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Vieira LS, Seguin RP, Xu L, Wang J. Interaction and Transport of Benzalkonium Chlorides by the Organic Cation and Multidrug and Toxin Extrusion Transporters. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:312-321. [PMID: 38307853 PMCID: PMC10955720 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/28/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Humans are chronically exposed to benzalkonium chlorides (BACs) from environmental sources. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has recently called for additional BAC safety data, as these compounds are cytotoxic and have great potential for biochemical interactions. Biodistribution studies revealed that BACs extensively distribute to many tissues and accumulate at high levels, especially in the kidneys, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. In this study, we characterized the interactions of BACs of varying alkyl chain length (C8 to C14) with the human organic cation transporters (hOCT1-3) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (hMATE1/2K) with the goal to identify transporters that could be involved in BAC disposition. Using transporter-expressing cell lines, we showed that all BACs are inhibitors of hOCT1-3 and hMATE1/2K (IC50 ranging 0.83-25.8 μM). Further, the short-chain BACs (C8 and C10) were identified as substrates of these transporters. Interestingly, although BAC C8 displayed typical Michaelis-Menten kinetics, C10 demonstrated a more complex substrate-inhibition profile. Transwell studies with transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells revealed that intracellular accumulation of basally applied BAC C8 and C10 was substantially higher (8.2- and 3.7-fold, respectively) in hOCT2/hMATE1 double-transfected cells in comparison with vector-transfected cells, supporting a role of these transporters in mediating renal accumulation of these compounds in vivo. Together, our results suggest that BACs interact with hOCT1-3 and hMATE1/2K as both inhibitors and substrates and that these transporters may play important roles in tissue-specific accumulation and potential toxicity of short-chain BACs. Our findings have important implications for understanding human exposure and susceptibility to BACs due to environmental exposure. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Humans are systemically exposed to benzalkonium chlorides (BACs). These compounds broadly distribute through tissues, and their safety has been questioned by the FDA. Our results demonstrate that hOCT2 and hMATE1 contribute to the renal accumulation of BAC C8 and C10 and that hOCT1 and hOCT3 may be involved in the tissue distribution of these compounds. These findings can improve our understanding of BAC disposition and toxicology in humans, as their accumulation could lead to biochemical interactions and deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Salvador Vieira
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.S.V., J.W.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (R.P.S., L.X.), and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health (L.X.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ryan P Seguin
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.S.V., J.W.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (R.P.S., L.X.), and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health (L.X.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Libin Xu
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.S.V., J.W.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (R.P.S., L.X.), and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health (L.X.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics (L.S.V., J.W.), Department of Medicinal Chemistry (R.P.S., L.X.), and Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Public Health (L.X.), University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Tan H, Wang F, Hu J, Duan X, Bai W, Wang X, Wang B, Su Y, Hu J. Inhibitory interaction of flavonoids with organic cation transporter 2 and their structure-activity relationships for predicting nephroprotective effects. J Appl Toxicol 2023; 43:1421-1435. [PMID: 37057715 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is mainly responsible for the renal secretion of various cationic drugs, closely associated with drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI). Screening and identifying potent OCT2 inhibitors with little toxicity in natural products in reducing OCT2-mediated AKI is of great value. Flavonoids are enriched in various vegetables, fruits, and herbal products, and some were reported to produce transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions. This study aimed to screen potential inhibitors of OCT2 from 96 flavonoids, assess the nephroprotective effects on cisplatin-induced kidney injury, and clarify the structure-activity relationships of flavonoids with OCT2. Ten flavonoids exhibited significant inhibition (>50%) on OCT2 in OCT2-HEK293 cells. Among them, the six most potent flavonoid inhibitors, including pectolinarigenin, biochanin A, luteolin, chrysin, 6-hydroxyflavone, and 6-methylflavone markedly decreased cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity. Moreover, in cisplatin-induced renal injury models, they also reduced serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine levels to different degrees, the best of which was 6-methylflavone. The pharmacophore model clarified that the aromatic ring, hydrogen bond acceptors, and hydrogen bond donors might play a vital role in the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on OCT2. Thus, our findings would pave the way to predicting the potential risks of flavonoid-containing food/herb-drug interactions in humans and optimizing flavonoid structure to alleviate OCT2-related AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixin Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Fenghe Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jiahuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiaoyan Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Wanting Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xinbo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Baolian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan Su
- Department of Health Management and Service, Cangzhou Medical College, Hebei, 061001, China
| | - Jinping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Beijing Key Laboratory of Non-Clinical Drug Metabolism and PK/PD study, Beijing Key Laboratory of Active Substances Discovery and Drug Ability Evaluation, Department of Drug Metabolism, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100050, China
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Hsin CH, Kuehne A, Gu Y, Jedlitschky G, Hagos Y, Gründemann D, Fuhr U. In vitro validation of an in vivo phenotyping drug cocktail for major drug transporters in humans. Eur J Pharm Sci 2023; 186:106459. [PMID: 37142000 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2023.106459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/02/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Cocktails of transporter probe drugs are used in vivo to assess transporter activity and respective drug-drug interactions. An inhibitory effect of components on transporter activities should be ruled out. Here, for a clinically tested cocktail consisting of adefovir, digoxin, metformin, sitagliptin, and pitavastatin, inhibition of major transporters by individual probe substrates was investigated in vitro. METHODS Transporter transfected HEK293 cells were used in all evaluations. Cell-based assays were applied for uptake by human organic cation transporters 1/2 (hOCT1/2), organic anion transporters 1/3 (hOAT1/3), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1/2K (hMATE1/2K), and organic anion transporter polypeptide 1B1 (hOATP1B1). For P-glycoprotein (hMDR1) a cell-based efflux assay was used whereas an inside-out vesicle-based assay was used for the bile salt export pump (hBSEP). All assays used standard substrates and established inhibitors (as positive controls). Inhibition experiments using clinically achievable concentrations of potential perpetrators at the relevant transporter expression site were carried out initially. If there was a significant effect, the inhibition potency (Ki) was studied in detail. RESULTS In the inhibition tests, only sitagliptin had an effect and reduced hOCT1- and hOCT2- mediated metformin uptake and hMATE2K mediated MPP+ uptake by more than 70%, 80%, and 30%, respectively. The ratios of unbound Cmax (observed clinically) to Ki of sitagliptin were low with 0.009, 0.03, and 0.001 for hOCT1, hOCT2, and hMATE2K, respectively. CONCLUSION The inhibition of hOCT2 in vitro by sitagliptin is in agreement with the borderline inhibition of renal metformin elimination observed clinically, supporting a dose reduction of sitagliptin in the cocktail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Hsuan Hsin
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Yi Gu
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Gabriele Jedlitschky
- Department of General Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | | | - Dirk Gründemann
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany
| | - Uwe Fuhr
- University of Cologne, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, Center for Pharmacology, Department I of Pharmacology, Cologne, Germany.
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Maane M, Xiu F, Bellstedt P, Kullak-Ublick GA, Visentin M. Characterization of ligand-induced thermal stability of the human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1154213. [PMID: 37007010 PMCID: PMC10061065 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1154213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: The human organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) is involved in the transport of endogenous quaternary amines and positively charged drugs across the basolateral membrane of proximal tubular cells. In the absence of a structure, the progress in unraveling the molecular basis of OCT2 substrate specificity is hampered by the unique complexity of OCT2 binding pocket, which seemingly contains multiple allosteric binding sites for different substrates. Here, we used the thermal shift assay (TSA) to better understand the thermodynamics governing OCT2 binding to different ligands.Methods: Molecular modelling and in silico docking of different ligands revealed two distinct binding sites at OCT2 outer part of the cleft. The predicted interactions were assessed by cis-inhibition assay using [3H]1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ([3H]MPP+) as a model substrate, or by measuring the uptake of radiolabeled ligands in intact cells. Crude membranes from HEK293 cells harboring human OCT2 (OCT2-HEK293) were solubilized in n-Dodecyl-β-D-Maltopyranoside (DDM), incubated with the ligand, heated over a temperature gradient, and then pelleted to remove heat-induced aggregates. The OCT2 in the supernatant was detected by western blot.Results: Among the compounds tested, cis-inhibition and TSA assays showed partly overlapping results. Gentamicin and methotrexate (MTX) did not inhibit [3H]MPP+ uptake but significantly increased the thermal stabilization of OCT2. Conversely, amiloride completely inhibited [3H]MPP+ uptake but did not affect OCT2 thermal stabilization. [3H]MTX intracellular level was significantly higher in OCT2-HEK293 cells than in wild type cells. The magnitude of the thermal shift (ΔTm) did not provide information on the binding. Ligands with similar affinity showed markedly different ΔTm, indicating different enthalpic and entropic contributions for similar binding affinities. The ΔTm positively correlated with ligand molecular weight/chemical complexity, which typically has high entropic costs, suggesting that large ΔTm reflect a larger displacement of bound water molecules.Discussion: In conclusion, TSA might represent a viable approach to expand our knowledge on OCT2 binding descriptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Maane
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fangrui Xiu
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Peter Bellstedt
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Gerd A. Kullak-Ublick
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michele Visentin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Correspondence: Michele Visentin,
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Kuehne A, Floerl S, Hagos Y. Investigations with Drugs and Pesticides Revealed New Species- and Substrate-Dependent Inhibition by Elacridar and Imazalil in Human and Mouse Organic Cation Transporter OCT2. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232415795. [PMID: 36555439 PMCID: PMC9780857 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232415795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple drugs are used to treat various indications as well as pesticides that are ingested unintentionally and enter the bloodstream. The residence time or bioavailability of these substances in circulation depends on several mechanisms, such as drug−drug interaction (DDI), drug−pesticide interaction, metabolizing enzymes and the hepatic and renal transport systems, involved in the elimination of the compounds from the body. One of these transporters is the Organic Cation Transporter 2 (OCT2) member of the solute carrier (SLC22) transporter family. OCT2 is highly expressed in the proximal tubule epithelial cells in human and mouse kidney, where it mediates the uptake of endogenous organic cations as well as numerous drugs and xenobiotics, and contributes to the first step of renal clearance. In this study, we examined OCT2 on two subjects: First, the transferability of data from mouse to human, since mice are initially examined in the development of new drugs to assess the renal excretion of organic cations. Second, to what extent the choice of substrate affects the properties of an inhibitor. For this purpose, the functional properties of hOCT2 and mOct2 were validated under the same experimental conditions with the known substrates metformin and 1-Methyl-4-phenylpyridinium iodide (MPP). While hOCT2 and mOct2 showed very low affinities for metformin with Km values of 3.9 mM and 3.5 mM, the affinity of hOCT2 and mOct2 for MPP (62 and 40 µM) was 64- and 89-fold higher, respectively. For our positive control inhibitor decynium22, we determined the following IC50 values for hOCT2 and mOct2: 2.2 and 2.6 µM for metformin uptake, and 16 and 6.9 µM for MPP uptake. A correlation analysis of the inhibitory effects of 13 drugs and 9 pesticides on hOCT2- and mOct2-mediated transport of metformin showed a correlation coefficient R2 of 0.88, indicating good interspecies correlation. Nevertheless, the bioenhancer elacridar and the fungicide imazalil showed species-dependent inhibitory potentials. Concentration-dependent inhibition of hOCT2- and mOct2-mediated metformin uptake by elacridar showed IC50 values of 20 µM and 1.9 µM and by imazalil 4.7 µM and 0.58 µM, respectively. In conclusion, although our data show comparable species-independent interactions for most compounds, there can be large species−specific differences in the interactions of individual compounds, which should be considered when extrapolating data from mice to humans. Furthermore, a comparison of the inhibitory potential of elacridar and imazalil on metformin uptake with that on MPP uptake reveals substrate-dependent differences in hOCT2 and mOct2 for both inhibitors. Therefore, it might be useful to test two different substrates in inhibition studies.
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Wright SH, Secomb TW. Novel method for kinetic analysis applied to transport by the uniporter OCT2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2022; 323:F370-F387. [PMID: 35862650 PMCID: PMC9423780 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00106.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Revised: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The kinetics of solute transport shed light on the roles these processes play in cellular physiology, and the absolute values of the kinetic parameters that quantitatively describe transport are increasingly used to model its impact on drug clearance. However, accurate assessment of transport kinetics is challenging. Although most carrier-mediated transport is adequately described by the Michaelis-Menten equation, its use presupposes that the rates of uptake used in the analysis of maximal rates of transport (Jmax) and half-saturation constants (Kt) reflect true unidirectional rates of influx from known concentrations of substrate. Most experimental protocols estimate the initial rate of transport from net substrate accumulation determined at a single time point (typically between 0.5 and 5 min) and assume it reflects unidirectional influx. However, this approach generally results in systematic underestimates of Jmax and overestimates of Kt; the former primarily due to the unaccounted impact of efflux of accumulated substrate, and the latter due to the influence of unstirred water layers. Here, we describe the bases of these time-dependent effects and introduce a computational model that analyzes the time course of net substrate uptake at several concentrations to calculate Jmax and Kt for unidirectional influx, taking into account the influence of unstirred water layers and mediated efflux. This method was then applied to calculate the kinetics of transport of 1-methyl-4-phenylpryridinium and metformin by renal organic cation transporter 2 as expressed in cultured Chinese hamster ovary cells.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Here, we describe a mathematical model that uses the time course of net substrate uptake into cells from several increasing concentrations to calculate unique kinetic parameters [maximal rates of transport (Jmax) and half-saturation constants (Kt)] of the process. The method is the first to take into consideration the common complicating factors of unstirred layers and carrier-mediated efflux in the experimental determination of transport kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Ikeda Y, Funamoto M, Kishi S, Imanishi M, Aihara KI, Kashiwada Y, Tsuchiya K. The novel preventive effect of a Japanese ethical Kampo extract formulation TJ-90 (Seihaito) against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2022; 103:154213. [PMID: 35671634 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2022.154213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Chinese herbal medicine has been developed as the traditional Japanese Kampo medicine, and it has been widely used to cure various symptoms in clinical practice. However, only a few studies are currently available on the effect of the Kampo medicine on renal disease. Nephrotoxicity is one of major side effect of cisplatin, the first metal-based anticancer drug. In the present study, we examined the effect of the Kampo medicine against cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity (CIN). METHODS First, we screened the ethical Kampo extract formulation having positive effect against CIN using HK-2 cells. Next, we examined the preventive action of the selected ethical Kampo extract formulation against CIN in vivo using a mouse model. RESULTS Cisplatin-induced cell death was significantly suppressed by TJ-43 (Rikkunshito) and TJ-90 (Seihaito); however, cisplatin-induced cleaved caspase-3 expression was inhibited only by TJ-90. In an in vivo mouse model of cisplatin-induced kidney injury with dysfunction and increased inflammatory cytokine expression, TJ-90 showed amelioration of these damaging effects. Cisplatin-induced apoptosis and superoxide production were inhibited by treatment with TJ-90. The expression of cleaved caspase-3, 4-hydroxynonenal, and MAPK phosphorylation increased after cisplatin administration, but decreased after the administration of TJ-90. Among 16 crude drug extracts present in Seihaito, Bamboo Culm (Chikujo in Japanese) inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death and cleaved caspase-3 expression in HK-2 cells. Moreover, the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin was not affected by TJ-90 co-treatment in cancer cell lines. CONCLUSION TJ-90 might have a novel preventive action against CIN through the suppression of inflammation, apoptosis, and oxidative stress without interfering with the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin. Collectively, these findings might contribute to innovations in supportive care for cancer treatment-related side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
| | - Masafumi Funamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of General Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan; Department of Nephrology and Hypertension, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Aihara
- Department of Community Medicine and Medical Science, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Kashiwada
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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Bi Y, Wang X, Li H, Tian Y, Han L, Gui C, Zhang Y. 3D-QSAR analysis of the interactions of flavonoids with human organic cation transporter 2. Toxicol Lett 2022; 368:1-8. [PMID: 35901987 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2022.07.811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
Flavonoids are a class of phenolic and polyphenolic compounds widely distributed in vegetables, fruits, grains and herbs. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) mediates the renal secretion of organic cations and is a key site of drug-drug interactions (DDIs). In this study, we systematically investigated the inhibitory effect of 28 flavonoids on OCT2-mediated uptake of 4-4-dimethylaminostyryl-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+). Among them, scullcapflavone II demonstrated the strongest inhibitory effect on OCT2-mediated uptake of ASP+ (IC50=11.2μM) in a competitive manner. Next, 3D-QSAR analyses of flavonoid OCT2 inhibitors were performed using both CoMFA and CoMSIA models. The date revealed that bulky substituents at the C-3 and C-4 positions of ring C as well as the C-7 position of ring A could prevent the interactions of flavonoids with OCT2. In contrast, a hydrophilic and negatively charge substituent on ring A was favorable for the interactions of flavonoids with OCT2. Consequently, baicalin (IC50=220.2μM) with a uronic acid substituent on ring A exhibited a stronger inhibition than baicalein (IC50=294.5μM); quercetin-3-O-galactoside (IC50=497.4μM) was a stronger inhibitor of OCT2 than rhamnetin 3-galactoside (IC50=1409.0μM). Taken together, our findings could be valuable in elucidating and predicting the interactions of flavonoids with OCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yajuan Bi
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Xue Wang
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Toxicology, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
| | - Huixiang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Yiqing Tian
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
| | - Lifeng Han
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Tianjin Key Laboratory of TCM Chemistry and Analysis, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin 301617, P. R. China.
| | - Chunshan Gui
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Jiangsu 215123, P. R. China.
| | - Youcai Zhang
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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Kikuchi R, Chiou WJ, Durbin KR, Savaryn JP, Ma J, Emami Riedmaier A, de Morais SM, Jenkins GJ, Bow DAJ. Quantitation of plasma membrane drug transporters in kidney tissue and cell lines using a novel proteomic approach enabled a prospective prediction of metformin disposition. Drug Metab Dispos 2021; 49:938-946. [PMID: 34330717 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.121.000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The successful prospective incorporation of in vitro transporter kinetics in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models to describe drug disposition remains challenging. While determination of scaling factors to extrapolate in vitro to in vivo transporter kinetics has been facilitated by quantitative proteomics, no robust assessment comparing membrane recoveries between different cells/tissues has been made. HEK293 cells overexpressing OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K or human kidney cortex were homogenized and centrifuged to obtain the total membrane fractions, which were subsequently subjected to liquid-liquid extraction followed by centrifugation and precipitation to isolate plasma membrane fractions. Plasma membrane recoveries determined by quantitation of the marker Na+/K+-ATPase in lysate and plasma membrane fractions were {less than or equal to}20% but within three-fold across different cells and tissues. A separate study demonstrated that recoveries are comparable between basolateral and apical membranes of renal proximal tubules, as measured by Na+/K+-ATPase and γ-glutamyl transpeptidase 1, respectively. The plasma membrane expression of OCT2, MATE1 and MATE2K was quantified and relative expression factors (REFs) were determined as the ratio between the tissue and cell concentrations. Corrections using plasma membrane recovery had minimal impact on REF values (<two-fold). In vitro transporter kinetics of metformin were extrapolated to in vivo using the corresponding REFs in a PBPK model. The simulated metformin exposures were within two-fold of clinical exposure. These results demonstrate that transporter REFs based on plasma membrane expression enable a prediction of transporter-mediated drug disposition. Such REFs may be estimated without the correction of plasma membrane recovery when the same procedure is applied between different matrices. Significance Statement Transporter REFs based on plasma membrane expression enable in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of transporter kinetics. Plasma membrane recoveries as determined by the quantification of Na+/K+-ATPase were comparable between the in vitro and in vivo systems used in the present study, and therefore had minimal impact on the transporter REF values.
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Key Words
- Transporter-mediated drug/metabolite disposition
- Uptake transporters (OATP, OAT, OCT, PEPT, MCT, NTCP, ASBT, etc.)
- efflux transporters (P-gp, BCRP, MRP, MATE, BSEP, etc)
- in vitro-in vivo prediction (IVIVE)
- proteomics
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryota Kikuchi
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, AbbVie, United States
| | | | - Kenneth R Durbin
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie, United States
| | | | - Junli Ma
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanalysis, AbbVie, United States
| | | | | | - Gary J Jenkins
- Drug Metabolism, Pharmacokinetics and Bioanal, AbbVie, United States
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Martinez Guerrero LJ, Zhang X, Zorn KM, Ekins S, Wright SH. Cationic Compounds with SARS-CoV-2 Antiviral Activity and their Interaction with OCT/MATE Secretory Transporters.. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2021; 379:96-107. [PMID: 34253645 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.121.000619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic, drug repurposing has been highlighted for rapid introduction of therapeutics. Proposed drugs with activity against SARS-CoV-2 include compounds with positive charges at physiological pH, making them potential targets for the organic cation (OC) secretory transporters of kidney and liver, i.e., the basolateral Organic Cation Transporters, OCT1 and OCT2; and the apical Multidrug And Toxin Extruders, MATE1 and MATE2-K. We selected several compounds proposed to have in vitro activity against SARS-CoV-2 (chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, quinacrine, tilorone, pyronaridine, cetylpyridinium and miramistin), to test their interaction with OCT and MATE transporters. We used Bayesian Machine learning models to generate predictions for each molecule with each transporter and also experimentally determined IC50 values for each compound against labelled substrate transport into CHO cells that stably expressed OCT2, MATE1 or MATE2-K using three structurally distinct substrates (atenolol, metformin and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP)) to assess the impact of substrate structure on inhibitory efficacy. For the OCTs substrate identity influenced IC50 values, though the effect was larger and more systematic for OCT2. In contrast, inhibition of MATE1-mediated transport was largely insensitive to substrate identity. Unlike MATE1, inhibition of MATE2-K was influenced, albeit modestly, by substrate identity. Cu,max/IC50 ratios were used to identify potential clinical DDI recommendations; all the compounds interacted with the OCT/MATE secretory pathway, most with sufficient avidity to represent potential DDI issues for secretion of cationic drugs. This should be considered when proposing cationic agents as repurposed antivirals. Significance Statement Drugs proposed as potential COVID-19 therapeutics based on in vitro activity data against SARS-CoV-2 include compounds with positive charges at physiological pH, making them potential interactors with the OCT/MATE renal secretory pathway. We tested seven such molecules as inhibitors of OCT1/2 and MATE1/2-K. All the compounds blocked transport activity regardless of substrate used to monitor activity. Suggesting that plasma concentrations achieved by normal clinical application of the test agents could be expected to influence the pharmacokinetics of selected cationic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Sean Ekins
- Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., United States
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11
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Incorporating renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter in physiologically based kinetic modelling to predict in vivo kinetics of mepiquat in rat. Toxicol Lett 2021; 343:34-43. [PMID: 33639197 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed at incorporating active renal excretion via the organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) into a generic rat physiologically based kinetic (PBK) model using an in vitro human renal proximal tubular epithelial cell line (SA7K) and mepiquat chloride (MQ) as the model compound. The Vmax (10.5 pmol/min/mg protein) and Km (20.6 μM) of OCT2 transport of MQ were determined by concentration-dependent uptake in SA7K cells using doxepin as inhibitor. PBK model predictions incorporating these values in the PBK model were 6.7-8.4-fold different from the reported in vivo data on the blood concentration of MQ in rat. Applying an overall scaling factor that also corrects for potential differences in OCT2 activity in the SA7K cells and in vivo kidney cortex and species differences resulted in adequate predictions for in vivo kinetics of MQ in rat (2.3-3.2-fold). The results indicate that using SA7K cells to define PBK parameters for active renal OCT2 mediated excretion with adequate scaling enables incorporation of renal excretion via the OCT2 transporter in PBK modelling to predict in vivo kinetics of mepiquat in rat. This study demonstrates a proof-of-principle on how to include active renal excretion into generic PBK models.
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12
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Rendic S, Guengerich FP. Metabolism and Interactions of Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine with Human Cytochrome P450 Enzymes and Drug Transporters. Curr Drug Metab 2021; 21:1127-1135. [PMID: 33292107 DOI: 10.2174/1389200221999201208211537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In clinical practice, chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are often co-administered with other drugs in the treatment of malaria, chronic inflammatory diseases, and COVID-19. Therefore, their metabolic properties and the effects on the activity of cytochrome P450 (P450, CYP) enzymes and drug transporters should be considered when developing the most efficient treatments for patients. METHODS Scientific literature on the interactions of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine with human P450 enzymes and drug transporters, was searched using PUBMED.Gov (https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/) and the ADME database (https://life-science.kyushu.fujitsu.com/admedb/). RESULTS Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are metabolized by P450 1A2, 2C8, 2C19, 2D6, and 3A4/5 in vitro and by P450s 2C8 and 3A4/5 in vivo by N-deethylation. Chloroquine effectively inhibited P450 2D6 in vitro; however, in vivo inhibition was not apparent except in individuals with limited P450 2D6 activity. Chloroquine is both an inhibitor and inducer of the transporter MRP1 and is also a substrate of the Mate and MRP1 transport systems. Hydroxychloroquine also inhibited P450 2D6 and the transporter OATP1A2. CONCLUSIONS Chloroquine caused a statistically significant decrease in P450 2D6 activity in vitro and in vivo, also inhibiting its own metabolism by the enzyme. The inhibition indicates a potential for clinical drug-drug interactions when taken with other drugs that are predominant substrates of the P450 2D6. When chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine are used clinically with other drugs, substrates of P450 2D6 enzyme, attention should be given to substrate-specific metabolism by P450 2D6 alleles present in individuals taking the drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick Peter Guengerich
- Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, United States
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13
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Abstract
Inhibitors of Na+/Cl- dependent high affinity transporters for norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), and/or dopamine (DA) represent frequently used drugs for treatment of psychological disorders such as depression, anxiety, obsessive-compulsive disorder, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, and addiction. These transporters remove NE, 5-HT, and/or DA after neuronal excitation from the interstitial space close to the synapses. Thereby they terminate transmission and modulate neuronal behavioral circuits. Therapeutic failure and undesired central nervous system side effects of these drugs have been partially assigned to neurotransmitter removal by low affinity transport. Cloning and functional characterization of the polyspecific organic cation transporters OCT1 (SLC22A1), OCT2 (SLC22A2), OCT3 (SLC22A3) and the plasma membrane monoamine transporter PMAT (SLC29A4) revealed that every single transporter mediates low affinity uptake of NE, 5-HT, and DA. Whereas the organic transporters are all located in the blood brain barrier, OCT2, OCT3, and PMAT are expressed in neurons or in neurons and astrocytes within brain areas that are involved in behavioral regulation. Areas of expression include the dorsal raphe, medullary motoric nuclei, hypothalamic nuclei, and/or the nucleus accumbens. Current knowledge of the transport of monoamine neurotransmitters by the organic cation transporters, their interactions with psychotropic drugs, and their locations in the brain is reported in detail. In addition, animal experiments including behavior tests in wildtype and knockout animals are reported in which the impact of OCT2, OCT3, and/or PMAT on regulation of salt intake, depression, mood control, locomotion, and/or stress effect on addiction is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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14
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Abstract
Precise control of monoamine neurotransmitter levels in the central nervous system (CNS) is crucial for proper brain function. Dysfunctional monoamine signaling is associated with several neuropsychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders. The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a new polyspecific organic cation transporter encoded by the SLC29A4 gene. Capable of transporting monoamine neurotransmitters with low affinity and high capacity, PMAT represents a major uptake2 transporter in the brain. Broadly expressed in multiple brain regions, PMAT can complement the high-affinity, low-capacity monoamine uptake mediated by uptake1 transporters, the serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine transporters (SERT, DAT, and NET, respectively). This chapter provides an overview of the molecular and functional characteristics of PMAT together with its regional and cell-type specific expression in the mammalian brain. The physiological functions of PMAT in brain monoamine homeostasis are evaluated in light of its unique transport kinetics and brain location, and in comparison with uptake1 and other uptake2 transporters (e.g., OCT3) along with corroborating experimental evidences. Lastly, the possibility of PMAT's involvement in brain pathophysiological processes, such as autism, depression, and Parkinson's disease, is discussed in the context of disease pathology and potential link to aberrant monoamine pathways.
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15
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Substrates and Inhibitors of Organic Cation Transporters (OCTs) and Plasma Membrane Monoamine Transporter (PMAT) and Therapeutic Implications. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 266:119-167. [PMID: 34495395 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gene products of the SLC22A gene family (hOCT1, hOCT2, and hOCT3) and of the SLC29A4 gene (hPMAT or hENT4) are all polyspecific organic cation transporters. Human OCTs (including hPMAT) are expressed in peripheral tissues such as small intestine, liver, and kidney involved in the pharmacokinetics of drugs. In the human brain, all four transporters are expressed at the blood-brain barrier (BBB), hOCT2 is additionally expressed in neurons, and hOCT3 and hPMAT in glia. More than 40% of the presently used drugs are organic cations. This chapter lists and discusses all known drugs acting as substrates or inhibitors of these four organic cation transporters, independently of whether the transporter is expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) or in peripheral tissues. Of interest is their involvement in drug absorption, distribution, and excretion as well as potential OCT-associated drug-drug interactions (DDIs), with a focus on drugs that act in the CNS.
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16
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Hamano H, Ikeda Y, Goda M, Fukushima K, Kishi S, Chuma M, Yamashita M, Niimura T, Takechi K, Imanishi M, Zamami Y, Horinouchi Y, Izawa-Ishizawa Y, Miyamoto L, Ishizawa K, Fujino H, Tamaki T, Aihara KI, Tsuchiya K. Diphenhydramine may be a preventive medicine against cisplatin-induced kidney toxicity. Kidney Int 2020; 99:885-899. [PMID: 33307103 DOI: 10.1016/j.kint.2020.10.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cisplatin is widely used as an anti-tumor drug for the treatment of solid tumors. Unfortunately, it causes kidney toxicity as a critical side effect, limiting its use, given that no preventive drug against cisplatin-induced kidney toxicity is currently available. Here, based on a repositioning analysis of the Food and Drug Administration Adverse Events Reporting System, we found that a previously developed drug, diphenhydramine, may provide a novel treatment for cisplatin-induced kidney toxicity. To confirm this, the actual efficacy of diphenhydramine was evaluated in in vitro and in vivo experiments. Diphenhydramine inhibited cisplatin-induced cell death in kidney proximal tubular cells. Mice administered cisplatin developed kidney injury with significant dysfunction (mean plasma creatinine: 0.43 vs 0.15 mg/dl) and showed augmented oxidative stress, increased apoptosis, elevated inflammatory cytokines, and MAPKs activation. However, most of these symptoms were suppressed by treatment with diphenhydramine. Furthermore, the concentration of cisplatin in the kidney was significantly attenuated in diphenhydramine-treated mice (mean platinum content: 70.0 vs 53.4 μg/g dry kidney weight). Importantly, diphenhydramine did not influence or interfere with the anti-tumor effect of cisplatin in any of the in vitro or in vivo experiments. In a selected cohort of 98 1:1 matched patients from a retrospective database of 1467 patients showed that patients with malignant cancer who had used diphenhydramine before cisplatin treatment exhibited significantly less acute kidney injury compared to ones who did not (6.1 % vs 22.4 %, respectively). Thus, diphenhydramine demonstrated efficacy as a novel preventive medicine against cisplatin-induced kidney toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Hamano
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Ikeda
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Goda
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keijo Fukushima
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Seiji Kishi
- Department of Nephrology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Department of General Medicine, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Masayuki Chuma
- Clinical Trial Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Michiko Yamashita
- Department of Pathological Science and Technology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takahiro Niimura
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenshi Takechi
- Clinical Trial Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Masaki Imanishi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yoshito Zamami
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Yuya Horinouchi
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | | | - Licht Miyamoto
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Keisuke Ishizawa
- Department of Pharmacy, Tokushima University Hospital, Tokushima, Japan; Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Fujino
- Department of Pharmacology for Life Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Tamaki
- Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan; Anan Medical Center, Anan, Japan
| | - Ken-Ichi Aihara
- Department of Community Medicine for Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
| | - Koichiro Tsuchiya
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Tokushima, Japan
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17
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Abstract
The organic cation transporters (OCTs) OCT1, OCT2, OCT3, novel OCT (OCTN)1, OCTN2, multidrug and toxin exclusion (MATE)1, and MATE kidney-specific 2 are polyspecific transporters exhibiting broadly overlapping substrate selectivities. They transport organic cations, zwitterions, and some uncharged compounds and operate as facilitated diffusion systems and/or antiporters. OCTs are critically involved in intestinal absorption, hepatic uptake, and renal excretion of hydrophilic drugs. They modulate the distribution of endogenous compounds such as thiamine, L-carnitine, and neurotransmitters. Sites of expression and functions of OCTs have important impact on energy metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicity of drugs, and on drug-drug interactions. In this work, an overview about the human OCTs is presented. Functional properties of human OCTs, including identified substrates and inhibitors of the individual transporters, are described. Sites of expression are compiled, and data on regulation of OCTs are presented. In addition, genetic variations of OCTs are listed, and data on their impact on transport, drug treatment, and diseases are reported. Moreover, recent data are summarized that indicate complex drug-drug interaction at OCTs, such as allosteric high-affinity inhibition of transport and substrate dependence of inhibitor efficacies. A hypothesis about the molecular mechanism of polyspecific substrate recognition by OCTs is presented that is based on functional studies and mutagenesis experiments in OCT1 and OCT2. This hypothesis provides a framework to imagine how observed complex drug-drug interactions at OCTs arise. Finally, preclinical in vitro tests that are performed by pharmaceutical companies to identify interaction of novel drugs with OCTs are discussed. Optimized experimental procedures are proposed that allow a gapless detection of inhibitory and transported drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Koepsell
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Department of Molecular Plant Physiology and Biophysics, Julius-von-Sachs-Institute, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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18
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Nozaki Y, Izumi S. Recent advances in preclinical in vitro approaches towards quantitative prediction of hepatic clearance and drug-drug interactions involving organic anion transporting polypeptide (OATP) 1B transporters. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:56-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2019.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2019] [Revised: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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19
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Hasegawa N, Furugen A, Ono K, Koishikawa M, Miyazawa Y, Nishimura A, Umazume T, Narumi K, Kobayashi M, Iseki K. Cellular uptake properties of lamotrigine in human placental cell lines: Investigation of involvement of organic cation transporters (SLC22A1-5). Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 35:266-273. [PMID: 32303459 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2020.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Lamotrigine (LTG) is an important antiepileptic drug for the treatment of seizures in pregnant women with epilepsy. However, it is not known if the transport of LTG into placental cells occurs via a carrier-mediated pathway. The aim of this study was to investigate the uptake properties of LTG into placental cell lines (BeWo and JEG-3), and to determine the involvement of organic cation transporters (OCTs, SLC22A1-3) and organic cation/carnitine transporter (OCTNs, SLC22A4-5) in the uptake process. The uptake of LTG at 37 °C was higher than that at 4 °C. OCT1 and OCTNs were detected in both cell lines. The uptake of LTG was not greatly affected by the extracellular pH, Na+-free conditions, or the presence of l-carnitine, suggesting that OCTNs were not involved. Although several potent inhibitors of OCTs (chloroquine, imipramine, quinidine, and verapamil) inhibited LTG uptake, other typical inhibitors had no effect. In addition, siRNA targeted to OCT1 had no significant effect on LTG uptake. The mRNA expression in human term placenta followed the order OCTN2 > OCT3 > OCTN1 > OCT1 ≈ OCT2. These observations suggested that LTG uptake into placental cells was carrier-mediated, but that OCTs and OCTNs were not responsible for the placental transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nami Hasegawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ayako Furugen
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Kanako Ono
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Mai Koishikawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Yuki Miyazawa
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Ayako Nishimura
- Department of Pharmacy, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Umazume
- Department of Obstetrics, Hokkaido University Hospital, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katsuya Narumi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
| | - Ken Iseki
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmaceutics & Therapeutics, Division of Pharmasciences, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokkaido University, Japan.
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20
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Wright SH. Molecular and cellular physiology of organic cation transporter 2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1669-F1679. [PMID: 31682169 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00422.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporters play a critical role in mediating the distribution of cationic pharmaceuticals. Indeed, organic cation transporter (OCT)2 is the initial step in the renal secretion of organic cations and consequently plays a defining role in establishing the pharmacokinetics of many cationic drugs. Although a hallmark of OCTs is their broad selectivity, this characteristic also makes them targets for unwanted, adverse drug-drug interactions (DDIs), making them a focus for efforts to develop models of ligand interaction that could predict and preempt these adverse interactions. This review discusses the molecular characteristics of these transporters as well as the evidence that established the OCTs as key players in the distribution of organic cations. However, the primary focus is the present understanding of the complexity of ligand interaction with OCTs, particularly OCT2, including evidence for the presence of multiple ligand-binding sites and the influence of substrate structure on the affinity of the transporter for inhibitory ligands. This leads to a discussion of the complexities associated with the development of protocols for assessing the inhibitory potential of new molecular entities to perpetrate unwanted DDIs, the criteria that should be considered in the interpretation of the results of such protocols, and the challenges associated with development of models capable of predicting unwanted DDIs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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21
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Sandoval PJ, Morales M, Secomb TW, Wright SH. Kinetic basis of metformin-MPP interactions with organic cation transporter OCT2. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F720-F734. [PMID: 31313952 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00152.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) clears the blood of cationic drugs. Efforts to understand OCT2 selectivity as a means to predict the potential of new molecular entities (NMEs) to produce unwanted drug-drug interactions typically assess the influence of the NMEs on inhibition of transport. However, the identity of the substrate used to assess transport activity can influence the quantitative profile of inhibition. Metformin and 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), in particular, display markedly different inhibitory profiles, with IC50 values for inhibition of MPP transport often being more than fivefold greater than IC50 values for the inhibition of metformin transport by the same compound, suggesting that interaction of metformin and MPP with OCT2 cannot be restricted to competition for a single binding site. Here, we determined the kinetic basis for the mutual inhibitory interaction of metformin and MPP with OCT2 expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells. Although metformin did produce simple competitive inhibition of MPP transport, MPP was a mixed-type inhibitor of metformin transport, decreasing the maximum rate of mediated substrate transport and increasing the apparent Michaelis constant (Ktapp) for OCT2-mediated metformin transport. Furthermore, whereas the IC50 value for metformin's inhibition of MPP transport did not differ from the Ktapp value for metformin transport, the IC50 value for MPP's inhibition of metformin transport was less than its Ktapp value for transport. The simplest model to account for these observations required the influence of a distinct inhibitory site for MPP that, when occupied, decreases the translocation of substrate. These observations underscore the complexity of ligand interaction with OCT2 and argue for use of multiple substrates to obtain the needed kinetic assessment of NME interactions with OCT2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark Morales
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Timothy W Secomb
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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22
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Boxberger KH, Hagenbuch B, Lampe JN. Ligand-dependent modulation of hOCT1 transport reveals discrete ligand binding sites within the substrate translocation channel. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 156:371-384. [PMID: 30138624 PMCID: PMC6195816 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human hepatic organic cation transporter 1 (hOCT1) is a well-known transporter of both xenobiotic and endogenous cations. The substrates and inhibitors of hOCT1 are structurally and physiochemically diverse and include some widely prescribed drugs (metformin and imatinib), vitamins (thiamine), and neurotransmitters (serotonin). It has been demonstrated that the closely related renal isoform, hOCT2, is subject to ligand-dependent modulation, wherein one ligand may enhance or inhibit transport of a second, chemically unrelated, ligand. This phenomenon has important implications for drug-drug interactions due to the ubiquity of polypharmacy and the large number of drugs that are present as cations under physiological conditions. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine if hOCT1 is subject to the same ligand-dependent modulation as hOCT2, and to identify unique putative ligand binding sites in the translocation channel for a sub-set of ligands using computational modeling. The competitive counter flow (CCF) assay was employed to examine ligand-dependent effects by utilizing four different radiolabeled probe substrates: MPP+, serotonin, metformin, and TEA. We identified 20 ligands that modulated the transport of the four test substrates examined. One of the putative ligands identified, BSP, is an anion at physiological pH. Direct uptake studies of radiolabeled BSP suggested that it is a hOCT1 substrate with a Km of 13.6 ± 2.6 µM and Vmax of 55.1 ± 4.1 pmol/mg protein/min. Each ligand identified was computationally docked into a homology model of hOCT1 using the UCSF DOCK software package. The docking study revealed three separate ligand binding pockets within the hOCT1 translocation pathway, defined by their interactions with three prototypical substrates: MPP+, TEA, and acyclovir. Our results suggest that hOCT1 is not only subject to ligand-dependent modulation, but also that individual ligand binding occurs at discrete sites within the hOCT1 translocation pathway which may influence ligand binding at the other sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelli H Boxberger
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Bruno Hagenbuch
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Cancer Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Liver Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States
| | - Jed N Lampe
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutics, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States; The University of Kansas Liver Center, Kansas City, KS 66160, United States.
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23
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Müller F, Weitz D, Mertsch K, König J, Fromm MF. Importance of OCT2 and MATE1 for the Cimetidine-Metformin Interaction: Insights from Investigations of Polarized Transport in Single- And Double-Transfected MDCK Cells with a Focus on Perpetrator Disposition. Mol Pharm 2018; 15:3425-3433. [PMID: 29975542 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.8b00416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cimetidine decreases the renal clearance of metformin by inhibition of renal tubular cation transport, and the underlying molecular mechanisms are still not fully understood. We investigated polarized metformin transport without and with the addition of cimetidine as well as polarized cimetidine transport in double-transfected MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells that mimic organic cation transport processes in proximal renal tubule cells and in MDCK vector control and single-transfected MDCK-OCT2 and MDCK-MATE1 cells. At all tested concentrations (1, 10, 100 μM), the intracellular accumulation of cimetidine after administration to the basal compartment was considerably higher in MDCK-OCT2 cells compared to that in all other cells ( p < 0.001). Whereas cimetidine transcellular, basal-to-apical transport was only slightly higher in MDCK-OCT2 cells, the presence of MATE1 in the apical membrane caused a pronounced translocation of cimetidine in both single- and double-transfected cells ( p < 0.001). Transcellular, basal-to-apical metformin net transport was reduced by 89.1, 74.5, and 91.0% in MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells after the addition of cimetidine (100 μM) to the basal, the apical, or both compartments ( p < 0.001). In MDCK-MATE1 and MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells, transcellular net transport of metformin was inhibited by cimetidine with IC50 values of 8.0 and 6.6 μM, respectively. Our data confirm the relevance of MATE1 and suggest the relevance of OCT2 for the cimetidine-metformin interaction, primarily because OCT2 mediates uptake of the perpetrator cimetidine into renal proximal tubular cells and thereby to the site of the metformin exporter MATE1. This work supports the notion that a thorough understanding of transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions may require investigations on the impact of transporters on cellular uptake and transcellular transport of victim as well as perpetrator drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Katharina Mertsch
- R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics , Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17 , 91054 Erlangen , Germany
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Omote S, Matsuoka N, Arakawa H, Nakanishi T, Tamai I. Effect of tyrosine kinase inhibitors on renal handling of creatinine by MATE1. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9237. [PMID: 29915248 PMCID: PMC6006426 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27672-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Creatinine is actively secreted across tubular epithelial cells via organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion 1 (MATE1). We previously showed that the tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) crizotinib inhibits OCT2-mediated transport of creatinine. In the present work, we examined the inhibitory potency of TKIs, including crizotinib, on MATE1-mediated transport of creatinine. Then, we used the kinetic parameters estimated in this and the previous work to predict the potential impact of TKIs on serum creatinine level (SCr) via reversible inhibition of creatinine transport. Crizotinib inhibited [14C]creatinine uptake by MATE1-overexpressing cells, and the inhibitory effect increased with incubation time, being greater in the case of pre-incubation or combined pre-incubation/co-incubation (pre/co-incubation) than in the case of co-incubation alone. The inhibition was non-competitive, with K i values of 2.34 μM, 0.455 μM and 0.342 μM under co-, pre- or pre/co-incubation conditions, respectively. Similar values were obtained for inhibition of [3H]MPP+ uptake by MATE1-overexpressing cells. Gefitinib, imatinib, pazopanib, sorafenib, and sunitinib also inhibited MATE1-mediated creatinine uptake. Further, all these TKIs except pazopanib inhibited [14C]creatinine uptake by OCT2-overexpressing cells. In rat kidney slices, the ratio of unbound tissue accumulation of TKIs to extracellular concentration ranged from 2.05 to 3.93. Prediction of the influence of TKIs on SCr based on the renal creatinine clearance and plasma maximum unbound concentrations of TKIs suggested that crizotinib and imatinib might increase SCr by more than 10% in the clinical context. Accordingly, it is necessary to be cautious in diagnosing TKI-induced renal failure only on the basis of an increase of SCr.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Omote
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsuoka
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Arakawa
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Takeo Nakanishi
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Science, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa, 920-1192, Japan.
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Sandoval PJ, Zorn KM, Clark AM, Ekins S, Wright SH. Assessment of Substrate-Dependent Ligand Interactions at the Organic Cation Transporter OCT2 Using Six Model Substrates. Mol Pharmacol 2018; 94:1057-1068. [PMID: 29884691 DOI: 10.1124/mol.117.111443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 mediates the entry step for organic cation secretion by renal proximal tubule cells and is a site of unwanted drug-drug interactions (DDIs). But reliance on decision tree-based predictions of DDIs at OCT2 that depend on IC50 values can be suspect because they can be influenced by choice of transported substrate; for example, IC50 values for the inhibition of metformin versus MPP transport can vary by 5- to 10-fold. However, it is not clear whether the substrate dependence of a ligand interaction is common among OCT2 substrates. To address this question, we screened the inhibitory effectiveness of 20 µM concentrations of several hundred compounds against OCT2-mediated uptake of six structurally distinct substrates: MPP, metformin, N,N,N-trimethyl-2-[methyl(7-nitrobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazol-4-yl)amino]ethanaminium (NBD-MTMA), TEA, cimetidine, and 4-4-dimethylaminostyryl-N-methylpyridinium (ASP). Of these, MPP transport was least sensitive to inhibition. IC50 values for 20 structurally diverse compounds confirmed this profile, with IC50 values for MPP averaging 6-fold larger than those for the other substrates. Bayesian machine-learning models of ligand-induced inhibition displayed generally good statistics after cross-validation and external testing. Applying our ASP model to a previously published large-scale screening study for inhibition of OCT2-mediated ASP transport resulted in comparable statistics, with approximately 75% of "active" inhibitors predicted correctly. The differential sensitivity of MPP transport to inhibition suggests that multiple ligands can interact simultaneously with OCT2 and supports the recommendation that MPP not be used as a test substrate for OCT2 screening. Instead, metformin appears to be a comparatively representative OCT2 substrate for both in vitro and in vivo (clinical) use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip J Sandoval
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (P.J.S., S.H.W.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.Z., S.E.); and Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M.C.)
| | - Kimberley M Zorn
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (P.J.S., S.H.W.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.Z., S.E.); and Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M.C.)
| | - Alex M Clark
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (P.J.S., S.H.W.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.Z., S.E.); and Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M.C.)
| | - Sean Ekins
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (P.J.S., S.H.W.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.Z., S.E.); and Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M.C.)
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona (P.J.S., S.H.W.); Collaborations Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Raleigh, North Carolina (K.M.Z., S.E.); and Molecular Materials Informatics, Inc., Montreal, Quebec, Canada (A.M.C.)
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Taccola C, Cartot-Cotton S, Valente D, Barneoud P, Aubert C, Boutet V, Gallen F, Lochus M, Nicolic S, Dodacki A, Smirnova M, Cisternino S, Declèves X, Bourasset F. High brain distribution of a new central nervous system drug candidate despite its P-glycoprotein-mediated efflux at the mouse blood-brain barrier. Eur J Pharm Sci 2018; 117:68-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Gessner A, König J, Fromm MF. Contribution of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) to renal secretion of trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO). Sci Rep 2018; 8:6659. [PMID: 29704007 PMCID: PMC5923289 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) gained considerable attention because of its role as a cardiovascular risk biomarker. Organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) mediates TMAO uptake into renal proximal tubular cells. Here we investigated the potential role of multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1) for translocation of TMAO across the luminal membrane of proximal tubular cells. HEK293 cells stably expressing OCT2 (HEK-OCT2) or MATE1 (HEK-MATE1) were used for uptake studies. Transcellular transport of TMAO was investigated using monolayers of MDCK control cells (MDCK-Co) as well as single- (MDCK-OCT2, MDCK-MATE1) and double-transfected cells (MDCK-OCT2-MATE1). In line with previous studies, HEK-OCT2 cells revealed a 2.4-fold uptake of TMAO compared to control cells (p < 0.001), whereas no significant uptake was observed in HEK-MATE1. In monolayers of MDCK cells, polarised TMAO transcellular transport was not significantly different between MDCK-Co and MDCK-OCT2 cells, but significantly increased in MDCK-MATE1 (p < 0.05) and MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells (p < 0.001). The OCT/MATE inhibitor trimethoprim abolished TMAO translocation in MDCK-OCT2-MATE1 cells (p < 0.05). The present data suggest that MATE1 contributes to renal elimination of TMAO. For selected MATE substrates, such as TMAO, uptake studies using non-polarised MATE-expressing cells can reveal false negative results compared to studies using polarised monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Gessner
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - J König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - M F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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28
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Shi R, Yang Y, Xu Z, Dai Y, Zheng M, Wang T, Li Y, Ma Y. Renal vectorial transport of berberine mediated by organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 (MATE1) in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2017; 39:47-58. [DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rong Shi
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yuanyuan Yang
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Zhangyao Xu
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yan Dai
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Min Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Tianming Wang
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
| | - Yueming Ma
- Department of Pharmacology; Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine; Shanghai China
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29
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Nakada T, Kudo T, Kume T, Kusuhara H, Ito K. Quantitative analysis of elevation of serum creatinine via renal transporter inhibition by trimethoprim in healthy subjects using physiologically-based pharmacokinetic model. Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2017; 33:103-110. [PMID: 29361388 DOI: 10.1016/j.dmpk.2017.11.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2017] [Revised: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Serum creatinine (SCr) levels rise during trimethoprim therapy for infectious diseases. This study aimed to investigate whether the elevation of SCr can be quantitatively explained using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model incorporating inhibition by trimethoprim on tubular secretion of creatinine via renal transporters such as organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2), OCT3, multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (MATE1), and MATE2-K. Firstly, pharmacokinetic parameters in the PBPK model of trimethoprim were determined to reproduce the blood concentration profile after a single intravenous and oral administration of trimethoprim in healthy subjects. The model was verified with datasets of both cumulative urinary excretions after a single administration and the blood concentration profile after repeated oral administration. The pharmacokinetic model of creatinine consisted of the creatinine synthesis rate, distribution volume, and creatinine clearance (CLcre), including tubular secretion via each transporter. When combining the models for trimethoprim and creatinine, the predicted increments in SCr from baseline were 29.0%, 39.5%, and 25.8% at trimethoprim dosages of 5 mg/kg (b.i.d.), 5 mg/kg (q.i.d.), and 200 mg (b.i.d.), respectively, which were comparable with the observed values. The present model analysis enabled us to quantitatively explain increments in SCr during trimethoprim treatment by its inhibition of renal transporters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohisa Nakada
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan; Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kudo
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kume
- Sohyaku. Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation, 2-2-50 Kawagishi, Toda-shi, Saitama 335-8505, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kusuhara
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacokinetics, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Kiyomi Ito
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Musashino University, 1-1-20 Shinmachi, Nishitokyo-shi, Tokyo 202-8585, Japan.
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30
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Hyung S, Pyeon W, Park JE, Song YK, Chung SJ. The conditional stimulation of rat organic cation transporter 2, but not its human ortholog, by mesoridazine: the possibility of the involvement of the high-affinity binding site of the transporter in the stimulation. J Pharm Pharmacol 2017; 69:1513-1523. [DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
To study the functional consequences of the human and rat forms of OCT2 in the presence of phenothiazines.
Methods
MDCK cells expressing human or rat OCT2 were established, and MPP+ transport was determined by uptake assays. Concentration dependency was studied for the stimulatory/inhibitory effects of phenothiazines on MPP+ transport.
Key findings
Among the 11 phenothiazines examined, the majority were found to have comparable effects on transporter function between the orthologous forms, while three phenothiazines, particularly mesoridazine, had complex impacts on transporter function. For rOCT2, mesoridazine stimulated transport at 0.1 and 1 μmMPP+ with the mesoridazine concentration–uptake curve becoming bell-shaped. This conditional effect became less pronounced at 30 μmMPP+, resulting in an inhibition curve with a typical profile. For hOCT2, mesoridazine behaved as a typical inhibitor of transporter function at all MPP+ concentrations, although the kinetics of inhibition were still affected by the substrate concentration.
Conclusions
The conditional stimulation by mesoridazine in rOCT2, and the lack thereof in hOCT2, may be a manifestation of the interaction of phenothiazine with substrate binding at the high-affinity site of the OCT2. As OCT2 was previously indicated in some drug–drug interactions, the conditional stimulation of OCT2 and its potential species-differences may be of practical relevance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwoo Hyung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Wonji Pyeon
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Eun Park
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yoo-Kyung Song
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Suk-Jae Chung
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, Korea
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31
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Müller F, Weitz D, Derdau V, Sandvoss M, Mertsch K, König J, Fromm MF. Contribution of MATE1 to Renal Secretion of the NMDA Receptor Antagonist Memantine. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:2991-2998. [PMID: 28708400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The weak base memantine is actively secreted into urine, however the underlying mechanisms are insufficiently understood. Potential candidates involved in memantine renal secretion are organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATE1, MATE2-K). The aim of this in vitro study was the examination of the interaction of memantine with OCT2 and MATEs. Memantine transporter inhibition and transport were examined in HEK cells expressing human OCT2, MATE1, or MATE2-K. Monolayers of single- (MDCK-OCT2, MDCK-MATE1) and double-transfected MDCK cells (MDCK-OCT2-MATE1) were used for studies on vectorial, basal to apical memantine transport. Memantine inhibited OCT2-, MATE1-, and MATE2-K-mediated metformin transport with IC50 values of 3.2, 40.9, and 315.3 μM, respectively. In HEK cells, no relevant memantine uptake by OCT2, MATE1, or MATE2-K was detected. Vectorial transport experiments, however, indicated a role of MATE1 for memantine export: After memantine administration to the basal side of the monolayers, memantine cellular accumulation was considerably lower (MDCK-MATE1 vs MDCK control cells, P < 0.01) and memantine transcellular, basal to apical transport was higher in MATE1 expressing cells (MDCK-MATE1 vs MDCK control cells, P < 0.001 at 60 and 180 min). Both effects were abolished upon addition of the MATE inhibitor cimetidine. These experiments suggest a relevant role of MATE1 for renal secretion of memantine. In the clinical setting, renal elimination of memantine could be impaired by coadministration of MATE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Dietmar Weitz
- R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Sandvoss
- R&D, Integrated Drug Discovery, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Mertsch
- R&D, Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Sanofi-Aventis Deutschland GmbH , 65926 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Fahrstrasse 17, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Abstract
Transporters in proximal renal tubules contribute to the disposition of numerous drugs. Furthermore, the molecular mechanisms of tubular secretion have been progressively elucidated during the past decades. Organic anions tend to be secreted by the transport proteins OAT1, OAT3 and OATP4C1 on the basolateral side of tubular cells, and multidrug resistance protein (MRP) 2, MRP4, OATP1A2 and breast cancer resistance protein (BCRP) on the apical side. Organic cations are secreted by organic cation transporter (OCT) 2 on the basolateral side, and multidrug and toxic compound extrusion (MATE) proteins MATE1, MATE2/2-K, P-glycoprotein, organic cation and carnitine transporter (OCTN) 1 and OCTN2 on the apical side. Significant drug-drug interactions (DDIs) may affect any of these transporters, altering the clearance and, consequently, the efficacy and/or toxicity of substrate drugs. Interactions at the level of basolateral transporters typically decrease the clearance of the victim drug, causing higher systemic exposure. Interactions at the apical level can also lower drug clearance, but may be associated with higher renal toxicity, due to intracellular accumulation. Whereas the importance of glomerular filtration in drug disposition is largely appreciated among clinicians, DDIs involving renal transporters are less well recognized. This review summarizes current knowledge on the roles, quantitative importance and clinical relevance of these transporters in drug therapy. It proposes an approach based on substrate-inhibitor associations for predicting potential tubular-based DDIs and preventing their adverse consequences. We provide a comprehensive list of known drug interactions with renally-expressed transporters. While many of these interactions have limited clinical consequences, some involving high-risk drugs (e.g. methotrexate) definitely deserve the attention of prescribers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton Ivanyuk
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Françoise Livio
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jérôme Biollaz
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital (CHUV), Bugnon 17, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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33
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Molecular properties associated with transporter-mediated drug disposition. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2017; 116:92-99. [PMID: 28554577 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Membrane transporters play a key role in the absorption, distribution, clearance, elimination, and transport of drugs. Understanding the drug properties and structure activity relationships (SAR) for affinity to membrane transporters is critical to optimize clearance and pharmacokinetics during drug design. To facilitate the early identification of clearance mechanism, a framework named the extended clearance classification system (ECCS) was recently introduced. Using in vitro and physicochemical properties that are readily available in early drug discovery, ECCS has been successfully applied to identify major clearance mechanism and to implicate the role of membrane transporters in determining pharmacokinetics. While the crystal structures for most of the drug transporters are currently not available, ligand-based modeling approaches that use information obtained from the structure and molecular properties of the ligands have been applied to associate the drug-related properties and transporter-mediated disposition. The approach allows prospective prediction of transporter both substrate and/or inhibitor affinity and build quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) to enable early optimization of pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution and drug-drug interaction risk. Drug design applications can be further improved through uncovering transporter protein crystal structure and generation of quality data to refine and develop viable predictive models.
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34
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Severance AC, Sandoval PJ, Wright SH. Correlation between Apparent Substrate Affinity and OCT2 Transport Turnover. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 362:405-412. [PMID: 28615288 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Organic cation (OC) transporter 2 (OCT2) mediates the first step in the renal secretion of many cationic drugs: basolateral uptake from blood into proximal tubule cells. The impact of this process on the pharmacokinetics of drug clearance as estimated using a physiologically-based pharmacokinetic approach relies on an accurate understanding of the kinetics of transport because the ratio of the maximal rate of transport to the Michaelis constant (i.e., Jmax/ Kt) provides an estimate of the intrinsic clearance (Clint) used in in vitro-in vivo extrapolation of experimentally determined transport data. Although the multispecificity of renal OC secretion, including that of the OCT2 transporter, is widely acknowledged, the possible relationship between relative affinity of the transporter for its diverse substrates and the maximal rates of their transport has received little attention. In this study, we determined the Jmax and apparent Michaelis constant (Ktapp) values for six structurally distinct OCT2 substrates and found a strong correlation between Jmax and Ktapp; high-affinity substrates [Ktapp values <50 µM, including 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, or 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP), and cimetidine] displayed systematically lower Jmax values (<50 pmol cm-2 min-1) than did low-affinity substrates (Ktapp >200 µM, including choline and metformin). Similarly, preloading OCT2-expressing cells with low-affinity substrates resulted in systematically larger trans-stimulated rates of MPP uptake than did preloading with high-affinity substrates. The data are quantitatively consistent with the hypothesis that dissociation of bound substrate from the transporter is rate limiting in establishing maximal rates of OCT2-mediated transport. This systematic relationship may provide a means to estimate Clint for drugs for which transport data are lacking.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philip J Sandoval
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen H Wright
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona
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Arakawa H, Omote S, Tamai I. Inhibitory Effect of Crizotinib on Creatinine Uptake by Renal Secretory Transporter OCT2. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:2899-2903. [PMID: 28336299 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Crizotinib, a tyrosine kinase inhibitor, exhibits some cases of an increase in serum creatinine levels. Creatinine is excreted by not only glomerular filtration but also active secretion by organic cation transporters such as organic cation transporter 2 (OCT2). In the present study, we evaluated in vitro inhibitory effect of crizotinib on OCT2 by directly measuring creatinine uptake by OCT2. Coincubation of crizotinib reduced uptake of [14C]creatinine by cultured HEK293 cells expressing OCT2 (HEK293/OCT2) in a concentration-dependent manner with IC50 values of 1.58 ± 0.24 μM. Preincubation or both preincubation and coincubation (preincubation/coincubation) with crizotinib showed stronger inhibitory effect on [14C]creatinine uptake compared with that in coincubation alone with IC50 values of 0.499 ± 0.076 and 0.347 ± 0.040 μM, respectively. These IC50 values of crizotinib on [3H]N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium acetate uptake by OCT2 were 10-20 times higher than those of [14C]creatinine uptake. Furthermore, preincubation of crizotinib inhibited creatinine uptake by OCT2 in an apparently competitive manner. In conclusion, crizotinib at a clinically relevant concentration has the potential to inhibit creatinine transport by OCT2, suggesting an increase of serum creatinine levels in clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Arakawa
- Department of Membrane Transport of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Saki Omote
- Department of Membrane Transport of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Ikumi Tamai
- Department of Membrane Transport of Biopharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Medical, Pharmaceutical and Health Sciences, Kanazawa University, Kakuma-machi, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan.
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36
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Ma YR, Shi AX, Qin HY, Zhang T, Wu YF, Zhang GQ, Wu XA. Metoprolol decreases the plasma exposure of metformin via the induction of liver, kidney and muscle uptake in rats. Biopharm Drug Dispos 2016; 37:511-521. [PMID: 27662517 DOI: 10.1002/bdd.2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 09/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Drug interactions are one of the commonest causes of side effects, particularly in long-term therapy. The aim of the current study was to investigate the possible effects of metoprolol on the pharmacokinetics of metformin in rats and to clarify the mechanism of drug interaction. In this study, rats were treated with metformin alone or in combination with metoprolol. Plasma, urine and tissue concentrations of metformin were determined by HPLC. Western blotting and real-time qPCR were used to evaluate the expression of rOCTs and rMATE1. The results showed that, after single or 7-day repeated administration, the plasma concentrations of metformin in the co-administration group were significantly decreased compared with that in the metformin group. However, the parameter V/F of metformin in the co-administration group was markedly increased compared with that in the metformin group. The hepatic, renal and muscular Kp of metformin were markedly elevated after co-administration with metoprolol. Consistently, metformin uptake in rat kidney slices was significantly induced by metoprolol. In addition, multiple administrations of metoprolol significantly reduced the expression of rMATE1 in rat kidney as well as the urinary excretion of metformin. Importantly, after long-term administration, lactic acid and uric acid levels in the co-administration group were increased by 25% and 26%, respectively, compared with that in the metformin group. These results indicate that metoprolol can decrease the plasma concentration of metformin via the induction of hepatic, renal and muscular uptake, and long-term co-administration of metformin and metoprolol can cause elevated lactic acid and uric acid levels. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - A-Xi Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Hong-Yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Tiffany Zhang
- Department of Molecule Biosciences, Lincoln University, Canterbury, New Zealand
| | - Yan-Fang Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China.,School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Guo-Qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
| | - Xin-An Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, China
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37
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Yin J, Duan H, Wang J. Impact of Substrate-Dependent Inhibition on Renal Organic Cation Transporters hOCT2 and hMATE1/2-K-Mediated Drug Transport and Intracellular Accumulation. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 359:401-410. [PMID: 27758931 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.236158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal transporter-mediated drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are of significant clinical concern, as they can adversely impact drug disposition, efficacy, and toxicity. Emerging evidence suggests that human renal organic cation transporter 2 (hOCT2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 and 2-K (hMATE1/2-K) exhibit substrate-dependent inhibition, but their impact on renal drug secretion and intracellular accumulation is unknown. Using metformin and atenolol as the probe substrates, we found that the classic inhibitors (e.g., cimetidine) of renal organic cation secretion were approximately 10-fold more potent for hOCT2 when atenolol was used, suggesting that atenolol is a more sensitive in vitro substrate for hOCT2 than metformin. In contrast, inhibition of hMATE1/2-K was influenced much less by the choice of substrate. Cimetidine is a much more potent inhibitor for hMATE1/2-K when metformin is the substrate but acts as an equally potent inhibitor of hOCT2 and hMATE1/2-K when atenolol is the substrate. Using hOCT2/hMATE1 double-transfected Madin-Darby canine kidney cells, we evaluated the impact of substrate-dependent inhibition on hOCT2/hMATE1-mediated transepithelial flux and intracellular drug accumulation. At clinically relevant concentrations, cimetidine dose dependently inhibited basal-to-apical flux of atenolol and metformin but impacted their intracellular accumulation differently, indicating that substrate-dependent inhibition may shift the major substrate-inhibitor interaction site between apical and basolateral transporters. Cimetidine is effective only when applied to the basal compartment. Our findings revealed the complex and dynamic nature of substrate-dependent inhibition of renal organic cation drug transporters and highlighted the importance of considering substrate-dependent inhibition in predicting transporter-mediated renal drug interaction, accumulation, and toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Yin
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Haichuan Duan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joanne Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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38
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Wang J. The plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT): Structure, function, and role in organic cation disposition. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2016; 100:489-499. [PMID: 27506881 DOI: 10.1002/cpt.442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane monoamine transporter (PMAT) is a new polyspecific organic cation transporter that transports a variety of biogenic amines and xenobiotic cations. Highly expressed in the brain, PMAT represents a major uptake2 transporter for monoamine neurotransmitters. At the blood-cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) barrier, PMAT is the principal organic cation transporter for removing neurotoxins and drugs from the CSF. Here I summarize our latest understanding of PMAT and its roles in monoamine uptake and xenobiotic disposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.
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39
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Momper JD, Tsunoda SM, Ma JD. Evaluation of Proposed In Vivo Probe Substrates and Inhibitors for Phenotyping Transporter Activity in Humans. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56 Suppl 7:S82-98. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremiah D. Momper
- University of California, San Diego; Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Shirley M. Tsunoda
- University of California, San Diego; Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences; La Jolla CA USA
| | - Joseph D. Ma
- University of California, San Diego; Skaggs School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences; La Jolla CA USA
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40
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Misaka S, Knop J, Singer K, Hoier E, Keiser M, Müller F, Glaeser H, König J, Fromm MF. The Nonmetabolized β-Blocker Nadolol Is a Substrate of OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K, and P-Glycoprotein, but Not of OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. Mol Pharm 2016; 13:512-9. [PMID: 26702643 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Nadolol is a nonmetabolized β-adrenoceptor antagonist and is a substrate of OATP1A2, but not of OATP2B1. However, other drug transporters involved in translocation of nadolol have not been characterized in detail. We therefore investigated nadolol as a potential substrate of the hepatic uptake transporters OATP1B1, OATP1B3, and OCT1 and of the renal transporters OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K expressed in HEK cells. Moreover, the importance of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) for nadolol transport was studied using double transfected MDCK-OCT1-P-gp cells. Nadolol was not transported by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3. In contrast, a significantly higher nadolol accumulation (at 1 and 10 μM) was found in OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, and MATE2-K cells compared to control cells (P < 0.01). Km values for OCT2-, MATE1-, and MATE2-K-mediated nadolol uptake were 122, 531, and 372 μM, respectively. Cimetidine (100 μM, P < 0.01) and trimethoprim (100 μM, P < 0.001) significantly inhibited OCT1-, OCT2-, MATE1-, and MATE2-K-mediated nadolol transport. The P-gp inhibitor zosuquidar significantly reduced basal to apical nadolol transport in monolayers of MDCK-OCT1-P-gp cells. In summary, nadolol is a substrate of the cation transporters OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K, and of P-gp. These data will aid future in vivo studies on potential transporter-mediated drug-drug or drug-food interactions with involvement of nadolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingen Misaka
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University , Fukushima, Japan
| | - Jana Knop
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Katrin Singer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hoier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Markus Keiser
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine of Greifswald , Greifswald, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Glaeser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Erlangen, Germany
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Kell DB. The transporter-mediated cellular uptake of pharmaceutical drugs is based on their metabolite-likeness and not on their bulk biophysical properties: Towards a systems pharmacology. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pisc.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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42
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Shen H, Liu T, Jiang H, Titsch C, Taylor K, Kandoussi H, Qiu X, Chen C, Sukrutharaj S, Kuit K, Mintier G, Krishnamurthy P, Fancher RM, Zeng J, Rodrigues AD, Marathe P, Lai Y. Cynomolgus Monkey as a Clinically Relevant Model to Study Transport Involving Renal Organic Cation Transporters: In Vitro and In Vivo Evaluation. Drug Metab Dispos 2015; 44:238-49. [DOI: 10.1124/dmd.115.066852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Jaiyen C, Jutabha P, Anzai N, Lungkaphin A, Soodvilai S, Srimaroeng C. Interaction of green tea catechins with renal organic cation transporter 2. Xenobiotica 2015; 46:641-650. [PMID: 26576923 DOI: 10.3109/00498254.2015.1107785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. Green tea extract (GTE) and EGCG have previously shown to increase the uptake of MPP+ into Caco-2 cells. However, whether GTE and its derivatives interact with renal basolateral organic cation transporter 2 (Oct2) which plays a crucial role for cationic clearance remains unknown. Thus, this study assessed the potential of drug-green tea (GT) catechins and its derivatives interactions with rat Oct2 using renal cortical slices and S2 stably expressing rat Oct2 (S2rOct2). 2. Both GTE and ECG inhibited MPP+ uptake in renal slices in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.71 ± 0.360 mg/ml and 0.87 ± 0.151 mM), and this inhibitory effect was reversible. Inhibition of [3H]MPP+ transport in S2rOct2 by either GTE or ECG (IC50 = 1.90 ± 0.087 mg/ml and 1.67 ± 0.088 mM) was also observed. 3. The weak and reversible interactions of GTE and ECG with rOct2 indicate that consumption of GT beverages could not interfere with cationic drugs secreted via renal OCT2 in humans. However, the rise of therapeutic use of GTE and ECG might have to take into account the significant possibility of adverse drug-green tea catechins interactions which could alter renal organic cation drug clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaliya Jaiyen
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand.,b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine , Tochigi , Japan , and
| | - Promsuk Jutabha
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine , Tochigi , Japan , and
| | - Naohiko Anzai
- b Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology , Dokkyo Medical University, School of Medicine , Tochigi , Japan , and
| | - Anusorn Lungkaphin
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Sunhapas Soodvilai
- c Department of Physiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | - Chutima Srimaroeng
- a Department of Physiology , Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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44
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Knop J, Hoier E, Ebner T, Fromm MF, Müller F. Renal tubular secretion of pramipexole. Eur J Pharm Sci 2015; 79:73-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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45
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Knop J, Misaka S, Singer K, Hoier E, Müller F, Glaeser H, König J, Fromm MF. Inhibitory Effects of Green Tea and (-)-Epigallocatechin Gallate on Transport by OATP1B1, OATP1B3, OCT1, OCT2, MATE1, MATE2-K and P-Glycoprotein. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139370. [PMID: 26426900 PMCID: PMC4591125 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Green tea catechins inhibit the function of organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) that mediate the uptake of a diverse group of drugs and endogenous compounds into cells. The present study was aimed at investigating the effect of green tea and its most abundant catechin epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) on the transport activity of several drug transporters expressed in enterocytes, hepatocytes and renal proximal tubular cells such as OATPs, organic cation transporters (OCTs), multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins (MATEs), and P-glycoprotein (P-gp). Uptake of the typical substrates metformin for OCTs and MATEs and bromosulphophthalein (BSP) and atorvastatin for OATPs was measured in the absence and presence of a commercially available green tea and EGCG. Transcellular transport of digoxin, a typical substrate of P-gp, was measured over 4 hours in the absence and presence of green tea or EGCG in Caco-2 cell monolayers. OCT1-, OCT2-, MATE1- and MATE2-K-mediated metformin uptake was significantly reduced in the presence of green tea and EGCG (P < 0.05). BSP net uptake by OATP1B1 and OATP1B3 was inhibited by green tea [IC50 2.6% (v/v) and 0.39% (v/v), respectively]. Green tea also inhibited OATP1B1- and OATP1B3-mediated atorvastatin net uptake with IC50 values of 1.9% (v/v) and 1.0% (v/v), respectively. Basolateral to apical transport of digoxin was significantly decreased in the presence of green tea and EGCG. These findings indicate that green tea and EGCG inhibit multiple drug transporters in vitro. Further studies are necessary to investigate the effects of green tea on prototoypical substrates of these transporters in humans, in particular on substrates of hepatic uptake transporters (e.g. statins) as well as on P-glycoprotein substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Knop
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Shingen Misaka
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Katrin Singer
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Eva Hoier
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Müller
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hartmut Glaeser
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg König
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F. Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
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46
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Li DC, Nichols CG, Sala-Rabanal M. Role of a Hydrophobic Pocket in Polyamine Interactions with the Polyspecific Organic Cation Transporter OCT3. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:27633-43. [PMID: 26405039 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.668913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Organic cation transporter 3 (OCT3, SLC22A3) is a polyspecific, facilitative transporter expressed in astrocytes and in placental, intestinal, and blood-brain barrier epithelia, and thus elucidating the molecular mechanisms underlying OCT3 substrate recognition is critical for the rational design of drugs targeting these tissues. The pharmacology of OCT3 is distinct from that of other OCTs, and here we investigated the role of a hydrophobic cavity tucked within the translocation pathway in OCT3 transport properties. Replacement of an absolutely conserved Asp by charge reversal (D478E), neutralization (D478N), or even exchange (D478E) abolished MPP(+) uptake, demonstrating this residue to be obligatory for OCT3-mediated transport. Mutations at non-conserved residues lining the putative binding pocket of OCT3 to the corresponding residue in OCT1 (L166F, F450L, and E451Q) reduced the rate of MPP(+) transport, but recapitulated the higher sensitivity pharmacological profile of OCT1. Thus, interactions of natural polyamines (putrescine, spermidine, spermine) and polyamine-like potent OCT1 blockers (1,10-diaminodecane, decamethonium, bistriethylaminodecane, and 1,10-bisquinuclidinedecane) with wild-type OCT3 were weak, but were significantly potentiated in the mutant OCT3s. Conversely, a reciprocal mutation in OCT1 (F161L) shifted the polyamine-sensitivity phenotype toward that of OCT3. Further analysis indicated that OCT1 and OCT3 can recognize essentially the same substrates, but the strength of substrate-transporter interactions is weaker in OCT3, as informed by the distinct makeup of the hydrophobic cleft. The residues identified here are key contributors to both the observed differences between OCT3 and OCT1 and to the mechanisms of substrate recognition by OCTs in general.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan C Li
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and the Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases (CIMED), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Colin G Nichols
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and the Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases (CIMED), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Monica Sala-Rabanal
- From the Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, and the Center for the Investigation of Membrane Excitability Diseases (CIMED), Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri 63110
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47
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Abstract
In recent decades, in silico absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME), and toxicity (T) modelling as a tool for rational drug design has received considerable attention from pharmaceutical scientists, and various ADME/T-related prediction models have been reported. The high-throughput and low-cost nature of these models permits a more streamlined drug development process in which the identification of hits or their structural optimization can be guided based on a parallel investigation of bioavailability and safety, along with activity. However, the effectiveness of these tools is highly dependent on their capacity to cope with needs at different stages, e.g. their use in candidate selection has been limited due to their lack of the required predictability. For some events or endpoints involving more complex mechanisms, the current in silico approaches still need further improvement. In this review, we will briefly introduce the development of in silico models for some physicochemical parameters, ADME properties and toxicity evaluation, with an emphasis on the modelling approaches thereof, their application in drug discovery, and the potential merits or deficiencies of these models. Finally, the outlook for future ADME/T modelling based on big data analysis and systems sciences will be discussed.
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48
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Hacker K, Maas R, Kornhuber J, Fromm MF, Zolk O. Substrate-Dependent Inhibition of the Human Organic Cation Transporter OCT2: A Comparison of Metformin with Experimental Substrates. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0136451. [PMID: 26327616 PMCID: PMC4556614 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0136451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The importance of the organic cation transporter OCT2 in the renal excretion of cationic drugs raises the possibility of drug-drug interactions (DDIs) in which an inhibitor (perpetrator) drug decreases OCT2-dependent renal clearance of a victim (substrate) drug. In fact, there are clinically significant interactions for drugs that are known substrates of OCT2 such as metformin. To identify drugs as inhibitors for OCT2, individual drugs or entire drug libraries have been investigated in vitro by using experimental probe substrates such as 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) or 4–4-dimethylaminostyryl-N-methylpyridinium (ASP+). It has been questioned whether the inhibition data obtained with an experimental probe substrate such as MPP+ or ASP+ might be used to predict the inhibition against other, clinical relevant substrates such as metformin. Here we compared the OCT2 inhibition profile data for the substrates metformin, MPP+ and ASP+. We used human embryonic kidney (HEK 293) cells stably overexpressing human OCT2 as the test system to screen 125 frequently prescribed drugs as inhibitors of OCT2-mediated metformin and MPP+ uptake. Data on inhibition of OCT2-mediated ASP+ uptake were obtained from previous literature. A moderate correlation between the inhibition of OCT2-mediated MPP+, ASP+, and metformin uptake was observed (pairwise rs between 0.27 and 0.48, all P < 0.05). Of note, the correlation in the inhibition profile between structurally similar substrates such as MPP+ and ASP+ (Tanimoto similarity T = 0.28) was even lower (rs = 0.27) than the correlation between structurally distinct substrates, such as ASP+ and metformin (T = 0.01; rs = 0.48) or MPP+ and metformin (T = 0.01; rs = 0.40). We identified selective as well as universal OCT2 inhibitors, which inhibited transport by more than 50% of one substrate only or of all substrates, respectively. Our data suggest that the predictive value for drug-drug interactions using experimental substrates rather than the specific victim drug is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Hacker
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Renke Maas
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Kornhuber
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martin F. Fromm
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail:
| | - Oliver Zolk
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, Ulm University, Ulm, Germany
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49
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Unstirred Water Layers and the Kinetics of Organic Cation Transport. Pharm Res 2015; 32:2937-49. [PMID: 25791216 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-015-1675-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Unstirred water layers (UWLs) present an unavoidable complication to the measurement of transport kinetics in cultured cells, and the high rates of transport achieved by overexpressing heterologous transporters exacerbate the UWL effect. This study examined the correlation between measured Jmax and Kt values and the effect of manipulating UWL thickness or transport Jmax on the accuracy of experimentally determined kinetics of the multidrug transporters, OCT2 and MATE1. METHODS Transport of TEA and MPP was measured in CHO cells that stably expressed human OCT2 or MATE1. UWL thickness was manipulated by vigorous reciprocal shaking. Several methods were used to manipulate maximal transport rates. RESULTS Vigorous stirring stimulated uptake of OCT2-mediated transport by decreasing apparent Kt (Ktapp) values. Systematic reduction in transport rates was correlated with reduction in Ktapp values. The slope of these relationships indicated a 1500 μm UWL in multiwell plates. Reducing the influence of UWLs (by decreasing either their thickness or the Jmax of substrate transport) reduced Ktapp by 2-fold to >10-fold. CONCLUSIONS Failure to take into account the presence of UWLs in experiments using cultured cells to measure transport kinetics can result in significant underestimates of the apparent affinity of multidrug transporters for substrates.
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Ma YR, Huang J, Shao YY, Ma K, Zhang GQ, Zhou Y, Zhi R, Qin HY, Wu XA. Inhibitory effect of atenolol on urinary excretion of metformin via down-regulating multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (rMate1) expression in the kidney of rats. Eur J Pharm Sci 2014; 68:18-26. [PMID: 25486332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2014.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Renal tubular secretion is an important pathway for the elimination of many clinically used drugs. Metformin, a commonly prescribed first-line antidiabetic drug, is secreted primarily by the renal tubule. Many patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) receiving metformin may together be given selective β1 blockers (e.g., atenolol). Therefore, it is of great use to evaluate the effect of atenolol on metformin urinary excretion for exploring drug interactions and predicting the adverse effect of drugs. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of atenolol on the pharmacokinetic of metformin and plasma lactate (LCA) level in rats, for high LCA is a serious adverse reaction of metformin after long-term metformin treatment. In this study, rats were treated with metformin alone or in combination with atenolol. Plasma, urine and tissue concentration of metformin was determined by HPLC method, while Western blotting and immunohistochemical analysis were used to evaluate the renal expression of rat organic cation transporter 2 (rOct2) and multidrug and toxin extrusion protein 1 (rMate1). The results showed that, after 7 days drug treatment, the AUC0 → t of metformin in atenolol and metformin co-administration group was significantly increased by 19.5% compared to that in metformin group, while the 24h cumulative urinary excretion of metformin was significantly decreased by 57.3%. In addition, atenolol treatment significantly decreased the renal expression of rMate1, but had no effect on rOct2 expression, renal blood perfusion and glomerular filtration. Moreover, plasma LCA level in atenolol and metformin co-administration group was significantly increased by 83.3% compared to that in metformin group after 60 days drug treatment. These results indicated that atenolol can inhibit urinary excretion of metformin via decreasing renal rMate1 expression, and long-term atenolol and metformin co-administration may induce potential lactic acidosis. Our results, for the first time, provided an important experimental evidence that rMate1 is the target of transporter-mediated drug interactions concerning metformin and atenolol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-rong Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Jing Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yun-yun Shao
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Kang Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China; School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Guo-qiang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Rao Zhi
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Hong-yan Qin
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xin-an Wu
- Department of Pharmacy, the First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China.
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