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Wu MK, Satogami K, Liang CS, Stubbs B, Carvalho AF, Brunoni AR, Su KP, Tu YK, Wu YC, Chen TY, Li DJ, Lin PY, Hsu CW, Chen YW, Suen MW, Zeng BY, Takahashi S, Tseng PT, Li CT. Multiple comparison of different noninvasive brain stimulation and pharmacologic interventions in patients with methamphetamine use disorders: A network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2022; 76:633-643. [PMID: 35876620 DOI: 10.1111/pcn.13452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM In recent decades, the prevalence of amphetamine and methamphetamine use disorders has at least doubled in some regions/countries, with accompanying high risks of drug overdose-associated mortality. Noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods may be effective treatments. However, the comparative efficacy of the NIBS protocol for amphetamine/methamphetamine use disorder (AUD/MUD) remains unknown to date. The aim of this network meta-analysis (NMA) was to compare the efficacy and acceptability of various NIBS methods/protocols for AUD/MUD management. METHODS A frequentist model-based NMA was conducted. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that investigated the efficacy of NIBS and guideline-recommended pharmacologic treatments to reduce craving severity in patients with either AUD or MUD. RESULTS Twenty-two RCTs including 1888 participants met the eligibility criteria. Compared with the sham/placebo group (study = 19, subjects = 891), a combination of intermittent theta burst stimulation over the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and continuous TBS over the left ventromedial prefrontal cortex (study = 1, subjects = 19) was associated with the largest decreases in craving severity [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -1.50; 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) = -2.70 to -0.31]. High-frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation over the left DLPFC was associated with the largest improvements in depression and quality of sleep (study = 3, subjects = 86) (SMD = -2.48; 95%CIs = -3.25 to -1.71 and SMD = -2.43; 95%CIs = -3.38 to -1.48, respectively). The drop-out rate of most investigated treatments did not significantly differ between groups. CONCLUSION The combined TBS protocol over the prefrontal cortex was associated with the greatest improvement in craving severity. Since few studies were available for inclusion, additional large-scale randomized controlled trials are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Kung Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Kazumi Satogami
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Chih-Sung Liang
- Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Brendon Stubbs
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Physiotherapy Department, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Andre F Carvalho
- Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment (IMPACT) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andre R Brunoni
- Service of Interdisciplinary Neuromodulation, National Institute of Biomarkers in Psychiatry, Laboratory of Neurosciences (LIM-27), Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria, Faculdade de Medicina da University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil.,Departamento de Ciências Médicas, Faculdade de Medicina da University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kuan-Pin Su
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.,Department of Psychiatry and Mind-Body Interface Laboratory (MBI-Lab), China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,An-Nan Hospital, China Medical University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Kang Tu
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Dentistry, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Cheng Wu
- Department of Sports Medicine, Landseed International Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Tien-Yu Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Tri-Service General Hospital; School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Dian-Jeng Li
- Department of Addiction Science, Kaohsiung Municipal Kai-Syuan Psychiatric Hospital, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Pao-Yen Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute for Translational Research in Biomedical Sciences, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wei Hsu
- Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Wen Chen
- Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Mein-Woei Suen
- Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Gender Equality Education and Research Center, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Asia University Hospital, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Yan Zeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, E-Da Dachang Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Shun Takahashi
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan.,Department of Psychiatry, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita, Japan.,Graduate School of Rehabilitation Science, Osaka Metropolitan University, Habikino, Japan.,Clinical Research and Education Center, Asakayama General Hospital, Sakai, Japan
| | - Ping-Tao Tseng
- Prospect Clinic for Otorhinolaryngology and Neurology, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Psychology, College of Medical and Health Science, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ta Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Division of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Brain Science and Brain Research Center, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Trivedi MH, Walker R, Ling W, Dela Cruz A, Sharma G, Carmody T, Ghitza UE, Wahle A, Kim M, Shores-Wilson K, Sparenborg S, Coffin P, Schmitz J, Wiest K, Bart G, Sonne SC, Wakhlu S, Rush AJ, Nunes EV, Shoptaw S. Bupropion and Naltrexone in Methamphetamine Use Disorder. N Engl J Med 2021; 384:140-153. [PMID: 33497547 PMCID: PMC8111570 DOI: 10.1056/nejmoa2020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of naltrexone plus bupropion to treat methamphetamine use disorder has not been well studied. METHODS We conducted this multisite, double-blind, two-stage, placebo-controlled trial with the use of a sequential parallel comparison design to evaluate the efficacy and safety of extended-release injectable naltrexone (380 mg every 3 weeks) plus oral extended-release bupropion (450 mg per day) in adults with moderate or severe methamphetamine use disorder. In the first stage of the trial, participants were randomly assigned in a 0.26:0.74 ratio to receive naltrexone-bupropion or matching injectable and oral placebo for 6 weeks. Those in the placebo group who did not have a response in stage 1 underwent rerandomization in stage 2 and were assigned in a 1:1 ratio to receive naltrexone-bupropion or placebo for an additional 6 weeks. Urine samples were obtained from participants twice weekly. The primary outcome was a response, defined as at least three methamphetamine-negative urine samples out of four samples obtained at the end of stage 1 or stage 2, and the weighted average of the responses in the two stages is reported. The treatment effect was defined as the between-group difference in the overall weighted responses. RESULTS A total of 403 participants were enrolled in stage 1, and 225 in stage 2. In the first stage, 18 of 109 participants (16.5%) in the naltrexone-bupropion group and 10 of 294 (3.4%) in the placebo group had a response. In the second stage, 13 of 114 (11.4%) in the naltrexone-bupropion group and 2 of 111 (1.8%) in the placebo group had a response. The weighted average response across the two stages was 13.6% with naltrexone-bupropion and 2.5% with placebo, for an overall treatment effect of 11.1 percentage points (Wald z-test statistic, 4.53; P<0.001). Adverse events with naltrexone-bupropion included gastrointestinal disorders, tremor, malaise, hyperhidrosis, and anorexia. Serious adverse events occurred in 8 of 223 participants (3.6%) who received naltrexone-bupropion during the trial. CONCLUSIONS Among adults with methamphetamine use disorder, the response over a period of 12 weeks among participants who received extended-release injectable naltrexone plus oral extended-release bupropion was low but was higher than that among participants who received placebo. (Funded by the National Institute on Drug Abuse and others; ADAPT-2 ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT03078075.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Madhukar H Trivedi
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Robrina Walker
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Walter Ling
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Adriane Dela Cruz
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Gaurav Sharma
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Thomas Carmody
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Udi E Ghitza
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Aimee Wahle
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Mora Kim
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Kathy Shores-Wilson
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Steven Sparenborg
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Phillip Coffin
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Joy Schmitz
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Katharina Wiest
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Gavin Bart
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Susan C Sonne
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Sidarth Wakhlu
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - A John Rush
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Edward V Nunes
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
| | - Steven Shoptaw
- From the Peter O'Donnell Jr. Brain Institute at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (M.H.T.) and the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center (R.W., A.C., T.C., M.K., K.S.-W., S.W.), Dallas, the University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston (J.S.), and Texas Tech University, Permian Basin, Odessa (A.J.R.); the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles (W.L., S. Shoptaw); the Emmes Company, Rockville (G.S., A.W.), and the National Institute on Drug Abuse Center for the Clinical Trials Network (U.E.G., S. Sparenborg [retired]), Rockville - both in Maryland; the San Francisco Department of Public Health and the University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco (P.C.); CODA, Portland, OR (K.W.); Hennepin Healthcare, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis (G.B.); Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston (S.C.S.); Duke-National University of Singapore, Singapore (A.J.R.); Duke Medical School, Durham, NC (A.J.R.); and Columbia University, New York (E.V.N.)
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