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Hojná S, Malínská H, Hüttl M, Vaňourková Z, Marková I, Miklánková D, Hrdlička J, Papoušek F, Neckář J, Kujal P, Behuliak M, Rauchová H, Kadlecová M, Sedmera D, Neffeová K, Zábrodská E, Olejníčková V, Zicha J, Vaněčková I. Hepatoprotective and cardioprotective effects of empagliflozin in spontaneously hypertensive rats fed a high-fat diet. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116520. [PMID: 38581924 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024] Open
Abstract
A combination of liver and heart dysfunction worsens the prognosis of human survival. The aim of this study was to investigate whether empagliflozin (a sodium-glucose transporter-2 inhibitor) has beneficial effects not only on cardiac and renal function but also on hepatic function. Adult (6-month-old) male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) were fed a high-fat diet (60% fat) for four months to induce hepatic steatosis and mild heart failure. For the last two months, the rats were treated with empagliflozin (empa, 10 mg.kg-1.day-1 in the drinking water). Renal function and oral glucose tolerance test were analyzed in control (n=8), high-fat diet (SHR+HF, n=10), and empagliflozin-treated (SHR+HF+empa, n=9) SHR throughout the study. Metabolic parameters and echocardiography were evaluated at the end of the experiment. High-fat diet feeding increased body weight and visceral adiposity, liver triglyceride and cholesterol concentrations, and worsened glucose tolerance. Although the high-fat diet did not affect renal function, it significantly worsened cardiac function in a subset of SHR rats. Empagliflozin reduced body weight gain but not visceral fat deposition. It also improved glucose sensitivity and several metabolic parameters (plasma insulin, uric acid, and HDL cholesterol). In the liver, empagliflozin reduced ectopic lipid accumulation, lipoperoxidation, inflammation and pro-inflammatory HETEs, while increasing anti-inflammatory EETs. In addition, empagliflozin improved cardiac function (systolic, diastolic and pumping) independent of blood pressure. The results of our study suggest that hepatoprotection plays a decisive role in the beneficial effects of empagliflozin in preventing the progression of cardiac dysfunction induced by high-fat diet feeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvie Hojná
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Malínská
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Hüttl
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeňka Vaňourková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Irena Marková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Miklánková
- Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Hrdlička
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - František Papoušek
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Neckář
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kujal
- 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Behuliak
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Rauchová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Kadlecová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - David Sedmera
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kristýna Neffeová
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic; 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Zábrodská
- 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Josef Zicha
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ivana Vaněčková
- Institute of Physiology, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Podyacheva E, Semenova N, Zinserling V, Mukhametdinova D, Goncharova I, Zelinskaya I, Sviridov E, Martynov M, Osipova S, Toropova Y. Intravenous Nicotinamide Riboside Administration Has a Cardioprotective Effect in Chronic Doxorubicin-Induced Cardiomyopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:13096. [PMID: 36361882 PMCID: PMC9653852 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Doxorubicin, which is widely used to treat a broad spectrum of malignancies, has pronounced dose-dependent side effects leading to chronic heart failure development. Nicotinamide riboside (NR) is one of the promising candidates for leveling the cardiotoxic effect. In the present work, we performed a comparative study of the cardioprotective and therapeutic actions of various intravenous NR administration modes in chronic doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy in Wistar rats. The study used 60 mature male SPF Wistar rats. The animals were randomized into four groups (a control group and three experimental groups) which determined the doxorubicin (intraperitoneally) and NR (intravenous) doses as well as the specific modes of NR administration (combined, preventive). We demonstrated the protective effect of NR on the cardiovascular system both with combined and preventive intravenous drug administration, which was reflected in a fibrous tissue formation decrease, reduced fractional-shortening decrease, and better antioxidant system performance. At the same time, it is important to note that the preventive administration of NR had a more significant protective effect on the animal organism as a whole. This was confirmed by better physical activity parameters and vascular bed conditions. Thus, the data obtained during the study can be used for further investigation into chronic doxorubicin-induced cardiomyopathy prevention and treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina Podyacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Natalia Semenova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vsevolod Zinserling
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Daria Mukhametdinova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Goncharova
- Institute of Biomedical Systems and Biotechnologies, Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, 194021 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Irina Zelinskaya
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Eric Sviridov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Michael Martynov
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Svetlana Osipova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Yana Toropova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 197341 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
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SGLT2 Inhibitor Empagliflozin Modulates Ion Channels in Adult Zebrafish Heart. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179559. [PMID: 36076956 PMCID: PMC9455557 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Empagliflozin, an inhibitor of sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (iSGLT2), improves cardiovascular outcomes in patients with and without diabetes and possesses an antiarrhythmic activity. However, the mechanisms of these protective effects have not been fully elucidated. This study aimed to explore the impact of empagliflozin on ion channel activity and electrophysiological characteristics in the ventricular myocardium. The main cardiac ionic currents (INa, ICaL, ICaT, IKr, IKs) and action potentials (APs) were studied in zebrafish. Whole-cell currents were measured using the patch clamp method in the isolated ventricular cardiomyocytes. The conventional sharp glass microelectrode technique was applied for the recording of APs from the ventricular myocardium of the excised heart. Empagliflozin pretreatment compared to the control group enhanced potassium IKr step current density in the range of testing potentials from 0 to +30 mV, IKr tail current density in the range of testing potentials from +10 to +70 mV, and IKs current density in the range of testing potentials from −10 to +20 mV. Moreover, in the ventricular myocardium, empagliflozin pretreatment shortened AP duration APD as shown by reduced APD50 and APD90. Empagliflozin had no influence on sodium (INa) and L- and T-type calcium currents (ICaL and ICaT) in zebrafish ventricular cardiomyocytes. Thus, we conclude that empagliflozin increases the rapid and slow components of delayed rectifier K+ current (IKr and IKs). This mechanism could be favorable for cardiac protection.
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Ma S, He LL, Zhang GR, Zuo QJ, Wang ZL, Zhai JL, Zhang TT, Wang Y, Ma HJ, Guo YF. Canagliflozin mitigates ferroptosis and ameliorates heart failure in rats with preserved ejection fraction. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 395:945-962. [PMID: 35476142 PMCID: PMC9276585 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-022-02243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recently, hypoglycemic drugs belonging to sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i) have generated significant interest due to their clear cardiovascular benefits for heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) since there are no effective drugs that may improve clinical outcomes for these patients over a prolonged period. But, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear, particularly its effects on ferroptosis, a newly defined mechanism of iron-dependent non-apoptotic cell death during heart failure (HF). Here, with proteomics, we demonstrated that ferroptosis might be a key mechanism in a rat model of high-salt diet-induced HFpEF, characterized by iron overloading and lipid peroxidation, which was blocked following treatment with canagliflozin. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD029031. The ferroptosis was evaluated with the levels of acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, ferritin heavy chain 1, transferrin receptor, Ferroportin 1, iron, glutathione, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxy-trans-2-nonenal. These findings highlight the fact that targeting ferroptosis may serve as a cardioprotective strategy for HFpEF prevention and suggest that canagliflozin may exert its cardiovascular benefits partly via its mitigation of ferroptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Ma
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Li-Li He
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Guo-Rui Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Third Hospital of Shijiazhuang City Affiliated to Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Qing-Juan Zuo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Zhong-Li Wang
- Department of Physical Examination Center, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Jian-Long Zhai
- Department of Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Ting-Ting Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Hui-Juan Ma
- Department of Endocrinology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China
| | - Yi-Fang Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, Hebei, China.
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Marchenko V, Zelinskaya I, Toropova Y, Shmakova T, Podyacheva E, Lioznov D, Zhilinskaya IN. Influenza A Virus Causes Histopathological Changes and Impairment in Functional Activity of Blood Vessels in Different Vascular Beds. Viruses 2022; 14:v14020396. [PMID: 35215989 PMCID: PMC8874985 DOI: 10.3390/v14020396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
It has been established that blood vessels are a target for influenza virus; however, the mechanism by which virus affects the cardiovascular system remains unknown. The aim of the study is the identification of histological changes and changes in the functional activity of the pulmonary and mesenteric blood vessels of Wistar rats. Wistar rats were intranasally infected with the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus. At 24 and 96 h post infection (hpi), histopathological changes were observed in lung tissues with the absence of histological changes in mesenteric tissues. The functional activity of pulmonary and mesenteric arteries was determined using wire myography. In pulmonary arteries, there was a tendency towards an increase in integral response to the vasodilator and a decrease in the integral response to the vasoconstrictor at 24 hpi (compared with control). At 96 hpi, a tendency towards a decrease in the integral response to the vasoconstrictor persisted, while the response to acetylcholine was slightly increased. The functional activity of the mesenteric blood vessels was inverted: a significant decrease in the integral response to the vasodilator and an increase in the response to the vasoconstrictor at 24 hpi were observed; at 96 hpi, the integral response to the vasoconstrictor persisted, while the response to the vasodilator remained significantly reduced. Obtained data indicate the development of endothelial dysfunction in non-lethal and clinically non-severe experimental influenza virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Marchenko
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.L.); (I.N.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Irina Zelinskaya
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Ministry of Health, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Yana Toropova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Ministry of Health, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Tatyana Shmakova
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Ministry of Health, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Ekaterina Podyacheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, Russian Ministry of Health, 197341 St. Petersburg, Russia; (I.Z.); (Y.T.); (T.S.); (E.P.)
| | - Dmitry Lioznov
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.L.); (I.N.Z.)
| | - Irina N. Zhilinskaya
- Smorodintsev Research Institute of Influenza, Russian Ministry of Health, 197376 St. Petersburg, Russia; (D.L.); (I.N.Z.)
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Hu Z, Ju F, Du L, Abbott GW. Empagliflozin protects the heart against ischemia/reperfusion-induced sudden cardiac death. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2021; 20:199. [PMID: 34607570 PMCID: PMC8491391 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-021-01392-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Empagliflozin is a selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor used to lower blood sugar in adults with type 2 diabetes. Empagliflozin also exerts cardioprotective effects independent from glucose control, but its benefits on arrhythmogenesis and sudden cardiac death are not known. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of empagliflozin on myocardial ischemia/reperfusion-provoked cardiac arrhythmia and sudden cardiac death in vivo. METHODS Male Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to sham-operated, control or empagliflozin groups. All except for the sham-operated rats were subjected to 5-min left main coronary artery ligation followed by 20-min reperfusion. A standard limb lead II electrocardiogram was continuously measured throughout the experiment. Coronary artery reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmogenesis and empagliflozin therapy were evaluated. The hearts were used for protein phosphorylation analysis and immunohistological assessment. RESULTS Empagliflozin did not alter baseline cardiac normal conduction activity. However, empagliflozin eliminated myocardial vulnerability to sudden cardiac death (from 69.2% mortality rate in the control group to 0% in the empagliflozin group) and reduced the susceptibility to reperfusion-induced arrhythmias post I/R injury. Empagliflozin increased phosphorylation of cardiac ERK1/2 after reperfusion injury. Furthermore, inhibition of ERK1/2 using U0126 abolished the anti-arrhythmic action of empagliflozin and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS Pretreatment with empagliflozin protects the heart from subsequent severe lethal ventricular arrhythmia induced by myocardial ischemia and reperfusion injury. These protective benefits may occur as a consequence of activation of the ERK1/2-dependent cell-survival signaling pathway in a glucose-independent manner.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/enzymology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/pathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/physiopathology
- Arrhythmias, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Benzhydryl Compounds/pharmacology
- Death, Sudden, Cardiac/prevention & control
- Disease Models, Animal
- Glucosides/pharmacology
- Heart Rate/drug effects
- Male
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/drug therapy
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/enzymology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/enzymology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Phosphorylation
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Signal Transduction
- Sodium-Glucose Transporter 2 Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Rats
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyang Hu
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China.
| | - Feng Ju
- Laboratory of Anesthesia and Critical Care Medicine, National-Local Joint Engineering Research Centre of Translational Medicine of Anesthesiology and National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Lei Du
- Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China
| | - Geoffrey W Abbott
- Bioelectricity Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Goerg J, Sommerfeld M, Greiner B, Lauer D, Seckin Y, Kulikov A, Ivkin D, Kintscher U, Okovityi S, Kaschina E. Low-Dose Empagliflozin Improves Systolic Heart Function after Myocardial Infarction in Rats: Regulation of MMP9, NHE1, and SERCA2a. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115437. [PMID: 34063987 PMCID: PMC8196699 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of the selective sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor empagliflozin in low dose on cardiac function were investigated in normoglycemic rats. Cardiac parameters were measured by intracardiac catheterization 30 min after intravenous application of empagliflozin to healthy animals. Empagliflozin increased the ventricular systolic pressure, mean pressure, and the max dP/dt (p < 0.05). Similarly, treatment with empagliflozin (1 mg/kg, p.o.) for one week increased the cardiac output, stroke volume, and fractional shortening (p < 0.05). Myocardial infarction (MI) was induced by ligation of the left coronary artery. On day 7 post MI, empagliflozin (1 mg/kg, p.o.) improved the systolic heart function as shown by the global longitudinal strain (−21.0 ± 1.1% vs. −16.6 ± 0.7% in vehicle; p < 0.05). In peri-infarct tissues, empagliflozin decreased the protein expression of matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and favorably regulated the cardiac transporters sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA2a) and sodium hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1). In H9c2 cardiac cells, empagliflozin decreased the MMP2,9 activity and prevented apoptosis. Empagliflozin did not alter the arterial stiffness, blood pressure, markers of fibrosis, and necroptosis. Altogether, short-term treatment with low-dose empagliflozin increased the cardiac contractility in normoglycemic rats and improved the systolic heart function in the early phase after MI. These effects are attributed to a down-regulation of MMP9 and NHE1, and an up-regulation of SERCA2a. This study is of clinical importance because it suggests that a low-dose treatment option with empagliflozin may improve cardiovascular outcomes post-MI. Down-regulation of MMPs could be relevant to many remodeling processes including cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Goerg
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Manuela Sommerfeld
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bettina Greiner
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dilyara Lauer
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
| | - Yasemin Seckin
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Applied Science, 13353 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Kulikov
- Pavlov First Saint-Petersburg State Medical University, 197022 Saint Petersburg, Russia;
| | - Dmitry Ivkin
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (S.O.)
| | - Ulrich Kintscher
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergey Okovityi
- Saint-Petersburg State Chemical-Pharmaceutical University, 197376 Saint Petersburg, Russia; (D.I.); (S.O.)
| | - Elena Kaschina
- Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institute of Pharmacology, Center for Cardiovascular Research (CCR), 10115 Berlin, Germany; (J.G.); (M.S.); (B.G.); (D.L.); (Y.S.); (U.K.)
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Berlin, 10115 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-30-450-525-024
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