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Koziol-White C, Gebski E, Cao G, Panettieri RA. Precision cut lung slices: an integrated ex vivo model for studying lung physiology, pharmacology, disease pathogenesis and drug discovery. Respir Res 2024; 25:231. [PMID: 38824592 PMCID: PMC11144351 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-024-02855-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Precision Cut Lung Slices (PCLS) have emerged as a sophisticated and physiologically relevant ex vivo model for studying the intricacies of lung diseases, including fibrosis, injury, repair, and host defense mechanisms. This innovative methodology presents a unique opportunity to bridge the gap between traditional in vitro cell cultures and in vivo animal models, offering researchers a more accurate representation of the intricate microenvironment of the lung. PCLS require the precise sectioning of lung tissue to maintain its structural and functional integrity. These thin slices serve as invaluable tools for various research endeavors, particularly in the realm of airway diseases. By providing a controlled microenvironment, precision-cut lung slices empower researchers to dissect and comprehend the multifaceted interactions and responses within lung tissue, thereby advancing our understanding of pulmonary pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Koziol-White
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA.
| | - Eric Gebski
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Gaoyaun Cao
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
| | - Reynold A Panettieri
- Rutgers Institute for Translational Medicine and Science, The State University of NJ, 08901, Rutgers, New Brunswick, NJ, USA
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Hoeffner C, Worek F, Amend N. Effects of organophosphates on precision-cut kidney slices. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38745427 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2024.2356184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 05/12/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate (OP) poisoning, both accidental and with suicidal intent, is a global medical challenge. While the primary toxicity of these pesticides is based on the inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE), case reports describe patients developing OP-mediated renal insufficiency. We set out to investigate possible pathomechanisms utilizing rat precision-cut kidney slices (PCKS). Depending on the method of investigation, PCKS were observed for a maximum of 10 days. PCKS exposed to OP compounds (malaoxon, malathion, paraoxon, parathion) showed a dose-dependent loss of viability and a reduction of total protein content over the course of 10 days. A concentration of 500 µM OP showed the most differences between OP compounds. After two days of incubation parathion showed a significantly lower level of viability than malathion. The respective effects of paraoxon and malaoxon were not significantly different from the control. However, effects of OP were only observed in concentrations exceeding those that were needed to achieve significant AChE inhibition in rat kidney tissue. In addition, we observed histological changes, without inducing LDH leakage. Overall, results suggest that OP exert effects in kidney tissue, that exceed those expected from the sole inhibition of AChE and vary between compounds. Without signs of necrosis, findings call for studies that address other possible pathomechanisms, including inflammatory response, oxidative stress or activation of apoptosis to further understand the nephrotoxicity of OP compounds. Monitoring oxon concentration over time, we demonstrated reduced enzyme-inhibiting properties in the presence of PCKS, suggesting interactions between OP compound and kidney tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hoeffner
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - F Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - N Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
- Walther-Straub-Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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Horn G, Demel T, Rothmiller S, Amend N, Worek F. The influence of the model pesticides parathion and paraoxon on human cytochrome P450 and associated oxygenases in HepaRG cells. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2024; 62:288-295. [PMID: 38874383 DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2024.2361879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Intentional and unintentional organophosphorus pesticide exposure is a public health concern. Organothiophosphate compounds require metabolic bioactivation by the cytochrome P450 system to their corresponding oxon analogues to act as potent inhibitors of acetylcholinesterase. It is known that interactions between cytochrome P450 and pesticides include the inhibition of major xenobiotic metabolizing cytochrome P450 enzymes and changes on the genetic level. METHODS In this in vitro study, the influence of the pesticides parathion and paraoxon on human cytochrome P450 and associated oxygenases was investigated with a metabolically competent cell line (HepaRG cells). First, the viability of the cells after exposure to parathion and paraoxon was evaluated. The inhibitory effect of both pesticides on cytochrome P450 3A4, which is a pivotal enzyme in the metabolism of xenobiotics, was examined by determining the dose-response curve. Changes on the transcription level of 92 oxygenase associated genes, including those for important cytochrome P450 enzymes, were evaluated. RESULTS The exposure of HepaRG cells to parathion and paraoxon at concentrations up to 100 µM resulted in a viability of 100 per cent. After exposure for 24 hours, pronounced inhibition of cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme activity was shown, indicating 50 per cent effective concentrations of 1.2 µM (parathion) and 2.1 µM (paraoxon). The results revealed that cytochrome P450 involved in parathion metabolism were significantly upregulated. DISCUSSION Relevant changes of the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme activity and significant alteration of genes associated with cytochrome P450 suggest an interference of pesticide exposure with numerous metabolic processes. The major limitations of the work involve the use of a single pesticide and the in vitro model as surrogate to human hepatocytes. CONCLUSION The data of this study might be of relevance after survival of acute, life-threatening intoxications with organophosphorus compounds, particularly for the co-administration of drugs, which are metabolized by the affected cytochrome P450.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Demel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Simone Rothmiller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Niko Amend
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Munich, Germany
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Pulkrabkova L, Muckova L, Hrabinova M, Sorf A, Kobrlova T, Jost P, Bezdekova D, Korabecny J, Jun D, Soukup O. Differentiated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells as a model for evaluation of nerve agent-associated neurotoxicity. Arch Toxicol 2023; 97:2209-2217. [PMID: 37221426 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus compounds (OPs) involving life-threatening nerve agents (NA) have been known for several decades. Despite a clear mechanism of their lethality caused by the irreversible inhibition of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and manifested via overstimulation of peripheral nicotinic and muscarinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors, the mechanism for central neurotoxicity responsible for acute or delayed symptoms of the poisoning has not been thoroughly uncovered. One of the reasons is the lack of a suitable model. In our study, we have chosen the SH-SY5Y model in both the differentiated and undifferentiated state to study the effects of NAs (GB, VX and A234). The activity of expressed AChE in cell lysate assessed by Ellman's method showed 7.3-times higher activity in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells in contrast to undifferentiated cells, and with no involvement of BuChE as proved by ethopropazine (20 µM). The activity of AChE was found to be, in comparison to untreated cells, 16-, 9.3-, and 1.9-times lower upon A234, VX, and GB (100 µM) administration respectively. The cytotoxic effect of given OPs expressed as the IC50 values for differentiated and undifferentiated SH-SY5Y, respectively, was found 12 mM and 5.7 mM (A234), 4.8 mM and 1.1 mM (VX) and 2.6 mM and 3.8 mM (GB). In summary, although our results confirm higher AChE expression in the differentiated SH-SY5Y cell model, the such higher expression does not lead to a more pronounced NA cytotoxic effect. On the contrary, higher expression of AChE may attenuate NA-induced cytotoxicity by scavenging the NA. Such finding highlights a protective role for cholinesterases by scavenging Novichoks (A-agents). Second, we confirmed the mechanism of cytotoxicity of NAs, including A-agents, can be ascribed rather to the non-specific effects of OPs than to AChE-mediated effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenka Pulkrabkova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Lubica Muckova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hrabinova
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Sorf
- Department of Social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University, Akademika Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Kobrlova
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Jost
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Bezdekova
- Department of Experimental Neurobiology, National Institute of Mental Health, Topolova 748, Klecany, Czech Republic
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine of Charles University, Ruska 2411/87, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Korabecny
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Jun
- Department of Toxicology and Military Pharmacy, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
| | - Ondrej Soukup
- University Hospital Hradec Kralove, Biomedical Research Center, Sokolska 581, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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Alex A V, Mukherjee A. An ultrasensitive "mix-and-detect" kind of fluorescent biosensor for malaoxon detection using the AChE-ATCh-Ag-GO system. RSC Adv 2023; 13:14159-14170. [PMID: 37180011 PMCID: PMC10167908 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra02253f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaoxon, a highly toxic metabolite of malathion, can lead to severe harm or death if ingested. This study introduces a rapid and innovative fluorescent biosensor that relies on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition for detecting malaoxon using Ag-GO nanohybrid. The synthesized nanomaterials (GO, Ag-GO) were evaluated with multiple characterization methods to confirm their elemental composition, morphology, and crystalline structure. The fabricated biosensor works by utilizing AChE to catalyze the substrate acetylthiocholine (ATCh), which generates positively charged thiocholine (TCh) and triggers citrate-coated AgNP aggregation on the GO sheet, leading to an increase in fluorescence emission at 423 nm. However, the presence of malaoxon inhibits the AChE action and reduces the production of TCh, resulting in a decrease in fluorescence emission intensity. This mechanism allows the biosensor to detect a wide range of malaoxon concentrations with excellent linearity and low LOD and LOQ values of 0.001 pM to 1000 pM, 0.9 fM, and 3 fM, respectively. The biosensor also demonstrated superior inhibitory efficacy towards malaoxon compared to other OP pesticides, indicating its resistance to external influences. In practical sample testing, the biosensor displayed recoveries of over 98% with extremely low RSD% values. Based on the results obtained from the study, it can be concluded that the developed biosensor has the potential to be used in various real-world applications for detecting malaoxon in food, and water samples, with high sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinotha Alex A
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India +91 416 2202620
| | - Amitava Mukherjee
- Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology Vellore 632014 India +91 416 2202620
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Nafea O, Ibrahim F, Abdelhamid W. The reversed De Ritis ratio for predicting in-hospital mortality among intensive care patients with organophosphate poisoning. Biomarkers 2023; 28:111-117. [PMID: 36377078 DOI: 10.1080/1354750x.2022.2148746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The uncontrolled use of pesticides signifies a substantial health hazard. This study was designed to explore the prognostic role of on-admission hepatic aminotransferases [alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the reversed De Ritis ratio (ALT/AST)] in the prediction of in-hospital mortality among patients with acute organophosphate (OP) poisoning. PATIENTS AND METHODS We conducted a retrospective study based on extracting the required information from the specific medical records for acutely OP-intoxicated patients admitted to the intensive care unit. RESULTS A total of 49 acutely malathion-intoxicated patients were enrolled in the study. The in-hospital mortality rate was 32.7%. Patients were stratified into survivors and non-survivors. Compared to the survivors, the non-survivors had significantly lower Glasgow coma scale scores, mean arterial blood pressure, significantly higher reversed De Ritis ratio (ALT/AST), and ALT and AST activities. The reversed De Ritis ratio (ALT/AST) and ALT demonstrated good discrimination between the survivors and the non-survivors with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.708 vs 0.781, respectively, however, AST showed satisfactory discrimination, AUC of 0.694. CONCLUSION Hepatic aminotransferases are useful in predicting in-hospital mortality in acute OP poisoning. ALT is the most specific biomarker. However, the reversed De Ritis ratio (ALT/AST) is the most sensitive one.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nafea
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt.,Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatma Ibrahim
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Walaa Abdelhamid
- Forensic Medicine and Clinical Toxicology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt
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Horn G, Kranawetvogl T, John H, Weigel C, Rauen U, Worek F, Wille T. Human HepaRG liver spheroids: cold storage protocol and study on pyridinium oxime-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. Chem Biol Interact 2023; 369:110285. [PMID: 36442613 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2022.110285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Oximes play an essential role in the therapy of organophosphorus compound (OP) poisoning by reactivating inhibited acetylcholinesterase. Impairment of liver function was observed in OP poisoning and associated with obidoxime treatment by some reports. In this study human three-dimensional HepaRG spheroids were used as complex in vitro model to investigate oxime-induced liver toxicity. In this context, cold storage of liver spheroids at 4 °C in standard culture medium and in optimized tissue preservation solutions of up to 72 h was assessed. Cold storage in standard culture medium resulted in a complete loss of viability whereas an optimized tissue preservation solution preserved viability. Separately from that liver spheroids were exposed to the four oximes pralidoxime, obidoxime, HI-6, MMB-4 and cytotoxicity (effective concentration, EC50) was determined with an ATP-based assay at several time points. The release of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and albumin secretion was measured in supernatants. The same parameters were assessed with diclofenac as positive hepatotoxic control and with the OP pesticides malathion and malaoxon alone or in the presence of obidoxime. All individual tested oximes and OP showed a low cytotoxicity with effective concentrations mostly >2,000 μM. In contrast, the exposure to malaoxon in the presence of 1,000 μM obidoxime resulted in a marked decrease of viability and an increased release of AST indicating risk of liver injury only if oxime antidotes are strongly overdosed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Horn
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Tamara Kranawetvogl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald John
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Carlotta Weigel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Ursula Rauen
- Institut für Physiologische Chemie, Universitätsklinikum, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122, Essen, Germany
| | - Franz Worek
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany
| | - Timo Wille
- Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Neuherbergstrasse 11, 80937, Munich, Germany.
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Organophosphorus Pesticides as Modulating Substances of Inflammation through the Cholinergic Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23094523. [PMID: 35562914 PMCID: PMC9104626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23094523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Organophosphorus pesticides (OPs) are widespread insecticides used for pest control in agricultural activities and the control of the vectors of human and animal diseases. However, OPs’ neurotoxic mechanism involves cholinergic components, which, beyond being involved in the transmission of neuronal signals, also influence the activity of cytokines and other pro-inflammatory molecules; thus, acute and chronic exposure to OPs may be related to the development of chronic degenerative pathologies and other inflammatory diseases. The present article reviews and discusses the experimental evidence linking inflammatory process with OP-induced cholinergic dysregulation, emphasizing the molecular mechanisms related to the role of cytokines and cellular alterations in humans and other animal models, and possible therapeutic targets to inhibit inflammation.
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