1
|
Owczarzy A, Kulig K, Piordas K, Piśla P, Sarkowicz P, Rogóż W, Maciążek-Jurczyk M. Solid-phase microextraction - a future technique in pharmacology and coating trends. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:3164-3178. [PMID: 38717233 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00187g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2024]
Abstract
Traditional sample preparation techniques based on liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) or solid-phase extraction (SPE) often suffer from a major error due to the matrix effects caused by significant co-extraction of matrix components. The implementation of a modern extraction technique such as solid-phase microextraction (SPME) was aimed at reducing analysis time and the use of organic solvents, as well as eliminating pre-analytical and analytical errors. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is an innovative technique for extracting low molecular weight compounds (less than 1500 Da) from highly complex matrices, including biological matrices. It has a wide range of applications in various types of analysis including pharmaceutical, clinical, metabolomics and proteomics. SPME has a number of advantages over other extraction techniques. Among the most important are low environmental impact, the ability to sample and preconcentrate analytes in one step, simple automation, and the ability to extract multiple analytes simultaneously. It is expected to become, in the future, another method for cell cycle research. Numerous available literature sources prove that solid-phase microextraction can be a future technique in many scientific fields, including pharmaceutical sciences. This paper provides a literature review of trends in SPME coatings and pharmacological applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Owczarzy
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Karolina Kulig
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Piordas
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Piśla
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Patrycja Sarkowicz
- Student Research Group at the Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Rogóż
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Maciążek-Jurczyk
- Department of Physical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Dolatabadi R, Mohammadi A, Walker RB. A novel 3D printed device with conductive elements for electromembrane extraction combined with HPLC and UV detector. J Sep Sci 2022; 45:3187-3196. [PMID: 35762108 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
This paper is focused on proposing for a new design and setup for electromembrane extraction. A new cap was designed and conductive vials of different shape were fabricated using three-dimensional printing. The new cap holds three fibers to enhance electromembrane extraction recovery. Conductive vials can simultaneously perform as electrodes therefore, there is no need to include an electrode in sample solutions. Phenobarbital and phenytoin were used as model compounds to assess the setup performance. Under optimal conditions, these analytes were extracted from the sample solution at pH = 9 to the acceptor solution at pH = 13 with a voltage of 40 V for 20 min, while 1-octanol was employed as the supported-liquid-membrane. The influence of conductive vials geometry on the recovery was examined and effects of different shapes were studied by performing numerical simulation to establish electric potential distribution. Of the vials tested with circular, triangular and floral-like cross-sections the latter exhibited the best voltage distribution. The circular vial had the highest recovery attributed to its better hydrodynamic shape, which allows rapid fluid sample transport and therefore enhanced system recovery. The extraction recovery and RSD of circular vial with three fibers was 33.0 and 7.6 for phenobarbital and 42.2 and 10.4 for phenytoin. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Roshanak Dolatabadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mohammadi
- Department of Drug and Food Control, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roderick B Walker
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Rhodes University, Makhanda 6140, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Heidari H, Mammostafaei C. Spectrophotometric determination of lamotrigine in plasma samples: Ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction based on a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent followed by back-extraction. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 247:119098. [PMID: 33161272 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sensitive detection of lamotrigine in human plasma samples was realized at a low cost approach through ultrasound-assisted emulsification-microextraction based on using a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent followed by back-extraction (USAEME-DES-BE) method. After extraction, detection and quantification of lamotrigine were done by spectrophotometry in the UV region. The hydrophobicity of the deep eutectic solvent not only eliminates the need of the third solvent as an emulsifying agent but also helps to retrieve lamotrigine from the DES by back-extraction to another aqueous phase. The back extraction process allowed the drug to be measured in the UV region. Central composite design in combination with a desirability function approach was applied for the optimization of the USAEME-DES-BE procedure. Essential factors in the method efficiency were discussed, such as back-extraction solution, time of back-extraction, the ratio of DES components, pH, the volume of DES, salt concentration, and sonication time. The method exhibited a wide dynamic linear range from 0.5 to 10 µg mL-1 and a limit of detection of 0.15 μg mL-1. The established method was successfully applied to determine lamotrigine in human plasma samples with satisfactory relative recoveries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Heidari
- Department of Chemistry, Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Seyfinejad B, Khoubnasabjafari M, Ziaei SE, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Electromembrane extraction as a new approach for determination of free concentration of phenytoin in plasma using capillary electrophoresis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 28:615-624. [PMID: 32803689 DOI: 10.1007/s40199-020-00366-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electromembrane extraction is a new membrane-based extraction method in which charged compounds are extracted by an electric field. So far, this method has been used to extract and isolate a variety of acidic and basic drugs from various samples, including blood and plasma. However, in this procedure, it is not yet clear whether only unbound fraction of a drug is extracted or the total drug. The aim of this study is to reveal the nature of drug extraction in the presence of plasma proteins. METHODS To determine the nature of the extraction, the electromembrane extraction was performed from plasma solutions of phenytoin with concentrations 0.03 and 1.0 μg/mL, then the result was compared with the values obtained from the electromembrane extraction of ultrafiltrate of the same solutions (free concentration) and protein-free ultrafiltrate of plasma with final concentration of 0.03 and 1.0 μg/mL (total concentration). For this purpose, EME followed by capillary electrophoresis coupled with diode array detection was optimized and validated. RESULTS The results showed that the electromembrane extraction method was only able to extract the unbound fraction of phenytoin from plasma samples. The method was validated over a concentration range of 0.03-4 μg/mL. The inter and intra-assay precisions were less than 6.7%. The phenytoin protein binding was also determined to be in agreement with the literature data and confirms the validity of this method. CONCLUSION This sensitive and quick EME approach for determining the free concentration of a phenytoin, can be a good alternative to classic methods for therapeutic drug monitoring and pharmacokinetic studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Student Research Committee, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Khoubnasabjafari
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saba Eivaz Ziaei
- Neurosciences Research Center, Imam Reza Hospital, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sibel A Ozkan
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ankara University, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of Pharmacy, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran. .,Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Effective extraction methodology for the isolation of antidepressants from human blood. MONATSHEFTE FUR CHEMIE 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00706-020-02643-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The objective of this study is to choose the best methodology containing a high-efficiency extraction technique and an extraction agent for the isolation of antidepressants, such as citalopram, fluoxetine, paroxetine, sertraline, and venlafaxine, from human blood samples. In this research, various extraction agents have been examined to achieve the highest efficiency of the conducted process. Moreover, the following most available extraction techniques have been investigated and compared: liquid–liquid extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. The obtained extracts have been analysed with the application of the ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometry. The conducted research has confirmed that the microwave-assisted extraction with ethyl acetate—the average extraction efficiency is 77.4 ± 2.7%—onstitute the most promising extraction method and the agent. Furthermore, the developed method was successfully applied to the analysis of the whole blood samples collected from patients treated with the analysed drugs. It should be emphasised that choice of extraction and solvent methods are the first steps to develop the methods allowing for determination of antidepressants in whole blood for toxicological and clinical purposes.
Graphic abstract
Collapse
|
6
|
Electromembrane extraction of phenytoin from biological fluids: A survey on the effects of molecularly imprinted polymer and carbon nanotubes on extraction efficiency. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.104800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
7
|
Seyfinejad B, Meshkini A, Habibolahi P, Ozkan SA, Jouyban A. Determination of phenytoin in exhaled breath condensate using electromembrane extraction followed by capillary electrophoresis. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:666-677. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201900440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behrouz Seyfinejad
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Ali Meshkini
- Neuroscience Research CenterTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Paria Habibolahi
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
| | - Sibel A. Ozkan
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical ChemistryAnkara University Ankara Turkey
| | - Abolghasem Jouyban
- Pharmaceutical Analysis Research Center and Faculty of PharmacyTabriz University of Medical Sciences Tabriz Iran
- Digestive Diseases Research InstituteTehran University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Moradi P, Asghari A. Highly selective determination of some anti‐depressant drugs in complicated matrices by dual emulsification liquid‐phase microextraction based on filtration followed by high‐performance liquid chromatography. SEPARATION SCIENCE PLUS 2019. [DOI: 10.1002/sscp.201800147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peyman Moradi
- Department of ChemistrySemnan University Semnan Iran
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rosado T, Gonçalves A, Martinho A, Alves G, Duarte AP, Domingues F, Silvestre S, Granadeiro LB, Oliveira V, Leitão C, Gallardo E. Simultaneous Quantification of Antidepressants and Metabolites in Urine and Plasma Samples by GC–MS for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring. Chromatographia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-017-3240-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
10
|
Ventura S, Rodrigues M, Pousinho S, Falcão A, Alves G. Determination of lamotrigine in human plasma and saliva using microextraction by packed sorbent and high performance liquid chromatography–diode array detection: An innovative bioanalytical tool for therapeutic drug monitoring. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2016.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
11
|
Mohammadkhani E, Yamini Y, Rezazadeh M, Seidi S. Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction using electrochemically synthesized nanostructured polypyrrole fiber. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1443:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
12
|
Bazregar M, Rajabi M, Yamini Y, Saffarzadeh Z, Asghari A. Tandem dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction as an efficient method for determination of basic drugs in complicated matrices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1429:13-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.11.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2015] [Revised: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
13
|
Zhao J, Shin Y, Chun KH, Yoon HR, Lee J. A Simple, Rapid and Reliable Method to Determine Imipramine and Desipramine in Mouse Serum Using Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Quadrupole-Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. J Chromatogr Sci 2015; 54:561-8. [PMID: 26688563 DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmv187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and sensitive ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometric (UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was developed for quantification of imipramine, one of the most widely used tricyclic antidepressants, and desipramine, an active metabolite of imipramine, in mouse serum. The developed method included a simple protein precipitation with acetonitrile in 50 μL of serum and analyte separation on an Acquity UPLC BEH C18 column using a gradient elution of acetonitrile with 0.1% formic acid and 20 mM ammonium formate. As a result, the entire analysis time was <20 min including the sample preparation and the LC-MS analysis. The limit of quantification was 5.0 ng mL(-1) for both imipramine and desipramine, and calibration curves were linear over the concentration range of 5.0-1,000.0 and 5.0-250.0 ng mL(-1) for imipramine and desipramine, respectively. Intraday precisions at three levels were 2.2-3.6 and 1.7-4.2% for imipramine and desipramine, respectively, whereas interday precisions were 2.6-5.0 and 2.0-8.4% for imipramine and desipramine, respectively. Accuracy ranged between 93.6 and 106.6% for imipramine and 94.1 and 106.4% for desipramine. Absolute recovery was 96.0-97.6% for imipramine and 87.0-99.5% for desipramine. Finally, the described method was applied to mice administered with imipramine, demonstrating the suitability for quantification of imipramine and desipramine for therapeutic drug monitoring or bioequivalence studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Yujin Shin
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Hoon Chun
- Gachon Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon 21936, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Ran Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Duksung Women's University, Seoul 01369, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeongmi Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Asadi M, Dadfarnia S, Haji Shabani AM, abbasi B. Simultaneous extraction and quantification of lamotrigine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin in human plasma and urine samples using solidified floating organic drop microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2015; 38:2510-6. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2015] [Revised: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asadi
- Department of Chemistry; Faculty of Science, Yazd University; Yazd Iran
- Khorassan Research Institute for Food Science and Technology; Mashhad Iran
| | | | | | - Bijan abbasi
- Khorassan Research Institute for Food Science and Technology; Mashhad Iran
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Quantification of Lamotrigine in Patient Plasma Using a Fast Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method With Backflush Technology. Ther Drug Monit 2015; 37:188-97. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0000000000000123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Moein MM, Said R, Bassyouni F, Abdel-Rehim M. Solid phase microextraction and related techniques for drugs in biological samples. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL METHODS IN CHEMISTRY 2014; 2014:921350. [PMID: 24688797 PMCID: PMC3943203 DOI: 10.1155/2014/921350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In drug discovery and development, the quantification of drugs in biological samples is an important task for the determination of the physiological performance of the investigated drugs. After sampling, the next step in the analytical process is sample preparation. Because of the low concentration levels of drug in plasma and the variety of the metabolites, the selected extraction technique should be virtually exhaustive. Recent developments of sample handling techniques are directed, from one side, toward automatization and online coupling of sample preparation units. The primary objective of this review is to present the recent developments in microextraction sample preparation methods for analysis of drugs in biological fluids. Microextraction techniques allow for less consumption of solvent, reagents, and packing materials, and small sample volumes can be used. In this review the use of solid phase microextraction (SPME), microextraction in packed sorbent (MEPS), and stir-bar sorbtive extraction (SBSE) in drug analysis will be discussed. In addition, the use of new sorbents such as monoliths and molecularly imprinted polymers will be presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mahdi Moein
- Department of Chemistry, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rana Said
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mohamed Abdel-Rehim
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, SE10691 Stockholm, Sweden
- National Research Center of Egypt, Cairo 12622, Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Pereira J, Silva CL, Perestrelo R, Gonçalves J, Alves V, Câmara JS. Re-exploring the high-throughput potential of microextraction techniques, SPME and MEPS, as powerful strategies for medical diagnostic purposes. Innovative approaches, recent applications and future trends. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:2101-22. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7527-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2013] [Revised: 11/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Moreno AMJ, Navas MJ, Asuero AG. HPLC-DAD Determination of CNS-Acting Drugs in Human Blood, Plasma, and Serum. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2013; 44:68-106. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2013.828570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
19
|
Hashem H, Gouda AA, Saleh H. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF RAPID STABILITY INDICATING HPLC-DETERMINATIONS OF ANTIEPILEPTIC DRUGS PHENOBARBITAL IN SUPPOSITORIES AND PHENYTOIN IN CAPSULES AS WELL AS IN URINE SAMPLE. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2012.720329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Hashem
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Zagazig University , Egypt
- b Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department , Jazan University , Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayman A. Gouda
- c Department of Medical Science , Umm Al-Qura University , Makkah , Saudi Arabia
- d Chemistry Department , Zagazig University , Zagazig , Egypt
| | - Hanaa Saleh
- a Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry Department , Zagazig University , Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Rezazadeh M, Yamini Y, Seidi S, Ebrahimpour B. Electromembrane surrounded solid phase microextraction: A novel approach for efficient extraction from complicated matrices. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1280:16-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2012] [Revised: 01/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
21
|
Combination of electromembrane extraction with dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction followed by gas chromatographic analysis as a fast and sensitive technique for determination of tricyclic antidepressants. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 913-914:138-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
|
22
|
Saraji M, Mehrafza N, Bidgoli AAH, Jafari MT. Determination of desipramine in biological samples using liquid-liquid-liquid microextraction combined with in-syringe derivatization, gas chromatography, and nitrogen/phosphorus detection. J Sep Sci 2012; 35:2637-44. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201200334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Saraji
- Department of Chemistry; Isfahan University of Technology; Isfahan Iran
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Farhadi K, Hatami M, Matin AA. Microextraction techniques in therapeutic drug monitoring. Biomed Chromatogr 2012; 26:972-89. [PMID: 22767149 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.2774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM), as part of clinical process of medical treatments, is commonly used to maintain 'therapeutic' drug concentrations. TDM is useful to identify the causes of unwanted or unexpected responses, to prevent unnecessary diagnostic testing, to improve clinical outcomes, and even to save lives. The determination of drug concentration in blood samples requires an excellent sample preparation procedure. Recent trends in sample preparation include miniaturization, automation, high-throughput performance, on-line coupling with analytical instruments and low-cost operation through extremely low or no solvent consumption. Microextraction techniques, such as liquid- and solid-phase microextraction, have these advantages over the traditional techniques. This paper reviews the recent developments in microextraction techniques used for drug monitoring in serum, plasma or blood samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Khalil Farhadi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Urmia University, Iran.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
|
25
|
Abstract
This paper provides a review of novel strategies for sample preparation in forensic toxicology. The review initially outlines the principle of each technique, followed by sections addressing each class of abused drugs separately. The novel strategies currently reviewed focus on the preparation of various biological samples for the subsequent determination of opiates, benzodiazepines, amphetamines, cocaine, hallucinogens, tricyclic antidepressants, antipsychotics and cannabinoids. According to our experience, these analytes are the most frequently responsible for intoxications in Greece. The applications of techniques such as disposable pipette extraction, microextraction by packed sorbent, matrix solid-phase dispersion, solid-phase microextraction, polymer monolith microextraction, stir bar sorptive extraction and others, which are rapidly gaining acceptance in the field of toxicology, are currently reviewed.
Collapse
|
26
|
Maślanka A, Krzek J, Żuromska B, Stolarczyk M. Identification and determination of compounds belonging to the group of OUN pharmaceutical agents by thin-layer chromatography with densitometric detection in biological material. ACTA CHROMATOGR 2011. [DOI: 10.1556/achrom.23.2011.2.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
27
|
Kataoka H, Saito K. Recent advances in SPME techniques in biomedical analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2011; 54:926-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2010] [Revised: 12/06/2010] [Accepted: 12/09/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
28
|
Es’haghi Z, Rezaeifar Z, Rounaghi GH, Nezhadi ZA, Golsefidi MA. Synthesis and application of a novel solid-phase microextraction adsorbent: Hollow fiber supported carbon nanotube reinforced sol–gel for determination of phenobarbital. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 689:122-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2011.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 01/07/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
29
|
Bio-sample preparation and analytical methods for the determination of tricyclic antidepressants. Bioanalysis 2011; 3:97-118. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.10.160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
An extended and comprehensive review is presented herein, focusing on sample preparation (pretreatment and extraction) and different analytical methods applied for the quantification of tricyclic antidepressants. These procedures are relevant tools in clinical and forensic toxicology. It is revealed that SPE, for sample preparation, and HPLC, using reversed-phase alkyl (C18) or cyanopropyl-bonded silica columns for the analytes separation, are effective and versatile methods for assay of tricyclic antidepressants. These methods enable achievable detection limits using UV/diode array detection, readily available in most laboratories, down to 1–8 ng ml-1, and using electron capture detection better than 1 ng ml-1, which is lower than that for nitrogen–phosphorus detector. MS interfaced with electrospray ionization offered similar sensitivity, whilst sonic spray ionization provided detection down to 0.03 ng ml-1. A brief discussion on chemical structures, metabolism and mechanism of action of this group of drugs is also presented.
Collapse
|
30
|
Gupta M, Jain A, Verma KK. Determination of amoxapine and nortriptyline in blood plasma and serum by salt-assisted liquid-liquid microextraction and high-performance liquid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:3774-80. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
31
|
Atkins S, Sevilla JM, Blazquez M, Pineda T, Gonzalez-Rodriguez J. Electrochemical Behaviour of Carbamazepine in Acetonitrile and Dimethylformamide Using Glassy Carbon Electrodes and Microelectrodes. ELECTROANAL 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201000341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
32
|
Construction of different types of ion-selective electrodes and validation of direct potentiometric determination of phenytoin sodium. OPEN CHEM 2010. [DOI: 10.2478/s11532-010-0064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe construction and performance characteristics of phenytoin sodium selective electrodes are detailed. Two types of electrodes: plastic membrane I and coated wire II, were constructed based on the incorporation of phenytoin sodium with tungstosilicic acid. The influence of membrane composition, kind of plasticizer, pH of the test solution, soaking time and the electrodes’ foreign ions were investigated. The electrodes showed a Nernstian response with a mean calibration graph slope of 30.9±0.1 and 28.9±0.1 mV decade−1 at 25°C for electrode I and II respectively, over a phenytoin sodium concentration range of 5×10−3−5×10−6 M and 1×10−3−1×10−6 M with a detection limit 1.3×10−6 M and 2.5×10−7 M for electrode I and II, respectively. The electrodes gave average selective precision and were usable within the pH range 6–10. Interference studies from common cations, alkaloids, sugars, amino acids and drug excipients are reported. The results obtained by the proposed electrodes were also applied successfully for the determination of the drug in pharmaceutical preparations and biological fluids.
Collapse
|
33
|
de Santana FJM, Jabor VAP, Cesarino EJ, Lanchote VL, Bonato PS. Enantioselective analysis of mirtazapine, demethylmirtazapine and 8-hydroxy mirtazapine in human urine after solid-phase microextraction. J Sep Sci 2010; 33:268-76. [PMID: 20087868 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200900534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A selective and reproducible off-line solid-phase microextraction procedure was developed for the simultaneous enantioselective determination of mirtazapine (MRT), demethylmirtazapine and 8-hydroxymirtazapine in human urine. CE was used for optimization of the extraction procedure whereas LC-MS was used for method validation and application. The influence of important factors in the solid-phase microextraction efficiency is discussed, such as the fiber coatings, extraction time, pH, ionic strength, temperature and desorption time. Before extraction, human urine samples were submitted to enzymatic hydrolysis at 37 degrees C for 16 h. Then, the enzyme was precipitated with trichloroacetic acid and the pH was adjusted to 8 with 1 mol/L pH 11 phosphate buffer solution. In the extraction, the analytes were transferred from the aqueous solution to the polydimethylsiloxane-divinylbenzene fiber coating and then desorbed in methanol. The mean recoveries were 5.4, 1.7 and 1.0% for MRT, demethylmirtazapine and 8-hydroxymirtazapine enantiomers, respectively. The method was linear over the concentration range of 62-1250 ng/mL. The within-day and between-day assay precision and accuracy were lower than 15%. The method was successfully employed in a preliminary cumulative urinary excretion study after administration of racemic MRT to a healthy volunteer.
Collapse
|
34
|
Padrón MET, Ferrera ZS, Rodríguez JJS. Coupling of solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption and high performance liquid chromatography for the determination of pharmaceutical residues in environmental liquid samples. Biomed Chromatogr 2010; 23:1175-85. [PMID: 19444801 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.1240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
A residue analytical method combining solid-phase microextraction (SPME) with external micellar desorption (MD) and high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD) has been developed and validated for the simultaneous determination of six pharmaceutical compounds, belonging to various therapeutic categories in water samples. Target compounds include antiinflamatory drugs (ibuprofen, ketoprofen and naproxen), an analgesic (phenazone), a lipid regulator (bezafibrate) and an antiepileptic (carbamazepine). A detailed study of the experimental conditions of extraction and desorption with different surfactants was performed in order to obtain the best results during instrumental analysis. Of the different fibers and surfactants investigated, 65 microm polydimethysiloxane-divinilbenzene (PDMS-DVB) fiber and polyoxyethylene 10 lauryl ether (POLE) and polyoxyethylene 6 lauryl ether (C(12)E(6)) as desorbing agents produced the optimal response to pharmaceutical residues. Recoveries obtained were generally higher than 80% and the variability of the method was below 16% for all compounds in both surfactants. Method detection limits were 0.05-12 ng mL(-1) for POLE and 0.1-5 ng mL(-1) for C(12)E(6). The developed method was compared using external desorption with organic solvent and it was successfully applied to the determination of these pharmaceutical compounds in water samples from different origin. Solid-phase microextraction with micellar desorption (SPME-MD) represents a new approach for the extraction of different pharmaceutical compounds in natural waters because it combines shorter handling time, better efficiency, safety and more environmentally friendly process than the traditional methods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Torres Padrón
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Marine Sciences, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Recent developments and applications of microextraction techniques in drug analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 396:339-64. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-3076-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2009] [Revised: 08/12/2009] [Accepted: 08/17/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
36
|
Analytical methods used in conjunction with solid-phase microextraction: a review of recent bioanalytical applications. Bioanalysis 2009; 1:1081-102. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.09.88] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integration of sampling and sample preparation with various analytical instruments is a highly desirable feature for any analytical method. This is most conveniently achieved by using microextraction techniques or various microdevices. Among these techniques, solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is particularly remarkable due to its simplicity and effectiveness. This review discusses the most recent applications of SPME in bioanalysis, grouped according to the analytical instrument that SPME is coupled to. It is shown that one of the most important aspects of such analytical methods is the ability of SPME to perform direct and selective extraction of analytes from complex biological samples. By far, the most popular method continues to be SPME coupled to GC. Nevertheless, the last 2 years have witnessed significant advances in other areas, such as successful automation of SPME coupled to liquid chromatography and the development of new coatings suitable for direct extraction from biological samples. Furthermore, a few bioanalytical applications based on direct coupling of SPME to MS, ion mobility spectrometry, CE and analytical chemiluminescence have been reported.
Collapse
|
37
|
|
38
|
Chaves AR, Chiericato Júnior G, Queiroz MEC. Solid-phase microextraction using poly(pyrrole) film and liquid chromatography with UV detection for analysis of antidepressants in plasma samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:587-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2008.12.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2008] [Revised: 12/03/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
39
|
Stalikas C, Fiamegos Y, Sakkas V, Albanis T. Developments on chemometric approaches to optimize and evaluate microextraction. J Chromatogr A 2009; 1216:175-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2008] [Revised: 11/20/2008] [Accepted: 11/21/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
40
|
Vuckovic D, Cudjoe E, Hein D, Pawliszyn J. Automation of Solid-Phase Microextraction in High-Throughput Format and Applications to Drug Analysis. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6870-80. [DOI: 10.1021/ac800936r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dajana Vuckovic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Erasmus Cudjoe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Dietmar Hein
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| | - Janusz Pawliszyn
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, and PAS Technology, Magdala, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Cruz-Vera M, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Combined use of carbon nanotubes and ionic liquid to improve the determination of antidepressants in urine samples by liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2008; 391:1139-45. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-008-1871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2007] [Revised: 12/12/2007] [Accepted: 01/09/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
42
|
Cruz-Vera M, Lucena R, Cárdenas S, Valcárcel M. Fast urinary screening for imipramine and desipramine using on-line solid-phase extraction and selective derivatization. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2007; 857:275-80. [PMID: 17697805 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2007.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2006] [Revised: 06/01/2007] [Accepted: 07/21/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A continuous-flow configuration based on sequential solid-phase extraction and derivatization is proposed for the screening of urine samples for imipramine and related metabolites. For the first time, a 50/50 (v/v) methanol/nitric acid mixture is used as both eluent and derivatizing reagent. Sample aliquots are injected into the flow manifold and driven by a water stream to an RP-C(18) column where the drugs are quantitatively retained. Following clean-up step with 40/60 (v/v) methanol/water, the eluent/derivatizing reagent is injected and passed through the sorbent column, eluted drugs reacting with nitric acid to form a blue dye that is monitored at 600 nm. The global signal thus obtained for the antidepressants can be used to estimate their total concentration in the samples without the need to individually quantify the analytes. This total index can be used for timely decision-making in case of overdosage. The proposed method is sensitive and selective; thus, typical interferents such as endogenous and diet compounds have no substantial effect on the analytical signal. This allows imipramine and its metabolites to be determined at therapeutic levels in urine samples.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Cruz-Vera
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Campus de Rabanales, University of Cordoba, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Pragst F. Application of solid-phase microextraction in analytical toxicology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2007; 388:1393-414. [PMID: 17476482 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-007-1289-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 03/29/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) is a miniaturized and solvent-free sample preparation technique for chromatographic-spectrometric analysis by which the analytes are extracted from a gaseous or liquid sample by absorption in, or adsorption on, a thin polymer coating fixed to the solid surface of a fiber, inside an injection needle or inside a capillary. In this paper, the present state of practical performance and of applications of SPME to the analysis of blood, urine, oral fluid and hair in clinical and forensic toxicology is reviewed. The commercial coatings for fibers or needles have not essentially changed for many years, but there are interesting laboratory developments, such as conductive polypyrrole coatings for electrochemically controlled SPME of anions or cations and coatings with restricted-access properties for direct extraction from whole blood or immunoaffinity SPME. In-tube SPME uses segments of commercial gas chromatography (GC) capillaries for highly efficient extraction by repeated aspiration-ejection cycles of the liquid sample. It can be easily automated in combination with liquid chromatography but, as it is very sensitive to capillary plugging, it requires completely homogeneous liquid samples. In contrast, fiber-based SPME has not yet been performed automatically in combination with high-performance liquid chromatography. The headspace extractions on fibers or needles (solid-phase dynamic extraction) combined with GC methods are the most advantageous versions of SPME because of very pure extracts and the availability of automatic samplers. Surprisingly, substances with quite high boiling points, such as tricyclic antidepressants or phenothiazines, can be measured by headspace SPME from aqueous samples. The applicability and sensitivity of SPME was essentially extended by in-sample or on-fiber derivatization. The different modes of SPME were applied to analysis of solvents and inhalation narcotics, amphetamines, cocaine and metabolites, cannabinoids, methadone and other opioids, fatty acid ethyl esters as alcohol markers, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, benzodiazepines, various other therapeutic drugs, pesticides, chemical warfare agents, cyanide, sulfide and metal ions. In general, SPME is routinely used in optimized methods for specific analytes. However, it was shown that it also has some capacity for a general screening by direct immersion into urine samples and for pesticides and other semivolatile substance in the headspace mode.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fritz Pragst
- Institute of Legal Medicine, University Hospital Charité, Hittorfstr. 18, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Ferreira SLC, Bruns RE, da Silva EGP, Dos Santos WNL, Quintella CM, David JM, de Andrade JB, Breitkreitz MC, Jardim ICSF, Neto BB. Statistical designs and response surface techniques for the optimization of chromatographic systems. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1158:2-14. [PMID: 17416377 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2007.03.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 340] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2007] [Revised: 03/08/2007] [Accepted: 03/13/2007] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
This paper describes fundamentals and applications of multivariate statistical techniques for the optimization of chromatographic systems. The surface response methodologies: central composite design, Doehlert matrix and Box-Behnken design are discussed and applications of these techniques for optimization of sample preparation steps (extractions) and determination of experimental conditions for chromatographic separations are presented. The use of mixture design for optimization of mobile phases is also related. An optimization example involving a real separation process is exhaustively described. A discussion about model validation is presented. Some applications of other multivariate techniques for optimization of chromatographic methods are also summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Luis Costa Ferreira
- Universidade Federal da Bahia, Instituto de Química, Campus Universitário de Ondina, Salvador, Bahia 40170-290, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|