1
|
Howard DM, Adams MJ, Clarke TK, Hafferty JD, Gibson J, Shirali M, Coleman JRI, Hagenaars SP, Ward J, Wigmore EM, Alloza C, Shen X, Barbu MC, Xu EY, Whalley HC, Marioni RE, Porteous DJ, Davies G, Deary IJ, Hemani G, Berger K, Teismann H, Rawal R, Arolt V, Baune BT, Dannlowski U, Domschke K, Tian C, Hinds DA, Trzaskowski M, Byrne EM, Ripke S, Smith DJ, Sullivan PF, Wray NR, Breen G, Lewis CM, McIntosh AM. Genome-wide meta-analysis of depression identifies 102 independent variants and highlights the importance of the prefrontal brain regions. Nat Neurosci 2019; 22:343-352. [PMID: 30718901 PMCID: PMC6522363 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1304] [Impact Index Per Article: 260.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Major depression is a debilitating psychiatric illness that is typically associated with low mood and anhedonia. Depression has a heritable component that has remained difficult to elucidate with current sample sizes due to the polygenic nature of the disorder. To maximize sample size, we meta-analyzed data on 807,553 individuals (246,363 cases and 561,190 controls) from the three largest genome-wide association studies of depression. We identified 102 independent variants, 269 genes, and 15 genesets associated with depression, including both genes and gene pathways associated with synaptic structure and neurotransmission. An enrichment analysis provided further evidence of the importance of prefrontal brain regions. In an independent replication sample of 1,306,354 individuals (414,055 cases and 892,299 controls), 87 of the 102 associated variants were significant after multiple testing correction. These findings advance our understanding of the complex genetic architecture of depression and provide several future avenues for understanding etiology and developing new treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Howard
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Mark J Adams
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Toni-Kim Clarke
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan D Hafferty
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jude Gibson
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Masoud Shirali
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jonathan R I Coleman
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Saskia P Hagenaars
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Joey Ward
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Eleanor M Wigmore
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Clara Alloza
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Xueyi Shen
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Miruna C Barbu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Eileen Y Xu
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Heather C Whalley
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Riccardo E Marioni
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - David J Porteous
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Centre for Genomic and Experimental Medicine, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gail Davies
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Ian J Deary
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Gibran Hemani
- Medical Research Council (MRC) Integrative Epidemiology Unit, Population Health, Sciences, Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
| | - Klaus Berger
- Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Henning Teismann
- Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Rajesh Rawal
- Institute of Epidemiology & Social Medicine, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Volker Arolt
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Bernhard T Baune
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Udo Dannlowski
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Katharina Domschke
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Center-University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Chao Tian
- 23andMe, Inc, Mountain View, CA, USA
| | | | - Maciej Trzaskowski
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Enda M Byrne
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephan Ripke
- Department of Psychiatry, Charite Universitatsmedizin Berlin Campus Benjamin Franklin, Berlin, Germany
- Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Analytic and Translational Genetics Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel J Smith
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Patrick F Sullivan
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Naomi R Wray
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Cathryn M Lewis
- Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre for Mental Health, South London and Maudsley NHS Trust, London, UK
| | - Andrew M McIntosh
- Division of Psychiatry, University of Edinburgh, Royal Edinburgh Hospital, Edinburgh, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhao J, Niu C, Wang J, Yang H, Du Y, Wei L, Li C. The depressive-like behaviors of chronic unpredictable mild stress-treated mice, ameliorated by Tibetan medicine Zuotai: involvement in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis pathway. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2018; 14:129-141. [PMID: 29379286 PMCID: PMC5757979 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s151107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Zuotai, a famous Tibetan medicinal mixture containing metacinnabar, is traditionally used for the purpose of tranquilizing minds and soothing nerves. However, it still lacks substantial experimental data for it to be approved for use. AIM This study was designed to assess the effects of Zuotai on depressive-like symptoms in a chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) mouse model, and to explore its potential mechanism, particularly the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis pathway. MATERIALS AND METHODS First, Kunming mice were exposed to the CUMS procedure and simultaneously administered Zuotai or imipramine (positive control) by gavage continuously for 6 weeks. Then, depressive-like behaviors of mice in each group were tested with the sucrose preference test, forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and open field test. Meanwhile, the three key neuroendocrine hormones (corticotropin releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone and corticosterone) in HPA axis pathway, and the level of the emotion-related monoamine neurotransmitters (5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine) were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, total mercury in the hypothalamus and hippocampus were determined using an automatic, direct mercury analyzer. RESULTS Zuotai or imipramine significantly increased the body weight and the sucrose preference ratio in sucrose preference test, and dramatically improved motor activity in forced swimming test, tail suspension test, and open field test in CUMS mice. Zuotai or imipramine remarkably decreased levels of corticotropin-releasing hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, and corticosterone in the HPA axis, and increased levels of 5-hydroxytryptamine and norepinephrine in the serum in CUMS mice. However, a small amount of mercury was deposited in the hypothalamus and hippocampus in Zuotai-treated mice, which may pose a potential risk to the central nervous system. CONCLUSION Zuotai has a strong ability to ameliorate depressive-like behaviors in CUMS-treated mice through inhibition of the HPA axis and upregulation of monoamine neurotransmitters. These findings provide new insight into the pharmacological effect of Zuotai on depression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Cuiying Niu
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianv Wang
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Yang
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Yuzhi Du
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
| | - Lixin Wei
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- Correspondence: Lixin Wei; Cen Li, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xin-ning Road 23, Xi-ning, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 971 614 3668, Fax +86 971 614 3765, Email ;
| | - Cen Li
- Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai Province, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology
- Key Laboratory of Tibetan Medicine Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, Qinghai
- Correspondence: Lixin Wei; Cen Li, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xin-ning Road 23, Xi-ning, Qinghai, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 971 614 3668, Fax +86 971 614 3765, Email ;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Inhibition of 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase reduces gating deficits consequent to dopaminergic activation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 39:204-213. [PMID: 24140269 PMCID: PMC3940882 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Revised: 09/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Cogent evidence points to the involvement of neurosteroids in the regulation of dopamine (DA) neurotransmission and signaling, yet the neurobiological bases of this link remain poorly understood. We previously showed that inhibition of 5α-reductase (5αR), a key neurosteroidogenic enzyme, attenuates the sensorimotor gating deficits induced by DA receptor activation, as measured by the prepulse inhibition (PPI) of the acoustic startle reflex. To extend these findings, the present study was aimed at the assessment of the role of other key neurosteroidogenic enzymes in PPI, such as 17α-hydroxylase/C17,20 lyase (CYP17A1), 3α- and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD), in Sprague-Dawley rats. The PPI deficits induced by the DAergic non-selective agonist apomorphine (APO, 0.25mg/kg, SC) were dose-dependently attenuated by the selective CYP17A1 inhibitor abiraterone (ABI, 10-50mg/kg, IP) in a fashion akin to that of the 5αR inhibitor finasteride (FIN, 100mg/kg, IP). These systemic effects were reproduced by intracerebroventricular injection of ABI (1 μg/1 μl), suggesting the involvement of brain CYP17A1 in PPI regulation. Conversely, the PPI disruption induced by APO was not significantly affected by the 3α- and 3β-HSD inhibitors indomethacin and trilostane. Given that CYP17A1 catalyzes androgen synthesis, we also tested the impact on PPI of the androgen receptor (AR) antagonist flutamide (10mg/kg, IP). However, this agent failed to reverse APO-induced PPI deficits; furthermore, AR endogenous ligands testosterone and dihydrotestosterone failed to disrupt PPI. Collectively, these data highlight CYP17A1 as a novel target for antipsychotic-like action, and suggest that the DAergic regulation of PPI is modulated by androgenic neurosteroids, through AR-unrelated mechanisms.
Collapse
|
6
|
Espallergues J, Mamiya T, Vallée M, Koseki T, Nabeshima T, Temsamani J, Laruelle C, Maurice T. The antidepressant-like effects of the 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase inhibitor trilostane in mice is related to changes in neuroactive steroid and monoamine levels. Neuropharmacology 2011; 62:492-502. [PMID: 21945799 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, we analyzed the effects of a systemic treatment with the competitive 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (3β-HSD) inhibitor trilostane on: (i) neurosteroid and monoamine levels in the brain, and (ii) the antidepressant activity of steroids and antidepressants in the forced swimming test (FST). 3β-HSD converts pregnenolone (PREG) into progesterone (PROG) or dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) into androstenedione. These neuroactive steroids are known to regulate neurotransmitters effects in the brain, particularly glutamate, γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and serotonin (5-HT), with consequences on mood and depression. We previously reported that trilostane showed antidepressant-like properties in the FST and concomitantly regulated plasma adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) and corticosterone levels, markers of the stress-induced hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activation. We here observed that adrenalectomy/castration blocked the trilostane effect, outlining the importance of peripheral steroid levels. Trilostane (25 mg/kg) decreased hippocampus PROG contents and paradoxically increased circulating PROG levels. It also increased PREG levels in the hippocampus and frontal cortex. In the FST, a co-treatment with trilostane facilitated DHEAS (5-20 mg/kg) antidepressant activity, but showed only an additive, not facilitative, effect with PREGS (10-40 mg/kg), PROG (10-40 mg/kg) or allopregnanolone (ALLO, 1-8 mg/kg). Trilostane (25 mg/kg) treatment significantly increased 5-HT and (-)-norepinephrine (NE) turnovers in the hippocampus, an effect likely related to its antidepressant action. In co-administration studies, trilostane further decreased immobility following fluoxetine (30-60 mg/kg), sertraline (20-40 mg/kg) and imipramine (20-40 mg/kg), but not desipramine (20-40 mg/kg), treatments. A significant additive effect was observed for the selective 5-HT reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) at their highest dose. This study confirmed that a systemic administration of trilostane directly affected peripheral and brain levels in neuroactive steroids and monoamine turnover, resulting in antidepressant activity. The drug could be proposed as a co-treatment with SSRI. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Anxiety and Depression'.
Collapse
|
7
|
Schüle C, Eser D, Baghai TC, Nothdurfter C, Kessler JS, Rupprecht R. Neuroactive steroids in affective disorders: target for novel antidepressant or anxiolytic drugs? Neuroscience 2011; 191:55-77. [PMID: 21439354 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2011] [Accepted: 03/14/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In the past decades considerable evidence has emerged that so-called neuroactive steroids do not only act as transcriptional factors in the regulation of gene expression but may also alter neuronal excitability through interactions with specific neurotransmitter receptors such as the GABA(A) receptor. In particular, 3α-reduced neuroactive steroids such as allopregnanolone or allotetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone have been shown to act as positive allosteric modulators of the GABA(A) receptor and to play an important role in the pathophysiology of depression and anxiety. During depression, the concentrations of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone and 3α,5β-tetrahydroprogesterone are decreased, while the levels of 3β,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, a stereoisomer of 3α,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone, which may act as an antagonist for GABAergic steroids, are increased. Antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) or mirtazapine apparently have an impact on key enzymes of neurosteroidogenesis and have been shown to normalize the disequilibrium of neuroactive steroids in depression by increasing 3α-reduced pregnane steroids and decreasing 3β,5α-tetrahydroprogesterone. Moreover, 3α-reduced neuroactive steroids have been demonstrated to possess antidepressant- and anxiolytic-like effects both in animal and human studies for themselves. In addition, the translacator protein (18 kDa) (TSPO), previously called peripheral benzodiazepine receptor, is the key element of the mitochondrial import machinery supplying the substrate cholesterol to the first steroidogenic enzyme (P450scc), which transforms cholesterol into pregnenolone, the precursor of all neurosteroids. TSPO ligands increase neurosteroidogenesis and are a target of novel anxiolytic drugs producing anxiolytic effects without causing the side effects normally associated with conventional benzodiazepines such as sedation or tolerance. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Neuroactive Steroids: Focus on Human Brain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Schüle
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University, Nussbaumstrasse 7, 80336 Munich, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|