016-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is strongly associated with impaired mucociliary clearance (MCC), which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of CS-induced respiratory diseases, such as chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD). In this study, we aimed to identify microRNAs (miRNAs) that are associated with impaired MCC caused by CS in an in vitro human air-liquid-interface (ALI) airway tissue model. ALI cultures were exposed to CS (diluted with 0.5 L/min, 1.0 L/min, and 4.0 L/min of clean air) from smoking five 3R4F University of Kentucky reference cigarettes under the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) machine smoking regimen, every other day for 1 week (a total of 3 days, 40 min/day). Transcriptome analyses of ALI cultures exposed to the high concentration of CS identified 5090 differentially expressed genes and 551 differentially expressed miRNAs after the third exposure. Genes involved in ciliary function and ciliogenesis were significantly perturbed by repeated CS exposures, leading to changes in cilia beating frequency and ciliary protein expression. In particular, a time-dependent decrease in the expression of miR-449a, a conserved miRNA highly enriched in ciliated airway epithelia and implicated in motile ciliogenesis, was observed in CS-exposed cultures. Similar alterations in miR-449a have been reported in smokers with COPD. Network analysis further indicates that downregulation of miR-449a by CS may derepress cell-cycle proteins, which, in turn, interferes with ciliogenesis. Investigating the effects of CS on transcriptome profile in human ALI cultures may provide not only mechanistic insights, but potential early biomarkers for CS exposure and harm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Xiong
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Leihong Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Yue Wu
- Division of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | | | - Qiangen Wu
- Division of Biochemical Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Ying Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Tao Chen
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA
| | - Matthew Bryant
- Office of Scientific Coordination, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, 72079, AR, USA
| | - Hans Rosenfeldt
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Sheila M Healy
- Division of Nonclinical Science, Center for Tobacco Products, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Xuefei Cao
- Division of Genetic and Molecular Toxicology, National Center for Toxicological Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, 72079, USA.
| |
Collapse
|