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Baker JG, Summers RJ. Adrenoceptors: Receptors, Ligands and Their Clinical Uses, Molecular Pharmacology and Assays. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 285:55-145. [PMID: 38926158 DOI: 10.1007/164_2024_713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
The nine G protein-coupled adrenoceptor subtypes are where the endogenous catecholamines adrenaline and noradrenaline interact with cells. Since they are important therapeutic targets, over a century of effort has been put into developing drugs that modify their activity. This chapter provides an outline of how we have arrived at current knowledge of the receptors, their physiological roles and the methods used to develop ligands. Initial studies in vivo and in vitro with isolated organs and tissues progressed to cell-based techniques and the use of cloned adrenoceptor subtypes together with high-throughput assays that allow close examination of receptors and their signalling pathways. The crystal structures of many of the adrenoceptor subtypes have now been determined opening up new possibilities for drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling, Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nottingham University Hospitals NHS Trust, Nottingham, UK.
| | - Roger J Summers
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Sagheddu C, Devoto P, Aroni S, Saba P, Pistis M, Gessa GL. Combined α 2- and D 2-receptor blockade activates noradrenergic and dopaminergic neurons, but extracellular dopamine in the prefrontal cortex is determined by uptake and release from noradrenergic terminals. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1238115. [PMID: 37680715 PMCID: PMC10482411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1238115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence indicates a deficit of release and function of dopamine in schizophrenia and suggests that α2-adrenoceptor antagonists rescue dopamine deficit and improve the antipsychotic efficacy of D2-receptor antagonists. In anesthetized male rats, we investigated how the blockade of α2- and D2-receptors by atipamezole and raclopride, respectively, modified the firing of noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus (LC) and dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA). In freely moving rats, we studied how atipamezole and raclopride modified extracellular noradrenaline, dopamine, and DOPAC levels in the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) through microdialysis. When administered alone, atipamezole activated LC noradrenaline but not VTA dopamine cell firing. Combined with raclopride, atipamezole activated dopamine cell firing above the level produced by raclopride. Atipamezole increased extracellular dopamine to the same level, whether administered alone or combined with raclopride. In the presence of the noradrenaline transporter (NET) inhibitor, atipamezole combined with raclopride increased extracellular dopamine beyond the level produced by either compound administered alone. The results suggest that a) the D2-autoreceptor blockade is required for LC noradrenaline to activate VTA cell firing; b) the level of dopamine released from dopaminergic terminals is determined by NET; c) the elevation of extracellular dopamine levels in the mPFC is the resultant of dopamine uptake and release from noradrenergic terminals, independent of dopaminergic cell firing and release; and d) LC noradrenergic neurons are an important target for treatments to improve the prefrontal deficit of dopamine in neuropsychiatric pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Sagheddu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- The Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Sonia Aroni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- The Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Marco Pistis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of CNR, Cagliari, Italy
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- The Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Neuroscience Institute of CNR, Cagliari, Italy
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Rømer TB, Jeppesen R, Christensen RHB, Benros ME. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:2277-2290. [PMID: 37169812 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-023-02059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Psychotic disorders are severe mental disorders with poorly understood etiology. Biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) could provide etiological clues and diagnostic tools for psychosis; however, an unbiased overview of CSF alterations in individuals with psychotic disorders is lacking. The objective of this study was to summarize all quantifiable findings in CSF from individuals with psychotic disorders compared to healthy controls (HC). Studies published before January 25th, 2023 were identified searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, ClinicalTrials.gov, and PsycINFO. Screening, full-text review, data extraction, and risk of bias assessments were performed by two independent reviewers following PRISMA guidelines. Findings in patients and healthy controls were compared and summarized using random-effects analyses and assessment of publication bias, subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. 145 studies, covering 197 biomarkers, were included, of which 163 biomarkers have not previously been investigated in meta-analyses. All studies showed some degree of bias. 55 biomarkers measured in CSF were associated with psychosis and of these were 15 biomarkers measured in ≥2 studies. Patients showed increased levels of noradrenaline (standardized mean difference/SMD, 0.53; 95% confidence interval/CI, 0.16 to 0.90) and its metabolite 3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenylglycol (SMD, 0.30; 95% CI: 0.05 to 0.55), the serotonin metabolite 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (SMD, 0.11; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.21), the pro-inflammatory neurotransmitter kynurenic acid (SMD, 1.58; 95% CI: 0.34 to 2.81), its precursor kynurenine (SMD,0.99; 95% CI: 0.60 to 1.38), the cytokines interleukin-6 (SMD, 0.58; 95% CI: 0.39 to 0.77) and interleukin-8 (SMD, 0.43; 95% CI: 0.24 to 0.62), the endocannabinoid anandamide (SMD, 0.78; 95% CI: 0.53 to 1.02), albumin ratio (SMD, 0.40; 95% CI: 0.08 to 0.72), total protein (SMD, 0.29; 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.43), immunoglobulin ratio (SMD, 0.45; 95% CI: 0.06 to 0.85) and glucose (SMD, 0.48; 95% CI: 0.01 to 0.94). Neurotensin (SMD, -0.67; 95% CI: -0.89 to -0.46) and γ-aminobutyric acid (SMD, -0.29; 95% CI: -0.50 to -0.09) were decreased. Most biomarkers showed no significant differences, including the dopamine metabolites homovanillic acid and 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid. These findings suggest that dysregulation of the immune and adrenergic system as well as blood-brain barrier dysfunction are implicated in the pathophysiology of psychotic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troels Boldt Rømer
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rose Jeppesen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rune Haubo Bojesen Christensen
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Eriksen Benros
- Biological and Precision Psychiatry, Copenhagen Research Center for Mental Health, Mental Health Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhao T, Shi Z, Ling N, Qin J, Zhou Q, Wu L, Wang Y, Lin C, Ma D, Song X. Sevoflurane Ameliorates Schizophrenia in a Mouse Model and Patients: A Pre-Clinical and Clinical Feasibility Study. Curr Neuropharmacol 2022; 20:2369-2380. [PMID: 35272593 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x20666220310115846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND GABAergic deficits have been considered to be associated with the pathophysiology of schizophrenia, and hence, GABA receptors subtype A (GABAARs) modulators, such as commonly used volatile anesthetic sevoflurane, may have therapeutic values for schizophrenia. The present study investigates the therapeutic effectiveness of low-concentration sevoflurane in MK801-induced schizophrenia-like mice and schizophrenia patients. METHODS Three weeks after MK801 administration (0.5 mg kg-1, i.p. twice a day for 5 days), mice were exposed to 1% sevoflurane 1hr/day for 5 days. Behavioral tests, immunohistochemical analysis, western blot assay, and electrophysiology assessments were performed 1-week post-exposure. Ten schizophrenia patients received 1% sevoflurane 5 hrs per day for 6 days and were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) and the 18-item Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS-18) at week 1 and week 2. RESULTS MK801 induced hypolocomotion and social deficits, downregulated expression of NMDARs subunits and postsynaptic density protein 95 (PSD95), reduced parvalbumin - and GAD67-positive neurons, altered amplitude and frequency of mEPSCs and mIPSCs, and increased the excitation/inhibition ratio. All these changes induced by MK-801 were attenuated by sevoflurane administration. Six and eight patients achieved a response defined as a reduction of at least 30% in the PANSS total score at 1st and 2nd week after treatments. The BPRS-18 total score was found to be significantly decreased by 38% at the 2nd week (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Low-concentration sevoflurane effectively reversed MK801-induced schizophrenialike disease in mice and alleviated schizophrenia patients' symptoms. Our work suggests sevoflurane to be a valuable therapeutic strategy for treating schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyun Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziwen Shi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nongxi Ling
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People\'s Hospital of Xinhui District, Guangdong, China
| | - Jingwen Qin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Quancai Zhou
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People\'s Hospital of Xinhui District, Guangdong, China
| | - Lingzhi Wu
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Yuansheng Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Jiangmen Central Hospital, Affiliated Jiangmen Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangdong, China
| | - Chuansong Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, The Third People\'s Hospital of Xinhui District, Guangdong, China
| | - Daqing Ma
- Division of Anaesthetics, Pain Medicine & Intensive Care, Department of Surgery & Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, London, UK
| | - Xingrong Song
- Department of Anesthesiology, Guangzhou Women and Children's Medical Center, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Proudman RGW, Akinaga J, Baker JG. The signaling and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor agonists for the human α2A, α2B and α2C-adrenoceptors and comparison with human α1 and β-adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e01003. [PMID: 36101495 PMCID: PMC9471048 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.1003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
α2-adrenoceptors, (α2A, α2B and α2C-subtypes), are Gi-coupled receptors. Central activation of brain α2A and α2C-adrenoceptors is the main site for α2-agonist mediated clinical responses in hypertension, ADHD, muscle spasm and ITU management of sedation, reduction in opiate requirements, nausea and delirium. However, despite having the same Gi-potency in functional assays, some α2-agonists also stimulate Gs-responses whilst others do not. This was investigated. Agonist responses to 49 different α-agonists were studied (CRE-gene transcription, cAMP, ERK1/2-phosphorylation and binding affinity) in CHO cells stably expressing the human α2A, α2B or α2C-adrenoceptor, enabling ligand intrinsic efficacy to be determined (binding KD /Gi-IC50 ). Ligands with high intrinsic efficacy (e.g., brimonidine and moxonidine at α2A) stimulated biphasic (Gi-Gs) concentration responses, however for ligands with low intrinsic efficacy (e.g., naphazoline), responses were monophasic (Gi-only). ERK1/2-phosphorylation responses appeared to be Gi-mediated. For Gs-mediated responses to be observed, both a system with high receptor reserve and high agonist intrinsic efficacy were required. From the Gi-mediated efficacy ratio, the degree of Gs-coupling could be predicted. The clinical relevance and precise receptor conformational changes that occur, given the structural diversity of compounds with high intrinsic efficacy, remains to be determined. Comparison with α1 and β1/β2-adrenoceptors demonstrated subclass affinity selectivity for some compounds (e.g., α2:dexmedetomidine, α1:A61603) whilst e.g., oxymetazoline had high affinity for both α2A and α1A-subtypes, compared to all others. Some compounds had subclass selectivity due to selective intrinsic efficacy (e.g., α2:brimonidine, α1:methoxamine/etilefrine). A detailed knowledge of these agonist characteristics is vital for improving computer-based deep-learning and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. W. Proudman
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Juliana Akinaga
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
| | - Jillian G. Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical CentreUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamUK
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6
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Proudman RGW, Akinaga J, Baker JG. The affinity and selectivity of α-adrenoceptor antagonists, antidepressants and antipsychotics for the human α2A, α2B, and α2C-adrenoceptors and comparison with human α1 and β-adrenoceptors. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2022; 10:e00936. [PMID: 35224877 PMCID: PMC8882856 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
α2-Adrenoceptors, subdivided into α2A, α2B, and α2C subtypes and expressed in heart, blood vessels, kidney, platelets and brain, are important for blood pressure, sedation, analgesia, and platelet aggregation. Brain α2C-adrenoceptor blockade has also been suggested to be beneficial for antipsychotic action. However, comparing α2-adrenoceptor subtype affinity is difficult due to significant species and methodology differences in published studies. Here, 3 H-rauwolscine whole cell binding was used to determine the affinity and selectivity of 99 α-antagonists (including antidepressants and antipsychotics) in CHO cells expressing human α2A, α2B, or α2C-adrenoceptors, using an identical method to β and α1-adrenoceptor measurements, thus allowing direct human receptor comparisons. Yohimbine, RX821002, RS79948, and atipamezole are high affinity non-selective α2-antagonists. BRL44408 was the most α2A-selective antagonist, although its α1A-affinity (81 nM) is only 9-fold greater than its α2C-affinity. MK-912 is the highest-affinity, most α2C-selective antagonist (0.15 nM α2C-affinity) although its α2C-selectivity is only 13-fold greater than at α2A. There are no truely α2B-selective antagonists. A few α-ligands with significant β-affinity were detected, for example, naftopidil where its clinical α1A-affinity is only 3-fold greater than off-target β2-affinity. Antidepressants (except mirtazapine) and first-generation antipsychotics have higher α1A than α2-adrenoceptor affinity but poor β-affinity. Second-generation antipsychotics varied widely in their α2-adrenoceptor affinity. Risperidone (9 nM) and paliperidone (14 nM) have the highest α2C-adrenoceptor affinity however this is only 5-fold selective over α2A, and both have a higher affinity for α1A (2 nM and 4 nM, respectively). So, despite a century of yohimbine use, and decades of α2-subtype studies, there remains plenty of scope to develop α2-subtype selective antagonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G W Proudman
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Juliana Akinaga
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jillian G Baker
- Cell Signalling Research Group, Division of Physiology, Pharmacology and Neuroscience, School of Life Sciences, C Floor Medical School, Queen's Medical Centre, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Brocos-Mosquera I, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Muguruza C, Corzo-Monje V, Morentin B, Meana JJ, Callado LF, Rivero G. Differential brain ADRA2A and ADRA2C gene expression and epigenetic regulation in schizophrenia. Effect of antipsychotic drug treatment. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:643. [PMID: 34930904 PMCID: PMC8688495 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01762-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Postsynaptic α2A-adrenoceptor density is enhanced in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects. This alteration might be due to transcriptional activation, and could be regulated by epigenetic mechanisms such as histone posttranslational modifications (PTMs). The aim of this study was to evaluate ADRA2A and ADRA2C gene expression (codifying for α2-adrenoceptor subtypes), and permissive and repressive histone PTMs at gene promoter regions in the DLPFC of subjects with schizophrenia and matched controls (n = 24 pairs). We studied the effect of antipsychotic (AP) treatment in AP-free (n = 12) and AP-treated (n = 12) subgroups of schizophrenia subjects and in rats acutely and chronically treated with typical and atypical antipsychotics. ADRA2A mRNA expression was selectively upregulated in AP-treated schizophrenia subjects (+93%) whereas ADRA2C mRNA expression was upregulated in all schizophrenia subjects (+53%) regardless of antipsychotic treatment. Acute and chronic clozapine treatment in rats did not alter brain cortex Adra2a mRNA expression but increased Adra2c mRNA expression. Both ADRA2A and ADRA2C promoter regions showed epigenetic modification by histone methylation and acetylation in human DLPFC. The upregulation of ADRA2A expression in AP-treated schizophrenia subjects might be related to observed bivalent chromatin at ADRA2A promoter region in schizophrenia (depicted by increased permissive H3K4me3 and repressive H3K27me3) and could be triggered by the enhanced H4K16ac at ADRA2A promoter. In conclusion, epigenetic predisposition differentially modulated ADRA2A and ADRA2C mRNA expression in DLPFC of schizophrenia subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain
| | - Virginia Corzo-Monje
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Benito Morentin
- Section of Forensic Pathology, Basque Institute of Legal Medicine, Bilbao, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - J. Javier Meana
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Luis F. Callado
- grid.11480.3c0000000121671098Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia Spain ,grid.469673.90000 0004 5901 7501Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain ,grid.452310.1Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia Spain
| | - Guadalupe Rivero
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain. .,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Leioa, Spain. .,Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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8
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Brocos-Mosquera I, Gabilondo AM, Diez-Alarcia R, Muguruza C, Erdozain AM, Meana JJ, Callado LF. α 2A- and α 2C-adrenoceptor expression and functionality in postmortem prefrontal cortex of schizophrenia subjects. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2021; 52:3-11. [PMID: 34237656 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Previous evidence suggests that α2-adrenoceptors (α2-AR) may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. However, postmortem brain studies on α2-AR expression and functionality in schizophrenia are scarce. The aim of our work was to evaluate α2A-AR and α2C-AR expression in different subcellular fractions of prefrontal cortex postmortem tissue from antipsychotic-free (absence of antipsychotics in blood at the time of death) (n = 12) and antipsychotic-treated (n = 12) subjects with schizophrenia, and matched controls (n = 24). Functional coupling of α2-AR to Gα proteins induced by the agonist UK14304 was also tested. Additionally, Gα protein expression was also evaluated. In antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects, α2A-AR and α2C-AR protein expression was similar to controls in all the subcellular fractions. Conversely, in antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects, increased α2A-AR expression was found in synaptosomal plasma membrane and postsynaptic density (PSD) fractions (+60% and +79% vs controls, respectively) with no significant changes in α2C-AR. [35S]GTPγS SPA experiments showed a significant lower stimulation of Gαi2 and Gαi3 proteins by UK14304 in antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects, whereas stimulation in antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects remained unchanged. Gαo protein stimulation was significantly decreased in both antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated schizophrenia subjects compared to controls. Expression of Gαi3 protein did not differ between groups, whereas Gαi2 levels were increased in PSD of schizophrenia subjects, both antipsychotic-free and antipsychotic-treated. Gαo protein expression was increased in PSD of antipsychotic-treated subjects and in the presynaptic fraction of antipsychotic-free schizophrenia subjects. The present results suggest that antipsychotic treatment is able to modify in opposite directions both the protein expression and the functionality of α2A-AR in the cortex of schizophrenia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iria Brocos-Mosquera
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Ane M Gabilondo
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Rebeca Diez-Alarcia
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Carolina Muguruza
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - Amaia M Erdozain
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain
| | - J Javier Meana
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Luis F Callado
- Department of Pharmacology, University of the Basque Country, UPV/EHU, Leioa, Bizkaia, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Spain; Biocruces Bizkaia Health Research Institute, Barakaldo, Bizkaia, Spain.
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Hopster K, Driessen B. Pharmacology of the Equine Foot: Medical Pain Management for Laminitis. Vet Clin North Am Equine Pract 2021; 37:549-561. [PMID: 34674911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cveq.2021.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges in managing laminitis in horses remains the control of pain. The best analgesic approach is a multimodal approach, including nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opioids, and/or constant rate infusions of α-2 agonists, ketamine, and lidocaine. Recent literature indicates that amitriptyline and soluble epoxide hydrolase inhibitor might be beneficial. Clinically oriented studies will be needed if they have a place in laminitis pain management. The systemic pain control can be combined with local techniques such as long-acting local anesthetics or epidural catheterization that allows for administration of potent analgesic therapy with a lower risk of negative side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Hopster
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA.
| | - Bernd Driessen
- Department of Clinical Studies, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 382 West Street Road, Kennett Square, PA 19348, USA
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Kikuchi T, Maeda K, Suzuki M, Hirose T, Futamura T, McQuade RD. Discovery research and development history of the dopamine D 2 receptor partial agonists, aripiprazole and brexpiprazole. Neuropsychopharmacol Rep 2021; 41:134-143. [PMID: 33960741 PMCID: PMC8340839 DOI: 10.1002/npr2.12180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. successfully developed the first dopamine D2 receptor partial agonist approved for schizophrenia, the antipsychotic aripiprazole (Abilify®). The drug was approved for this indication in the United States in 2002 and has received approval in the United States, Europe, Japan, and many other countries for several indications including schizophrenia, acute mania, adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder (MDD), irritability associated with autistic disorder, and Tourette's disorder. Otsuka next developed brexpiprazole (Rexulti®), another D2 receptor partial agonist, which was granted marketing approval in the United States in 2015 as adjunctive therapy in major depressive disorder and for the treatment of schizophrenia. In Japan, brexpiprazole also received approval as a treatment for schizophrenia in 2018. In this review, we describe Otsuka's research history and achievements over the preceding 40 years in the area of antipsychotic drug discovery for dopamine D2 receptor partial agonists. “Dopamine‐system stabilizer” activity of aripiprazole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuro Kikuchi
- New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Kenji Maeda
- Department of Lead Discovery Research, New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Mikio Suzuki
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Hirose
- New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Takashi Futamura
- Department of CNS Research, New Drug Research Division, Pharmaceutical Business Division, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Robert D McQuade
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, USA
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Li Z, Li J, Liu L, Deng W, Liu Q, Liu R, Zhang W, He Z, Fan L, Yang Y, Duan Y, Hou H, Wang X, Yang Z, Wang X, Chen S, Wang Y, Huang N, Chen J. Structural Insight into the Mechanism of 4-Aminoquinolines Selectivity for the alpha2A-Adrenoceptor. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2020; 14:2585-2594. [PMID: 32694911 PMCID: PMC7340475 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s214157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background α2A-adrenoceptor (AR) is a potential target for the treatment of degenerative diseases of the central nervous system, and α2A-AR agonists are effective drugs for this condition. However, the lack of high selectivity for α2A-AR subtype of traditional drugs greatly limits their clinic usage. Methods A series of homobivalent 4-aminoquinolines conjugated by two 4-aminoquinoline moieties via varying alkane linker length (C2-C12) were characterized for their affinities for each α2-AR subtype. Subsequently, docking, molecular dynamics and mutagenesis were applied to uncover the molecular mechanism. Results Most 4-aminoquinolines (4-aminoquinoline monomer, C2-C6, C8-C10) were selective for α2A-AR over α2B- and α2C-ARs. Besides, the affinities are of similar linker length-dependence for each α2-AR subtype. Among all the compounds tested, C10 has the highest affinity for α2A-AR (pKi=−7.45±0.62), which is 12-fold and 60-fold selective over α2B-AR and α2C-AR, respectively. Docking and molecular dynamics suggest that C10 simultaneously interacts with orthosteric and “allosteric” sites of the α2A-AR. The mutation of F205 decreases the affinity by 2-fold. The potential allosteric residues include S90, N93, E94 and W99. Conclusion The specificity of C10 for the α2A-AR and the potential orthosteric and allosteric binding sites proposed in this study provide valuable guidance for the development of novel α2A-AR subtype selective compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaibing Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Science, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, Sichuan 646000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Liyan Liu
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenyi Deng
- West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingrong Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruofan Liu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen Zhang
- West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zaiqing He
- Department of Pathology, Nuclear of Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Fan
- Department of Occupational Medicine, Nuclear of Industry 416 Hospital, Chengdu, Sichuan 610051, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingzhuo Yang
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Duan
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Sichuan Cancer Hospital, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Huifang Hou
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyuan Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhimei Yang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanze Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Ning Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Junli Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, People's Republic of China
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Krzyczmonik A, Keller T, López-Picón FR, Forsback S, Kirjavainen AK, Takkinen JS, Wasilewska A, Scheinin M, Haaparanta-Solin M, Sączewski F, Solin O. Radiosynthesis and Preclinical Evaluation of an α 2A-Adrenoceptor Tracer Candidate, 6-[ 18F]Fluoro-marsanidine. Mol Imaging Biol 2020; 21:879-887. [PMID: 30710261 DOI: 10.1007/s11307-019-01317-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The α2-adrenoceptors mediate many effects of norepinephrine and epinephrine, and participate in the regulation of neuronal, endocrine, cardiovascular, vegetative, and metabolic functions. Of the three receptor subtypes, only α2A and α2C are found in the brain in significant amounts. Subtype-selective positron emission tomography (PET) imaging of α2-adrenoceptors has been limited to the α2C subtype. Here, we report the synthesis of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine, a subtype-selective PET tracer candidate for α2A-adrenoceptors, and its preclinical evaluation in rats and mice. PROCEDURES 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized using electrophilic F-18 fluorination with [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate). The tracer was evaluated in Sprague Dawley rats and in α2A-knockout (KO) and wild-type (WT) mice for subtype selectivity. In vivo PET imaging and ex vivo brain autoradiography were performed to determine the tracer distribution in the brain. The specificity of the tracer for the target was determined by pretreatment with the subtype-non-selective α2-agonist medetomidine. The peripheral biodistribution and extent of metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine were also analyzed. RESULTS 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized with [18F]Selectfluor bis(triflate) in a radiochemical yield of 6.4 ± 1.7 %. The molar activity was 3.1 to 26.6 GBq/μmol, and the radiochemical purity was > 99 %. In vivo studies in mice revealed lower uptake in the brains of α2A-KO mice compared to WT mice. The results for selectivity were confirmed by ex vivo brain autoradiography. Blocking studies revealed reduced uptake in α2A-adrenoceptor-rich brain regions in pretreated animals, demonstrating the specificity of the tracer. Metabolite analyses revealed very rapid metabolism of 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine with blood-brain barrier-permeable metabolites in both rats and mice. CONCLUSION 6-[18F]Fluoro-marsanidine was synthesized and evaluated as a PET tracer candidate for brain α2A-adrenoceptors. However, rapid metabolism, extensive presence of labeled metabolites in the brain, and high non-specific uptake in mouse and rat brain make 6-[18F]fluoro-marsanidine unsuitable for α2A-adrenoceptor targeting in rodents in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Krzyczmonik
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Thomas Keller
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Francisco R López-Picón
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Sarita Forsback
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Anna K Kirjavainen
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Jatta S Takkinen
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Aleksandra Wasilewska
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, and Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Merja Haaparanta-Solin
- PET Preclinical Imaging Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.,MediCity Research Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Franciszek Sączewski
- Department of Chemical Technology of Drugs, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Olof Solin
- Radiopharmaceutical Chemistry Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland. .,Accelerator Laboratory, Turku PET Centre, Åbo Akademi University, Kiinamyllynkatu 4-8, FI-20520, Turku, Finland.
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Devoto P, Flore G, Saba P, Scheggi S, Mulas G, Gambarana C, Spiga S, Gessa GL. Noradrenergic terminals are the primary source of α 2-adrenoceptor mediated dopamine release in the medial prefrontal cortex. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 90:97-103. [PMID: 30472147 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In various psychiatric disorders, deficits in dopaminergic activity in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) are implicated. Treatments involving selective augmentation of dopaminergic activity in the PFC primarily depend on the inhibition of α2-adrenoreceptors singly or in combination with the inhibition of the norepinephrine transporter (NET). We aimed to clarify the relative contribution of dopamine (DA) release from noradrenergic and dopaminergic terminals to DA output induced by blockade of α2-adrenoreceptors and NET. To this end, we assessed whether central noradrenergic denervation modified catecholamine output in the medial PFC (mPFC) of rats elicited by atipamezole (an α2-adrenoreceptor antagonist), nisoxetine (an NET inhibitor), or their combination. Intraventricular administration of anti-dopamine-beta-hydroxylase-saporin (aDBH) caused a loss of DBH-positive fibers in the mPFC and almost total depletion of tissue and extracellular NE level; however, it did not reduce tissue DA level but increased extracellular DA level by 70% in the mPFC. Because noradrenergic denervation should have caused a loss of NET and reduced NE level at α2-adrenoceptors, the actual effect of an aDBH-induced lesion on DA output elicited by blockade of α2-adrenoceptors and NET was evaluated by comparing denervated and control rats following blockade of α2-adrenoceptors and NET with atipamezole and nisoxetine, respectively. In the control rats, extracellular NE and DA levels increased by approximately 150% each with 3 mg/kg atipamezole; 450% and 230%, respectively, with 3 mg/kg nisoxetine; and 2100% and 600%, respectively, with combined atipamezole and nisoxetine. In the denervated rats, consistent with the loss of NET, nisoxetine failed to modify extracellular DA level, whereas atipamezole, despite the lack of NE-induced stimulation of α2-adrenoceptors, increased extracellular DA level by approximately 30%. Overall, these results suggest that atipamezole-induced DA release mainly originated from noradrenergic terminals, possibly through the inhibition of α2-autoreceptors. Furthermore, while systemic and local administration of the α2-adrenoceptor agonist clonidine into the mPFC of the controls rats reduced extracellular NE level by 80% and 60%, respectively, and extracellular DA level by 50% and 60%, respectively, it failed to reduce DA output in the denervated rats, consistent with the loss of α2-autoreceptors. To eliminate the possibility that denervation reduced DA release potential via the effects at dopaminergic terminals in the mPFC, the effect of systemic administration of the D2-DA antagonist raclopride (0.5 mg/kg IP) on DA output was analyzed. In the control rats, raclopride was found to be ineffective when administered alone, but it increased extracellular DA level by 380% following NET inhibition with nisoxetine. In the denervated rats, as expected due to the loss of NET, raclopride-alone or with nisoxetine-increased DA release to approximately the same level as that observed in the control rats after NET inhibition. Overall, these results suggest that noradrenergic terminals in the mPFC are the primary source of DA released by blockade of α2-adrenoreceptors and NET and that α2-autoreceptors, and not α2-heteroreceptors, mediate DA output induced by α2-adrenoceptor blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Devoto
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; National Institute of Neuroscience, INN, Section of Cagliari, Italy.
| | - Giovanna Flore
- Department of Medical Sciences and Public Health, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Pierluigi Saba
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Simona Scheggi
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Giovanna Mulas
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Carla Gambarana
- Department of Molecular and Developmental Medicine, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Saturnino Spiga
- Dept. of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Gian Luigi Gessa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; Guy Everett Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy; National Research Council, CNR, Institute of Neuroscience, Cagliari, Italy
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McGrane IR, Shuman MD. Mirtazapine Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: Implications of Alpha-Adrenergic Pharmacology on the Startle Response. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2019; 26:36-41. [PMID: 29303920 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian R McGrane
- From the University of Montana Skaggs School of Pharmacy (Dr. McGrane); Providence St. Patrick Hospital, Missoula, MT (Dr. McGrane); Rosalind Franklin University School of Medicine and Science College of Pharmacy (Dr. Shuman); Captain James A. Lovell Federal Health Care Center, North Chicago, IL (Dr. Shuman)
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Selective adrenergic alpha2C receptor antagonist ameliorates acute phencyclidine-induced schizophrenia-like social interaction deficits in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2019; 236:1245-1253. [PMID: 30535904 PMCID: PMC6591184 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-018-5130-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Social withdrawal is a core feature of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia. Currently available pharmacotherapies have only limited efficacy towards the negative symptoms, i.e., there is a significant unmet medical need in the treatment of these symptoms. OBJECTIVE We wanted to confirm whether selective adrenergic α2C receptor (AR) antagonist therapy could ameliorate acute phencyclidine (PCP)-induced schizophrenia-like social interaction deficits in rats, and to compare the effects of an α2C AR antagonist to another putative therapeutic alternative, an α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) partial agonist, as well against three commonly used atypical antipsychotics. METHODS Here, we used acute PCP administration and modified a protocol for testing social interaction deficits in male Wistar rats and then used this model to compare the effects of an α2C AR antagonist (ORM-13070 0.3 and 1.0 mg/kg s.c.) with an α7 nAChR partial agonist (EVP-6124 0.3 mg/kg s.c.) and three atypical antipsychotics (clozapine 2.5 mg/kg i.p., risperidone 0.04 and 0.08 mg/kg s.c., olanzapine 0.125 and 0.5 mg/kg s.c.) on social interaction behavior. RESULTS Acute PCP (1.5 mg/kg s.c.) produced robust and reproducible deficits in social interaction behavior without affecting locomotor activity. The selective α2C AR antagonist significantly ameliorated PCP-induced social interaction deficits. In contrast, neither the partial α7 nAChR agonist nor any of the three atypical antipsychotics were able to reverse the behavioral deficits at the selected doses. CONCLUSION Our findings confirm that α2C AR antagonism is a potential mechanism for the treatment of the negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
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Multi-Target Approach for Drug Discovery against Schizophrenia. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19103105. [PMID: 30309037 PMCID: PMC6213273 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polypharmacology is nowadays considered an increasingly crucial aspect in discovering new drugs as a number of original single-target drugs have been performing far behind expectations during the last ten years. In this scenario, multi-target drugs are a promising approach against polygenic diseases with complex pathomechanisms such as schizophrenia. Indeed, second generation or atypical antipsychotics target a number of aminergic G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) simultaneously. Novel strategies in drug design and discovery against schizophrenia focus on targets beyond the dopaminergic hypothesis of the disease and even beyond the monoamine GPCRs. In particular these approaches concern proteins involved in glutamatergic and cholinergic neurotransmission, challenging the concept of antipsychotic activity without dopamine D₂ receptor involvement. Potentially interesting compounds include ligands interacting with glycine modulatory binding pocket on N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptors, positive allosteric modulators of α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors, positive allosteric modulators of metabotropic glutamatergic receptors, agonists and positive allosteric modulators of α7 nicotinic receptors, as well as muscarinic receptor agonists. In this review we discuss classical and novel drug targets for schizophrenia, cover benefits and limitations of current strategies to design multi-target drugs and show examples of multi-target ligands as antipsychotics, including marketed drugs, substances in clinical trials, and other investigational compounds.
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Srour H, Pandya K, Flannery A, Hatton K. Enteral Guanfacine to Treat Severe Anxiety and Agitation Complicating Critical Care After Cardiac Surgery. Semin Cardiothorac Vasc Anesth 2018; 22:403-406. [PMID: 29619866 DOI: 10.1177/1089253218768537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This article is the first reported case describing the off-label use of enteral immediate-release guanfacine, a long-acting α-2 adrenergic agonist most commonly used in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, for sedation in a patient with severe anxiety and agitation limiting mechanical ventilation weaning several days after cardiac surgery. In this case, after several days of unsuccessful attempts to control his agitation and anxiety with conventional therapies, guanfacine therapy was initiated, and the patient was rapidly weaned from all other sedatives and mechanical ventilation shortly thereafter. The patient was weaned from guanfacine therapy without evidence of bradycardia, hypotension, or rebound syndrome. Enteral guanfacine therapy should be further studied as a potentially useful and cost-effective sedative therapy for patients with severe anxiety and/or agitation in the intensive care unit following cardiac and thoracic surgical procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Habib Srour
- 1 University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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Blessing WW, Blessing EM, Mohammed M, Ootsuka Y. Clozapine, chlorpromazine and risperidone dose-dependently reduce emotional hyperthermia, a biological marker of salience. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:3259-3269. [PMID: 28812124 PMCID: PMC5660844 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4710-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We recently introduced a new rat model of emotional hyperthermia in which a salient stimulus activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis and tail artery constriction. Antipsychotic drugs, both classical and second generation, act to reduce excessive assignment of salience to objects and events in the external environment. The close association between salient occurrences and increases in body temperature suggests that antipsychotic drugs may also reduce emotional hyperthermia. OBJECTIVES We determined whether chlorpromazine, clozapine, and risperidone dose dependently reduce emotionally elicited increases in BAT thermogenesis, cutaneous vasoconstriction, and body temperature in rats. METHODS Rats, chronically instrumented for measurement of BAT and body temperature and tail artery blood flow, singly housed, were confronted with an intruder rat (confined within a small wire-mesh cage) after systemic pre-treatment of the resident rat with vehicle or antipsychotic agent. BAT and body temperatures, tail blood flow, and behavioral activity were continuously measured. RESULTS Clozapine (30 μg-2 mg/kg), chlorpromazine (0.1-5 mg/kg), and risperidone (6.25 μg-1 mg/kg) robustly and dose-relatedly reduced intruder-elicited BAT thermogenesis and tail artery vasoconstriction, with consequent dose-related reduction in emotional hyperthermia. CONCLUSIONS Chlorpromazine, a first-generation antipsychotic, as well as clozapine and risperidone, second-generation agents, dose-dependently reduce emotional hyperthermia. Dopamine D2 receptor antagonist properties of chlorpromazine do not contribute to thermoregulatory effects. Interactions with monoamine receptors are important, and these monoamine receptor interactions may also contribute to the therapeutic effects of all three antipsychotics. Thermoregulatory actions of putative antipsychotic agents may constitute a biological marker of their therapeutic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- William W Blessing
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia.
| | - Esther M Blessing
- Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mazher Mohammed
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Center for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Lurasidone Hydrochloride, a Second-Generation Antipsychotic: A Systematic Review of the Published Literature. Clin Pharmacokinet 2016; 56:493-503. [DOI: 10.1007/s40262-016-0465-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Mohammed M, Kulasekara K, Ootsuka Y, Blessing WW. Locus coeruleus noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala facilitates alerting-induced constriction of the rat tail artery. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2016; 310:R1109-19. [PMID: 27101292 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00058.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The amygdala, innervated by the noradrenergic locus coeruleus, processes salient environmental events. α2-adrenoceptor-stimulating drugs (clonidine-like agents) suppress the behavioral and physiological components of the response to salient events. Activation of sympathetic outflow to the cutaneous vascular bed is part of the physiological response to salience-mediated activation of the amygdala. We have determined whether acute systemic and intra-amygdala administration of clonidine, and chronic immunotoxin-mediated destruction of the noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala, impairs salience-related vasoconstrictor episodes in the tail artery of conscious freely moving Sprague-Dawley rats. After acute intraperitoneal injection of clonidine (10, 50, and 100 μg/kg), there was a dose-related decrease in the reduction in tail blood flow elicited by alerting stimuli, an effect prevented by prior administration of the α2-adrenergic blocking drug idazoxan (1 mg/kg ip or 75 nmol bilateral intra-amygdala). A dose-related decrease in alerting-induced tail artery vasoconstriction was also observed after bilateral intra-amygdala injection of clonidine (5, 10, and 20 nmol in 200 nl), an effect substantially prevented by prior bilateral intra-amygdala injection of idazoxan. Intra-amygdala injection of idazoxan by itself did not alter tail artery vasoconstriction elicited by alerting stimuli. Intra-amygdala injection of saporin coupled to antibodies to dopamine-β-hydroxylase (immunotoxin) destroyed the noradrenergic innervation of the amygdala and the parent noradrenergic neurons in the locus coeruleus. The reduction in tail blood flow elicited by standardized alerting stimuli was substantially reduced in immunotoxin-treated rats. Thus, inhibiting the release of noradrenaline within the amygdala reduces activation of the sympathetic outflow to the vascular beds elicited by salient events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazher Mohammed
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Keerthi Kulasekara
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Youichirou Ootsuka
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - William W Blessing
- Centre for Neuroscience, Department of Human Physiology, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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Chu X, Ågmo A. The adrenergic α2-receptor, sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior in the male rat. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2016; 144:33-44. [PMID: 26906229 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Adrenergic α2 antagonists are known to enhance sexual incentive motivation and modify copulatory behavior while agonists are consistently inhibitory. However, many of the drugs employed in earlier studies were of modest specificity for the α2 receptor, and the importance of the different subtypes of this receptor remains completely unknown. In the present series of experiments we determined the effects on sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior of additional, highly specific compounds, as well as of agonists selective for each of the three subtypes of the α2 receptor. Sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior were evaluated in male rats in well established procedures. Among the α2 antagonists, RX 821002 reliably enhanced sexual incentive motivation while fluparoxan only had a modest effect. In large doses both drugs reduced copulatory behavior. The agonist S 18616 reduced both incentive motivation and copulation. None of the subtype selective agonists (BRL 44408, ARC 239, JP 1302) had any consistent effect. A peripheral α2 antagonist, L 659,066 was also ineffective. Even though there are some differences between α2 antagonists with regard to their effects on sexual incentive motivation and copulatory behavior it seems safe to conclude that antagonism of the adrenergic α2 receptor enhances motivation without any concomitant stimulation of copulatory behavior. It appears that antagonism of a single receptor subtype is insufficient for having this effect. Perhaps non-selective α2 antagonists could be used for the treatment of male sexual dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Chu
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Norway
| | - Anders Ågmo
- Department of Psychology, University of Tromsø, Norway.
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22
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Foufelle F, Fromenty B. Role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in drug-induced toxicity. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2016; 4:e00211. [PMID: 26977301 PMCID: PMC4777263 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Drug‐induced toxicity is a key issue for public health because some side effects can be severe and life‐threatening. These adverse effects can also be a major concern for the pharmaceutical companies since significant toxicity can lead to the interruption of clinical trials, or the withdrawal of the incriminated drugs from the market. Recent studies suggested that endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress could be an important event involved in drug liability, in addition to other key mechanisms such as mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Indeed, drug‐induced ER stress could lead to several deleterious effects within cells and tissues including accumulation of lipids, cell death, cytolysis, and inflammation. After recalling important information regarding drug‐induced adverse reactions and ER stress in diverse pathophysiological situations, this review summarizes the main data pertaining to drug‐induced ER stress and its potential involvement in different adverse effects. Drugs presented in this review are for instance acetaminophen (APAP), arsenic trioxide and other anticancer drugs, diclofenac, and different antiretroviral compounds. We also included data on tunicamycin (an antibiotic not used in human medicine because of its toxicity) and thapsigargin (a toxic compound of the Mediterranean plant Thapsia garganica) since both molecules are commonly used as prototypical toxins to induce ER stress in cellular and animal models.
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Abstract
This article describes the role of a newly approved antipsychotic agent brexpiprazole in the treatment of schizophrenia and major depressive disorder. This drug has high affinity for 5-HT1A, 5-HT2A, D2 and α1B,2C receptors. It displays partial agonism at 5-HT1A and D2 receptors and potent antagonism at 5-HT2A and α1B,2C adrenergic receptors. It also has some affinity (antagonism) for D3, 5-HT2B, 5-HT7 and α1A,1D receptors, and moderate affinity for H1 and low affinity for M1 receptors. These all lead to a favorable antipsychotic profile in terms of improvement of cognitive performance and sleep patterns, as well as effects on affective states and potential to treat core symptoms in schizophrenia and major depressive disorder, including cognitive deficits with a low risk of adverse effects (extrapyramidal symptoms, metabolic complications, weight gain, akathisia potential) that are commonly encountered with other typical and second-generation antipsychotic drugs. In our review, we have made an attempt to decipher the pharmacological profile of brexpiprazole from two major trials (VECTOR and BEACON). We have also tried to give a concise but detailed overview of brexpiprazole by head to head comparison of the pharmacological profile of brexpiprazole and its earlier congeners aripiprazole and prototype antipsychotic drug chlorpromazine by accessing individual summaries of product characteristics from the US Food and Drug Administration database, 2015. Relevant preclinical and clinical studies associated with this drug have been discussed with emphasis on efficacy and safety concerns. From the studies done so far, it can be concluded that brexpiprazole can be an effective monotherapy for schizophrenia and as an adjunct to other antidepressant medications in major depressive disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saibal Das
- Department of Pharmacology, Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632002, India
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Lehto J, Scheinin A, Johansson J, Marjamäki P, Arponen E, Scheinin H, Scheinin M. Detecting a dexmedetomidine-evoked reduction of noradrenaline release in the human brain with the alpha2C-adrenoceptor PET ligand [11C]ORM-13070. Synapse 2015; 70:57-65. [DOI: 10.1002/syn.21872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jussi Lehto
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Clinical Research Services Turku CRST; Turku Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Annalotta Scheinin
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Jarkko Johansson
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Päivi Marjamäki
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Eveliina Arponen
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Harry Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Turku PET Centre; University of Turku, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology; Drug Development and Therapeutics, University of Turku; Turku Finland
- Clinical Research Services Turku CRST; Turku Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital; Turku Finland
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Raveendranathan D, Swaminath GR. Mirtazapine Induced Akathisia: Understanding a Complex Mechanism. Indian J Psychol Med 2015; 37:474-5. [PMID: 26702190 PMCID: PMC4676224 DOI: 10.4103/0253-7176.168615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gopal Rao Swaminath
- Department of Psychiatry, B. R. Ambedkar Medical College, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Citrome L, Stensbøl TB, Maeda K. The preclinical profile of brexpiprazole: what is its clinical relevance for the treatment of psychiatric disorders? Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:1219-29. [PMID: 26402059 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1086269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brexpiprazole is a serotonin-dopamine activity modulator in clinical development for schizophrenia, adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder, agitation in Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress disorder. It is a partial agonist at 5-HT1A and D2 receptors with similar potency, and an antagonist at 5-HT2A and adrenergic α1B/2C receptors. Compared with aripiprazole, brexpiprazole is more potent at 5-HT1A receptors and displays less intrinsic activity at D2 receptors. This unique serotonin and dopamine modulatory activity has shown robust antipsychotic, antidepressant-like and anxiolytic activities, and limited extrapyramidal symptom liability with pro-cognitive efficacy in animal models. Phase III clinical trials have been successfully completed in schizophrenia and adjunctive use in major depressive disorder, with the US FDA approval obtained for these uses; Phase III studies in Alzheimer's disease and post-traumatic stress disorder are ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kenji Maeda
- c 3 Qs' Research Institute, Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. Tokushima, Japan
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Pytka K, Podkowa K, Rapacz A, Podkowa A, Żmudzka E, Olczyk A, Sapa J, Filipek B. The role of serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in antidepressant-like effect. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:263-74. [PMID: 26922526 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Depression is a serious global illness, becoming more and more common in developed countries. Because of specific symptoms it is considered as a leading cause of disability all over the world with a high death factor due to suicides. There are many antidepressants used in the therapy, but still more than 30% of patients do not respond to the treatment. The heterogeneous nature of the illness and its complex, unclear aetiology may be responsible for these difficulties. Next to the main monoaminergic hypothesis of depression there are also many other approaches connected with the pathophysiology of the disease, including hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis dysregulation, dopaminergic, cholinergic, glutamatergic or GABA-ergic neurotransmission. Nevertheless, it can be unambiguously stated that serotonergic, noradrenergic and dopaminergic systems are precisely connected with pathogenesis of depression, and should be therefore considered as valuable targets in patients' treatment. Bearing that in mind, this review presents the role of serotonergic, adrenergic and dopaminergic receptors in antidepressant-like effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Pytka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Karolina Podkowa
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, Kraków, Poland
| | - Anna Rapacz
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Podkowa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Żmudzka
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Adrian Olczyk
- Institute of Automatic Control, Silesian University of Technology, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Jacek Sapa
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
| | - Barbara Filipek
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kraków, Poland
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28
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Khokhar JY, Chau DT, Dawson R, Green AI. Clozapine reconstructed: Haloperidol's ability to reduce alcohol intake in the Syrian golden hamster can be enhanced through noradrenergic modulation by desipramine and idazoxan. Drug Alcohol Depend 2015; 152:277-81. [PMID: 25979645 PMCID: PMC4458150 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2015.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alcohol use disorder commonly occurs in patients with schizophrenia. Most antipsychotic drugs do not lessen alcohol use; although the atypical antipsychotic clozapine has been shown to reduce alcohol use in patients with schizophrenia, its toxicity severely limits its use in patients. With an eye toward creation of a safer clozapine-like drug, we have investigated the pharmacological basis of the clozapine's effects on alcohol drinking in the Syrian golden hamster. In this animal, as in patients with schizophrenia, clozapine reduces alcohol drinking while the typical antipsychotic haloperidol does not. We have suggested that clozapine decreases alcohol drinking due to its weak dopamine D2 receptor blockade, its potent norepinephrine α-2 receptor antagonism, as well as its ability to elevate plasma norepinephrine. METHODS We recreated a clozapine-like drug to reduce alcohol drinking in the Syrian golden hamster by combining low dose haloperidol with a norepinephrine α-2 receptor antagonist, idazoxan, and a norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, desipramine. Hamsters were given free access to water and alcohol (15% v/v) and were treated daily with each drug or with the three-drug combination for 23 days. RESULTS The drug combination reduced alcohol drinking and preference significantly as compared to vehicle or to haloperidol, idazoxan or desipramine, while not altering food-intake or body-weight. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that that haloperidol, which does not reduce alcohol drinking in patients with schizophrenia or the hamster, if combined with idazoxan and desipramine (producing a drug combination that mimics aspects of clozapine's pharmacology) is able to reduce alcohol drinking in the hamster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - David T Chau
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States
| | - Ree Dawson
- Frontier Science Research and Technology Foundation, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Alan I Green
- Department of Psychiatry, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH, United States; The Dartmouth Clinical and Translational Science Institute, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States.
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29
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Citraro R, Leo A, Aiello R, Pugliese M, Russo E, De Sarro G. Comparative analysis of the treatment of chronic antipsychotic drugs on epileptic susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats. Neurotherapeutics 2015; 12:250-62. [PMID: 25404052 PMCID: PMC4322085 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-014-0318-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Antipsychotic drugs (APs) are of great benefit in several psychiatric disorders, but they can be associated with various adverse effects, including seizures. To investigate the effects of chronic antipsychotic treatment on seizure susceptibility in genetically epilepsy-prone rats, some APs were administered for 7 weeks, and seizure susceptibility (audiogenic seizures) was evaluated once a week during treatment and for 5 weeks after drug withdrawal. Furthermore, acute and subchronic (5-day treatment) effects were also measured. Rats received haloperidol (0.2-1.0 mg/kg), clozapine (1-5 mg/kg), risperidone (0.03-0.50 mg/kg), quetiapine (2-10 mg/kg), aripriprazole (0.2-1.0 mg/kg), and olanzapine (0.13-0.66 mg/kg), and tested according to treatment duration. Acute administration of APs had no effect on seizures, whereas, after regular treatment, aripiprazole reduced seizure severity; haloperidol had no effects and all other APs increased seizure severity. In chronically treated rats, clozapine showed the most marked proconvulsant effects, followed by risperidone and olanzapine. Quetiapine and haloperidol had only modest effects, and aripiprazole was anticonvulsant. Finally, the proconvulsant effects lasted at least 2-3 weeks after treatment suspension; for aripiprazole, a proconvulsant rebound effect was observed. Taken together, these results indicate and confirm that APs might have the potential to increase the severity of audiogenic seizures but that aripiprazole may exert anticonvulsant effects. The use of APs in patients, particularly in patients with epilepsy, should be monitored for seizure occurrence, including during the time after cessation of therapy. Further studies will determine whether aripiprazole really has a potential as an anticonvulsant drug and might also be clinically relevant for epileptic patients with psychiatric comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Citraro
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Leo
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rossana Aiello
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Michela Pugliese
- />Department of Veterinary Science, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Emilio Russo
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giovambattista De Sarro
- />Science of Health Department, School of Medicine, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Viale Europa – Germaneto, 88100 Catanzaro, Italy
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30
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Leung JY, Pang CC, Procyshyn RM, Barr AM. Cardiovascular effects of acute treatment with the antipsychotic drug olanzapine in rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2014; 62:143-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/30/2014] [Accepted: 06/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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31
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Millan MJ, Fone K, Steckler T, Horan WP. Negative symptoms of schizophrenia: clinical characteristics, pathophysiological substrates, experimental models and prospects for improved treatment. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 24:645-92. [PMID: 24820238 DOI: 10.1016/j.euroneuro.2014.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia is a complex and multifactorial disorder generally diagnosed in young adults at the time of the first psychotic episode of delusions and hallucinations. These positive symptoms can be controlled in most patients by currently-available antipsychotics. Conversely, they are poorly effective against concomitant neurocognitive dysfunction, deficits in social cognition and negative symptoms (NS), which strongly contribute to poor functional outcome. The precise notion of NS has evolved over the past century, with recent studies - underpinned by novel rating methods - suggesting two major sub-domains: "decreased emotional expression", incorporating blunted affect and poverty of speech, and "avolition", which embraces amotivation, asociality and "anhedonia" (inability to anticipate pleasure). Recent studies implicate a dysfunction of frontocortico-temporal networks in the aetiology of NS, together with a disruption of cortico-striatal circuits, though other structures are also involved, like the insular and parietal cortices, amygdala and thalamus. At the cellular level, a disruption of GABAergic-glutamatergic balance, dopaminergic signalling and, possibly, oxytocinergic and cannibinoidergic transmission may be involved. Several agents are currently under clinical investigation for the potentially improved control of NS, including oxytocin itself, N-Methyl-d-Aspartate receptor modulators and minocycline. Further, magnetic-electrical "stimulation" strategies to recruit cortical circuits and "cognitive-behavioural-psychosocial" therapies likewise hold promise. To acquire novel insights into the causes and treatment of NS, experimental study is crucial, and opportunities are emerging for improved genetic, pharmacological and developmental modelling, together with more refined readouts related to deficits in reward, sociality and "expression". The present article comprises an integrative overview of the above issues as a platform for this Special Issue of European Neuropsychopharmacology in which five clinical and five preclinical articles treat individual themes in greater detail. This Volume provides, then, a framework for progress in the understanding - and ultimately control - of the debilitating NS of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Millan
- Pole of Innovation in Neuropsychiatry, Institut de Recherche Servier, 125 Chemin de Ronde, 78290 Croissy-sur-Seine, Paris, France.
| | - Kevin Fone
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Medical School, Queen׳s Medical Centre, Nottingham University, Nottingham NG72UH, UK
| | - Thomas Steckler
- Janssen Research and Development, Turnhoutseweg 30, 2340 Beerse, Belgium
| | - William P Horan
- VA Greater Los Angeles Healthcare System, University of California, Los Angeles, MIRECC 210A, Bldg. 210, 11301 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90073, USA
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