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Kaykı-Mutlu G, Papazisi O, Palmen M, Danser AHJ, Michel MC, Arioglu-Inan E. Cardiac and Vascular α 1-Adrenoceptors in Congestive Heart Failure: A Systematic Review. Cells 2020; 9:E2412. [PMID: 33158106 PMCID: PMC7694190 DOI: 10.3390/cells9112412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As heart failure (HF) is a devastating health problem worldwide, a better understanding and the development of more effective therapeutic approaches are required. HF is characterized by sympathetic system activation which stimulates α- and β-adrenoceptors (ARs). The exposure of the cardiovascular system to the increased locally released and circulating levels of catecholamines leads to a well-described downregulation and desensitization of β-ARs. However, information on the role of α-AR is limited. We have performed a systematic literature review examining the role of both cardiac and vascular α1-ARs in HF using 5 databases for our search. All three α1-AR subtypes (α1A, α1B and α1D) are expressed in human and animal hearts and blood vessels in a tissue-dependent manner. We summarize the changes observed in HF regarding the density, signaling and responses of α1-ARs. Conflicting findings arise from different studies concerning the influence that HF has on α1-AR expression and function; in contrast to β-ARs there is no consistent evidence for down-regulation or desensitization of cardiac or vascular α1-ARs. Whether α1-ARs are a therapeutic target in HF remains a matter of debate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gizem Kaykı-Mutlu
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (G.K.-M.); (E.A.-I.)
| | - Olga Papazisi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (O.P.); (M.P.)
| | - Meindert Palmen
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Leiden University Medical Center, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands; (O.P.); (M.P.)
| | - A. H. Jan Danser
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Erasmus Medical Center, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Martin C. Michel
- Department of Pharmacology, Johannes Gutenberg University, 55131 Mainz, Germany
| | - Ebru Arioglu-Inan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06560 Ankara, Turkey; (G.K.-M.); (E.A.-I.)
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2
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Studying β 1 and β 2 adrenergic receptor signals in cardiac cells using FRET-based sensors. PROGRESS IN BIOPHYSICS AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 154:30-38. [PMID: 31266653 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbiomolbio.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cyclic 3'-5' adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) is a key modulator of cardiac function. Thanks to the sophisticated organization of its pathway in distinct functional units called microdomains, cAMP is involved in the regulation of both inotropy and chronotropy as well as transcription and cardiac death. While visualization of cAMP microdomains can be achieved thanks to cAMP-sensitive FRET-based sensors, the molecular mechanisms through which cAMP-generating stimuli are coupled to distinct functional outcomes are not well understood. One possibility is that each stimulus activates multiple microdomains in order to generate a spatiotemporal code that translates into function. To test this hypothesis here we propose a series of experimental protocols that allow to simultaneously follow cAMP or Protein Kinase A (PKA)-dependent phosphorylation in different subcellular compartments of living cells. We investigate the responses of β Adrenergic receptors (β1AR and β2AR) challenged with selective drugs that enabled us to measure the actions of each receptor independently. At the whole cell level, we used a combination of co-culture with selective βAR stimulation and were able to molecularly separate cardiac fibroblasts from neonatal rat ventricular myocytes based on their cAMP responses. On the other hand, at the subcellular level, these experimental protocols allowed us to dissect the relative weight of β1 and β2 adrenergic receptors on cAMP signalling at the cytosol and outer mitochondrial membrane of NRVMs. We propose that experimental procedures that allow the collection of multiparametric data are necessary in order to understand the molecular mechanisms underlying the coupling between extracellular signals and cellular responses.
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Muscle Atrophy: Present and Future. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2018; 1088:605-624. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-1435-3_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Raake PWJ, Tscheschner H, Reinkober J, Ritterhoff J, Katus HA, Koch WJ, Most P. Gene therapy targets in heart failure: the path to translation. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:542-53. [PMID: 21866097 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is the common end point of cardiac diseases. Despite the optimization of therapeutic strategies and the consequent overall reduction in HF-related mortality, the key underlying intracellular signal transduction abnormalities have not been addressed directly. In this regard, the gaps in modern HF therapy include derangement of β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) signaling, Ca(2+) disbalances, cardiac myocyte death, diastolic dysfunction, and monogenetic cardiomyopathies. In this review we discuss the potential of gene therapy to fill these gaps and rectify abnormalities in intracellular signaling. We also examine current vector technology and currently available vector-delivery strategies, and we delineate promising gene therapy structures. Finally, we analyze potential limitations related to the transfer of successful preclinical gene therapy approaches to HF treatment in the clinic, as well as impending strategies aimed at overcoming these limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- P W J Raake
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine III, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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Regulation of contractility and metabolic signaling by the β2-adrenergic receptor in rat ventricular muscle. Life Sci 2011; 88:892-7. [PMID: 21466811 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2011.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2010] [Revised: 03/08/2011] [Accepted: 03/25/2011] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Cardiac function is modulated by the sympathetic nervous system through β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) activity and this represents the main regulatory mechanism for cardiac performance. To date, however, the metabolic and molecular responses to β(2)-agonists are not well characterized. Therefore, we studied the inotropic effect and signaling response to selective β(2)-AR activation by tulobuterol. MAIN METHODS Strips of rat right ventricle were electrically stimulated (1Hz) in standard Tyrode solution (95% O(2), 5% CO(2)) in the presence of the β(1)-antagonist CGP-20712A (1μM). A cumulative dose-response curve for tulobuterol (0.1-10μM), in the presence or absence of the phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor IBMX (30μM), or 10min incubation (1μM) with the β(2)-agonist tulobuterol was performed. KEY FINDINGS β(2)-AR stimulation induced a positive inotropic effect (maximal effect=33±3.3%) and a decrease in the time required for half relaxation (from 45±0.6 to 31±1.8ms, -30%, p<0.001) after the inhibition of PDEs. After 10min of β(2)-AR stimulation, p-AMPKα(T172) (54%), p-PKB(T308) (38%), p-AS160(T642) (46%) and p-CREB(S133) (63%) increased, without any change in p-PKA(T197). SIGNIFICANCE These results suggest that the regulation of ventricular contractility is not the primary function of the β(2)-AR. Rather, β(2)-AR could function to activate PKB and AMPK signaling, thereby modulating muscle mass and energetic metabolism of rat ventricular muscle.
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Abstract
Increasing numbers of compounds, previously classified as antagonists, were shown to inhibit this spontaneous or constitutive receptor activity, instead of leave it unaffected as expected for a formal antagonist. In addition, some other antagonists did not have any effect by themselves, but prevented the inhibition of constitutive activity induced by thought-to-be antagonists. These thought-to-be antagonists with negative efficacy are now known as "inverse agonists." Inverse agonism at βAR has been evidenced for both subtypes in wild-type GPCRs systems and in engineered systems with high constitutive activity. It is important to mention that native systems are of particular importance for analyzing the in vivo relevance of constitutive activity because these systems have physiological expression levels of target receptors. Studies of inverse agonism of β blockers in physiological setting have also evidenced that pathophysiological conditions can affect pharmacodynamic properties of these ligands. To date, hundreds of clinically well-known drugs have been tested and classified for this property. Prominent examples include the beta-blockers propranolol, alprenolol, pindolol, and timolol used for treating hypertension, angina pectoris, and arrhythmia that act on the β₂ARs, metoprolol, and bisoprolol used for treating hypertension, coronary heart disease, and arrhythmias by acting on β₁ARs. Inverse agonists seem to be useful in the treatment of chronic disease characterized by harmful effects resulting from β₁AR and β₂AR overactivation, such as heart failure and asthma, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Taira
- Cátedra de Farmacología, Instituto de Fisiopatología y Bioquímica Clínica, Universidad de Buenos Aires, CONICET, Junín 956, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Chronic formoterol administration reduces cardiac mitochondrial protein synthesis and oxidative capacity in mice. Int J Cardiol 2010; 146:270-2. [PMID: 21095020 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2010.10.078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Accepted: 10/23/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Zhao FP, Guo Z, Wang PF. Calcitonin gene related peptide (CGRP) inhibits norepinephrine induced apoptosis in cultured rat cardiomyocytes not via PKA or PKC pathways. Neurosci Lett 2010; 482:163-6. [PMID: 20650306 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2010.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2010] [Revised: 07/08/2010] [Accepted: 07/13/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Evidence showed overrelease of norepinephrine can induce apoptosis in ventricle myocytes. Calcitonin gene related peptide and norepinephrine could be simultaneously up-regulated in early time of acute myocardial ischemia, suggesting a co-participation of calcitonin gene related peptide and norepinephrine in the pathology. In this study, we investigated a potential anti-apoptotic effect of calcitonin gene related peptide on myocardial apoptosis induced by norepinephrine and its link with the protein kinase A (PKA) or protein kinase C (PKC) pathway in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Cultured cardiomyocytes were exposed to one of the treatments, separately: (1) 3 ml DMEM culture medium, (2) norepinephrine (10(-5)mol/l), (3) H89 (3 x 10(-5)mol/l), a specific PKA inhibitor, with norepinephrine (10(-5)mol/l), (4) calcitonin gene related peptide at a range of concentrations (10(-9)mol/l, 10(-8)mol/l and 10(-7)mol/l) with norepinephrine (10(-5)mol/l) and (5) calcitonin gene related peptide (10(-8)mol/l) with norepinephrine (10(-5)mol/l)+CGRP(8-7) (10(-7)mol/l), a specific antagonist of calcitonin gene related peptide receptor. Then, apoptosis rate and the activity of PKA and PKC were examined. The dose of norepinephrine induced a marked increase in apoptosis of the myocytes (31+/-2%), compared to the control (17+/-4%, p<0.05). The pro-apoptotic effect of norepinephrine was attenuated by H89 (3 x 10(-5)mol/l) or by calcitonin gene related peptide which could be completely reversed by CGRP(8-37). The activities of PKA and PKC were increased by norepinephrine but no difference in the activities of PKA and PKC was detected in the presence and absence of co-treatment with calcitonin gene related peptide (10(-8)mol/l). Calcitonin gene related peptide inhibits norepinephrine induced apoptosis in cultured cardiomyocytes, which is mediated by CGRP receptor but unlikely to be mediated by PKA or PKC pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Ping Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, China
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Ryall JG, Lynch GS. The potential and the pitfalls of β-adrenoceptor agonists for the management of skeletal muscle wasting. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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10
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Bartholomeu JB, Vanzelli AS, Rolim NP, Ferreira JC, Bechara LR, Tanaka LY, Rosa KT, Alves MM, Medeiros A, Mattos KC, Coelho MA, Irigoyen MC, Krieger EM, Krieger JE, Negrão CE, Ramires PR, Guatimosim S, Brum PC. Intracellular mechanisms of specific β-adrenoceptor antagonists involved in improved cardiac function and survival in a genetic model of heart failure. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2008; 45:240-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2007] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is considerable increase in the use of left ventricular assist devices for the treatment of severe heart failure. Traditionally viewed as a bridge to transplantation and more recently as a destination therapy, left ventricular assist device support is now recognized to offer potential for myocardial recovery through reverse remodeling, a potential that is further enhanced by combination with pharmacologic therapy. In this study, we examine the molecular changes associated with left ventricular assist device support and how these may contribute to the recovery process. RECENT FINDINGS Studies in both patients and experimental models have demonstrated that improved function is associated with alterations in several key pathways including cell survival, cytokine signaling, calcium handling, adrenergic receptor signaling, cytoskeletal and contractile proteins, energy metabolism, extracellular matrix, and endothelial and microvascular functions. Moreover, the unique research opportunities offered by left ventricular assist device analysis are beginning to distinguish changes associated with recovery from those of mechanical unloading alone and identify potential predictors and novel therapeutic targets capable of enhancing myocardial repair. SUMMARY Significant progress has been made toward revealing molecular changes associated with myocardial recovery from heart failure. These studies also offer new insight into the pathogenesis of heart failure and point to novel therapeutic strategies.
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Lynch GS, Ryall JG. Role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: implications for muscle wasting and disease. Physiol Rev 2008; 88:729-67. [PMID: 18391178 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00028.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The importance of beta-adrenergic signaling in the heart has been well documented, but it is only more recently that we have begun to understand the importance of this signaling pathway in skeletal muscle. There is considerable evidence regarding the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic system with beta-adrenoceptor agonists (beta-agonists). Although traditionally used for treating bronchospasm, it became apparent that some beta-agonists could increase skeletal muscle mass and decrease body fat. These so-called "repartitioning effects" proved desirable for the livestock industry trying to improve feed efficiency and meat quality. Studying beta-agonist effects on skeletal muscle has identified potential therapeutic applications for muscle wasting conditions such as sarcopenia, cancer cachexia, denervation, and neuromuscular diseases, aiming to attenuate (or potentially reverse) the muscle wasting and associated muscle weakness, and to enhance muscle growth and repair after injury. Some undesirable cardiovascular side effects of beta-agonists have so far limited their therapeutic potential. This review describes the physiological significance of beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle and examines the effects of beta-agonists on skeletal muscle structure and function. In addition, we examine the proposed beneficial effects of beta-agonist administration on skeletal muscle along with some of the less desirable cardiovascular effects. Understanding beta-adrenergic signaling in skeletal muscle is important for identifying new therapeutic targets and identifying novel approaches to attenuate the muscle wasting concomitant with many diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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Expression of cTnI-R145G affects shortening properties of adult rat cardiomyocytes. Pflugers Arch 2008; 457:17-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-008-0487-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2007] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Ahmet I, Krawczyk M, Zhu W, Woo AYH, Morrell C, Poosala S, Xiao RP, Lakatta EG, Talan MI. Cardioprotective and Survival Benefits of Long-Term Combined Therapy with β2 Adrenoreceptor (AR) Agonist and β1 AR Blocker in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Postmyocardial Infarction. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2008; 325:491-9. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.107.135335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Bond RA, Spina D, Parra S, Page CP. Getting to the heart of asthma: can "beta blockers" be useful to treat asthma? Pharmacol Ther 2007; 115:360-74. [PMID: 17681610 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2007.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2007] [Accepted: 04/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists are the mainstay for the acute symptomatic treatment of asthma and provide effective bronchoprotection to a wide range of bronchoconstrictor agents. However, over the past 4 decades there has been a continuing debate concerning whether regular chronic treatment with these drugs may be doing more harm than good. The FDA's recent decision to add black box warnings concerning the regular use of salmeterol- and formoterol-containing compounds, as well as their decision not to recommend agents containing long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists as first-line therapy, seems to confirm the concerns regarding the regular use of the long-acting beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists. A similar debate arose in the late 1980s concerning the use of beta-adrenoceptor agonists in the treatment of heart failure. In this disease, short-term use of beta agonists is associated with increased cardiac index and stroke volume, yet their long-term use is associated with increased morbidity and mortality. Moreover, certain beta blockers that are initially detrimental when used short term are now considered beneficial in the treatment of this disease when used chronically. Here, there is a parallel, as beta blockers are contraindicated in patients with asthma but the use of beta blockers chronically has never been evaluated. This begs the question of whether a similar paradigm shift is applicable in the treatment of asthma and whether under certain circumstances the long-term use of certain beta blockers may be useful in the treatment of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Bond
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Houston, 521 Science and Research Building 2, Houston, TX 77204-5037, USA.
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Shan D, Wang H, Su Y, Jing Y, Wong TM. κ-opioid receptor stimulation inhibits cardiac hypertrophy induced by β1-adrenoceptor stimulation in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 555:100-5. [PMID: 17126321 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2006.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2005] [Revised: 10/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/19/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
To test the hypothesis that kappa-opioid receptor stimulation inhibits cardiac hypertrophy induced by beta1-adrenoceptor stimulation, we determined the effects of trans-(+/-)-3,4-dichloro-N-methyl-N-[2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl]-benzeneacetamide methanesulfonate salt (U50,488H), a selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist, on cardiac hypertrophy induced by isoprenaline, a selective beta-adrenoceptor agonist, in neonatal ventricular myocytes upon blockade of beta2-adrenoceptor. Hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes was determined by increases in (i) total protein content; (ii) [3H]leucine incorporation; and iii) cell size. 10 micromol/l isoprenaline increased all three parameters. The effects were abolished by 2 micromol/l propranolol, a beta-adrenergic receptor antagonist, or 300 nmol/l CGP20712A, a beta1-adrenoceptor antagonist, but not by 100 nmol/l ICI118,551, a beta2-adrenoceptor antagonist. The effects were also abolished by Rp-cAMPs 100 micromol/l, a protein kinase A inhibitor and not by pertussis toxin 5 mg/l. The effects of isoprenaline in the presence or absence of ICI118,551 were also abolished by 1 micromol/l U50,488H. The inhibitory effects of U50,488H were abolished by 1 micromol/l nor-binaltorphimine, a selective kappa-opioid receptor antagonist. U50,488H also abolished the increases in the amplitude and frequency of the spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ transient induced by 10 micromol/l isoprenaline in the presence or absence of ICI118,551, an effect also abolished by nor-binaltorphimine. In conclusion the results show that kappa-opioid receptor stimulation abolished both the cardiac hypertrophy and enhanced amplitude and frequency of the spontaneous intracellular Ca2+ transient induced by beta1-adrenoceptor stimulation.
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MESH Headings
- 3,4-Dichloro-N-methyl-N-(2-(1-pyrrolidinyl)-cyclohexyl)-benzeneacetamide, (trans)-Isomer/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Antagonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Adrenergic beta-Antagonists/pharmacology
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/metabolism
- Cardiomegaly/pathology
- Cell Size/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Imidazoles/pharmacology
- Isoproterenol/pharmacology
- Leucine/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Propanolamines/pharmacology
- Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptors, Opioid, kappa/agonists
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Shan
- Key Lab of Molecular Biology and Drug Research, Jinzhou Medical College, Jinzhou, China
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18
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Ryall JG, Sillence MN, Lynch GS. Systemic administration of beta2-adrenoceptor agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, elicit skeletal muscle hypertrophy in rats at micromolar doses. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:587-95. [PMID: 16432501 PMCID: PMC1751341 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
beta(2)-Adrenoceptor agonists provide a potential therapy for muscle wasting and weakness, but their use may be limited by adverse effects on the heart, mediated in part, by beta(1)-adrenoceptor activation. Two beta(2)-agonists, formoterol and salmeterol, are approved for treating asthma and have an extended duration of action and increased safety, associated with greater beta(2)-adrenoceptor selectivity. The pharmacological profiles of formoterol and salmeterol and their effects on skeletal and cardiac muscle mass were investigated in 12-week-old, male F344 rats. Formoterol and salmeterol were each administered via daily i.p. injection at one of seven doses (ranging from 1 to 2,000 microg kg(-1) day(-1)), for 4 weeks. Rats were anaesthetised and the EDL and soleus muscles and the heart were excised and weighed. Dose-response curves were constructed based on skeletal and cardiac muscle hypertrophy. Formoterol was more potent than salmeterol, with a significantly lower ED(50) in EDL muscles (1 and 130 microg kg(-1) day(-1), P <0.05), whereas salmeterol had greater intrinsic activity than formoterol in both EDL and soleus muscles (12% greater hypertrophy than formoterol). The drugs had similar potency and intrinsic activity in the heart, with a smaller leftward shift for formoterol than seen in skeletal muscle. A dose of 25 microg kg(-1) day(-1) of formoterol elicited greater EDL and soleus hypertrophy than salmeterol, but resulted in similar beta-adrenoceptor downregulation. These results show that doses as low as 1 microg kg(-1) day(-1) of formoterol can elicit significant muscle hypertrophy with minimal cardiac hypertrophy and provide important information regarding the potential therapeutic use of formoterol and salmeterol for muscle wasting.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/administration & dosage
- Adrenergic beta-Agonists/pharmacology
- Albuterol/administration & dosage
- Albuterol/analogs & derivatives
- Albuterol/pharmacology
- Animals
- Cardiomegaly/chemically induced
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Down-Regulation
- Ethanolamines/administration & dosage
- Ethanolamines/pharmacology
- Formoterol Fumarate
- Heart/drug effects
- Male
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Fast-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/drug effects
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/metabolism
- Muscle Fibers, Slow-Twitch/pathology
- Muscle, Skeletal/drug effects
- Muscle, Skeletal/metabolism
- Muscle, Skeletal/pathology
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Myocardium/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Salmeterol Xinafoate
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Affiliation(s)
- James G Ryall
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Martin N Sillence
- School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Wagga Wagga, New South Wales 2678, Australia
| | - Gordon S Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Grattan Street, Victoria 3010, Australia
- Author for correspondence:
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Pönicke K, Gröner F, Heinroth-Hoffmann I, Brodde OE. Agonist-specific activation of the beta2-adrenoceptor/Gs-protein and beta2-adrenoceptor/Gi-protein pathway in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes. Br J Pharmacol 2006; 147:714-9. [PMID: 16474418 PMCID: PMC1751514 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0706674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In rat ventricular cardiomyocytes beta2-adrenoceptors (AR) couple to Gs- and Gi-protein, and evidence has accumulated that beta2-AR agonists can differentially activate either Gs- or Gs- and Gi-protein. In this study, in isolated adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, we assessed the effects of pertussis toxin (PTX) on beta2-AR agonist (terbutaline (TER), salbutamol (SAL) and fenoterol (FEN)) evoked inhibition of phenylephrine (PE)-induced increase in the rate of protein synthesis (assessed as [3H]phenylalanine incorporation) to find out which beta2-AR agonist activates selectively Gs- or Gs- and Gi-protein. PE (1 microM) increased the rate of protein synthesis from 100% to 130+/-2% (n = 34). FEN, TER and SAL (1 nM-10 microM) inhibited PE-induced increase in the rate of protein synthesis concentration-dependently. FEN inhibited PE effects almost completely (from 132+/-3 to 101+/-1%), whereas TER and SAL caused only partial inhibition (from 131+/-2 to 114+/-2 and 129+/-1 to 111+/-2%, respectively). Pretreatment of cardiomyocytes with PTX (250 ng ml(-1) for 16 h at 37 degrees C) did not affect FEN effects, but converted TER- and SAL-evoked partial inhibition into complete inhibition. Inhibitory effects of the three beta2-AR agonists were markedly attenuated by beta1-AR selective antagonist CGP 20712A (CGP) (300 nM); in contrast, beta2-AR selective antagonist ICI 118,551 (55 nM) inhibited the inhibitory effects of the three beta2-AR agonists only in PTX-pretreated cardiomyocytes,with beta1-AR blocked by CGP. We conclude that, in adult rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, FEN activates selectively the Gs protein-pathway, while TER and SAL activate the Gs- and Gi-protein pathways. Part of the effects of these three beta2-AR agonists appears to be mediated by beta1-AR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Pönicke
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 4, D-06097 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Ferdinand Gröner
- Departments of Nephrology and Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Heinroth-Hoffmann
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 4, D-06097 Halle, Saale, Germany
| | - Otto-Erich Brodde
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Magdeburger Strasse 4, D-06097 Halle, Saale, Germany
- Departments of Nephrology and Pathophysiology, University of Essen Medical School, Hufelandstrasse 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany
- Author for correspondence:
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20
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Brodde OE, Bruck H, Leineweber K. Cardiac adrenoceptors: physiological and pathophysiological relevance. J Pharmacol Sci 2006; 100:323-37. [PMID: 16612046 DOI: 10.1254/jphs.crj06001x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
At present, nine adrenoceptor (AR) subtypes have been identified: alpha(1A)-, alpha(1B)-, alpha(1D)-, alpha(2A)-, alpha(2B)-, alpha(2C)-, beta(1)-, beta(2)-, and beta(3)AR. In the human heart, beta(1)- and beta(2)AR are the most powerful physiologic mechanism to acutely increase cardiac performance. Changes in betaAR play an important role in chronic heart failure (CHF). Thus, due to increased sympathetic activity in CHF, betaAR are chronically (over)stimulated, and that results in beta(1)AR desensitization and alterations of down-stream mechanisms. However, several questions remain open: What is the role of beta(2)AR in CHF? What is the role of increases in cardiac G(i)-protein in CHF? Do increases in G-protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK)s play a role in CHF? Does betaAR-blocker treatment cause its beneficial effects in CHF, at least partly, by reducing GRK-activity? In this review these aspects of cardiac AR pharmacology in CHF are discussed. In addition, new insights into the functional importance of beta(1)- and beta(2)AR gene polymorphisms are discussed. At present it seems that for cardiovascular diseases, betaAR polymorphisms do not play a role as disease-causing genes; however, they might be risk factors, might modify disease, and/or might influence progression of disease. Furthermore, betaAR polymorphisms might influence drug responses. Thus, evidence has accumulated that a beta(1)AR polymorphism (the Arg389Gly beta(1)AR) may affect the response to betaAR-blocker treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Adrenergic beta-1 Receptor Agonists
- Adrenergic beta-2 Receptor Agonists
- Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism
- Dobutamine/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
- Heart/physiology
- Heart Failure/physiopathology
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Myocardium/metabolism
- Physical Conditioning, Animal
- Polymorphism, Genetic
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/physiology
- Terbutaline/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto-Erich Brodde
- Department of Pathophysiology, University of Essen School of Medicine, Germany.
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21
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Cazzola M, Matera MG, Donner CF. Inhaled beta2-adrenoceptor agonists: cardiovascular safety in patients with obstructive lung disease. Drugs 2006; 65:1595-610. [PMID: 16060696 DOI: 10.2165/00003495-200565120-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Although large surveys have documented the favourable safety profile of beta(2)-adrenoceptor agonists (beta(2)-agonists) and, above all, that of the long-acting agents, the presence in the literature of reports of adverse cardiovascular events in patients with obstructive airway disease must induce physicians to consider this eventuality. The coexistence of beta(1)- and beta(2)-adrenoceptors in the heart clearly indicates that beta(2)-agonists do have some effect on the heart, even when they are highly selective. It should also be taken into account that the beta(2)-agonists utilised in clinical practice have differing selectivities and potencies. beta(2)-agonist use has, in effect, been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction, congestive heart failure, cardiac arrest and sudden cardiac death. Moreover, patients who have either asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease may be at increased risk of cardiovascular complications because these diseases amplify the impact of these agents on the heart and, unfortunately, are a confounding factor when the impact of beta(2)-agonists on the heart is evaluated. Whatever the case may be, this effect is of particular concern for those patients with underlying cardiac conditions. Therefore, beta(2)-agonists must always be used with caution in patients with cardiopathies because these agents may precipitate the concomitant cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Cazzola
- Unit of Pneumology and Allergology, Department of Respiratory Medicine, Cardarelli Hospital, Naples, Italy
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22
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Sucharov CC, Mariner PD, Nunley KR, Long C, Leinwand L, Bristow MR. A beta1-adrenergic receptor CaM kinase II-dependent pathway mediates cardiac myocyte fetal gene induction. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2006; 291:H1299-308. [PMID: 16501029 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00017.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Beta-adrenergic signaling plays an important role in the natural history of dilated cardiomyopathies. Chronic activation of beta-adrenergic receptors (beta1-AR and beta2-AR) during periods of cardiac stress ultimately harms the failing heart by mechanisms that include alterations in gene expression. Here, we show that stimulation of beta-ARs with isoproterenol in neonate rat ventricular myocytes causes a "fetal" response in the relative activities of the human cardiac fetal and/or adult gene promoters that includes repression of the human and rat alpha-myosin heavy chain (alpha-MyHC) promoters with simultaneous activation of the human atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and rat beta-MyHC promoters. We also show that the promoter changes correlate with changes in endogenous gene expression as measured by mRNA expression. Furthermore, we show that these changes are specifically mediated by the beta1-AR, but not the beta2-AR, and are independent of alpha1-AR stimulation. We also demonstrate that the fetal gene response is independent of cAMP and protein kinase A, whereas inhibition of Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase (CaMK) pathway blocks isoproterenol-mediated fetal gene program induction. Finally, we show that induction of the fetal program is dependent on activation of the L-type Ca2+ channel. We conclude that in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes, agonist-occupied beta1-AR mobilizes Ca2+ stores to activate fetal gene induction through cAMP independent pathways that involve CaMK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen C Sucharov
- University of Colorado Cardiovascular Institute, Campus Box B130, UCHSC, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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23
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Fajardo G, Zhao M, Powers J, Bernstein D. Differential cardiotoxic/cardioprotective effects of beta-adrenergic receptor subtypes in myocytes and fibroblasts in doxorubicin cardiomyopathy. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2006; 40:375-83. [PMID: 16458323 PMCID: PMC3140223 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2005] [Revised: 11/23/2005] [Accepted: 12/12/2005] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
beta-Adrenoceptor (beta-AR) subtypes act through different signaling pathways to regulate cardiac function and remodeling. Previous in vivo data show a markedly enhanced cardiotoxic response to doxorubicin in beta2-/- mice, which is rescued by the additional deletion of the beta1-AR. We determined whether this differential response was myocyte specific by examining the effects of doxorubicin in myocytes and fibroblasts from WT and beta1, beta2 and beta1/beta2-/- mice. Cells were exposed to doxorubicin at 1-50 microM and viability and apoptosis assessed at 6, 24 and 48 h. WT myocytes showed a time and dose-dependent decrease in viability (42% decrease at 1 microM after 24 h). beta2-/- Myocytes showed a greater decrease in viability vs. WT (20.8% less at 6 h; 14% less at 24 h, P<0.05); beta1-/- and beta1/beta2-/- myocytes showed enhanced survival (beta1-/- 11%; beta1/beta2-/- 18% greater than WT, P<0.05). TUNEL staining demonstrated a similar differential susceptibility (WT 26% apoptotic nuclei, beta2-/- 45.9%, beta1/beta2-/- 16.8%, P<0.05). beta2-/- Fibroblasts also showed enhanced toxicity. Pertussis toxin pretreatment of WT cells decreased survival similar to the beta2-/-, suggesting a role for Gi signaling. JNK was differentially activated in beta2-/- myocytes after doxorubicin and its inhibition increased cardiotoxicity. In conclusion, the differential cardioprotective/cardiotoxic effects mediated by beta1 vs. beta2-AR subtypes in knockout mice are recapitulated in myocytes isolated from these mice. beta2-ARs appear to play a cardioprotective role, whereas beta1-ARs a cardiotoxic role.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cardiomyopathies/chemically induced
- Cardiotonic Agents/pharmacology
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Culture Media, Conditioned/pharmacology
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Doxorubicin/toxicity
- Fibroblasts/drug effects
- Fibroblasts/physiology
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Congenic
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred DBA
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mice, Knockout
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/physiology
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Fajardo
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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24
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Salameh A, Frenzel C, Boldt A, Rassler B, Glawe I, Schulte J, Mühlberg K, Zimmer HG, Pfeiffer D, Dhein S. Subchronic alpha- and beta-adrenergic regulation of cardiac gap junction protein expression. FASEB J 2006; 20:365-7. [PMID: 16352648 DOI: 10.1096/fj.05-4871fje] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Gap junction channels are essential for intercellular electrical communication in the heart. The most important cardiac gap junction proteins are connexin43 (predominantly) (Cx43), connexin40 (Cx40), and in early developmental stages connexin45. Since catecholamines play an important role in cardiac (patho)physiology, we wanted to elucidate whether catecholamines may affect expression of Cx43 and Cx40. Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were exposed for 24 h to increasing concentrations of noradrenaline (1-10000 nM) (physiological agonist at alpha and beta-adrenoceptors), resulting in significantly increased Cx43-expression, while Cx40 was unaffected. In further experiments cells were incubated with either phenylephrine (alpha-adrenergic agonist) or isoproterenol (beta-adrenergic agonist) (0.1-1000 nM) for 24 h. Both catecholamines lead to a concentration-dependent increase in Cx43 protein and mRNA expression (EC50: 10-20 nM). Inhibition experiments showed that the phenylephrine effect was transduced via PKC, while the isoproterenol effect was mediated by PKA. Dual whole-cell voltage clamp demonstrated that increased Cx43-expression was accompanied by significant increases in gap junction current. In additional in vivo experiments, adult rats were subjected to 24-h infusion of isoproterenol or phenylephrine showing again significant increase in Cx43 but not Cx40. Adrenergic stimulation of cardiomyocytes can enhance Cx43 expression thereby increasing cellular coupling, indicating a possible role for catecholamines in the regulation of cardiac gap junction expression in cardiac disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Salameh
- Medizinische Klinik I, Abteilung Kardiologie, Universitätsklinik Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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25
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Fu ZL, Feng YB, Xu HX, Zhang XP, Shi CZ, Gu X. Role of norepinephrine in development of short-term myocardial hibernation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2006; 27:158-64. [PMID: 16412264 DOI: 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2006.00245.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the role of norepinephrine in the development of short-term myocardial hibernation. METHODS Hearts were removed from rats and set up as isometrically beating or short-term hibernation models. The hearts were perfused with modified Krebs-Henseleit buffer under a controlled perfusion pressure. The myocardial ultrastructure was examined, and the content of ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen in myocardium, the extent of myocyte apoptosis, and the amount of Bcl-2 and Bax products were determined after 120-min ischemia assessed by TUNEL and immunocytochemistry. RESULTS There was no significant difference between the reserpinized hearts and the NS control group with respect to heart function, myocardial ultrastructure, ATP, phosphocreatine, or glycogen content, myocyte apoptosis, or amount of Bax or Bcl-2 products. However, relative to the normal saline group, in the norepinephrine-treated hearts, heart function, and myocardial ultrastructure deteriorated significantly, apoptosis and amount of Bax product increased significantly, and the ATP, phosphocreatine, and glycogen content decreased significantly, as did the amount of Bcl-2 product. CONCLUSION Myocardial norepinephrine does not contribute to the development of short-term hibernation, but that exogenous NE can induce progressive decreases in coronary flow and cardiac performance, which might result from the increases in apoptosis and necrosis. Norepinephrine may be an important factor in the deterioration of myocardial structure and function during hibernation, and that anti-adrenergic treatment may be helpful for the development and sustainment of short-term myocardial hibernation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuo-lin Fu
- The Institute of Cardiology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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26
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Brodde OE, Leineweber K. Autonomic receptor systems in the failing and aging human heart: similarities and differences. Eur J Pharmacol 2004; 500:167-76. [PMID: 15464030 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2004.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Changes in autonomic receptor systems (alpha- and beta-adrenoceptors and muscarinic receptors) were compared in the aging and failing human heart. In both settings responsiveness of beta-adrenoceptors and all other receptor systems that evoke their effects via cyclic AMP accumulation was diminished. Muscarinic receptor function, on the other hand, was decreased in the aging, but unchanged in the failing heart; in contrast, G protein-coupled receptor kinase activity was increased in the failing, but unchanged in the aging heart. alpha-Adrenoceptor function was unchanged or slightly decreased in the failing heart. However, nothing is known on alpha-adrenoceptor changes in the aging heart. These results indicate that in the failing human heart all autonomic receptor systems appear to be altered in the direction to attenuate beta-adrenoceptor responses to sympathetic (over)stimulation while in the aging human heart autonomic receptor systems appear to be altered in a direction that protects the heart against too pronounced reduction in beta-adrenoceptor responsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto-Erich Brodde
- Departments of Pathophysiology and Nephrology, University of Essen School of Medicine, IG I., 9.OG, Hufelandstr. 55, D-45147 Essen, Germany.
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