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Carnet Le Provost K, Kepp O, Kroemer G, Bezu L. Trial watch: beta-blockers in cancer therapy. Oncoimmunology 2023; 12:2284486. [PMID: 38126031 PMCID: PMC10732641 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2023.2284486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Compelling evidence supports the hypothesis that stress negatively impacts cancer development and prognosis. Irrespective of its physical, biological or psychological source, stress triggers a physiological response that is mediated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and the sympathetic adrenal medullary axis. The resulting release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines into the systemic circulation leads to neuroendocrine and metabolic adaptations that can affect immune homeostasis and immunosurveillance, thus impairing the detection and eradication of malignant cells. Moreover, catecholamines directly act on β-adrenoreceptors present on tumor cells, thereby stimulating survival, proliferation, and migration of nascent neoplasms. Numerous preclinical studies have shown that blocking adrenergic receptors slows tumor growth, suggesting potential clinical benefits of using β-blockers in cancer therapy. Much of these positive effects of β-blockade are mediated by improved immunosurveillance. The present trial watch summarizes current knowledge from preclinical and clinical studies investigating the anticancer effects of β-blockers either as standalone agents or in combination with conventional antineoplastic treatments or immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Killian Carnet Le Provost
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Oliver Kepp
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Lucillia Bezu
- Equipe Labellisée Par La Ligue Contre Le Cancer, Université de Paris, Sorbonne Université, INSERM UMR1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Université Paris Saclay, Villejuif, France
- Gustave Roussy, Département d’anesthésie, Chirurgie et Interventionnel, Villejuif, France
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Wijarnpreecha K, Li F, Xiang Y, Xu X, Zhu C, Maroufy V, Wang Q, Tao W, Dang Y, Pham HA, Zhou Y, Li J, Zhang X, Xu H, Taner CB, Yang L, Tao C. Nonselective beta-blockers are associated with a lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma among cirrhotic patients in the United States. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2021; 54:481-492. [PMID: 34224163 DOI: 10.1111/apt.16490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have demonstrated an association between nonselective beta-blockers (NSBBs) and lower risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in cirrhosis. However, there has been no population-based study investigating the risk of HCC among cirrhotic patients treated using carvedilol. AIMS To determine the risk of HCC among cirrhotic patients with NSBBs including carvedilol. METHODS This retrospective cohort study utilised the Cerner Health Facts database in the United States from 2000 to 2017. Kaplan-Meier estimate, Cox proportional hazards regression, and propensity score matching (PSM) were used to test the HCC risk among the carvedilol, nadolol, and propranolol groups compared with no beta-blocker group. RESULTS The final cohort comprised 107 428 eligible patients. The 100-month cumulative HCC incidence of NSBBs was significantly lower than the no beta-blocker group (carvedilol (11.24%) vs no beta-blocker (15.69%), nadolol (27.55%) vs no beta-blocker (32.11%), and propranolol (26.17%) vs no beta-blocker (28.84%) (P values < 0.0001). NSBBs were associated with a significantly lower risk of HCC (Hazard ratio: carvedilol 0.61 (95% CI 0.51-0.73), nadolol 0.74 (95% CI 0.63-0.87), propranolol 0.75 (95% CI 0.66-0.84) after PSM in the multivariate cox analysis. In subgroup analysis, NSBBs reduced the risk of HCC in cirrhosis with complications and non-alcoholic cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS NSBBs, including carvedilol, were associated with a significantly decreased risk of HCC in patients with cirrhosis when compared with no beta-blocker regardless of complications status. Future randomised-controlled studies comparing the incidence of HCC among NSBBs should elucidate which NSBB would be the best option to prevent HCC in cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Li
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | - Xun Xu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cong Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics and Environmental Sciences, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vahed Maroufy
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Qing Wang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Wei Tao
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yifang Dang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Huy Anh Pham
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jianfu Li
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Xinyuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hua Xu
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - C Burcin Taner
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Liu Yang
- Department of Transplantation, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Cui Tao
- School of Biomedical Informatics, The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA
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Attiq A, Ashraf M, Jalil J, Javeed A, Anjum AA, Ullah A, Umair M, Ali S. Augmented cytotoxic, mutagenic and genotoxic response triggered by carvedilol and celecoxib combinations. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2018. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902018000117292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Attiq
- Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Aqeel Javeed
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | | | - Asad Ullah
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | | | - Sarwat Ali
- University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
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De Araújo RF, Pessoa JB, Cruz LJ, Chan AB, De Castro Miguel E, Cavalcante RS, Brito GAC, Silva HFO, Gasparotto LHS, Guedes PMM, Araújo AA. Apoptosis in human liver carcinoma caused by gold nanoparticles in combination with carvedilol is mediated via modulation of MAPK/Akt/mTOR pathway and EGFR/FAAD proteins. Int J Oncol 2017; 52:189-200. [PMID: 29115423 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
In cancers, apoptosis signaling pathways and cell survival and growth pathways responsible for resistance to conventional treatments, such as Pi3K/Akt/mTOR and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) become dysregulated. Recently, alternative treatments to promote tumor cell death have become important. The present study reports on the antitumor and cytoprotective action of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and carvedilol in combination and in isolated application. Apoptosis was analyzed by FITC/propidium iodide staining flow cytometry; caspase-3, caspase-8, Bcl-2 and MAPK/ERK activity by immunofluorescence microscopy; gene expression of proteins related to cell death as Akt, mTOR, EGFR, MDR1, survivin, FADD and Apaf, by the real-time PCR; and western blot analysis for MAPK/ERK, Akt and mTOR. Oxidative stress evaluation was performed by reduced glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels. Intracellular GNPs targets were identified by transmission electron microscopy. After exposure to a combination of GNPs (6.25 µg/ml) and carvedilol (3 µM), death as promoted by apoptosis was detected using flow cytometry, for expression of pro-apoptotic proteins FADD, caspase-3, caspase-8 and sub-regulation of anti-apoptotic MAPK/ERK, Akt, mTOR, EGFR and MDR1 resistance. Non-tumor cell cytoprotection with GSH elevation and MDA reduction levels was detected. GNPs were identified within the cell near to the nucleus when combined with carvedilol. The combination of GNP and carvedilol promoted downregulation of anti-apoptotic and drug resistance genes, over-regulation of pro-apoptotic proteins in tumor cells, as well as cytoprotection of non-tumor cells with reduction of apoptosis and oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raimundo F De Araújo
- Department of Morphology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Jonas B Pessoa
- Post Graduation Programme in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luis J Cruz
- Translational Nanobiomaterials and Imaging, Department of Radiology, Leiden University Medical Center, 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alan B Chan
- Percuros B.V., 2333 CL Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Rômulo S Cavalcante
- Post Graduation Programme in Health Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Gerly Anne C Brito
- Department of Morphology/Postgraduate Program in Morphology/UFC, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Heloiza Fernada O Silva
- Group of Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Luiz H S Gasparotto
- Group of Biological Chemistry and Chemometrics, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Paulo M M Guedes
- Department of Parasitology and Microbiology and Post Graduation Program in Parasitary Biology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
| | - Aurigena A Araújo
- Department of Biophysics and Pharmacology, Post Graduation Programme in Public Health, Post Graduation Programme in Pharmaceutical Science, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59072-970, RN, Brazil
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Ding Q, Tian XG, Li Y, Wang QZ, Zhang CQ. Carvedilol may attenuate liver cirrhosis by inhibiting angiogenesis through the VEGF-Src-ERK signaling pathway. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:9566-76. [PMID: 26327764 PMCID: PMC4548117 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i32.9566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effect of carvedilol on angiogenesis and the underlying signaling pathways. METHODS The effect of carvedilol on angiogenesis was examined using a human umbilical vascular endothelial cell (HUVEC) model. The effect of carvedilol on cell viability was measured by CCK8 assay. Flow cytometry was used to assess the effect of carvedilol on cell cycle progression. Cell migration, transwell migration and tube formation assays were performed to analyze the effect of carvedilol on HUVEC function. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) induced activation of HUVECs, which were pretreated with different carvedilol concentrations or none. Western blot analysis detected the phosphorylation levels of three cell signaling pathway proteins, VEGFR-2, Src, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). The specific Src inhibitor PP2 was used to assess the role of Src in the VEGF-induced angiogenic pathway. RESULTS Carvedilol inhibited HUVEC proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (IC50 = 38.5 mmol/L). The distribution of cells in the S phase decreased from 43.6% to 37.2%, 35.6% and 17.8% by 1, 5 and 10 μmol/L carvedilol for 24 h, respectively. Carvedilol (10 μmol/L) reduced VEGF-induced HUVEC migration from 67.54 ± 7.83 to 37.11 ± 3.533 (P < 0.001). Carvedilol concentrations of 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L reduced cell invasion from 196.3% ± 18.76% to 114.0% ± 12.20% and 51.68% ± 8.28%, respectively. VEGF-induced tube formation was also reduced significantly by 5 μmol/L and 10 μmol/L carvedilol from 286.0 ± 36.72 to 135.7 ± 18.13 (P < 0.05) and 80.27 ± 11.16 (P < 0.01) respectively. We investigated several intracellular protein levels to determine the reason for these reductions. Treatment with 10 μmol/L carvedilol reduced VEGF-induced tyrosine phosphorylation of VEGFR-2 from 175.5% ± 8.54% to 52.67% ± 5.33% (P < 0.01). Additionally, 10 μmol/L carvedilol reduced VEGF-induced ERK 1/2 phosphorylation from 181.9% ± 18.61% to 56.45% ± 7.64% (P < 0.01). The VEGF-induced increase in Src kinase activity was alleviated by carvedilol [decreased from 141.8% ± 15.37% to 53.57 ± 7.18% (P < 0.01) and 47.04% ± 9.74% (P < 0.01) at concentrations of 5 and 10 μmol/L, respectively]. Pretreatment of HUVECs with Src kinase inhibitor almost completely prevented the VEGF-induced ERK upregulation [decreased from 213.2% ± 27.68% to 90.96% ± 17.16% (P < 0.01)]. CONCLUSION Carvedilol has an anti-angiogenic effect on HUVECs. This inhibitory effect is mediated by VEGF-induced Src-ERK signaling pathways.
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Horng CT, Chiang NN, Chen IL, Liang WZ, Chen IS, Kuo DH, Shieh PC, Jan CR. Effect of clotrimazole on cytosolic Ca2+rise and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2013; 33:89-95. [DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2013.764321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hsieh YD, Chi CC, Chou CT, Cheng JS, Kuo CC, Liang WZ, Lin KL, Tseng LL, Jan CR. Investigation of carvedilol-evoked Ca²+ movement and death in human oral cancer cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2011; 31:220-8. [PMID: 21619449 DOI: 10.3109/10799893.2011.577785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The effect of carvedilol on cytosolic free Ca²⁺ concentrations ([Ca²⁺](i)) in OC2 human oral cancer cells is unknown. This study examined if carvedilol altered basal [Ca²⁺](i) levels in suspended OC2 cells by using fura-2 as a Ca²⁺-sensitive fluorescent probe. Carvedilol at concentrations between 10 and 40 µM increased [Ca²⁺](i) in a concentration-dependent fashion. The Ca²⁺ signal was decreased by 50% by removing extracellular Ca²⁺. Carvedilol-induced Ca²⁺ entry was not affected by the store-operated Ca²⁺ channel blockers nifedipine, econazole, and SK&F96365, but was enhanced by activation or inhibition of protein kinase C. In Ca²⁺-free medium, incubation with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺ pump inhibitor thapsigargin did not change carvedilol-induced [Ca²⁺](i) rise; conversely, incubation with carvedilol did not reduce thapsigargin-induced Ca²⁺ release. Pretreatment with the mitochondrial uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) inhibited carvedilol-induced [Ca²⁺](i) release. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 did not alter carvedilol-induced [Ca²⁺](i) rise. Carvedilol at 5-50 µM induced cell death in a concentration-dependent manner. The death was not reversed when cytosolic Ca²⁺ was chelated with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid acetoxymethyl ester (BAPTA/AM). Annexin V/propidium iodide staining assay suggests that apoptosis played a role in the death. Collectively, in OC2 cells, carvedilol induced [Ca²⁺](i) rise by causing phospholipase C-independent Ca²⁺ release from mitochondria and non-endoplasmic reticulum stores, and Ca²⁺ influx via protein kinase C-regulated channels. Carvedilol (up to 50 μM) induced cell death in a Ca²⁺-independent manner that involved apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Dung Hsieh
- Department of Dentistry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Taiwan
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Cheng JS, Shu SS, Kuo CC, Chou CT, Tsai WL, Fang YC, Kuo LN, Yeh JH, Chen WC, Chien JM, Lu T, Pan CC, Cheng HH, Chai KL, Jan CR. Effect of diindolylmethane on Ca(2+) movement and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells. Arch Toxicol 2011; 85:1257-66. [PMID: 21409406 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-011-0670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 02/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The effect of diindolylmethane, a natural compound derived from indole-3-carbinol in cruciferous vegetables, on cytosolic Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca(2+)](i)) and viability in HA59T human hepatoma cells is unclear. This study explored whether diindolylmethane changed [Ca(2+)](i) in HA59T cells. The Ca(2+)-sensitive fluorescent dye fura-2 was applied to measure [Ca(2+)](i). Diindolylmethane at concentrations of 1-50 μM evoked a [Ca(2+)](i) rise in a concentration-dependent manner. The signal was reduced by removing Ca(2+). Diindolylmethane-induced Ca(2+) influx was not inhibited by nifedipine, econazole, SK&F96365, and protein kinase C modulators but was inhibited by aristolochic acid. In Ca(2+)-free medium, treatment with the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) pump inhibitors thapsigargin or 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ) inhibited or abolished diindolylmethane-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Incubation with diindolylmethane inhibited thapsigargin or BHQ-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. Inhibition of phospholipase C with U73122 reduced diindolylmethane-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. At concentrations of 10-75 μM, diindolylmethane killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of diindolylmethane was not reversed by chelating cytosolic Ca(2+) with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy)ethane-N,N,N',N'-tetraacetic acid. Propidium iodide staining data suggest that diindolylmethane (25-50 μM) induced apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Collectively, in HA59T cells, diindolylmethane induced a [Ca(2+)](i) rise by causing phospholipase C-dependent Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum and Ca(2+) influx via phospholipase A(2)-sensitive channels. Diindolylmethane induced cell death that may involve apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Shiung Cheng
- Department of Medicine, Yongkang Veterans Hospital, Tainan 710, Taiwan
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Shieh P, Lee CH, Yi NL, Jan CR. Carvedilol-induced elevation in cytosolic free Ca(2+) level and apoptosis in SIRC corneal epithelial cells. Hum Exp Toxicol 2009; 29:477-87. [PMID: 20028701 DOI: 10.1177/0960327109357775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the cardiovascular drug carvedilol on cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentrations ([Ca( 2+)](i)) and viability was examined in Statens Seruminstitut rabbit cornea (SIRC) corneal epithelial cells. [Ca(2+)](i) and cell viability were measured using the fluorescent dyes fura-2 and 4-[3-[4-lodophenyl]-2-4(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio-1,3-benzene disulfonate] (WST-1), respectively. Carvedilol at concentrations between 1 and 30 microM increased [Ca( 2+)](i) in a concentration-dependent manner. The Ca(2+) signal was reduced partly by removing extracellular Ca(2+). Carvedilol induced Mn(2+) quench of fura-2 fluorescence implicating Ca(2+) influx. The Ca(2+) influx was inhibited by suppression of protein kinase C activity. In Ca(2+)-free medium, after pretreatment with 1 microM thapsigargin (an endoplasmic reticulum Ca( 2+) pump inhibitor), carvedilol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise was reduced; and conversely, carvedilol pretreatment inhibited a major part of thapsigargin-induced [Ca( 2+)](i) rise. Addition of the phospholipase C inhibitor 1-[6-[[17 beta-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5(10)-trien-17-yl]amino] hexyl]-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122; 2 microM) did not change carvedilol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise. At concentrations between 5 and 70 microM, carvedilol killed cells in a concentration-dependent manner. The cytotoxic effect of 20 microM carvedilol was not reversed by prechelating cytosolic Ca(2+) with BAPTA/AM. Apoptosis was induced by 5-70 microM carvedilol. Collectively, in SIRC corneal epithelial cells, carvedilol-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rises by causing Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum in a phospholipase C-independent manner, and Ca( 2+) influx via protein kinase C-regulated Ca(2+) channels. Carvedilol-caused cytotoxicity was mediated by Ca(2+)-independent apoptosis in a concentration-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pochuen Shieh
- Department of Pharmacy, Tajen University, Pingtung, Taiwan.
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ROAN CHERNGJAU, HUANG CHORNGCHIH, CHENG HEHSIUNG, CHIEN JAUMIN, CHOU CHIANGTING, LIN KOLONG, LIU SHIUHINN, LU YIHCHAU, CHANG HONGTAI, HUANG JONGKHING, JAN CHUNGREN. Diethylstilbestrol-Induced Estrogen Receptor-Dependent [Ca2+]iRises and Apoptosis in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) Cells. J Recept Signal Transduct Res 2008; 28:307-22. [DOI: 10.1080/10799890802092237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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