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Trumpour T, Forrest JA. Nanoscale surface roughness induced by poor solvents on polymer film surfaces. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2022; 45:85. [PMID: 36289136 DOI: 10.1140/epje/s10189-022-00237-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We describe a new nanoscale morphology that is produced when polymer surfaces are exposed to a poor solvent. We have measured the morphology on polystyrene surfaces after exposure to pentane, heptane, or dodecane as well as poly(methyl methacrylate) exposed to propanol or methanol. The length scale of the morphology was determined by analyzing images obtained by atomic force microscopy. For the case of polystyrene, we perform a detailed characterization of the morphology for all solvents and molecular weight values [Formula: see text] ranging from 8 to 995 kg/mol. Comparing the results to models of dimpling morphology in densely grafted chains suggests the same mechanism is responsible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana Trumpour
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, 1151 Richmond St, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - James A Forrest
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave. W, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada.
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Sarcina L, Macchia E, Tricase A, Scandurra C, Imbriano A, Torricelli F, Cioffi N, Torsi L, Bollella P. Enzyme based field effect transistor: State‐of‐the‐art and future perspectives. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Sarcina
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Eleonora Macchia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
| | - Angelo Tricase
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Cecilia Scandurra
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Anna Imbriano
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Fabrizio Torricelli
- Dipartimento Ingegneria dell'Informazione Università degli Studi di Brescia Brescia Italy
| | - Nicola Cioffi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Luisa Torsi
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Faculty of Science and Engineering Åbo Akademi University Turku Finland
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
| | - Paolo Bollella
- Dipartimento di Chimica Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
- Centre for Colloid and Surface Science ‐ Università degli Studi di Bari “Aldo Moro” Bari Italy
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Song R, Wang Z, Zhou X, Huang L, Chi L. Gas‐Sensing Performance and Operation Mechanism of Organic π‐Conjugated Materials. Chempluschem 2019; 84:1222-1234. [DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ruxin Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Zi Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lizhen Huang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
| | - Lifeng Chi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM) Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and DevicesSoochow University 199 Ren'ai Road, Suzhou 215123 Jiangsu P. R. China
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Garrote BL, Fernandes FC, Cilli EM, Bueno PR. Field effect in molecule-gated switches and the role of target-to-receptor size ratio in biosensor sensitivity. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 127:215-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Statt A, Howard MP, Panagiotopoulos AZ. Solvent quality influences surface structure of glassy polymer thin films after evaporation. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:184901. [PMID: 29141418 DOI: 10.1063/1.4996119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular dynamic simulations are used to investigate the structural effects of treating a glassy polymer thin film with solvents of varying quality and subsequently evaporating the solvent. Both a monodisperse film and a polydisperse film are studied for poor to good solvent conditions, including the limit in which the polymer film is fully dissolved. In agreement with previous studies, the dissolved polymer-solvent mixtures form a polymer-rich skin on top of the forming film during evaporation. In the case of the polydisperse films, a segregation of the lower molecular weight polymer to the film interface is observed. We provide a detailed, systematic analysis of the interface structure and properties during and after evaporation. We find that for non-dissolved films, the surface width of the film after solvent evaporation is enhanced compared to the case without solvent. Our results show that due to the kinetic arrest of the surface structure, the increased surface width is preserved after solvent evaporation for both mono- and polydisperse films. We conclude that it is important to take poor solvent effects into account for the surface morphology of already formed thin glassy films, an effect which is often neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Statt
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Michael P Howard
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Gas Sensors Based on Polymer Field-Effect Transistors. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17010213. [PMID: 28117760 PMCID: PMC5298784 DOI: 10.3390/s17010213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Revised: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on polymer field-effect transistor (PFET) based gas sensor with polymer as the sensing layer, which interacts with gas analyte and thus induces the change of source-drain current (ΔISD). Dependent on the sensing layer which can be semiconducting polymer, dielectric layer or conducting polymer gate, the PFET sensors can be subdivided into three types. For each type of sensor, we present the molecular structure of sensing polymer, the gas analyte and the sensing performance. Most importantly, we summarize various analyte–polymer interactions, which help to understand the sensing mechanism in the PFET sensors and can provide possible approaches for the sensor fabrication in the future.
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Cavallari MR, Izquierdo JEE, Braga GS, Dirani EAT, Pereira-da-Silva MA, Rodríguez EFG, Fonseca FJ. Enhanced Sensitivity of Gas Sensor Based on Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Thin-Film Transistors for Disease Diagnosis and Environment Monitoring. SENSORS 2015; 15:9592-609. [PMID: 25912354 PMCID: PMC4431216 DOI: 10.3390/s150409592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/27/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Electronic devices based on organic thin-film transistors (OTFT) have the potential to supply the demand for portable and low-cost gadgets, mainly as sensors for in situ disease diagnosis and environment monitoring. For that reason, poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) as the active layer in the widely-used bottom-gate/bottom-contact OTFT structure was deposited over highly-doped silicon substrates covered with thermally-grown oxide to detect vapor-phase compounds. A ten-fold organochloride and ammonia sensitivity compared to bare sensors corroborated the application of this semiconducting polymer in sensors. Furthermore, P3HT TFTs presented approximately three-order higher normalized sensitivity than any chemical sensor addressed herein. The results demonstrate that while TFTs respond linearly at the lowest concentration values herein, chemical sensors present such an operating regime mostly above 2000 ppm. Simultaneous alteration of charge carrier mobility and threshold voltage is responsible for pushing the detection limit down to units of ppm of ammonia, as well as tens of ppm of alcohol or ketones. Nevertheless, P3HT transistors and chemical sensors could compose an electronic nose operated at room temperature for a wide range concentration evaluation (1–10,000 ppm) of gaseous analytes. Targeted analytes include not only biomarkers for diseases, such as uremia, cirrhosis, lung cancer and diabetes, but also gases for environment monitoring in food, cosmetic and microelectronics industries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco R Cavallari
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, n. 158, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
| | - José E E Izquierdo
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, n. 158, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
- Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Centro de Investigaciones de Microelectrónica (CIME), Antigua Carretera de Vento, km 8 1/2, Boyeros, CP 10800 La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Guilherme S Braga
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, n. 158, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
- EMBRAPA Instrumentação, Rua Quinze de Novembro, 1452-Centro, CEP 13560-970 São Carlos, SP, Brasil..
| | - Ely A T Dirani
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, n. 158, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
- Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP), Rua Marquês de Paranaguá, 111-Consolação, CEP 01303-050 São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
| | - Marcelo A Pereira-da-Silva
- Instituto de Física de São Carlos-USP, Av. Trabalhador Sãocarlense 400, CEP 13566-590 São Carlos-SP, Brasil.
- Centro Universitário Central Paulista-UNICEP, Rua Miguel Petroni 5111, CEP 13563-470 São Carlos-SP, Brasil.
| | - Estrella F G Rodríguez
- Instituto Superior Politécnico José Antonio Echeverría (ISPJAE), Centro de Investigaciones de Microelectrónica (CIME), Antigua Carretera de Vento, km 8 1/2, Boyeros, CP 10800 La Habana, Cuba.
| | - Fernando J Fonseca
- Departamento de Engenharia de Sistemas Eletrônicos, Escola Politécnica da Universidade de São Paulo (EPUSP), Av. Prof. Luciano Gualberto, trav. 3, n. 158, Cidade Universitária, CEP 05508-900, São Paulo-SP, Brasil.
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Lee MY, Kim HJ, Jung GY, Han AR, Kwak SK, Kim BJ, Oh JH. Highly sensitive and selective liquid-phase sensors based on a solvent-resistant organic-transistor platform. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2015; 27:1540-1546. [PMID: 25640109 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201404707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2014] [Revised: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Liquid-phase sensing of various organic solvents is performed for the first time, using a solvent-resistant organic-transistor platform. Sensors composed of a cross-linked poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT)-azide co-polymer and a calixarene derivative exhibit highly sensitive and selective sensing behavior, owing to the selective binding effects of the liquid analytes with the calixarene-functionalized P3HT-azide, extending the range of their use in practical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moo Yeol Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang, Gyeongbuk, 790-784, Korea
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Qin Y, Kwon HJ, Howlader MMR, Deen MJ. Microfabricated electrochemical pH and free chlorine sensors for water quality monitoring: recent advances and research challenges. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra11291e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances of micro-electrochemical ph and free chlorine sensors are reviewed and their technological challenges and perspectives are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiheng Qin
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | - Hyuck-Jin Kwon
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
| | | | - M. Jamal Deen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
- McMaster University
- Hamilton
- Canada
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Yun M, Sharma A, Fuentes-Hernandez C, Hwang DK, Dindar A, Singh S, Choi S, Kippelen B. Stable organic field-effect transistors for continuous and nondestructive sensing of chemical and biologically relevant molecules in aqueous environment. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2014; 6:1616-1622. [PMID: 24410097 DOI: 10.1021/am404460j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) as sensors in aqueous media has gained increased attention for environmental monitoring and medical diagnostics. However, stable operation of OFETs in aqueous media is particularly challenging because of electrolytic hydrolysis of water, high ionic conduction through the analyte, and irreversible damage of organic semiconductors when exposed to water. To date, OFET sensors have shown the capability of label-free sensing of various chemical/biological species, but they could only be used once because their operational stability and lifetime while operating in aqueous environments has been poor, and their response times typically slow. Here, we report on OFETs with unprecedented water stability. These OFETs are suitable for the implementation of reusable chemical/biological sensors because they primarily respond to charged species diluted in an aqueous media by rapidly shifting their threshold voltage. These OFET sensors present stable current baselines and saturated signals which are ideal for detection of low concentration of small or large molecules that alter the pH of an aqueous environment. The overall response of these OFET sensors paves the way for the development of continuous chemical/biological nondestructive sensor applications in aqueous media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minseong Yun
- Center for Organic Photonics and Electronics (COPE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0250, United States
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Tien NT, Jeon S, Kim DI, Trung TQ, Jang M, Hwang BU, Byun KE, Bae J, Lee E, Tok JBH, Bao Z, Lee NE, Park JJ. A flexible bimodal sensor array for simultaneous sensing of pressure and temperature. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2014; 26:796-804. [PMID: 24493054 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201302869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Diverse signals generated from the sensing elements embedded in flexible electronic skins (e-skins) are typically interfered by strain energy generated through processes such as touching, bending, stretching or twisting. Herein, we demonstrate a flexible bimodal sensor that can separate a target signal from the signal by mechanical strain through the integration of a multi-stimuli responsive gate dielectric and semiconductor channel into the single field-effect transistor (FET) platform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thanh Tien
- School of Advanced Materials Science & Engineering and Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Kyunggi-do, 440-746, Republic of Korea
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Liao C, Yan F. Organic Semiconductors in Organic Thin-Film Transistor-Based Chemical and Biological Sensors. POLYM REV 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/15583724.2013.808665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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Lai S, Demelas M, Casula G, Cosseddu P, Barbaro M, Bonfiglio A. Ultralow voltage, OTFT-based sensor for label-free DNA detection. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2013; 25:103-107. [PMID: 23027594 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201202996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An organic ultralow voltage field effect transistor for DNA hybridization detection is presented. The transduction mechanism is based on a field-effect modulation due to the electrical charge of the oligonucleotides, so label-free detection can be performed. The device shows a sub-nanometer detection limit and unprecedented selectivity with respect to single nucleotide polymorphism.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Lai
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Elettrica ed Elettronica, Università di Cagliari, Italy
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Kim ZS, Lim SC, Kim SH, Yang YS, Hwang DH. Biotin-functionalized semiconducting polymer in an organic field effect transistor and application as a biosensor. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2012; 12:11238-48. [PMID: 23112654 PMCID: PMC3472882 DOI: 10.3390/s120811238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 08/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
This report presents biotin-functionalized semiconducting polymers that are based on fluorene and bithiophene co-polymers (F8T2). Also presented is the application of these polymers to an organic thin film transistor used as a biosensor. The side chains of fluorene were partially biotinylated after the esterification of the biotin with corresponding alcohol-groups at the side chain in F8T2. Their properties as an organic semiconductor were tested using an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) and were found to show typical p-type semiconductor curves. The functionality of this biosensor in the sensing of biologically active molecules such as avidin in comparison with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was established through a selective decrease in the conductivity of the transistor, as measured with a device that was developed by the authors. Changes to the optical properties of this polymer were also measured through the change in the color of the UV-fluorescence before and after a reaction with avidin or BSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zin-Sig Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Sang Chul Lim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Seong Hyun Kim
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Yong Suk Yang
- Electronics and Telecommunications Research Institute (ETRI), 218 Gajeongno, Yuseong-Gu, Daejeon 305-700, Korea; E-Mails: (S.C.L.); (S.H.K.); (Y.S.Y.)
| | - Do-Hoon Hwang
- Chemistry Institute for Functional Materials, Department of Chemistry, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea; E-Mail:
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Lin P, Yan F. Organic thin-film transistors for chemical and biological sensing. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2012; 24:34-51. [PMID: 22102447 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201103334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Organic thin-film transistors (OTFTs) show promising applications in various chemical and biological sensors. The advantages of OTFT-based sensors include high sensitivity, low cost, easy fabrication, flexibility and biocompatibility. In this paper, we review the chemical sensors and biosensors based on two types of OTFTs, including organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) and organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs), mainly focusing on the papers published in the past 10 years. Various types of OTFT-based sensors, including pH, ion, glucose, DNA, enzyme, antibody-antigen, cell-based sensors, dopamine sensor, etc., are classified and described in the paper in sequence. The sensing mechanisms and the detection limits of the devices are described in details. It is expected that OTFTs may have more important applications in chemical and biological sensing with the development of organic electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Lin
- Department of Applied Physics and Materials Research Centre, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
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Ramesh M, Lin HC, Chu CW. Stable organic thin film transducers for biochemical and label-free sensing under physiological conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm32561f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eliza SA, Lee I, Tulip FS, Mostafa S, Greenbaum E, Ericson MN, Islam SK. Isolated photosystem I reaction centers on a functionalized gated high electron mobility transistor. IEEE Trans Nanobioscience 2011; 10:201-8. [PMID: 21926029 DOI: 10.1109/tnb.2011.2164809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In oxygenic plants, photons are captured with high quantum efficiency by two specialized reaction centers (RC) called Photosystem I (PS I) and Photosystem II (PS II). The captured photon triggers rapid charge separation and the photon energy is converted into an electrostatic potential across the nanometer-scale (~6 nm) reaction centers. The exogenous photovoltages from a single PS I RC have been previously measured using the technique of Kelvin force probe microscopy (KFM). However, biomolecular photovoltaic applications require two-terminal devices. This paper presents for the first time, a micro-device for detection and characterization of isolated PS I RCs. The device is based on an AlGaN/GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) structure. AlGaN/GaN HEMTs show high current throughputs and greater sensitivity to surface charges compared to other field-effect devices. PS I complexes immobilized on the floating gate of AlGaN/GaN HEMTs resulted in significant changes in the device characteristics under illumination. An analytical model has been developed to estimate the RCs of a major orientation on the functionalized gate surface of the HEMTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sazia A Eliza
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA.
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Advances in organic transistor-based biosensors: from organic electrochemical transistors to electrolyte-gated organic field-effect transistors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2011; 402:1813-26. [PMID: 21910013 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-011-5363-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 08/04/2011] [Accepted: 08/24/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Organic electronics have, over the past two decades, developed into an exciting area of research and technology to replace classic inorganic semiconductors. Organic photovoltaics, light-emitting diodes, and thin-film transistors are already well developed and are currently being commercialized for a variety of applications. More recently, organic transistors have found new applications in the field of biosensors. The progress made in this direction is the topic of this review. Various configurations are presented, with their detection principle, and illustrated by examples from the literature.
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Choi W, An T, Lim G. Organic electrochemical transistors based on a dielectrophoretically aligned nanowire array. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2011; 6:339. [PMID: 21711863 PMCID: PMC3211427 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-6-339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we synthesized an organic electrochemical transistor (OECT) using dielectrophoresis of a carbon nanotube-Nafion (CNT-Nafion) suspension. Dielectrophoretically aligned nanowires formed a one-dimensional submicron bundle between triangular electrodes. The CNT-Nafion composite nanowire bundles showed p-type semiconductor characteristics. The drain-source current decreased with increasing gate voltage. The nanowire bundles showed potential as pH sensor because the drain-source current ratio varied linearly according to the gate voltage in pH buffers.
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Affiliation(s)
- WooSeok Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 790-784 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Taechang An
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 790-784 Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Geunbae Lim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, POSTECH, 790-784 Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Division of Integrative Bioscience and Biotechnology, POSTECH, 790-784 Pohang, Republic of Korea
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22
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Lange U, Mirsky VM. Chemiresistors based on conducting polymers: A review on measurement techniques. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:105-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2010] [Revised: 11/11/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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23
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Irimia-Vladu M, Sariciftci NS, Bauer S. Exotic materials for bio-organic electronics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c0jm02444a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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24
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Guo Y, Yu G, Liu Y. Functional organic field-effect transistors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2010; 22:4427-47. [PMID: 20853375 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201000740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 179] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Functional organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) have attracted increasing attention in the past few years due to their wide variety of potential applications. Research on functional OFETs underpins future advances in organic electronics. In this review, different types of functional OFETs including organic phototransistors, organic memory FETs, organic light emitting FETs, sensors based on OFETs and other functional OFETs are introduced. In order to provide a comprehensive overview of this field, the history, current status of research, main challenges and prospects for functional OFETs are all discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Guo
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Key Laboratory of Organic Solids, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
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25
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Scarpa G, Idzko AL, Gotz S, Thalhammer S. A Solution for Biocompatibility Problems. IEEE NANOTECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE 2010. [DOI: 10.1109/mnano.2010.938018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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26
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Lin TW, Kekuda D, Chu CW. Label-free detection of DNA using novel organic-based electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor. Biosens Bioelectron 2010; 25:2706-10. [PMID: 20483584 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2010.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2010] [Revised: 04/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/27/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we have constructed the first organic field effect sensor based on an electrolyte-insulator-semiconductor structure (OEIS) and applied this novel device to pH and DNA sensing. Variations in the insulator-electrolyte surface potential, which originate from either the change of the ionization states of the insulator surface groups or the binding of charged molecules to the insulator surface, modify the flat band voltage (V(FB)) of the OEIS sensor. The pH sensing experiments of OEIS sensor showed that the output signal linearly depended on pH solution in the range from pH 2 to pH 12, and an average sensitivity of 44.1 mV/pH was obtained. In the biosensing experiments, the absorption of positively charged poly-L-lysine on the insulator surface resulted in the reduction of the V(FB) value, whereas the subsequent binding of negatively charged single-stranded DNA probe (ssDNA) via electrostatic interaction increased the V(FB) value. Furthermore, the ssDNA-immobilized OEIS device was successfully used for the detection of DNA hybridization. The detection limit of complementary DNA was as low as 1 microM, and the output signal of OEIS biosensor linearly increased with the logarithm of complementary DNA concentration in the range from 5x10(-5) to 10(-7) M. The easy and inexpensive fabrication of the OEIS device allows to be served as a potentially disposable and sensitive biosensor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Wu Lin
- Research Center for Applied Sciences, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei, Taiwan
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27
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Organic ISFET based on poly (3-hexylthiophene). SENSORS 2010; 10:2262-73. [PMID: 22294926 PMCID: PMC3264479 DOI: 10.3390/s100302262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 02/13/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We have fabricated organic field-effect transistors (OFETs) with regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) operable at low-voltages in liquid solutions, suitable for in vitro biosensing applications. Measurements in electrolytes have shown that the performance of the transistors did not deteriorate and they can be directly used as ion-sensitive transducers. Furthermore, more complex media have been tested, with the perspective of cell analysis. Degradation effects acting on the device operating in liquid could be partly compensated by adopting an alternate current measuring mode.
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28
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Scarpa G, Idzko AL, Götz S, Thalhammer S. Biocompatibility Studies of Functionalized Regioregular Poly(3-hexylthiophene) Layers for Sensing Applications. Macromol Biosci 2010; 10:378-83. [DOI: 10.1002/mabi.200900412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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29
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Acoustics and atomic force microscopy for the mechanical characterization of thin films. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 396:2769-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3402-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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30
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Osío Barcina J, Colorado Heras MDR, Mba M, Gómez Aspe R, Herrero-García N. Efficient electron delocalization mediated by aromatic homoconjugation in 7,7-diphenylnorbornane derivatives. J Org Chem 2009; 74:7148-56. [PMID: 19697898 DOI: 10.1021/jo901648d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Efficient electron delocalization by aromatic homoconjugated 7,7-diphenylnorbornane (DPN) in alternated homoconjugated-conjugated block copolymers and reference compounds is revealed by photophysical and electrochemical measurements. The synthesis of the polymers was achieved by Suzuki polycondensation reaction. Effective electron delocalization by DPN is demonstrated by the significant red shifts observed in the absorption and emission spectra and the variation of the energy band gap of the polymers and monomeric model compounds in comparison to a series of oligophenylenes used as references (p-quaterphenyl, p-terphenyl, and biphenyl). The electron delocalization is also clearly demonstrated by the lower oxidation potential measured for homoconjugated model compound in comparison to p-terphenyl. The results show that the electron delocalization caused by two homoconjugated aryl rings is comparable to the effect produced by one conjugated aryl ring.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Osío Barcina
- Departamento de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Ciudad Universitaria s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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31
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Label-free DNA sensor based on organic thin film transistors. Biosens Bioelectron 2009; 24:1241-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2008.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 07/14/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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32
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Roberts ME, Sokolov AN, Bao Z. Material and device considerations for organic thin-film transistor sensors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.1039/b816386c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Separated analysis of bulk and contact resistance of conducting polymers: Comparison of simultaneous two- and four-point measurements with impedance measurements. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2008.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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34
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Lange U, Roznyatovskaya NV, Mirsky VM. Conducting polymers in chemical sensors and arrays. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 614:1-26. [PMID: 18405677 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2008.02.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 400] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2007] [Revised: 02/22/2008] [Accepted: 02/27/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The review covers main applications of conducting polymers in chemical sensors and biosensors. The first part is focused on intrinsic and induced receptor properties of conducting polymers, such as pH sensitivity, sensitivity to inorganic ions and organic molecules as well as sensitivity to gases. Induced receptor properties can be also formed by molecularly imprinted polymerization or by immobilization of biological receptors. Immobilization strategies are reviewed in the second part. The third part is focused on applications of conducting polymers as transducers and includes usual optical (fluorescence, SPR, etc.) and electrical (conductometric, amperometric, potentiometric, etc.) transducing techniques as well as organic chemosensitive semiconductor devices. An assembly of stable sensing structures requires strong binding of conducting polymers to solid supports. These aspects are discussed in the next part. Finally, an application of combinatorial synthesis and high-throughput analysis to the development and optimization of sensing materials is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrich Lange
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Chemo- and Biosensors, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, Germany
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35
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McKinley BA. ISFET and fiber optic sensor technologies: in vivo experience for critical care monitoring. Chem Rev 2008; 108:826-44. [PMID: 18179258 DOI: 10.1021/cr068120y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bruce A McKinley
- Department of Surgery, The Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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36
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Bernards DA, Macaya DJ, Nikolou M, DeFranco JA, Takamatsu S, Malliaras GG. Enzymatic sensing with organic electrochemical transistors. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1039/b713122d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 259] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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37
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AFM, ellipsometry, XPS and TEM on ultra-thin oxide/polymer nanocomposite layers in organic thin film transistors. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 390:1455-61. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1663-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2007] [Revised: 09/21/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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38
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Zhang Q, Subramanian V. DNA hybridization detection with organic thin film transistors: Toward fast and disposable DNA microarray chips. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:3182-7. [PMID: 17408947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2007.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2006] [Revised: 02/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We demonstrate a novel DNA hybridization detection method with organic thin film transistors. DNA molecules are immobilized directly on the surface of organic semiconductors, producing an unambiguous doping-induced threshold voltage shift upon hybridization. With these shifts, single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) and double-stranded DNA (dsDNA) are differentiated successfully. This method is expected to result in higher sensitivity than the main competitive technology, ISFET-based sensors because of the direct exposure of DNA molecules to sensitive layers. Factors that influence sensor sensitivity have been analyzed and optimum conditions have been determined using statistically designed experiments. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum difference between saturation current ratios caused by ssDNA and dsDNA reaches as high as 70%. In order to make DNA detection fast, we also demonstrate rapid on-chip electrically enhanced hybridization using the TFTs. These technologies together will enable the realization of disposable, rapid-turnaround tools for field-deployable genomic diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qintao Zhang
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Sciences, University of California, Berkeley, 144MB Cory Hall, Berkeley, CA 94720-1770, United States.
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39
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Ravindranath R, Ajikumar PK, Bahulayan S, Hanafiah NBM, Baba A, Advincula RC, Knoll W, Valiyaveettil S. Ultrathin Conjugated Polymer Network Films of Carbazole Functionalized Poly(p-Phenylenes) via Electropolymerization. J Phys Chem B 2007; 111:6336-43. [PMID: 17521182 DOI: 10.1021/jp070127b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Ultrathin films of a cross-linked and chemically distinct conjugated poly(p-phenylene) network via electropolymerization are described. The amphiphilic network precursor was synthesized by incorporating the alkoxy carbazole group (-O(CH2)5Cb) to a poly(p-phenylene) (C6PPPOH) backbone. In order to investigate the combined thin film electrochemical and photophysical properties of poly(p-phenylene)s and polycarbazole conjugated polymers, C6PPPC5Cb was deposited on substrates using the Langmuir Blodgett Kuhn (LBK) method. The monolayer isotherm of the polymer, C6PPPC5Cb, showed a liquid expanded region slightly different from the parent polymer C6PPPOH. Multilayers (up to 30 layers) were transferred to different substrates such as quartz, gold coated LaSFN9 and ITO substrates for analysis. For conversion to a conjugated polymer network (CPN) film, the electroactive carbazole group was electropolymerized using cyclic voltammetry (CV) resulting in polycarbazole linking units. The differences in the film properties and corresponding changes in the electrochemical behavior indicate the importance of film thickness and electron/ion transport process in cross linked network films. From the electrochemical studies, the scan rate was found to have a considerable effect on electropolymerization with higher oxidation and reduction peak values found for the rigid network polymer compared to the uncrosslinked polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renu Ravindranath
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore 117543
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40
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Saragi TPI, Spehr T, Siebert A, Fuhrmann-Lieker T, Salbeck J. Spiro compounds for organic optoelectronics. Chem Rev 2007; 107:1011-65. [PMID: 17381160 DOI: 10.1021/cr0501341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 596] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobat P I Saragi
- Macromolecular Chemistry and Molecular Materials (mmCmm), Institute of Chemistry, Department of Science and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Germany
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41
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Capitán-Vallvey LF, Asensio LJ, López-González J, Fernández-Ramos MD, Palma AJ. Oxygen-sensing film coated photodetectors for portable instrumentation. Anal Chim Acta 2007; 583:166-73. [PMID: 17386542 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2006.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Revised: 09/19/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A sensor configuration for oxygen determination based on luminescence quenching is presented in which the measured parameter is closely related to the luminescence lifetime. The sensing film is based on the dye platinum octaethylporphyrin complex immobilised in a polystyrene membrane and stabilised with the heterocyclic amine DABCO. In this report, we study the feasibility of using photodiodes as elements to be coated by this oxygen sensing film with the aim of obtaining a sensing device whose small size makes it possible to embed it into a portable measurement system. In addition to the concomitant sensor miniaturisation, several advantages have been demonstrated such as fast response, low energy consumption, the lack of any need for optical filter elements and less tendency to photobleaching than with previous configurations. A complete study of the coated photodetector preparation was carried out in order to optimise the specifications of the portable instrument where the photodetector is included, such as: repeatability, transient response and selectivity. We propose a preparation procedure for coating photodetectors with this film that has demonstrated the capacity to produce repetitive and reliable sensing devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Capitán-Vallvey
- Solid Phase Spectrometry Research Group, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus Fuentenueva, Faculty of Sciences, University of Granada, E-18071 Granada, Spain.
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42
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