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Itterheimová P, Kubáň P. An open source 3D printed autosampler for capillary electrophoresis. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1279:341832. [PMID: 37827625 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In-house built capillary electrophoresis (CE) systems represent a significant share of laboratory instrumentation. In most of these instruments, sample injection is effected manually with low to moderate precision and requires skilled operators. Although few automated samplers have been previously developed, typically only one sample at a time can be injected. If a series of samples is to be analyzed, manual intervention is required. In the present work, we developed and constructed a fully automated, open source, CE autosampler, able to handle up to 14 different samples that can be used as a modular component of any in-house built CE instrument. RESULTS An inexpensive, 3D printed, open source, autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler consists of two parts: an injection unit with carousel containing sample and electrolyte vials and a flushing unit, containing a miniature pressure/vacuum pump. The autosampler is operated by an Arduino Mega microcontroller and an Arduino code written in the laboratory. The injection sequence is entered through a keypad and LCD display by the user. The instrument can operate autonomously for extended periods of time. It was used for fully automated analysis and/or calibration of up to 14 samples with excellent injection repeatability reaching less than 2.7% RSD for peak areas. The sampler performance was tested with two independently built CE instruments, a CE system with contactless conductivity detection (C4D) and a CE system with laser induced fluorescence (LIF) detector. SIGNIFICANCE AND NOVELTY A novel, 3D printed, Arduino-based autosampler for CE was developed. The autosampler allows autonomous hydrodynamic injection of up to 14 different samples with fully programmable injection sequence, including capillary flushing and high voltage and data acquisition control. It provides the missing instrumental sampling setup for laboratory made CE instruments. It can be simply constructed based on the open-source blueprints in any laboratory and be a useful and time-saving add-on to any modular CE instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Itterheimová
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic; CEITEC Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Veveří 97, 602 00, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection for analysis of foodstuffs and beverages. Food Chem 2021; 375:131858. [PMID: 34923397 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2021.131858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The paper provides a comprehensive survey of the use of capillary and microchip electrophoresis in combination with contactless conductivity detection (C4D) for the analysis of drinking water, beverages and foodstuffs. The introduction sets forth the fundamentals of conductivity detection anddescribes an axialC4Dversion. There is also a detailed discussion of the determination of inorganic ions, organic acids, fatty acids, amino acids, amines, carbohydrates, foreign substances and poisons from the standpoint of separation conditions, sample treatment and detection limits. Special attention is paid to the analysis of foodstuffs at microchips with emphasis on the employed material and connection of the microchip with the C4D. The review attempts to draw attention to modern trends, such as dual-opposite injection, field-enhanced sample injection, electromembrane extraction and on-line combination of microdialysis with CE. CE/C4D is characterised by high universality, high speed of analysis, simple sample preparation, small consumption of sample and other chemicals.
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3D Printed Skin-Wash Sampler for Sweat Sampling in Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Using Capillary Electrophoretic Ion Ratio Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat chloride analysis is one of the important approaches in cystic fibrosis diagnosis. The commonly used Macroduct method to acquire sweat samples is semi-invasive, time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, this method often fails to collect a sufficient amount of sweat in newborns due to the insufficient sweating rate. In this work, we present a novel, simple, 3D-printed sampling device that is used to collect sweat specimens completely noninvasively in less than one minute. The device has a flow-through channel adjacent to the skin surface, through which 500 µL of deionized water is flushed and the spontaneously formed sweat on the skin in the channel area is washed into a plastic vial. The developed skin-wash procedure is a single step operation, is completely noninvasive and it always produces a sweat specimen. The ions from the skin-wash are subsequently analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and selected ion ratio (Cl−/K+) or ((Cl− + Na+)/K+) is used as a cut-off value to diagnose cystic fibrosis patients with sensitivity and specificity comparable to the conventional Macroduct method.
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Twenty years of amino acid determination using capillary electrophoresis: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2021; 1174:338233. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2021.338233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Tůma P. Determination of amino acids by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection - Theory, instrumentation and applications. Talanta 2020; 224:121922. [PMID: 33379123 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.121922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarises aspects of the determination of amino acids using capillary and chip electrophoresis in combination with contactless conductivity detection from their historical beginnings to the present time. Discussion is included of the theory of conductivity detection in electromigration techniques, the design of contactless conductivity cells for detection in capillaries and on microchips, including the use of computer programs for simulation of the conductivity response and the process of the electrophoretic separation of amino acids. Emphasis is placed on optimisation of the background electrolyte composition, chiral separation, multidimensional separation, stacking techniques and the use of multidetection systems. There is also a description of clinical applications, the determination of amino acids in foodstuffs, waters, soils and composts with emphasis on modern techniques of sample treatment, such as microdialysis, liquid membrane extraction and many other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Tůma
- Department of Hygiene, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Ruská 87, 100 00, Prague 10, Czech Republic.
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Furter JS, Hauser PC. Injection system for fast capillary electrophoresis based on pressure regulation with flow restrictors. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:410-413. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department of Chemistry; University of Basel; Basel Switzerland
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Lobo-Júnior EO, L S Chagas C, Coltro WKT. Determination of inorganic cations in biological fluids using a hybrid capillary electrophoresis device coupled with contactless conductivity detection. J Sep Sci 2018; 41:3310-3317. [PMID: 29956462 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We describe the assembly of a hybrid electrophoresis device that contains fused silica capillaries interconnected to a microfabricated interface in a cross format for the determination of inorganic cations in biological samples. The sample transport in the proposed hybrid device was performed under gated injection mode and the separations were monitored with a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector. The capillary extremities were inserted into polypropylene tubes to create solution reservoirs. Sensing electrodes were produced using stainless-steel hypodermic needles previously cut with 2.0 mm length. The running composition and injection time were optimized and the best results were found using 50 mmol/L lactic acid, 20 mmol/L histidine and 3 mmol/L 18-crown-6 ether, and an electrokinetic injection time of 15 s. The separation of six inorganic cations was achieved with baseline resolution, and efficiencies were between 9.1 × 103 and 5.4 × 104 plates/m. The proposed hybrid device was explored for determining the concentration levels of inorganic cations in urine, saliva, and tear samples, employing Li+ as an internal standard. The achieved results were in good agreement with the data reported in the literature. The reliability of the proposed method ranged from 93 to 98%, thus suggesting satisfactory accuracy for bioanalytical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cyro L S Chagas
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Wendell K T Coltro
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica, Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Opekar F, Tůma P. Hydrodynamic sample injection into short electrophoretic capillary in systems with a flow-gating interface. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1480:93-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2016] [Revised: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Koenka IJ, Sáiz J, Rempel P, Hauser PC. Microfluidic Breadboard Approach to Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2016; 88:3761-7. [PMID: 26926522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b04666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A breadboard approach for electrophoretic separations with contactless conductivity detection is presented. This is based on miniature off-the-shelf components such as syringe pumps, valves, and pressure controllers which could be set up in a very compact overall arrangement. It has a high flexibility for different tasks at hand, and the common operations of hydrodynamic injection and capillary flushing are automated. For demonstration of the versatility of the proposition, several very diverse configurations and modes of electrophoresis were successfully implemented, namely, standard capillary zone electrophoresis, pressure assisted zone electrophoresis, the simultaneous separation of cations and anions by dual-capillary zone electrophoresis, the separation of cationic amino acids by isotachophoresis, as well as the separation of small carboxylic acids by gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis. The system also allows fast separations, as demonstrated by the analysis of six inorganic cations within 35 s. The approach addresses respective limitations of either conventional capillary electrophoresis instruments as well as electrophoretic lab-on-chip devices, while maintaining a performance in terms of detection limits and reproducibility comparable to standard instrumentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Joel Koenka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland.,Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá , Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, 28871, Madrid, Spain.,University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá , Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona Km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Paul Rempel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel , Spitalstrasse 51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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Duarte Junior GF, Fracassi da Silva JA, Mendonça Francisco KJ, do Lago CL, Carrilho E, Coltro WKT. Metalless electrodes for capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection on electrophoresis microchips. Electrophoresis 2015; 36:1935-40. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201500033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2015] [Revised: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - José Alberto Fracassi da Silva
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | | | | | - Emanuel Carrilho
- Instituto de Química de São Carlos; Universidade de São Paulo; São Carlos São Paulo Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
| | - Wendell K. T. Coltro
- Instituto de Química; Universidade Federal de Goiás; Goiânia Goiás Brasil
- Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia de Bioanalítica; Campinas São Paulo Brasil
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Recent applications and developments of capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) in capillary electrophoresis. Biomed Chromatogr 2014; 28:1502-6. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 03/28/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A. Elbashir
- Faculty of Science, Chemistry Department; University of Khartoum; PO Box 321 Khartoum 11115 Sudan
| | - Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein
- Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Chemistry Department, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Division; National Research Centre; Dokki Cairo 12311 Egypt
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Mai TD, Pham TTT, Pham HV, Sáiz J, Ruiz CG, Hauser PC. Portable Capillary Electrophoresis Instrument with Automated Injector and Contactless Conductivity Detection. Anal Chem 2013; 85:2333-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac303328g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Duc Mai
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thanh Thuy Pham
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hung Viet Pham
- Centre for Environmental Technology and Sustainable Development (CETASD),
Hanoi University of Science, Nguyen Trai Street 334, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Jorge Sáiz
- Department of Chemistry I and
University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona
km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen García Ruiz
- Department of Chemistry I and
University Institute of Research in Police Sciences (IUICP), University of Alcalá, Ctra. Madrid-Barcelona
km 33.6, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter C. Hauser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse
51, 4056 Basel, Switzerland
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13
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Offline and online capillary electrophoresis enzyme assays of β-N-acetylhexosaminidase. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:2425-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6607-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 11/26/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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14
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do Lago CL, Nogueira T, Blanes L, Saito RM. Determination of mono-, di-, and oligosaccharides by capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 984:51-60. [PMID: 23386336 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-296-4_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Saccharides and chitooligosaccharides can be separated in electrophoretic conditions by raising the pH of the medium, which renders the corresponding alcoholate forms. These anionic species can be separated and detected with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection as negative peaks because of their low mobilities when compared to the hydroxyl mobility, which is the main co-ion in the background electrolyte. Three methods for different matrixes are presented in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudimir Lucio do Lago
- Departamento de Química Fundamental, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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El-Attug MN, Adams E, Van Schepdael A. Development and validation of a capillary electrophoresis method with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) for the analysis of amikacin and its related substances. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2777-82. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Erwin Adams
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Leuven; Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis; Faculteit Farmaceutische Wetenschappen; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; Leuven; Belgium
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Vochyánová B, Opekar F, Tůma P, Štulík K. Rapid determinations of saccharides in high-energy drinks by short-capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 404:1549-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6242-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2012] [Revised: 06/06/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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17
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Tůma P, Málková K, Samcová E, Štulík K. Rapid monitoring of mono- and disaccharides in drinks, foodstuffs and foodstuff additives by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 698:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2011] [Revised: 04/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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18
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Malá Z, Gebauer P, Boček P. Important electromigration effects of carbon dioxide in capillary electrophoresis at high pH. Electrophoresis 2011; 32:1500-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201100098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Revised: 03/03/2011] [Accepted: 03/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Zhu HD, Lü W, Li HH, Ma YH, Hu SQ, Chen HL, Chen XG. A novel cross-H-channel interface for flow injection-capillary electrophoresis to reduce sample requirement and improve sensitivity. Analyst 2011; 136:1322-8. [DOI: 10.1039/c0an00592d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Ross D. Step width, spacing, and resolution in gradient elution moving boundary electrophoresis. Part 1. Theory and comparison with zone electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:3650-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201000334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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21
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Elbashir AA, Aboul-Enein HY. Applications of capillary electrophoresis with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) in pharmaceutical and biological analysis. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 24:1038-44. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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22
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Advances in fast electrophoretic separations based on short capillaries. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 397:961-5. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2010] [Revised: 02/15/2010] [Accepted: 02/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Opekar F, Coufal P, Štulík K. Rapid Capillary Zone Electrophoresis Along Short Separation Pathways and Its Use in Some Hyphenated Systems: A Critical Review. Chem Rev 2009; 109:4487-99. [DOI: 10.1021/cr900018r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- František Opekar
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Coufal
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Štulík
- Charles University in Prague, Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Albertov 2030, CZ-128 43 Prague 2, Czech Republic
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Johns C, Breadmore MC, Macka M, Ryvolová M, Haddad PR. Recent significant developments in detection and method development for the determination of inorganic ions by CE. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S53-67. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Anouti S, Vandenabeele-Trambouze O, Koval D, Cottet H. Heart-cutting 2-D CE using multiple detection points for chiral analysis of native amino acids. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:2-10. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Ten years of axial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for CZE - a review. Electrophoresis 2009; 30:176-88. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200800478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 181] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Flow Injection Analysis–Capillary Electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0166-526x(08)00611-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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A review of the recent achievements in capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection. Anal Chim Acta 2008; 607:15-29. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2007.11.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2007] [Revised: 11/22/2007] [Accepted: 11/27/2007] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Timerbaev AR. Recent trends in CE of inorganic ions: From individual to multiple elemental species analysis. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:3420-35. [PMID: 17768723 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The major methodological developments in CE related to inorganic analysis are overviewed. This is an update to a previous review article by the author (Timerbaev, A. R., Electrophoresis 2004, 25, 4008-4031) and it covers the review work and innovative research papers published between January 2004 and the first part of 2006. As was underlined in that review, a growing interest of analytical community in providing elemental speciation information found a sound response of the CE method developers. Presently, almost every second research paper in the field of interest deals with element species analysis, the use of inductively coupled plasma MS detection and biochemical applications being the topics of utmost research efforts. On the other hand, advances in general methodology traditionally centered on a CE system modernization for improvements in sensitivity and separation selectivity have attracted less attention over the review period. While there is no indication that inorganic ion applications would surpass by the developmental rate the more matured analysis of organic analytes, CE can now be seen as an analytical technique to be before long customary in a number of inorganic analysis arenas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei R Timerbaev
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
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30
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Advances in amperometric and conductometric detection in capillary and chip-based electrophoresis. Mikrochim Acta 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00604-007-0802-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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31
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Du Y, Wang E. Capillary electrophoresis and microchip capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical and electrochemiluminescence detection. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:875-90. [PMID: 17536733 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances and key strategies in capillary electrophoresis and microchip CE with electrochemical detection (ECD) and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) detection are reviewed. This article consists of four main parts: CE-ECD; microchip CE-ECD; CE-ECL; and microchip CE-ECL. It is expected that ECD and ECL will become powerful tools for CE microchip systems and will lead to the creation of truly disposable devices. The focus is on papers published in the last two years (from 2005 to 2006).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Du
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, Jilin, PR China
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Liu CY, Chen TH, Misra TK. A macrocyclic polyamine as an anion receptor in the capillary electrochromatographic separation of carbohydrates. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1154:407-15. [PMID: 17451724 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2007] [Revised: 03/21/2007] [Accepted: 03/22/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
An analytical approach of the 32-membered macrocyclic polyamine, 1,5,9,13,17,21,25,29-octaazacyclodotriacontane ([32]ane-N8) was described for the capillary electrochromatographic (CEC) separation of derivatized mono- and disaccharides. The column displayed reversal electroosmotic flow (EOF) at pH below 7.0, while a cathodic EOF was shown at pH above 7.0. The reductive amination of saccharides was carried out with p-aminobenzoic acid. Some parameters that affect the CEC separations were investigated. Several competitive ligands, such as Tris, EDTA and phosphate were also examined for the effect on the performance. We achieved a complete separation of all compounds as well as the excess derivatizing agent by using borate buffer (pH 9.0) in a mode of concentration gradient (60 mM inlet side and 70 mM outlet side). The relative standard deviation of the retention time measured for each sample was less than 4% in six continuous runs, suggesting that the bonded phase along with the gradient formed inside the column was quite stable. With the mixing modes of anion coordination, anion exchange, and shape discrimination, the interaction adequately accomplishes the separation of carbohydrates which are epimers or have different glycosidic linkage, although the electrophoretic migration is also involved in the separation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuen-Ying Liu
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
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Hapuarachchi S, Premeau SP, Aspinwall CA. High-speed capillary zone electrophoresis with online photolytic optical injection. Anal Chem 2007; 78:3674-80. [PMID: 16737223 DOI: 10.1021/ac051645q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We report an online, optical injection interface for capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) based upon photophysical activation of a caged, fluorogenic label covalently attached to the target analyte. This injection interface allows online analysis of biomolecular systems with high temporal resolution and high sensitivity. Samples are injected onto the separation capillary by photolysis of a caged-fluorescein label using the 351-364 nm irradiation of an Ar+ laser. Following injection, the sample is separated and detected via laser-induced fluorescence detection at 488 nm. Detection limits for online analysis of arginine, glutamic acid, and aspartic acid were less than 1 nM with separation times less than 5 s and separation efficiencies exceeding 1,000,000 plates/m. Rapid injection of proteins was demonstrated with migration times less than 500 ms and 0.5 nM detection limits. Online monitoring was performed with response times less than 20 s, suggesting the feasibility of this approach for online, in vivo analysis for a range of biologically relevant analytes.
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Chen Y, Lü W, Chen X, Hu Z. Combination of flow injection with electrophoresis using capillaries and chips. Electrophoresis 2007; 28:33-44. [PMID: 17149784 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200600587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The technique of combined flow injection CE (FI-CE) integrates the essential favorable merits of FI and CE and can significantly expand the application of CE by utilizing the various on-line sample pretreatments and preconcentration of FI. The basic principles, instrumental developments, and applications of the FI-CE system from 2004 to 2006 are reviewed. The recent developments and applications of FI-CE are outlined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglei Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, P. R. China
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Solínová V, Kasicka V. Recent applications of conductivity detection in capillary and chip electrophoresis. J Sep Sci 2006; 29:1743-62. [PMID: 16970183 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The review provides a comprehensive survey of the recent applications of contact and contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoretic and chip electrophoretic analyses of a broad scale of compounds, from low-molecular-mass highly mobile small inorganic and organic ions, via medium-molecular-mass peptides and oligo- and polynucleotides up to high-molecular-mass biopolymers, proteins and nucleic acids fragments. The review presents also the recent developments in the construction of different types of conductivity detectors (detectors with galvanic contact of the sensing electrodes with the BGE and sample components, contactless conductivity detectors with capacitively coupled tubular and semitubular electrodes and combined conductivity/optical detectors) applied in the capillary electromigration methods performed in classical fused silica, polytetrafluorethylene, and polyetheretherketone capillaries or on glass and polymethylmethacrylate microchips. In addition, the principle and theoretical bases of conductivity detection in capillary electromigration techniques, zone electrophoresis, ITP, micellar EKC, and electrochromatography are briefly described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Solínová
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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Dabek-Zlotorzynska E, Celo V. Recent advances in capillary electrophoresis and capillary electrochromatography of pollutants. Electrophoresis 2006; 27:304-22. [PMID: 16315167 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200500547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Recent advances in the CE and CEC separation, detection, and sample preparation methodologies applied to the determination of a variety of compounds having current or potential environmental relevance have been overviewed. The reviewed literature has illustrated the wide range of CE applications, indicating the continuing interest in CE and CEC in the environmental field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Division, Environmental Technology Centre, Environment Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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Wuersig A, Kubán P, Khaloo SS, Hauser PC. Rapid electrophoretic separations in short capillaries using contactless conductivity detection and a sequential injection analysis manifold for hydrodynamic sample loading. Analyst 2006; 131:944-9. [PMID: 17028729 DOI: 10.1039/b606761a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A sequential injection-capillary electrophoresis (SI-CE) system for the fast and automated quantitative analysis of anions and cations is described. Because of the low sample load in capillary electrophoresis a split injection approach had to be used to achieve reliable hydrodynamic injection. The use of a capillary of 8 cm effective length allowed for the separation of five inorganic cations within 11 s. One common electrolyte solution containing 12 mM l-histidine and 2 mM 18-crown-6 whose pH value was adjusted to 4.0 with 10% v/v acetic acid was used for anions and cations, thus the analysis of both groups of analytes could be carried out in rapid sequence simply by switching the polarity of the high voltage supply. The system also allows automated flushing of the capillary. Detection limits between about 2 and 5 micromol l(-1) could be achieved with the contactless conductivity detector employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Wuersig
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Spitalstrasse 51, 4004 Basel, Switzerland
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