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da Silva SMSD, Ferreira CL, Rizzato JMB, Toledo GDS, Furukawa M, Rovai ES, Nogueira MS, Carvalho LFDCESD. Infrared spectroscopy for fast screening of diabetes and periodontitis. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2024; 46:104106. [PMID: 38677501 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2024.104106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE FT-IR is an important and emerging tool, providing information related to the biochemical composition of biofluids. It is important to demonstrate that there is an efficacy in separating healthy and diseased groups, helping to establish FT-IR uses as fast screening tool. AIM Via saliva diagnosis evaluate the accuracy of FT-IR associate with machine learning model for classification among healthy (control group), diabetic (D) and periodontitis (P) patients and the association of both diseases (DP). APPROACH Eighty patients diagnosed with diabetes and periodontitis through conventional methods were recruited and allocated in one of the four groups. Saliva samples were collected from participants of each group (n = 20) and were processed using Bruker Alpha II spectrometer in a FT-IR spectral fingerprint region between 600 and-1800 cm-1, followed by data preprocessing and analysis using machine learning tools. RESULTS Various FTI-R peaks were detectable and attributed to specific vibrational modes, which were classified based on confusion matrices showed in paired groups. The highest true positive rates (TPR) appeared between groups C vs D (93.5 % ± 2.7 %), groups C vs. DP (89.2 % ± 4.1 %), and groups D and P (90.4 % ± 3.2 %). However, P vs DP presented higher TPR for DP (84.1 % ±3.1 %) while D vs. DP the highest rate for DP was 81.7 % ± 4.3 %. Analyzing all groups together, the TPR decreased. CONCLUSION The system used is portable and robust and can be widely used in clinical environments and hospitals as a new diagnostic technique. Studies in our groups are being conducted to solidify and expand data analysis methods with friendly language for healthcare professionals. It was possible to classify healthy patients in a range of 78-93 % of accuracy. Range over 80 % of accuracy between periodontitis and diabetes were observed. A general classification model with lower TPR instead of a pairwise classification would only have advantages in scenarios where no prior patient information is available regarding diabetes and periodontitis status.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Monique Furukawa
- Science Health Post-graduate Program, University of Taubaté - UNITAU, SP, Brazil
| | - Emanuel Silva Rovai
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, Institute of Science and Technology of São José dos Campos, Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp), São José Dos Campos, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Saito Nogueira
- Tyndall National Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland; Department of Physics, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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das Chagas E Silva de Carvalho LF, de Lima Morais TM, Nogueira MS. Providing potential solutions by using FT-IR spectroscopy for biofluid analysis: Clinical impact of optical screening and diagnostic tests. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 44:103753. [PMID: 37597683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Currently, the potential of FT-IR spectroscopy for rapid diagnosis of many pathologies has been demonstrated by numerous research studies including those targeting COVID-19 detection. However, the number of clinicians aware of this potential and who are willing to use spectroscopy in their clinics and hospitals is still negligible. In addition, lack of awareness creates a huge gap between clinicians and researchers involved in clinical translation of current FT-IR technology hence hindering initiatives to bring basic and applied research together for the direct benefit of patients. METHODS Knowledge and medical training on FT-IR on the side of clinicians should be one of the first steps to be able to integrate it into the list of complementary exams which may be requested by health professionals. Countless FT-IR applications could have a life-changing impact on patients' lives, especially screening and diagnostic tests involving biofluids such as blood, saliva and urine which are routinely non-invasively or minimally-invasively. RESULTS Blood may be the most difficult to obtain by the invasive method of collection, but much can be evaluated in its components, and areas such as hematology, infectiology, oncology and endocrinology can be directly benefited. Urine with a relatively simple collection method can provide pertinent information from the entire urinary system, including the actual condition of the kidneys. Saliva collection can be simpler for the patient and can provide information on diseases affecting the mouth and digestive system and can be used to diagnose diseases such as oral cancer in its early-stages. An unavoidable second step is the active involvement of industries to design robust and portable instruments for specific purposes, as the medical community requires user-friendly instruments of advanced computational algorithms. A third step resides in the legal situation involving the global use of the technique as a new diagnostic modality. CONCLUSIONS It is important to note that decentralized funds for variety of technologies hinders the training of clinical and medical professionals for the use of newly arising technologies and affect the engagement of these professionals with technology developers. As a result of decentralized funding, research efforts are spread out over a range of technologies which take a long time to get validated and translated to the clinic. Partnership over similar groups of technologies and efforts to test the same technologies while overcoming barriers posed to technology validation in different areas around the globe may benefit the clinical/medical, research and industry community globally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcelo Saito Nogueira
- Tyndall National Institute, Lee Maltings, Dyke Parade, Cork T12 R5CP, Ireland; Department of Physics, University College Cork, College Road, Cork T12 K8AF, Ireland.
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van Haaren C, De Bock M, Kazarian SG. Advances in ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging for the Analysis of Tablet Dissolution and Drug Release. Molecules 2023; 28:4705. [PMID: 37375260 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28124705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the major challenges in the development of effective pharmaceutical formulations for oral administration is the poor solubility of active pharmaceutical ingredients. For this reason, the dissolution process and drug release from solid oral dosage forms, such as tablets, is usually thoroughly studied in order to understand the dissolution behaviour under various conditions and optimize the formulation accordingly. Standard dissolution tests used in the pharmaceutical industry provide information on the amount of drug released over time; however, these do not allow for a detailed analysis of the underlying chemical and physical mechanisms of tablet dissolution. FTIR spectroscopic imaging, by contrast, does offer the ability to study these processes with high spatial and chemical specificity. As such, the method allows us to see the chemical and physical processes which occur inside the tablet as it dissolves. In this review, the power of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging is demonstrated by presenting a number of successful applications of this chemical imaging technique to dissolution and drug release studies for a range of different pharmaceutical formulations and study conditions. Understanding these processes is essential for the development of effective oral dosage forms and optimization of pharmaceutical formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Céline van Haaren
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Marieke De Bock
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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4
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Huang SH, Sartorello G, Shen PT, Xu C, Elemento O, Shvets G. Metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy in multiwell format for real-time assaying of live cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2228-2240. [PMID: 37010356 PMCID: PMC10159923 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00017f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy is a popular technique for the analysis of biological samples, yet its application in characterizing live cells is limited due to the strong attenuation of mid-IR light in water. Special thin flow cells and attenuated total reflection (ATR) FTIR spectroscopy have been used to mitigate this problem, but these techniques are difficult to integrate into a standard cell culture workflow. In this work, we demonstrate that the use of a plasmonic metasurface fabricated on planar substrates and the probing of cellular IR spectra through metasurface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (MEIRS) can be an effective technique to characterize the IR spectra of live cells in a high-throughput manner. Cells are cultured on metasurfaces integrated with multiwell cell culture chambers and are probed from the bottom using an inverted FTIR micro-spectrometer. To demonstrate the use of MEIRS as a cellular assay, cellular adhesion on metasurfaces with different surface coatings and cellular response to the activation of the protease-activated receptor (PAR) signaling pathway were characterized through the changes in cellular IR spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Huang
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
| | - Giovanni Sartorello
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
| | - Po-Ting Shen
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
| | - Chengqi Xu
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
- Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Olivier Elemento
- Caryl and Israel Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, 10021, USA.
| | - Gennady Shvets
- School of Applied and Engineering Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA.
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5
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Flaman GT, Boyle ND, Vermelle C, Morhart TA, Ramaswami B, Read S, Rosendahl SM, Wells G, Newman LP, Atkinson N, Achenbach S, Burgess IJ. Chemical Imaging of Mass Transport Near the No-Slip Interface of a Microfluidic Device using Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2023; 95:4940-4949. [PMID: 36880970 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c04880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
Mass transport in geometrically confined environments is fundamental to microfluidic applications. Measuring the distribution of chemical species on flow requires the use of spatially resolved analytical tools compatible with microfluidic materials and designs. Here, the implementation of an attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR) imaging (macro-ATR) approach for chemical mapping of species in microfluidic devices is described. The imaging method is configurable between a large field of view, single-frame imaging, and the use of image stitching to build composite chemical maps. Macro-ATR is used to quantify transverse diffusion in the laminar streams of coflowing fluids in dedicated microfluidic test devices. It is demonstrated that the ATR evanescent wave, which primarily probes the fluid within ∼500 nm of the channel surface, provides accurate quantification of the spatial distribution of species in the entire microfluidic device cross section. This is the case when flow and channel conditions promote vertical concentration contours in the channel as verified by three-dimensional numeric simulations of mass transport. Furthermore, the validity of treating the mass transport problem in a simplified and faster approach using reduced dimensionality numeric simulations is described. Simplified one-dimensional simulations, for the specific parameters used herein, overestimate diffusion coefficients by a factor of approximately 2, whereas full three-dimensional simulations accurately agree with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace T Flaman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Nicole D Boyle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Cyprien Vermelle
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Tyler A Morhart
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Bdhanya Ramaswami
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
| | - Stuart Read
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | | | - Garth Wells
- Canadian Light Source Inc., Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 2V3 Canada
| | - Liam P Newman
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Noah Atkinson
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Sven Achenbach
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5A9 Canada
| | - Ian J Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5C9 Canada
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6
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Sportelli MC, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B, Cioffi N. Recent advances on the spectroscopic characterization of microbial biofilms: A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1195:339433. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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Chan KA, Shalygin AS, Martyanov ON, Welton T, Kazarian SG. High throughput study of ionic liquids in controlled environments with FTIR spectroscopic imaging. J Mol Liq 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.116412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Cirillo AI, Tomaiuolo G, Guido S. Membrane Fouling Phenomena in Microfluidic Systems: From Technical Challenges to Scientific Opportunities. MICROMACHINES 2021; 12:820. [PMID: 34357230 PMCID: PMC8305447 DOI: 10.3390/mi12070820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The almost ubiquitous, though undesired, deposition and accumulation of suspended/dissolved matter on solid surfaces, known as fouling, represents a crucial issue strongly affecting the efficiency and sustainability of micro-scale reactors. Fouling becomes even more detrimental for all the applications that require the use of membrane separation units. As a matter of fact, membrane technology is a key route towards process intensification, having the potential to replace conventional separation procedures, with significant energy savings and reduced environmental impact, in a broad range of applications, from water purification to food and pharmaceutical industries. Despite all the research efforts so far, fouling still represents an unsolved problem. The complex interplay of physical and chemical mechanisms governing its evolution is indeed yet to be fully unraveled and the role played by foulants' properties or operating conditions is an area of active research where microfluidics can play a fundamental role. The aim of this review is to explore fouling through microfluidic systems, assessing the fundamental interactions involved and how microfluidics enables the comprehension of the mechanisms characterizing the process. The main mathematical models describing the fouling stages will also be reviewed and their limitations discussed. Finally, the principal dynamic investigation techniques in which microfluidics represents a key tool will be discussed, analyzing their employment to study fouling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Iginio Cirillo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanna Tomaiuolo
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Stefano Guido
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria Chimica, dei Materiali e della Produzione Industriale, University of Naples Federico, 80125 Naples, Italy; (A.I.C.); (S.G.)
- CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, 80131 Naples, Italy
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9
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Bomers M, Charlot B, Barho F, Chanuel A, Mezy A, Cerutti L, Gonzalez-Posada F, Taliercio T. Microfluidic surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy with semiconductor plasmonics for the fingerprint region. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9re00350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
III–V semiconductor plasmonics enables to perform microfluidic surface-enhanced mid-IR spectroscopy and to access the so-called molecular fingerprint region from 6.7 μm to 20 μm (1500–500 cm−1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Bomers
- IES
- Université de Montpellier
- CNRS
- Montpellier
- France
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10
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Jang H, Pawate AS, Bhargava R, Kenis PJA. Polymeric microfluidic continuous flow mixer combined with hyperspectral FT-IR imaging for studying rapid biomolecular events. LAB ON A CHIP 2019; 19:2598-2609. [PMID: 31259340 DOI: 10.1039/c9lc00182d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Early reaction intermediates in protein folding, such as those resulting in β-amyloid formation due to transient misfolding, emerge within a few hundred microseconds. Here, we report a method to obtain sub-millisecond temporal resolution and molecular structural information of protein (mis-)folding events by using a microfluidic continuous-flow mixer (MCFM) in combination with Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging. The MCFMs are made out of cyclic olefin copolymer (COC) films, because this approach allows for rapid prototyping of different mixer designs. Furthermore, COC offers high IR transparency between 1500 and 2500 cm-1, thus maximizing the signal to noise ratio of the IR data obtained from a sample of interest. By combining narrow and wide channel widths in MCFM design, the platform provides fast mixing (460 μs) to induce protein (mis-)folding, and it maximizes the residence time in the observing area, so a wide range of reaction timescales can be captured in a single image. We validated the platform for its ability to induce and observe sub-millisecond processes by studying two systems: (i) the mixing of H2O and D2O and (ii) the mixing induced deprotonation of carboxylic acid. First, we observed excellent agreement between simulated and experimental data of the on-chip mixing of H2O and D2O, which verifies the distance-reaction time relationships based on simulation. Second, deprotonation of carboxylic acid by on-chip mixing with sodium hydroxide solution validates the ability of the platform to induce rapid pH jump that is needed for some biomolecular reactions. Finally, we studied the methanol-induced partial-unfolding of ubiquitin to show that our platform can be used to study biomolecular events 'on-pathway' using FT-IR imaging. We successfully extracted kinetic and structural details of the conformational changes along the channel. Our results are in agreement with prior studies that required more elaborate stopped flow approaches to acquire data for different time points. In summary, the reported method uses an easy-to-fabricate microfluidic mixer platform integrated with hyperspectral FT-IR imaging for rapid acquisition of structural details and kinetic parameters of biomolecular reactions. This approach does not need stopped flow or molecular imaging probes, as required respectively for alternative FT-IR spectroscopy and fluorescence approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyukjin Jang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL, USA. and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ashtamurthy S Pawate
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Paul J A Kenis
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1406 W Green St, Urbana, IL, USA. and Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 600 S Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA and Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 405 N Mathews Ave, Urbana, IL, USA
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Pousti M, Zarabadi MP, Abbaszadeh Amirdehi M, Paquet-Mercier F, Greener J. Microfluidic bioanalytical flow cells for biofilm studies: a review. Analyst 2019; 144:68-86. [PMID: 30394455 DOI: 10.1039/c8an01526k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial biofilms are among the oldest and most prevalent multicellular life forms on Earth and are increasingly relevant in research areas related to industrial fouling, medicine and biotechnology. The main hurdles to obtaining definitive experimental results include time-varying biofilm properties, structural and chemical heterogeneity, and especially their strong sensitivity to environmental cues. Therefore, in addition to judicious choice of measurement tools, a well-designed biofilm study requires strict control over experimental conditions, more so than most chemical studies. Due to excellent control over a host of physiochemical parameters, microfluidic flow cells have become indispensable in microbiological studies. Not surprisingly, the number of lab-on-chip studies focusing on biofilms and other microbiological systems with expanded analytical capabilities has expanded rapidly in the past decade. In this paper, we comprehensively review the current state of microfluidic bioanalytical research applied to bacterial biofilms and offer a perspective on new approaches that are expected to drive continued advances in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Pousti
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mir Pouyan Zarabadi
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mehran Abbaszadeh Amirdehi
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Paquet-Mercier
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada
| | - Jesse Greener
- Département de chimie, Faculté des sciences et de génie, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1 V 0A6, Canada and CHU de Quebec Research Centre, Laval University, 10 rue de l'Espinay, Quebec City, (QC) G1L 3L5, Canada
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12
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IR-Compatible PDMS microfluidic devices for monitoring of enzyme kinetics. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1021:95-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 01/17/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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13
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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14
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Swithenbank M, Burnett AD, Russell C, Li LH, Davies AG, Linfield EH, Cunningham JE, Wood CD. On-Chip Terahertz-Frequency Measurements of Liquids. Anal Chem 2017; 89:7981-7987. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Swithenbank
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Andrew D. Burnett
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher Russell
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Lianhe H. Li
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Alexander Giles Davies
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Edmund H. Linfield
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - John E. Cunningham
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
| | - Christopher D. Wood
- School
of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, and ‡School of Chemistry, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, U.K
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15
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Sroka-Bartnicka A, Borkowski L, Ginalska G, Ślósarczyk A, Kazarian SG. Structural transformation of synthetic hydroxyapatite under simulated in vivo conditions studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:155-161. [PMID: 27513683 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite are widely used in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Both apatite materials were embedded into recently developed ceramic/polymer composites, subjected to Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for 30days and characterized using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to assess their behaviour and structures. The specific aim was to detect the transition phases between both types of hydroxyapatite during the test and to analyze the surface modification caused by SBF. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was successfully applied to characterise changes in the hydroxyapatite lattice due to the elastic properties of the scaffolds. It was observed that SBF treatment caused a replacement of phosphates in the lattice of non-substituted hydroxyapatite by carbonate ions. A detailed study excluded the formation of pure A type carbonate apatite. In turn, CO32- content in synthetic carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite decreased. The usefulness of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging studies in the evaluation of elastic and porous β-glucan hydroxyapatite composites has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
| | - Leszek Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Ślósarczyk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
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16
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Loutherback K, Birarda G, Chen L, Holman HYN. Microfluidic approaches to synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectral microscopy of living biosystems. Protein Pept Lett 2016; 23:273-82. [PMID: 26732243 PMCID: PMC4997923 DOI: 10.2174/0929866523666160106154035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
A long-standing desire in biological and biomedical sciences is to be able to probe cellular chemistry as biological processes are happening inside living cells. Synchrotron radiation-based Fourier transform infrared (SR-FTIR) spectral microscopy is a label-free and nondestructive analytical technique that can provide spatiotemporal distributions and relative abundances of biomolecules of a specimen by their characteristic vibrational modes. Despite great progress in recent years, SR-FTIR imaging of living biological systems remains challenging because of the demanding requirements on environmental control and strong infrared absorption of water. To meet this challenge, microfluidic devices have emerged as a method to control the water thickness while providing a hospitable environment to measure cellular processes and responses over many hours or days. This paper will provide an overview of microfluidic device development for SR-FTIR imaging of living biological systems, provide contrast between the various techniques including closed and open-channel designs, and discuss future directions of development within this area. Even as the fundamental science and technological demonstrations develop, other ongoing issues must be addressed; for example, choosing applications whose experimental requirements closely match device capabilities, and developing strategies to efficiently complete the cycle of development. These will require imagination, ingenuity and collaboration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hoi-Ying N Holman
- Berkeley Synchrotron Infrared Structural Biology Program, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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17
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Ewing AV, Clarke GS, Kazarian SG. Attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging of pharmaceuticals in microfluidic devices. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2016; 10:024125. [PMID: 27158293 PMCID: PMC4841796 DOI: 10.1063/1.4946867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The poor aqueous solubility of many active pharmaceutical ingredients presents challenges for effective drug delivery. In this study, the combination of attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FTIR spectroscopic imaging with specifically designed polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic devices to study drug release from pharmaceutical formulations has been developed. First, the high-throughput analysis of the dissolution of micro-formulations studied under flowing conditions has been introduced using a model formulation of ibuprofen and polyethylene glycol. The behaviour and release of the drug was monitored in situ under different pH conditions. In contrast to the neutral solution, where both the drug and excipient dissolved at a similar rate, structural change from the molecularly dispersed to a crystalline form of ibuprofen was characterised in the obtained spectroscopic images and the corresponding ATR-FTIR spectra for the experiments carried out in the acidic medium. Further investigations into the behaviour of the drug after its release from formulations (i.e., dissolved drug) were also undertaken. Different solutions of sodium ibuprofen dissolved in a neutral medium were studied upon contact with acidic conditions. The phase transition from a dissolved species of sodium ibuprofen to the formation of solid crystalline ibuprofen was revealed in the microfluidic channels. This innovative approach could offer a promising platform for high-throughput analysis of a range of micro-formulations, which are of current interest due to the advent of 3D printed pharmaceutical and microparticulate delivery systems. Furthermore, the ability to study dissolved drug in solution under flowing conditions can be useful for the studies of the diffusion of drugs into tissues or live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Graham S Clarke
- Bristol-Myers Squibb , Reeds Lane, Moreton, Wirral, Merseyside CH46 1QW, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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18
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Srisa-Art M, Furutani Y. Simple and Rapid Fabrication of PDMS Microfluidic Devices Compatible with FTIR Microspectroscopy. BULLETIN OF THE CHEMICAL SOCIETY OF JAPAN 2016. [DOI: 10.1246/bcsj.20150357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Monpichar Srisa-Art
- Chromatography and Separation Research Unit (ChSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
- Electrochemistry and Optical Spectroscopy Research Unit (EOSRU), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University
| | - Yuji Furutani
- Department of Life and Coordination-Complex Molecular Science, Institute for Molecular Science
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19
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Perro A, Lebourdon G, Henry S, Lecomte S, Servant L, Marre S. Combining microfluidics and FT-IR spectroscopy: towards spatially resolved information on chemical processes. REACT CHEM ENG 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6re00127k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
This review outlines the combination of infrared spectroscopy and continuous microfluidic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Perro
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Gwenaelle Lebourdon
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
| | - Sarah Henry
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Sophie Lecomte
- Chimie et Biologie des Membranes et des Nanoobjets
- Université de Bordeaux —CNRS
- 33607 Pessac
- France
| | - Laurent Servant
- Institut des Sciences Moléculaires
- Université de Bordeaux—CNRS
- 33405 Talence
- France
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20
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Boulet-Audet M, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Cleaning-in-place of immunoaffinity resins monitored by in situ ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7111-22. [PMID: 26159572 PMCID: PMC4551555 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8871-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Revised: 06/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In the next 10 years, the pharmaceutical industry anticipates that revenue from biotherapeutics will overtake those generated from small drug molecules. Despite effectively treating a range of chronic and life-threatening diseases, the high cost of biotherapeutics limits their use. For biotherapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), an important production cost is the affinity resin used for protein capture. Cleaning-in-place (CIP) protocols aim to optimise the lifespan of the resin by slowing binding capacity decay. Binding assays can determine resin capacity from the mobile phase, but do not reveal the underlying causes of Protein A ligand degradation. The focus needs to be on the stationary phase to examine the effect of CIP on the resin. To directly determine both the local Protein A ligand concentration and conformation on two Protein A resins, we developed a method based on attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging revealed that applying a carefully controlled load to agarose beads produces an even and reproducible contact with the internal reflection element. This allowed detection and quantification of the binding capacity of the stationary phase. ATR-FTIR spectroscopy also showed that Protein A proteolysis does not seem to occur under typical CIP conditions (below 1 M NaOH). However, our data revealed that concentrations of NaOH above 0.1 M cause significant changes in Protein A conformation. The addition of >0.4 M trehalose during CIP significantly reduced NaOH-induced ligand unfolding observed for one of the two Protein A resins tested. Such insights could help to optimise CIP protocols in order to extend resin lifetime and reduce mAb production costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boulet-Audet
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
- />Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- />Department of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- />Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ UK
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21
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Fagaschewski J, Sellin D, Wiedenhöfer C, Bohne S, Trieu HK, Hilterhaus L. Spatially resolved in situ determination of reaction progress using microfluidic systems and FT-IR spectroscopy as a tool for biocatalytic process development. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2015; 38:1399-405. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-015-1381-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Lopez CG, Watanabe T, Martel A, Porcar L, Cabral JT. Microfluidic-SANS: flow processing of complex fluids. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7727. [PMID: 25578326 PMCID: PMC4289890 DOI: 10.1038/srep07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and engineering the flow-response of complex and non-Newtonian fluids at a molecular level is a key challenge for their practical utilisation. Here we demonstrate the coupling of microfluidics with small angle neutron scattering (SANS). Microdevices with high neutron transmission (up to 98%), low scattering background (≲10⁻² cm⁻¹), broad solvent compatibility and high pressure tolerance (≈3-15 bar) are rapidly prototyped via frontal photo polymerisation. Scattering from single microchannels of widths down to 60 μm, with beam footprint of 500 μm diameter, was successfully obtained in the scattering vector range 0.01-0.3 Å(-1), corresponding to real space dimensions of ≃10-600 Å. We demonstrate our approach by investigating the molecular re-orientation and alignment underpinning the flow response of two model complex fluids, namely cetyl trimethylammonium chloride/pentanol/D₂O and sodium lauryl sulfate/octanol/brine lamellar systems. Finally, we assess the applicability and outlook of microfluidic-SANS for high-throughput and flow processing studies, with emphasis of soft matter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G Lopez
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Takaichi Watanabe
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Anne Martel
- Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 1566 rue Jules Horowitz, 380 42 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - Lionel Porcar
- Institute Laue-Langevin, BP 1566 rue Jules Horowitz, 380 42 Cedex 9 Grenoble, France
| | - João T Cabral
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, UK
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23
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Boulet-Audet M, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. High-throughput thermal stability analysis of a monoclonal antibody by attenuated total reflection FT-IR spectroscopic imaging. Anal Chem 2014; 86:9786-93. [PMID: 25221926 PMCID: PMC4218712 DOI: 10.1021/ac502529q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The use of biotherapeutics, such as monoclonal antibodies, has markedly increased in recent years. It is thus essential that biotherapeutic production pipelines are as efficient as possible. For the production process, one of the major concerns is the propensity of a biotherapeutic antibody to aggregate. In addition to reducing bioactive material recovery, protein aggregation can have major effects on drug potency and cause highly undesirable immunological effects. It is thus essential to identify processing conditions which maximize recovery while avoiding aggregation. Heat resistance is a proxy for long-term aggregation propensity. Thermal stability assays are routinely performed using various spectroscopic and scattering detection methods. Here, we evaluated the potential of macro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging as a novel method for the high-throughput thermal stability assay of a monoclonal antibody. This chemically specific visualization method has the distinct advantage of being able to discriminate between monomeric and aggregated protein. Attenuated total reflection is particularly suitable for selectively probing the bottom of vessels, where precipitated aggregates accumulate. With focal plane array detection, we tested 12 different buffer conditions simultaneously to assess the effect of pH and ionic strength on protein thermal stability. Applying the Finke model to our imaging kinetics allowed us to determine the rate constants of nucleation and autocatalytic growth. This analysis demonstrated the greater stability of our immunoglobulin at higher pH and moderate ionic strength, revealing the key role of electrostatic interactions. The high-throughput approach presented here has significant potential for analyzing the stability of biotherapeutics as well as any other biological molecules prone to aggregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Boulet-Audet
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Bernadette Byrne
- Department
of Life Sciences, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United
Kingdom
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24
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Kise DP, Magana D, Reddish MJ, Dyer RB. Submillisecond mixing in a continuous-flow, microfluidic mixer utilizing mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging detection. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:584-91. [PMID: 24302515 PMCID: PMC3898435 DOI: 10.1039/c3lc51171e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We report a continuous-flow, microfluidic mixer utilizing mid-infrared hyperspectral imaging detection, with an experimentally determined, submillisecond mixing time. The simple and robust mixer design has the microfluidic channels cut through a polymer spacer that is sandwiched between two IR transparent windows. The mixer hydrodynamically focuses the sample stream with two side flow channels, squeezing it into a thin jet and initiating mixing through diffusion and advection. The detection system generates a mid-infrared hyperspectral absorbance image of the microfluidic sample stream. Calibration of the hyperspectral image yields the mid-IR absorbance spectrum of the sample versus time. A mixing time of 269 μs was measured for a pD jump from 3.2 to above 4.5 in a D2O sample solution of adenosine monophosphate (AMP), which acts as an infrared pD indicator. The mixer was further characterized by comparing experimental results with a simulation of the mixing of an H2O sample stream with a D2O sheath flow, showing good agreement between the two. The IR microfluidic mixer eliminates the need for fluorescence labeling of proteins with bulky, interfering dyes, because it uses the intrinsic IR absorbance of the molecules of interest, and the structural specificity of IR spectroscopy to follow specific chemical changes such as the protonation state of AMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Drew P Kise
- Emory University, 1515 Dickey Drive, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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25
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Zantow M, Dendere R, Douglas TS. Image-based analysis of droplets in microfluidics. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2013; 2013:1776-9. [PMID: 24110052 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2013.6609865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In order to design a microfluidic device that can produce monodispersed encapsulated enzymes as droplets, it is essential to be able to evaluate the system during its development. An automated method to determine the size of the droplets as well as a method to tag and track droplets as they move in the system is desirable for system evaluation. We apply the Hough transform for circles to determine droplet size. Most of the droplets in the images are detected, and the best results are obtained at 20x magnification. We also test the ability of the ImageJ 'particle tracker' plugin to determine the behaviour of the droplets as they move in microfluidic systems. It is effective in tracking droplets that travel less than 50 pixels between frames.
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26
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. Aberration-free FTIR spectroscopic imaging of live cells in microfluidic devices. Analyst 2013; 138:4040-7. [PMID: 23515344 DOI: 10.1039/c3an00327b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The label-free, non-destructive chemical analysis offered by FTIR spectroscopic imaging is a very attractive and potentially powerful tool for studies of live biological cells. FTIR imaging of live cells is a challenging task, due to the fact that cells are cultured in an aqueous environment. While the synchrotron facility has proven to be a valuable tool for FTIR microspectroscopic studies of single live cells, we have demonstrated that high quality infrared spectra of single live cells using an ordinary Globar source can also be obtained by adding a pair of lenses to a common transmission liquid cell. The lenses, when placed on the transmission cell window, form pseudo hemispheres which removes the refraction of light and hence improve the imaging and spectral quality of the obtained data. This study demonstrates that infrared spectra of single live cells can be obtained without the focus shifting effect at different wavenumbers, caused by the chromatic aberration. Spectra of the single cells have confirmed that the measured spectral region remains in focus across the whole range, while spectra of the single cells measured without the lenses have shown some erroneous features as a result of the shift of focus. It has also been demonstrated that the addition of lenses can be applied to the imaging of cells in microfabricated devices. We have shown that it was not possible to obtain a focused image of an isolated cell in a droplet of DPBS in oil unless the lenses are applied. The use of the approach described herein allows for well focused images of single cells in DPBS droplets to be obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, UK
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27
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging: recent advances and applications to biological systems. Analyst 2013; 138:1940-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c3an36865c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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28
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Zhou Y, Li B, Zhang P. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) for the study of photooxidation of polypropylene. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2012; 66:566-573. [PMID: 22524962 DOI: 10.1366/11-06356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) is used to characterize the photooxidation of polypropylene (PP) and identify the photooxidative products at different oxidation times. PP slices were exposed to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation for times up to 60 hours and spatially resolved spectra were acquired with a transmission FT-IR imaging system in order to view the steric inhomogeneity of the photooxidation process of PP. The evolution of the oxidized products with irradiation time is shown through the application of PCA. Carboxylic acid is the major oxidized product in the initial period from 0 h to 8 h while ketone becomes the major product with the increase of irradiation time. Carboxylic anhydride is identified for the first time to our knowledge in oxidized PP after 16 h irradiation. Carboxylate ester is also observed in the oxidized PP after 32 h irradiation. Possible mechanisms forming these products have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029 China
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29
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Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. FT-IR spectroscopic imaging of reactions in multiphase flow in microfluidic channels. Anal Chem 2012; 84:4052-6. [PMID: 22468788 PMCID: PMC3386657 DOI: 10.1021/ac300019m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Rapid, in situ, and label-free chemical analysis in microfluidic
devices is highly desirable. FT-IR spectroscopic imaging has previously
been shown to be a powerful tool to visualize the distribution of
different chemicals in flows in a microfluidic device at near video
rate imaging speed without tracers or dyes. This paper demonstrates
the possibility of using this imaging technology to capture the chemical
information of all reactants and products at different points in time
and space in a two-phase system. Differences in the rates of chemical
reactions in laminar flow and segmented flow systems are also compared.
Neutralization of benzoic acid in decanol with disodium phosphate
in water has been used as the model reaction. Quantitative information,
such as concentration profiles of reactant and products, can be extracted
from the imaging data. The same feed flow rate was used in both the
laminar flow and segmented flow systems. The laminar flow pattern
was achieved using a plain wide T-junction, whereas the segmented
flow was achieved by introducing a narrowed section and a nozzle at
the T-junction. The results show that the reaction rate is limited
by diffusion and is much slower with the laminar flow pattern, whereas
the reaction is completed more quickly in the segmented flow due to
better mixing.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ, UK
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30
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Glassford S, Chan KLA, Byrne B, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging of protein adsorption and crystallization on a wettability gradient surface. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2012; 28:3174-3179. [PMID: 22260648 DOI: 10.1021/la204524w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The use of self-assembled monolayers is an established method to study the effect of surface properties on proteins and other biological materials. The generation of a monolayer with a gradient of chemical properties allows for the study of multiple surface properties simultaneously in a high throughput manner. Typically, in order to detect the presence of proteins or biological material on a surface, the use of additional dyes or tags is required. Here we present a novel method of studying the effect of gradient surface properties on protein adsorption and crystallization in situ through the use of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, which removes the need for additional labeling. We describe the successful application of this technique to the measurement of the growth of a gradient monolayer of octyltrichlorosilane across the surface of a silicon ATR element. ATR-FTIR imaging was also used to study the adsorption of lysozyme, as a model protein, onto the modified surface. The sensitivity of measurements obtained with a focal plane array (FPA) detector were improved though the use of pixel averaging which allowed small absorption bands to be detected with minimal effect on the spatial resolution along the gradient. Study of the effect of surface hydrophobicity on both adsorption of lysozyme to the element and lysozyme crystallization revealed that more lysozyme adsorbed to the hydrophobic side of the ATR element and more lysozyme crystals formed in the same region. These findings strongly suggest a correlation exists between surface protein adsorption and protein crystallization. This method could be applied to the study of other proteins and whole cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Glassford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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31
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Chan KLA, Niu X, deMello AJ, Kazarian SG. Generation of Chemical Movies: FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging of Segmented Flows. Anal Chem 2011; 83:3606-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ac200497a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K. L. Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - X. Niu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - A. J. deMello
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - S. G. Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering and ‡Department of Chemistry, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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32
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Amigo JM. Practical issues of hyperspectral imaging analysis of solid dosage forms. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 398:93-109. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-3828-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2010] [Revised: 05/02/2010] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Kazarian SG, Chan KLA. Micro- and macro-attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging. Plenary Lecture at the 5th International Conference on Advanced Vibrational Spectroscopy, 2009, Melbourne, Australia. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2010; 64:135A-152A. [PMID: 20482963 DOI: 10.1366/000370210791211673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging has become a very powerful method in chemical analysis. In this review paper we describe a variety of opportunities for obtaining FT-IR images using the attenuated total reflection (ATR) approach and provide an overview of fundamental aspects, accessories, and applications in both micro- and macro-ATR imaging modes. The advantages and versatility of both ATR imaging modes are discussed and the spatial resolution of micro-ATR imaging is demonstrated. Micro-ATR imaging has opened up many new areas of study that were previously precluded by inadequate spatial resolution (polymer blends, pharmaceutical tablets, cross-sections of blood vessels or hair, surface of skin, single live cells, cancerous tissues). Recent applications of ATR imaging in polymer research, biomedical and forensic sciences, objects of cultural heritage, and other complex materials are outlined. The latest advances include obtaining spatially resolved chemical images from different depths within a sample, and surface-enhanced images for macro-ATR imaging have also been presented. Macro-ATR imaging is a valuable approach for high-throughput analysis of materials under controlled environments. Opportunities exist for chemical imaging of dynamic aqueous systems, such as dissolution, diffusion, microfluidics, or imaging of dynamic processes in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, SW7 2AZ, London, England
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34
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Aitken JB, Carter EA, Eastgate H, Hackett MJ, Harris HH, Levina A, Lee YC, Chen CI, Lai B, Vogt S, Lay PA. Biomedical applications of X-ray absorption and vibrational spectroscopic microscopies in obtaining structural information from complex systems. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2009.03.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Chan KLA, Gulati S, Edel JB, de Mello AJ, Kazarian SG. Chemical imaging of microfluidic flows using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy. LAB ON A CHIP 2009; 9:2909-2913. [PMID: 19789743 DOI: 10.1039/b909573j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the chemical composition of microfluidic flows is crucial in both understanding and optimising reactive processes within small-volume environments. Herein we report the implementation of a novel detection methodology based on Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR)-Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging using an infrared focal plane array detector for microfluidic applications. The method is based on the combination of an inverted prism-shape ATR crystal with a poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic mixing device. To demonstrate the efficacy of this approach, we report the direct measurement and imaging of the mixing of two liquids of different viscosities and the imaging and mixing of H2O and D2O with consecutive H/D isotope exchange. This chemically specific imaging approach allows direct analysis of fluid composition as a function of spatial position without the use of added labels or dyes, and can be used to study many processes in microfluidics ranging from reactions to separations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Andrew Chan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Palombo F, Danoux CB, Weinberg PD, Kazarian SG. Measurement of drug and macromolecule diffusion across atherosclerotic rabbit aorta ex vivo by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared imaging. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2009; 14:044008. [PMID: 19725720 DOI: 10.1117/1.3174395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion of two model drugs-benzyl nicotinate and ibuprofen-and the plasma macromolecule albumin across atherosclerotic rabbit aorta was studied ex vivo by attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) imaging. Solutions of these molecules were applied to the endothelial surface of histological sections of the aortic wall that were sandwiched between two impermeable surfaces. An array of spectra, each corresponding to a specific location in the section, was obtained at various times during solute diffusion into the wall and revealed the distribution of the solutes within the tissue. Benzyl nicotinate in Ringer's solution showed higher affinity for atherosclerotic plaque than for apparently healthy tissue. Transmural concentration profiles for albumin demonstrated its permeation across the section and were consistent with a relatively low distribution volume for the macromolecule in the middle of the wall. The ability of albumin to act as a drug carrier for ibuprofen, otherwise undetected within the tissue, was demonstrated by multivariate subtraction image analysis. In conclusion, ATR-FTIR imaging can be used to study transport processes in tissue samples with high spatial and temporal resolution and without the need to label the solutes under study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Palombo
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Carter EA, Tam KK, Armstrong RS, Lay PA. Vibrational spectroscopic mapping and imaging of tissues and cells. Biophys Rev 2009; 1:95-103. [PMID: 28509988 PMCID: PMC5418372 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-009-0012-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2009] [Revised: 05/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic mapping (point-by-point measurement) and imaging of biological samples (cells and tissues) covering Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and Raman spectroscopies has opened up many exciting new avenues to explore biochemical architecture and processes within healthy and diseased cells and tissues, including medical diagnostics and drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Carter
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Koman K Tam
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Analytical Technologies Division-Biolab (Aust) Pty Ltd, 5 Caribbean Drive Scoresby, 3179, Victoria, Australia
| | - Robert S Armstrong
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
| | - Peter A Lay
- Vibrational Spectroscopy Facility, School of Chemistry, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Andanson JM, Chan KLA, Kazarian SG. High-throughput spectroscopic imaging applied to permeation through the skin. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2009; 63:512-7. [PMID: 19470207 DOI: 10.1366/000370209788347011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Infrared (IR) spectroscopy has been successfully applied to study the permeation of substances through human skin in a high-throughput manner. The sample of skin was placed on the measuring surface of an attenuated total reflection (ATR) crystal and was divided into several areas. These areas were separated using a specially designed grid created on the surface of the skin and each area was subjected to a different combination of permeant and enhancer. ATR Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) imaging was applied to measure the permeation of 12 liquid samples through a piece of skin smaller than 5 cm(2). This work demonstrated that, using the ATR-FT-IR imaging method, it is possible to measure and directly compare the transdermal processes of several permeants under identical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Michel Andanson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, UK
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Tetteh J, Mader K, Andanson JM, McAuley W, Lane M, Hadgraft J, Kazarian S, Mitchell J. Local examination of skin diffusion using FTIR spectroscopic imaging and multivariate target factor analysis. Anal Chim Acta 2009; 642:246-56. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 02/26/2009] [Accepted: 03/03/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Biswal D, Hilt JZ. Analysis of Oxygen Inhibition in Photopolymerizations of Hydrogel Micropatterns Using FTIR Imaging. Macromolecules 2009. [DOI: 10.1021/ma801600c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dipti Biswal
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
| | - J. Z. Hilt
- Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506
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Millare B, Thomas M, Ferreira A, Xu H, Holesinger M, Vullev VI. Dependence of the quality of adhesion between poly(dimethylsiloxane) and glass surfaces on the conditions of treatment with oxygen plasma. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2008; 24:13218-13224. [PMID: 18950212 DOI: 10.1021/la801965s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Treatment with oxygen-containing plasma is an essential step for the fabrication of devices containing components of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Such oxidative treatment chemically modifies the surface of PDMS allowing it to permanently adhere to glass, quartz, PDMS and other silica-based substrates. Overexposure of PDMS to oxidative gas plasma, however, compromises its adhesiveness. Therefore, regulation of the duration and the conditions of the plasma treatment is crucial for achieving sufficient surface activation without overoxidation. Using a semiquantitative ternary approach, we evaluated the quality of adhesion ( QA) between flat PDMS and glass substrates pretreated with oxygen plasma under a range of different conditions. The quality of adhesion manifested good correlation trends with the surface properties of the pretreated PDMS. Examination of the QA dependence on the treatment duration and on the pressure and the RF power of the plasma revealed a range of oxidative conditions that allowed for permanent adhesion with quantitative yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent Millare
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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Pharmaceutical applications of vibrational chemical imaging and chemometrics: a review. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2008; 48:533-53. [PMID: 18819769 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2008.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 273] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 08/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of chemical imaging (CI) has gifted spectroscopy an additional dimension. Chemical imaging systems complement chemical identification by acquiring spatially located spectra that enable visualization of chemical compound distributions. Such techniques are highly relevant to pharmaceutics in that the distribution of excipients and active pharmaceutical ingredient informs not only a product's behavior during manufacture but also its physical attributes (dissolution properties, stability, etc.). The rapid image acquisition made possible by the emergence of focal plane array detectors, combined with publication of the Food and Drug Administration guidelines for process analytical technology in 2001, has heightened interest in the pharmaceutical applications of CI, notably as a tool for enhancing drug quality and understanding process. Papers on the pharmaceutical applications of CI have been appearing in steadily increasing numbers since 2000. The aim of the present paper is to give an overview of infrared, near-infrared and Raman imaging in pharmaceutics. Sections 2 and 3 deal with the theory, device set-ups, mode of acquisition and processing techniques used to extract information of interest. Section 4 addresses the pharmaceutical applications.
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