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León-Morán LO, Pastor-Belda M, Viñas P, Arroyo-Manzanares N, García MD, Arnaldos MI, Campillo N. Discrimination of Diptera order insects based on their saturated cuticular hydrocarbon content using a new microextraction procedure and chromatographic analysis. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2024; 16:2938-2947. [PMID: 38668806 DOI: 10.1039/d4ay00214h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The nature and proportions of hydrocarbons in the cuticle of insects are characteristic of the species and age. Chemical analysis of cuticular hydrocarbons allows species discrimination, which is of great interest in the forensic field, where insects play a crucial role in estimating the minimum post-mortem interval. The objective of this work was the differentiation of Diptera order insects through their saturated cuticular hydrocarbon compositions (SCHCs). For this, specimens fixed in 70 : 30 ethanol : water, as recommended by the European Association for Forensic Entomology, were submitted to solid-liquid extraction followed by dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction, providing preconcentration factors up to 76 for the SCHCs. The final organic extract was analysed by gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection (GC-FID), and GC coupled with mass spectrometry was applied to confirm the identity of the SCHCs. The analysed samples contained linear alkanes with the number of carbon atoms in the C9-C15 and C18-C36 ranges with concentrations between 0.1 and 125 ng g-1. Chrysomya albiceps (in its larval stage) showed the highest number of analytes detected, with 21 compounds, while Lucilia sericata and Calliphora vicina the lowest, with only 3 alkanes. Non-supervised principal component analysis and supervised orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis were performed and an optimal model to differentiate specimens according to their species was obtained. In addition, statistically significant differences were observed in the concentrations of certain SCHCs within the same species depending on the stage of development or the growth pattern of the insect.
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Affiliation(s)
- L O León-Morán
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - M Pastor-Belda
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - P Viñas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - N Arroyo-Manzanares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M D García
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty de Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - M I Arnaldos
- Department of Zoology and Physical Anthropology, Faculty de Biology, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - N Campillo
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain.
- External Service of Forensic Sciences and Techniques (SECyTeF), Regional Campus of International Excellence "Campus Mare Nostrum", University of Murcia, E-30100 Murcia, Spain
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Arif MA, Alınç T, Guarino S, Colazza S, Cusumano A, Peri E. Only Females Oviposit: Chemical Discrimination of Adult Stink Bug Sex by the Egg Parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus. Front Ecol Evol 2021. [DOI: 10.3389/fevo.2021.652561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Egg parasitoids foraging for suitable hosts scattered in the environment rely mainly on chemical cues. Elucidating the chemical ecology of natural enemies is important in the development of effective and successful strategies for conservation biological control. In this context, the host cuticular hydrocarbons, which are exploited by several species of egg parasitoids as contact kairomones, could be used to retain them by providing information about the presence and the sex of adults of the target species: sex is important because only females of the host species lay the eggs that can be subsequently utilized for parasitoid reproduction. However, the chemical basis of host sex discrimination in egg parasitoids is not well understood. We carried out behavioral and chemical bioassays to investigate the role played by contact chemical cues left by adults of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys Stål, in host egg searching behavior and adult host sex discrimination by the egg parasitoid Trissolcus japonicus (Ashmead). A first set of bioassays showed that parasitoids spent more time exploring patches contaminated with chemicals associated with adult H. halys females compared with adult males. Similar responses were displayed by T. japonicus when hexane extracts of H. halys were tested suggesting that non-polar chemical compounds are involved in host sex discrimination. GC-MS analysis of hexane extracts revealed quantitative differences in the cuticular compounds of the two sexes, with 1-hexadecene (more abundant in males) being the most important component in determining these differences. Hexane extracts of H. halys females blended with synthetic 1-hexadecene significantly reduced the wasps’ arrestment responses compared to crude extracts.
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Alnajim I, Agarwal M, Liu T, Li B, Du X, Ren Y. Preliminary Study on the Differences in Hydrocarbons Between Phosphine-Susceptible and -Resistant Strains of Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) and Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) Using Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction Coupled with GC-MS. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071565. [PMID: 32235326 PMCID: PMC7180957 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Phosphine resistance is a worldwide issue threatening the grain industry. The cuticles of insects are covered with a layer of lipids, which protect insect bodies from the harmful effects of pesticides. The main components of the cuticular lipids are hydrocarbon compounds. In this research, phosphine-resistant and -susceptible strains of two main stored-grain insects, T. castaneum and R. dominica, were tested to determine the possible role of their cuticular hydrocarbons in phosphine resistance. Direct immersion solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was applied to extract and analyze the cuticular hydrocarbons. The results showed significant differences between the resistant and susceptible strains regarding the cuticular hydrocarbons that were investigated. The resistant insects of both species contained higher amounts than the susceptible insects for the majority of the hydrocarbons, sixteen from cuticular extraction and nineteen from the homogenized body extraction for T. castaneum and eighteen from cuticular extraction and twenty-one from the homogenized body extraction for R. dominica. 3-methylnonacosane and 2-methylheptacosane had the highest significant difference between the susceptible and resistant strains of T. castaneum from the cuticle and the homogenized body, respectively. Unknown5 from the cuticle and 3-methylhentriacontane from the homogenized body recorded the highest significant differences in R. dominica. The higher hydrocarbon content is a key factor in eliminating phosphine from entering resistant insect bodies, acting as a barrier between insects and the surrounding phosphine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ihab Alnajim
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (I.A.); (M.A.)
- Date Palm Research Centre, University of Basrah, Basra 61004, Iraq
| | - Manjree Agarwal
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (I.A.); (M.A.)
| | - Tao Liu
- Institute of Equipment Technology, Chinese Academy of Inspection and Quarantine, No. A3, Gaobeidianbeilu, Chaoyang district, Beijing 100123, China;
| | - Beibei Li
- College of Agriculture, Kansas State University, Waters Hall 054, Manhattan, NY KS 66502, USA;
| | - Xin Du
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (I.A.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Y.R.)
| | - Yonglin Ren
- College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia; (I.A.); (M.A.)
- Correspondence: (X.D.); (Y.R.)
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New Method of Analysis of Lipids in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) Insects by Direct Immersion Solid-Phase Microextraction (DI-SPME) Coupled with GC-MS. INSECTS 2019; 10:insects10100363. [PMID: 31635132 PMCID: PMC6835878 DOI: 10.3390/insects10100363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 10/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Lipids play an essential role in providing energy and other physiological functions for insects. Therefore, it is important to determine the composition of insect lipids from cuticular and internal tissues for a better understanding of insect biology and physiology. A novel non-derivatization method for the analysis of lipids including fatty acids, hydrocarbon waxes, sterols in Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) and Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius) was explored using the direct immersion solid-phase microextraction (DI-SPME) coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Nine extraction solvents, acetonitrile, methanol, hexane, ethanol, chloroform, acetonitrile and ethanol (1:1 v/v), acetonitrile and water (1:1 v/v), ethanol and water (1:1 v/v) and acetonitrile and ethanol and water (2:2:1 v/v/v) were selected and evaluated for the extraction of insect lipids with DI-SPME fiber. Acetonitrile extraction offered the best qualitative, quantitative, and number of lipids extracted from insects samples results. Acetonitrile extracted high-boiling point compounds from both species of tested insects. The range of hydrocarbons was C25 (pentacosane) to C32 (dotriacontane) for T. castaneum and C26 (11-methylpentacosane) to C34 (tetratriacontane) for R. dominica. The major compounds extracted from the cuticular surface of T. castaneum were 11-methylheptacosane (20.71%) and 3-methylheptacosane (12.37%), and from R. dominica were 10-methyldotriacontane (14.0%), and 15-methyltritriacontane (9.93%). The limit of detection (LOD) for the n-alkane compounds ranged between 0.08 (nonacosane) and 0.26 (dotriacontane) µg/g and for the fatty acids between 0.65 (arachidic acid) to 0.89 (oleic acid) µg/g. The study indicated that DI-SPME GC-MS is a highly efficient extraction and a sensitive analytical method for the determination of non-derivatized insect lipids in cuticular and homogenized body tissues.
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Influence of starvation on walking behavior of Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0215446. [PMID: 30998722 PMCID: PMC6472788 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0215446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive stink bug species that feeds on cruciferous plants and can cause substantial damage to crops. Little is known about the dispersal behavior of B. hilaris, but movement is important because of the way this pest moves from senescing weed hosts into crop fields. Perhaps, B. hilaris residing on declining weed hosts become starved, which alters their normal locomotor activity and initiates dispersal. We examined the influence of starvation on the locomotor behavior of multiple life stages of B. hilaris under laboratory and outdoor conditions. We starved nymph (2nd/3rd and 4th/5th instars) and adult (female and male) stages for 0, 24, and 48 h. We measured distance moved in the laboratory and then distance moved and turning ratio outdoors. In the laboratory, the younger nymphs moved shortest distances when starved for 24 h, whereas late-instar nymphs (4th-5th instars) and adult B. hilaris that were starved moved farther than non-starved individuals. In the outdoor setting, environmental conditions, specifically surface temperature were important in determining how starvation affected distance moved. Starved insects were more responsive (moved farther) for a given change in temperature than non-starved insects. At lower temperatures, B. hilaris tended to move farther when non-starved and at higher temperatures, moved longer distances when starved, at least for certain stages. Increased starvation also led to more directional movement. Our results indicate that starvation influences aspects of movement for B. hilaris and that these effects can be influenced by temperature.
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Grodowitz MJ, Reed DA, Elliott B, Perring TM. Female Reproductive System Morphology and the Development of a Physiological Age-Grading System for Bagrada hilaris (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). JOURNAL OF INSECT SCIENCE (ONLINE) 2019; 19:5380678. [PMID: 30870562 PMCID: PMC6417153 DOI: 10.1093/jisesa/iez022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we describe the morphology of the female Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) reproductive system and develop a physiological age-grading system related to egg production. The female reproductive system is composed of two meroistic and telotrophic ovaries each containing 5-6 tubular ovarioles. The ovarioles unite into the lateral oviduct which combine to form the common oviduct. The ovarioles are composed of two regions; the distal germarium and the tubular vitellarium which contains maturing follicles. Each follicle is surrounded by a layer of cells; the follicular epithelium. As the follicle passes from the ovariole to the lateral oviducts the follicular epithelial cells slough off and accumulate in the base of the ovarioles and are known as follicular relics. The continuum of ovarian development is divided into two categories: nulliparous ('nonreproducing') and parous ('reproducing'). The nulliparous category is characterized by the absence of follicular relics or eggs in the oviducts as opposed to the parous category where follicular relics and, in many cases, eggs occurred in the oviducts. The nulliparous category is divided further into two stages; N1 and N2 based on ovariole differentiation. The parous category is divided into three stages; P1, P2, and P3, based on the quantity and appearance of follicular relics. Females characterized as P3 produced three times more eggs (79.2 eggs ± 5.7) than females characterized as P1 (27.1 eggs ± 6.0).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Darcy A Reed
- Retired from Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
| | - Brad Elliott
- USDA-ARS National Biological Control Laboratory, Stoneville, MS
| | - Thomas M Perring
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA
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Carvajal MA, Alaniz AJ, Núñez-Hidalgo I, González-Césped C. Spatial global assessment of the pest Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae): current and future scenarios. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2019; 75:809-820. [PMID: 30136427 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The insect Bagrada hilaris (Burmeister) an important pest worldwide, mainly due to the serious economic losses incurred and the large number of zones invaded. However, current and future spatial distributions of this pest, and the total area of cropland potentially affected have not been estimated. Here, we aim to: (1) estimate the potential geographic distribution of B. hilaris; (2) quantify the total area of cropland potentially affected worldwide, and in two recently colonized zones (California and Chile); and (3) estimate future changes in distribution under different climate change scenarios. RESULTS We found that B. hilaris shows high environmental suitability in Mediterranean and arid regions, potentially affecting 1 108 184.1 km2 of cropland worldwide. The most affected continents were Asia and America, with 309 659.8 and 294 638.6 km2 of cropland at risk. More than 50% of cropland areas are at risk in seven countries. In California and central Chile, 43.7% and 50% of susceptible crops are at a high level of risk, respectively. Climate change scenarios predict an increase in the potential distribution of B. hilaris worldwide; America being the most affected continent. CONCLUSIONS Our results provide a spatially explicit baseline from which to focus efforts on the prevention, management and control of this pest worldwide. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario A Carvajal
- Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente - Ecogeografía, Miguel Claro 2550, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alberto J Alaniz
- Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente - Ecogeografía, Miguel Claro 2550, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Ignacio Núñez-Hidalgo
- Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente - Ecogeografía, Miguel Claro 2550, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Ecología Geográfica. Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Las Palmeras 3425, Ñuñoa, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos González-Césped
- Centro de Estudios en Ecología Espacial y Medio Ambiente - Ecogeografía, Miguel Claro 2550, Nuñoa, Santiago, Chile
- Laboratorio de Entomología, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Playa Ancha, Valparaíso, Chile. Av. Sta. Rosa 11735, La Pintana, Santiago, Chile
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Chen N, Bai Y, Fan YL, Liu TX. Solid-phase microextraction-based cuticular hydrocarbon profiling for intraspecific delimitation in Acyrthosiphon pisum. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0184243. [PMID: 28859151 PMCID: PMC5578635 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0184243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Insect cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) play critical roles in reducing water loss and chemical communication. Species-specific CHC profiles have been used increasingly as an excellent character for species classification. However, considerably less is known about their potential for population delimitation within species. The aims of this study were to develop a solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-based CHC collection method and to investigate whether CHC profiles could serve as potential chemotaxonomic tools for intraspecific delimitation in Acyrthosiphon pisum. Optimization of fibers for SPME sampling revealed that 7 μm polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) demonstrated the most efficient adsorption of CHCs among five different tested fibers. SPME sampling showed good reproducibility with repeated collections of CHCs from a single aphid. Validation of SPME was performed by comparing CHC profiles with those from conventional hexane extractions. The two methods showed no qualitative differences in CHCs, although SPME appeared to extract relatively fewer short-chained CHCs. While CHC profiles of a given population differed among developmental stages, wing dimorphism types, and host plants, wingless adult aphids showed very low variance in relative proportions of individual CHC components. Reproducibility of CHC profiles was explored further to classify wingless adult morphs of A. pisum from five different geographic regions that showed no variation in mitochondrial COI gene sequences. Our results demonstrate that CHC profiles are useful in intraspecific delimitation in the field of insect chemotaxonomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong-Liang Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (YLF); (TXL)
| | - Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, and Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on the Loess Plateau of Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, China
- * E-mail: (YLF); (TXL)
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Optimization of total vaporization solid-phase microextraction (TV-SPME) for the determination of lipid profiles of Phormia regina, a forensically important blow fly species. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:6349-6357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0573-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 07/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Cerkowniak M, Boguś MI, Włóka E, Stepnowski P, Gołębiowski M. Application of headspace solid-phase microextraction followed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry to determine esters of carboxylic acids and other volatile compounds inDermestes maculatusandDermestes aterlipids. Biomed Chromatogr 2017; 32. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Cerkowniak
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mieczysława I. Boguś
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Warszawa Poland
| | - Emilia Włóka
- Witold Stefański Institute of Parasitology of the Polish Academy of Sciences; Warszawa Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
| | - Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; Gdańsk Poland
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Chen J. Freeze–Thaw Sample Preparation Method Improves Detection of Volatile Compounds in Insects Using Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Anal Chem 2017; 89:8366-8371. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b01622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Chen
- National Biological Control
Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 59 Lee Road, Stoneville, Mississippi 38776, United States
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12
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Transforming insect biomass into consumer wellness foods: A review. Food Res Int 2016; 89:129-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2016.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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Gołębiowski M, Cerkowniak M, Ostachowska A, Boguś MI, Stepnowski P. Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids ofChorthippus brunneusmales and females using HPLC-LLSD and GC-MS. Biomed Chromatogr 2016; 30:1318-23. [DOI: 10.1002/bmc.3688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Revised: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Magdalena Cerkowniak
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Aleksandra Ostachowska
- Laboratory of Analysis of Natural Compounds, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
| | - Mieczysława I. Boguś
- Institute of Parasitology, Polish Academy of Sciences; Twarda 51/55 00-818 Warszawa Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Laboratory of Chemical Environmental Risks, Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry; University of Gdańsk; ul. Wita Stwosza 63 80-308 Gdańsk Poland
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Braga MV, Pinto ZT, Queiroz MMDC, Blomquist GJ. Effect of age on cuticular hydrocarbon profiles in adult Chrysomya putoria (Diptera: Calliphoridae). Forensic Sci Int 2016; 259:e37-47. [PMID: 26775199 PMCID: PMC5295841 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2015] [Revised: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A species-specific complex mixture of highly stable cuticular hydrocarbons (CHCs) covers the external surface of all insects. Components can be readily analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to obtain a cuticular hydrocarbon profile, which may be used as an additional tool for the taxonomic differentiation of insect species and also for the determination of the age and sex of adult and immature forms. We used GC-MS to identify and quantify the CHCs of female and male Chrysomya putoria (Wiedemann, 1818) (Diptera: Calliphoridae) from one to five days old. CHCs ranged from C21 to C35 for females and from C21 to C37 in males. Major compounds were the same for both sexes and were 2-MeC28, C29:1, n-C29, 15-,13-MeC29, 2-MeC30, C31:1, n-C31 and 15-,13-MeC31. The relative abundance of each component, however, varied with age. Cluster Analysis using Bray-Curtis measure for abundance showed that cuticular hydrocarbon profiles are a strong and useful tool for the determination of age in adult C. putoria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Vianna Braga
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Herman Lent, sala 14, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Zeneida Teixeira Pinto
- Laboratório de Educação Ambiental e em Saúde, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Lauro Travassos, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil.
| | - Margareth Maria de Carvalho Queiroz
- Laboratório de Entomologia Médica e Forense, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Brasil 4365, Pav. Herman Lent, sala 14, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21045-900, Brazil; Mestrado Profissional em Ciências Ambientais, Universidade Severino Sombra, Av. Expedicionário Oswaldo de Almeida Ramos, 280, Vassouras, RJ 27700-000, Brazil.
| | - Gary James Blomquist
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, CABNR, University of Nevada, Reno, MS330, 1664 North Virginia St, Office 162/145 Howard Medical Building, Reno, NV, USA.
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15
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Palumbo JC, Perring TM, Millar JG, Reed DA. Biology, Ecology, and Management of an Invasive Stink Bug, Bagrada hilaris, in North America. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 61:453-73. [PMID: 26735645 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010715-023843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The painted bug, Bagrada hilaris, native to eastern and southern Africa and Asia, was detected in California in 2008, and it has spread rapidly throughout several southwestern US states. A polyphagous insect, it is particularly damaging to the billion dollar cole crop industry. B. hilaris frequently causes damage when it migrates to newly planted crops from weedy hosts. Feeding produces circular or star-shaped chlorotic lesions that become necrotic, and infested plants may be distorted. Currently, no reliable sampling methods for B. hilaris exist, nor are there effective natural enemies in the United States. Therefore, management has relied on multiple applications of insecticides and cultural practices such as removal of weedy hosts, destruction of crop residues, timing of planting, and use of transplants. Several pyrethroid and neonicotinoid insecticides are most effective for controlling the insect. Reliable sampling methods and further development of integrated pest management strategies to manage this invasive pest are urgently needed as its range continues to expand.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Palumbo
- Department of Entomology, University of Arizona, Yuma, Arizona 85364;
| | - Thomas M Perring
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; , ,
| | - Jocelyn G Millar
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; , ,
| | - Darcy A Reed
- Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521; , ,
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The use of chromatographic techniques for the separation and the identification of insect lipids. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2013; 937:67-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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17
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Dapporto L, Baracchi D, Benassai D, Capretti P, Roversi PF, Turillazzi S. Major changes in the sex differences in cuticular chemical profiles of the western conifer seed bug (Leptoglossus occidentalis) after laboratory rearing. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:738-44. [PMID: 23602828 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2012] [Revised: 03/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Chemical compounds covering the insect cuticle have several functions ranging from protection against water loss to inter- and intra-specific communication. Their composition is determined by several intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Among these factors, laboratory rearing has been poorly investigated even though it has a strong potential for biasing behavioral experiments. We selected an invasive species with unknown cuticular mixtures as a model. Our aim was to describe its mixtures and to determine if highly simplified laboratory rearing conditions interact with sexual signatures. We analyzed the cuticle by means of two different techniques - gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) - to obtain data on a wide range of compounds with different molecular weight. We found that both sets of chemicals showed correlations with gender but also that cuticular waxes detected by GC/MS were highly dependent on rearing conditions, with a strong bias in sexual dimorphism. Conversely, the heavier signatures detected by MALDI-TOF showed a less clear diversification between sexes, although the discrimination power was unaffected by rearing conditions. The biological and practical implications of our findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dapporto
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie Agrarie, Sezione di Protezione delle Piante, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Firenze, Italy.
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18
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Nguyen SHT, Webb HK, Hasan J, Tobin MJ, Crawford RJ, Ivanova EP. Dual role of outer epicuticular lipids in determining the wettability of dragonfly wings. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2013; 106:126-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2013.01.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2012] [Revised: 01/21/2013] [Accepted: 01/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Gołębiowski M, Cerkowniak M, Boguś MI, Włóka E, Dawgul M, Kamysz W, Stepnowski P. Free fatty acids in the cuticular and internal lipids of Calliphora vomitoria and their antimicrobial activity. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 59:416-429. [PMID: 23419415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2013.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The cuticular and internal lipid composition in Calliphora vomitoria larvae, pupae, and male and female adults was studied. The free fatty acid (FA) compositions of the lipids were chemically characterized using gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Analyses of cuticular extracts from larvae, pupae, and male and female adults revealed that the carbon numbers of the acids ranged from C7:0 to C22:0, from C8:0 to C24:0, from C7:0 to C24:0 and from C7:0 to C22:0 respectively. The internal lipids of C. vomitoria larvae, pupae, male and female adults contained FAs ranging from C8:0 to C20:0, from C9:0 to C22:0, from C8:0 to C24:0 and from C9:0 to C22:0 respectively. Nine FAs with odd-numbered carbon chains from C7:0 to C21:0 were identified in the cuticular lipids of the larvae. The internal lipids of C. vomitoria larvae contained 8 odd-numbered FAs ranging from C9:0 to C19:0. Eight odd-numbered FAs from C9:0 to C21:0 were identified in the cuticular and internal lipids of pupae, while nine such FAs were found in the cuticular lipids of male and female adults. The internal lipids of adult males and females respectively contained nine and seven odd-numbered FAs, while both larvae and pupae contained eight such compounds. Eight unsaturated FAs were identified in the cuticular lipids of larvae, adult males and females and also in the internal lipids of females. Seven unsaturated FAs were identified in the cuticular lipids of pupae. The internal lipids of larvae, pupae and males contained 10, 11 and 12 unsaturated FAs respectively. Developmental changes were found both in the amounts of extracted cuticular and internal FAs and in their profiles. Four cuticular FAs (C7:0, C9:0, C10:0 and C15:1), identified as being male-specific, were either absent in the female cuticle or present there only in trace amounts. Cuticular and internal extracts obtained from larvae, pupae, adult males and females were tested for their potential antimicrobial activity. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of extracts against reference strains of bacteria and fungi were determined. Antimicrobial activity was the strongest against Gram-positive bacteria; Gram-negative bacteria, on the other hand, turned out to be resistant to all the lipids tested. Overall, the activities of the internal lipids were stronger. All the lipid extracts were equally effective against all the fungal strains examined. In contrast, crude extracts containing both cuticular and internal lipids displayed no antifungal activity against the entomopathogenic fungus Conidiobolus coronatus, which efficiently killed adult flies, but not larvae or pupae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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20
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Gołębiowski M. Comparison of free fatty acids composition of cuticular lipids of Calliphora vicina larvae and pupae. Lipids 2012; 47:1001-9. [PMID: 22869098 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3702-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical characterization of the free fatty acid (FFA) fractions of the cuticular lipids of Calliphora vicina larvae and pupae was performed by separating the FFA fraction using high-performance liquid chromatography with laser light scattering detection (HPLC-LLSD) and quantitatively analyzing the FFA using gas chromatography-electron impact mass spectrometry (GC-MS). Thirty-two saturated and unsaturated FFA were identified and quantified in the insect lipids. Cuticular FFA profiles of C. vicina larvae and pupae were compared. Cuticular FFA of larvae and pupae accounted for 70.8 and 77.8 % of the total lipids, respectively. The cuticular lipids of C. vicina larvae contained 24 FFA ranging from 8:0 to 24:0, whereas the cuticular lipids of pupae contained 32 FFA ranging from 6:0 to 26:0. The cuticular lipids of the larvae contained 16 saturated, five monounsaturated, one diunsaturated, and two polyunsaturated FFA. The cuticular lipids of the pupae contained 18 saturated, nine monounsaturated, two diunsaturated, and three polyunsaturated FFA. The major cuticular FFA in C. vicina larvae and pupae was 18:1 (47.6 and 41.7 %, respectively). The highest amounts of total cuticular FFA were detected in larvae of C. vicina (1.7 mg/g of the insect body). The quantities of total cuticular FFA in pupae were smaller (1.4 mg/g of the insect body).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute for Environmental and Human Health Protection, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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Involvement of an alkane hydroxylase system of Gordonia sp. strain SoCg in degradation of solid n-alkanes. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 77:1204-13. [PMID: 21183636 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02180-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes involved in oxidation of long-chain n-alkanes are still not well known, especially those in gram-positive bacteria. This work describes the alkane degradation system of the n-alkane degrader actinobacterium Gordonia sp. strain SoCg, which is able to grow on n-alkanes from dodecane (C(12)) to hexatriacontane (C(36)) as the sole C source. SoCg harbors in its chromosome a single alk locus carrying six open reading frames (ORFs), which shows 78 to 79% identity with the alkane hydroxylase (AH)-encoding systems of other alkane-degrading actinobacteria. Quantitative reverse transcription-PCR showed that the genes encoding AlkB (alkane 1-monooxygenase), RubA3 (rubredoxin), RubA4 (rubredoxin), and RubB (rubredoxin reductase) were induced by both n-hexadecane and n-triacontane, which were chosen as representative long-chain liquid and solid n-alkane molecules, respectively. Biotransformation of n-hexadecane into the corresponding 1-hexadecanol was detected by solid-phase microextraction coupled with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (SPME/GC-MS) analysis. The Gordonia SoCg alkB was heterologously expressed in Escherichia coli BL21 and in Streptomyces coelicolor M145, and both hosts acquired the ability to transform n-hexadecane into 1-hexadecanol, but the corresponding long-chain alcohol was never detected on n-triacontane. However, the recombinant S. coelicolor M145-AH, expressing the Gordonia alkB gene, was able to grow on n-triacontane as the sole C source. A SoCg alkB disruption mutant that is completely unable to grow on n-triacontane was obtained, demonstrating the role of an AlkB-type AH system in degradation of solid n-alkanes.
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Gołębiowski M, Boguś MI, Paszkiewicz M, Stepnowski P. Cuticular lipids of insects as potential biofungicides: methods of lipid composition analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2010; 399:3177-91. [PMID: 21153591 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-010-4439-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2010] [Revised: 11/08/2010] [Accepted: 11/12/2010] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The main function of cuticular lipids in insects is the restriction of water transpiration through the surface. Lipids are involved in various types of chemical communication between species and reduce the penetration of insecticides, chemicals, and toxins and they also provide protection from attack by microorganisms, parasitic insects, and predators. Hydrocarbons, which include straight-chain saturated, unsaturated, and methyl-branched hydrocarbons, predominate in the cuticular lipids of most insect species; fatty acids, alcohols, esters, ketones, aldehydes, as well as trace amounts of epoxides, ethers, oxoaldehydes, diols, and triacylglycerols have also been identified. Analyses of cuticular lipids are chemically relatively straightforward, and methods for their extraction should be simple. Classically, extraction has relied mainly on application of apolar solvents to the entire insect body. Recently, several alternative methods have been employed to overcome some of the shortcomings of solvent extraction. These include the use of solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers to extract hydrocarbons from the headspace of heated samples, SPME to sample live individuals, and a less expensive method (utilized for social wasps), which consists of the collection of cuticular lipids by means of small pieces of cotton rubbed on the body of the insect. Both classical and recently developed extraction methods are reviewed in this work. The separation and analysis of the insect cuticular lipids were performed by column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC), high performance liquid chromatography with a laser light scattering detector (HPLC-LLSD), gas chromatography (GC), and GC-mass spectrometry (MS). The strategy of lipid analysis with the use of chromatographic techniques was as follows: extraction of analytes from biological material, lipid class separation by TLC, column chromatography, HPLC-LLSD, derivatization, and final determination by GC, GC-MS, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) time-of-flight (TOF) MS, and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS).
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Gołębiowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, ul. Sobieskiego 18/19, 80-952 Gdańsk, Poland.
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23
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Mutis A, Parra L, Palma R, Pardo F, Perich F, Quiroz A. Evidence of contact pheromone use in mating behavior of the raspberry weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). ENVIRONMENTAL ENTOMOLOGY 2009; 38:192-197. [PMID: 19791614 DOI: 10.1603/022.038.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies of insect species have shown that a subset of female cuticular hydrocarbons is used as short-range or contact pheromones. Here, we studied the possible use of contact pheromones in the mating behavior of the weevil Aegorhinus superciliosus, a native species of Chile. Males mounted females only after antennal contact with the female's cuticle, and only 33% of the males attempted to mate with dead females washed with solvent. When a glass rod (dummy) was coated with female cuticular extracts, males exhibited behaviors similar to those observed with females. A preliminary gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of cuticular extracts indicated that males and females share a series of aliphatic hydrocarbons but that the relative abundance of some of these compounds differ between the sexes. These results suggest that cuticular lipids mediate mating behavior of the raspberry weevil and provide the first evidence of contact pheromones in curculionids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Mutis
- Ciencias de Recursos Naturales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco, Chile
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