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Botticelli M, Risdonne V, Young C. Enhancement of protein detection on cultural heritage samples after SYPRO™ Ruby staining by optical microscopy and micro-FTIR spectroscopy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2023; 302:123067. [PMID: 37393674 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2023.123067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
The paper investigates SYPRO™ Ruby staining in combination with external reflection micro-FTIR spectroscopy, for the detection of proteinaceous media in paint layers on cultural heritage, from unembedded micro-fragments and samples embedded in cross-sections. Combining FTIR spectroscopy with staining helped to verify that the FTIR mapping is accurate when performed by the integration of the main amide I and II bands, despite their naturally occurrent distortions due to the specular component and material absorption/surface properties. The research filled some gaps in the published literature on SYPRO™ Ruby interaction with different Cultural Heritage materials, including identifying drawbacks, e.g. swelling mechanisms in the sample after staining. The effects of the staining were investigated on different reference samples containing rabbit skin glue (proteinaceous), and samples from cultural heritage case studies undergoing technical examination as part of research projects, where identification of protein is an important aspect of understanding the sequence of complex multi-layers within a sample. Results showed that, when external reflection µ-FTIR is performed after the staining, the contribution from amide I and II, which occurs at higher wavenumbers than in transmission or attenuated total reflection, is more resolved and therefore easier to determine. When inorganic or organic compounds are present in the same layer, variation in the position of amide bands can occur. However, they can be used for chemical mapping using simple data-treatment strategies, as validated with the positive staining. This type of data processing gives a good estimation of the protein distribution in the layers, both in terms of morphology and thickness, on mock-up samples and cross-sections from real case studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Botticelli
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK
| | - V Risdonne
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK; Science Lab, Collections Care and Access, Victoria & Albert Museum, South Kensington, Cromwell Road, London SW7 2RL, UK
| | - C Young
- Kelvin Centre for Conservation and Cultural Heritage Research, University of Glasgow, Kelvin Hall, 1445 Argyle Street, Glasgow G3 8AW, UK.
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2
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Wang B. An Investigation of the Grounds in Nineteenth-Century Chinese Export Oil Paintings. STUDIES IN CONSERVATION 2023; 68:614-626. [DOI: 10.1080/00393630.2022.2091729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin Wang
- School of Conservation and Restoration, Shanghai Institute of Visual Art, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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3
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Automated defect detection for coatings via height profiles obtained by laser-scanning microscopy. MACHINE LEARNING WITH APPLICATIONS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mlwa.2022.100413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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4
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Cyclododecane shaping, sublimation rate and residue analysis for the extraction of painting micro-samples from resin cross-sections. Sci Rep 2022; 12:19654. [DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22448-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractCross-section preparation of painting micro-samples is part of their routine analysis. This type of preparation can be used for several analytical techniques, such as scanning electron microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and optical microscopy. These techniques offer high-resolution imaging and/or elemental information, providing access to technical and material data important for the interpretation, preservation, and restoration of painted artworks. However, it also means that the material from the sample embedded in the resin becomes unreachable for further analysis, except for the polished surface of the cross-section. Degradation of the embedding medium can also occur over time, which can lead to misinterpretation, loss of information, or even complete destruction of the embedded sample. In the field of cultural heritage, cyclododecane (CDD) is commonly used for the consolidation and protection of objects, and is used in the preparation of cross-sections to prevent contamination of the sample by the embedding medium. This study enhanced the existing preparation process by shaping the CDD layer to enable extraction of the micro-sample from the resin if needed, without compromising the integrity of the sample. Moreover, the purity, the sublimation rate in a normal environment and a vacuum, and the impact of CDD on three different types of samples (historical painting on a canvas, wall painting fragment, model sample) were examined.
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Yu Q, Xue Z, Hu R, Zhong N, Zeng T, Tang H, Zhao Y, Zhao M. Reflective fiber-optic sensor for on-line nondestructive monitoring of Aspergillus on the surface of cultural paper relics. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 13:3324-3338. [PMID: 35781961 PMCID: PMC9208608 DOI: 10.1364/boe.457037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 04/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A reflective fiber-optic sensor was created to realize on-line nondestructive monitoring of the growth process of Aspergillus on the surface of cultural paper relics. The sensor consisted of one tapered input and six output optical fibers. The operating principle of the device was established. The sensitivity of the sensor was checked. Sensors were used to monitor the growth of Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus tamarrii on the papers. The morphology of Aspergillus was characterized. The sensor reveals a linear relationship between the output signal of the sensor and the thickness of Aspergillus biofilm with a detection limit of 10 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuhui Yu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Zhengda Xue
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Rong Hu
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Nianbing Zhong
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
| | - Tan Zeng
- Key Scientific Research Base of Pest and Mold Control of Heritage Collection (Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum), National Cultural Heritage Administration, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Huan Tang
- Key Scientific Research Base of Pest and Mold Control of Heritage Collection (Chongqing China Three Gorges Museum), National Cultural Heritage Administration, Chongqing 400013, China
| | - Ya Zhao
- School of Tourism and Service Management, Chongqing University of Education, Chongqing 400065, China
| | - Mingfu Zhao
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensor and Photoelectric Detection, Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Optical Fiber Sensing Technology, Chongqing University of Technology, Chongqing 400054, China
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6
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Disentangling the chemistry of Australian plant exudates from a unique historical collection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2116021119. [PMID: 35617429 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2116021119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Significance For millennia, Aboriginal Australian peoples have used the extraordinary physicochemical properties of plant exudates from practical applications to cultural expression. We employ state-of-the-art spectroscopy to characterize the molecular compositions of well-preserved, native Australian plant exudates (Xanthorrhoea, Callitris, Eucalyptus, and Acacia) from a historic collection assembled over a century ago. This work demonstrates the benefits of X-ray Raman spectroscopy for the analysis of these complex natural systems. It provides key information for a broader understanding of their terpenoid, aromatic, phenolic, and polysaccharide composition and subsequent chemical classification. It complements Fourier-transform infrared and pyrolysis-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry by allowing bulk-sensitive analysis in a fully noninvasive manner and probes molecular features which remain silent in these commonly employed analyses.
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Liu GL, Kazarian SG. Recent advances and applications to cultural heritage using ATR-FTIR spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Analyst 2022; 147:1777-1797. [PMID: 35388386 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00005a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientific investigation of cultural heritage objects plays a vital role in a responsible modern approach to conservation and archaeology. Recent advances in spectroscopy, such as the development of Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy and ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging, have opened up a window of opportunities for characterisation of materials in artefacts and collections from museums. This review summarises some of the recent advances and applications of these ATR-FTIR spectroscopic analytical techniques in the area of cultural heritage studies, including examples of cross-sections of oil paintings, paper, textiles, plastic objects, potteries, glasses and mineral artefacts. Two of the major advantages of ATR mode measurements are minimal or no requirements for sample preparation and its provision for high lateral spatial resolution. In addition to conventional single point detection, two-dimensional mapping and imaging is especially beneficial for chemical visualisation of multi-layered structure cultural objects. This review also explores the implications of these advantages as well as some limitations and provides a brief outlook for the possible future developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guan-Lin Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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Bastidas CY, Del P Castillo R, Manuel Amigo J, von Plessing C, Troncoso J. Distributional homogeneity and penetration depth assessment of antibiotic added by surface coating to pellets with mid Infrared imaging and multivariate curve resolution. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 271:120864. [PMID: 35074673 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2022.120864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Fourier Transform Mid Infrared with Attenuated Total Reflection Imaging (FTIR-ATR imaging) and Multivariate Curve Resolution with Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) were used in a multiblock fashion to study the presence, distribution and penetration depth of very low concentrations of florfenicol (FF) in a complex matrix like feed pellets for salmonids. Images from the surface, at 150 µm deep and 200 µm deep from the surface were analyzed to certify the penetration power of FF added by surface coating methodology. Besides, the unique homogeneity index was calculated in order to evaluate the distributional homogeneity of each component. The results demonstrated the reliability of MCR-ALS in studying the distributional homogeneity of FF. It was demonstrated that FF remains mostly on the surface of the pellets with almost no penetration. The rest of the components of the pellets (oil, protein and carbohydrates) were also analyzed. These three nutrients are distributed on the three layers analyzed with a relatively homogeneous location, being carbohydrates (%H = 51 ± 3) the component with the best homogeneous distribution, unlike protein (%H = 45 ± 5), and oil (%H = 40 ± 7). This is the first publication where the penetration of an antibiotic, added with surface-coating to feed pellets, was analyzed with FTIR-ATR imaging and multivariate analysis, showing the contribution these analytical tools can make to the medicated feed industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Y Bastidas
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía y Quimiometría, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile.
| | - Rosario Del P Castillo
- Departamento de Análisis Instrumental, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción, 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile; Laboratorio de Bioespectroscopía y Quimiometría, Centro de Biotecnología, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n, Concepción, Chile
| | - José Manuel Amigo
- Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, María Díaz de Haro, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, P.O. Box 644, 15 48080 Bilbao, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Carlos von Plessing
- Departamento de Farmacia, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Concepción. 4070386 Barrio Universitario s/n Concepción, Chile.
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9
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Malletzidou L, Zorba TT, Kyranoudi M, Mastora P, Karfaridis D, Vourlias G, Pavlidou E, Paraskevopoulos KM. The dome of Rotunda in Thessaloniki: Investigation of a multi-pictorial phase wall painting through analytical methods. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120101. [PMID: 34198121 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The present study focuses on the investigation of the successive pictorial phases of the wall painting which survives on the missing eastern part of the magnificent mosaic composition in the interior of Rotunda, Thessaloniki, Greece. Rotunda, a circular domed monumental building, was constructed in the early 4th century AD and it is included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. Characterization analysis was performed by means of microscopic, spectroscopic and crystallographic techniques, in order to identify the technological features of the wall painting and the materials used, to document the initial Byzantine pictorial phase -known from the archaeological research- along with the overpaintings attributed to the 19th and 20th centuries. In this framework, the collected samples were studied with optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared micro-spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffractometry and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Among the detected materials and pigments (including zinc oxide, barium sulfate, red lead, green earth, Prussian blue, emerald green, ultramarine and cuprite), the use of brass powder for false gilding purposes was detected, which is a material rarely used for mural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lamprini Malletzidou
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Triantafyllia T Zorba
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kyranoudi
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece; Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki City, Eptapyrgio, GR-54003, P.O. Box 18432, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Pelli Mastora
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki City, Eptapyrgio, GR-54003, P.O. Box 18432, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Karfaridis
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - George Vourlias
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Pavlidou
- School of Physics, Faculty of Sciences, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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10
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Possenti E, Colombo C, Realini M, Song CL, Kazarian SG. Time-Resolved ATR-FTIR Spectroscopy and Macro ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Imaging of Inorganic Treatments for Stone Conservation. Anal Chem 2021; 93:14635-14642. [PMID: 34699174 PMCID: PMC9295121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c02392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In
this study, the novel application of ATR–FTIR spectroscopy
and macro ATR–FTIR spectroscopic imaging overcame an analytical
challenge in conservation science: the time-resolved, chemical, and
spatial investigation of the reaction of inorganic treatments for
stone conservation (ammonium oxalate, AmOx; ammonium phosphate, DAP)
occurring in water-based solutions. The aim was to (1) assess the
composition and localization of reaction products and their phase
variation during the reaction in real time and directly in an aqueous
environment and (2) investigate the reaction of AmOx and DAP with
calcite and the transformations induced to the substrate with a time-resolved
approach. The new analytical results showed that for both treatments,
the formation of new crystalline phases initiated at the early stages
of the reaction. Their composition changed during the treatment and
led to more stable phases. The reactivity of the stone substrate to
the treatments varied as a function of the stone material features,
such as the specific surface area. A clear influence of post-treatment
rinsing on the final composition of reaction phases was observed.
Above all, our research demonstrates the actual feasibility, practicality,
and high potential of an advanced ATR–FTIR spectroscopic approach
to investigate the behavior of conservation treatments and provided
new analytical tools to address the choices of conservation in pilot
worksites. Lastly, this study opens novel analytical perspectives
based on the new possible applications of ATR–FTIR spectroscopic
imaging in the field of conservation science, materials science, and
analytical chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possenti
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Chiara Colombo
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Marco Realini
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, Milano 20125, Italy
| | - Cai Li Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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Filopoulou A, Vlachou S, Boyatzis SC. Fatty Acids and Their Metal Salts: A Review of Their Infrared Spectra in Light of Their Presence in Cultural Heritage. Molecules 2021; 26:6005. [PMID: 34641549 PMCID: PMC8512802 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
In a cultural heritage context, fatty acids are usually found as breakdown products of lipid-containing organic remains in archaeological findings, binders in aged oil paintings, and additives in modern art-related materials. They may further interact with the ionic environment transforming into metal soaps, a process that has been recognized as a threat in aged paintings but has received less attention in archaeological objects. The investigation of the above related categories of materials with infrared spectroscopy can provide an overall picture of the organic components' identity and demonstrate their condition and prehistory. The capability of investigating and distinguishing fatty acids and their metal soaps through their rich infrared features, such as the acidic carbonyl, the carboxylate shifts, the variable splits of alkyl chain stretching, bending, twisting, wagging, and rocking vibrations, as well as the hydroxyl peak envelopes and acid dimer bands, allows for their direct detailed characterization. This paper reviews the infrared spectra of selected saturated fatty monoacids and diacids, and their corresponding sodium, calcium, and zinc salts and, supported by newly recorded data, highlights the significance of their spectroscopic features.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Stamatis C. Boyatzis
- Department of Conservation of Antiquities and Works of Art, University of West Attica, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (A.F.); (S.V.)
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12
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Abstract
This paper describes the protocol currently used at the Victoria and Albert Museum for the scientific analysis of water, oil and lacquer gilding in cultural heritage objects. The purpose of the protocol is to guide scientists, curators and conservators in their routine investigations, and address questions about the characteristics of gilded surfaces, their number, sequence, date, composition and stratigraphic details. Each protocol step is described in detail and is accompanied by practical examples taken from the analysis of an 18th-century Chippendale table and the 20th-century statue of the Spirit of Gaiety. The merits of individual analytical techniques and equipment are also evaluated.
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13
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Izzo FC, Kratter M, Nevin A, Zendri E. A Critical Review on the Analysis of Metal Soaps in Oil Paintings. ChemistryOpen 2021; 10:904-921. [PMID: 34532965 PMCID: PMC8446710 DOI: 10.1002/open.202100166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Up to 70 % of the oil paintings conserved in collections present metal soaps, which result from the chemical reaction between metal ions present in the painted layers and free fatty acids from the lipidic binders. In recent decades, conservators and conservation scientists have been systematically identifying various and frequent conservation problems that can be linked to the formation of metal soaps. It is also increasingly recognized that metal soap formation may not compromise the integrity of paint so there is a need for careful assessment of the implications of metal soaps for conservation. This review aims to critically assess scientific literature related to commonly adopted analytical techniques for the analysis of metal soaps in oil paintings. A comparison of different analytical methods is provided, highlighting advantages associated with each, as well as limitations identified through the analysis of reference materials and applications to the analysis of samples from historical paintings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Caterina Izzo
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Matilde Kratter
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
| | - Austin Nevin
- Head of Conservation The Courtauld Institute of ArtVernon Square, Penton RiseKings CrossWC1X 9EWLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisabetta Zendri
- Sciences and Technologies for the Conservation of Cultural Heritage, Department ofEnvironmental Sciences, Informatics and StatisticsCa' Foscari University of VeniceVia Torino 155/b30173VeniceItaly
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14
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Musa M, Kaye TG, Bieri W, Peretti A. Burmese Amber Compared Using Micro-Attenuated Total Reflection Infrared Spectroscopy and Ultraviolet Imaging. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 75:839-845. [PMID: 33393352 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820986880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) spectroscopy coupled with a microscope allows for the analysis of specimens without any preparation, spatially correlated with the morphology of the specimen. These characteristics make micro-ATR systems very useful for studying gemstones and in particular amber samples. Indeed, in this report, the micro-ATR technique was used to characterize three Burmite samples, as case studies. Particularly, focusing the ATR crystal spot on the amber surface where a difference in the Ultraviolet (UV) reaction was previously detected, thereby relative differences in the IR spectrum could be analyzed. Here we present a methodology combining the UV imaging technique with the micro-Attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-ATR/FT-IR) analyses, in order to correlate the fluorescence information with the molecular vibrational modes of amber and their relative spatial distribution. Finally, this work is intended as an initial methodology study and part of the amber characterization project, focused on characterizing the Burmese amber collection of the Peretti Museum Foundation from several disciplines (i.e., palaeoentomology, vibrational spectroscopy, neutron tomography, etc.).
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Musa
- Gulf Institute of Gemology LLC-GIG, Muscat, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Thomas G Kaye
- Foundation for Scientific Advancement, Sierra Vista, AZ, USA
| | - Willy Bieri
- 536920GRS Gemresearch Swisslab AG, Meggen (LU), Switzerland
| | - Adolf Peretti
- 536920GRS Gemresearch Swisslab AG, Meggen (LU), Switzerland
- Peretti Museum Foundation (PMF), Meggen (LU), Switzerland
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15
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Kazarian SG. Perspectives on infrared spectroscopic imaging from cancer diagnostics to process analysis. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 251:119413. [PMID: 33461133 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2020.119413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2020] [Revised: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This perspective paper discusses the recent and potential developments in the application of infrared spectroscopic imaging, with a focus on Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic imaging. The current state-of-the-art has been briefly reported, that includes recent trends and advances in applications of FTIR spectroscopic imaging to biomedical systems. Here, some new opportunities for research in the biomedical field, particularly for cancer diagnostics, and also in the engineering field of process analysis; as well as challenges in FTIR spectroscopic imaging are discussed. Current and future prospects that will bring spectroscopic imaging technologies to the frontier of advanced medical diagnostics and to process analytics in engineering applications will be outlined in this opinion paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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16
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Iorio M, Sodo A, Graziani V, Branchini P, Casanova Municchia A, Ricci MA, Salvadori O, Fiorin E, Tortora L. Mapping at the nanometer scale the effects of sea-salt derived chlorine on cinnabar and lead white by using delayed image extraction in ToF-SIMS. Analyst 2021; 146:2392-2399. [PMID: 33656508 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02350g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In this work, an innovative analytical approach focused on the use of advanced imaging techniques for the chemical mapping of degradation and/or restoration products is proposed. A representative cross-section showing a very complex stratigraphy from the Saint Wilgefortis Triptych (Hieronymus Bosch), exhibited in the Galleria dell'Accademia di Venezia, was investigated. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) experiments were performed using a time-of-flight detector operating in the so-called delayed extraction mode. The time delay applied during the extraction of the secondary ions permitted mass spectra to be obtained with an excellent mass resolution and chemical maps with nanometer scale spatial resolution. The painting's cross-section was also analysed at the micrometer scale by micro-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (micro-FTIR). The combined analytical approaches highlighted the colocalization of lead chloride, oxychloride, and hydroxychloride ions, suggesting the transformation of lead white ((PbCO3)2Pb(OH)2) into laurionite (PbClOH). Furthermore, chlorine appears evenly diffused in the cinnabar (HgS) layer, inducing the alteration of its more external part into calomel (Hg2Cl2). In fact, from the chemical maps the presence in the sample of an unaltered portion of the cinnabar layer is evident. Such degradation products were probably due to the exposure of the painting to a chloride-rich atmosphere for a long time. This led to a global blackening of the painting. To protect the painting from aggressive chemical species, siloxane compounds were probably used as a modern restorative treatment. ToF-SIMS chemical maps revealed permeation of the silicon-based consolidants within the sample's cracks and no interaction products with the other constitutive materials of the painting were found. Finally, the presence of different lead soaps was detected in correspondence with the lead white layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Iorio
- LASR3 Surface Analysis Laboratory Roma Tre, via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146 Rome, Italy.
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17
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Possenti E, Colombo C, Realini M, Song CL, Kazarian SG. Insight into the effects of moisture and layer build-up on the formation of lead soaps using micro-ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging of complex painted stratigraphies. Anal Bioanal Chem 2020; 413:455-467. [PMID: 33169173 PMCID: PMC7806535 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-020-03016-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Metal soaps are formed in paint layers thorough the reaction of metal ions of pigments and fatty acids of organic binders. In this study, micro-ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was used to analyse the formation of lead soaps in oil-based paint layers in relation to their exposure to moisture sources. The investigations were carried out on authentic samples of complex stratigraphies from cold painted terracotta statues (Sacred Mount, Varallo, UNESCO) and different IR-active lead white pigments, organic materials, and lead soaps were discriminated. The saponification of selected paint layers was correlated to the conservation history, the manufacturing technique, and the build-up of layers. The presence of hydrophilic layers within the stratigraphy and their role as a further water source are discussed. Furthermore, the modifications experienced by lead-based pigments from the core of an intact grain of pigment towards the newly formed decay phases were investigated via a novel approach based on shift of the peak for the corresponding spectral bands and their integrated absorbance in the ATR-FTIR spectra. Qualitative information on the spatial distribution from the chemical images was combined with quantitative information on the peak shift to evaluate the different manufacture (lead carbonate, basic lead carbonate) or the extent of decay undergone by the lead-based pigments as a function of their grain size, contiguous layers, and moisture source. Similar results, having a high impact on heritage science and analytical chemistry, allow developing up-to-date conservation strategies by connecting an advanced knowledge of the materials to the social and conservation history of artefacts. ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Possenti
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy.
| | - Chiara Colombo
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Marco Realini
- Istituto di Scienze del Patrimonio Culturale, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, ISPC-CNR, Via R. Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Cai Li Song
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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18
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Liu X, Di Tullio V, Lin YC, De Andrade V, Zhao C, Lin CH, Wagner M, Zumbulyadis N, Dybowski C, Centeno SA, Chen-Wiegart YCK. Nano- to microscale three-dimensional morphology relevant to transport properties in reactive porous composite paint films. Sci Rep 2020; 10:18320. [PMID: 33110102 PMCID: PMC7591493 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-75040-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative evaluation of the three-dimensional (3D) morphology of porous composite materials is important for understanding mass transport phenomena, which further impact their functionalities and durability. Reactive porous paint materials are composites in nature and widely used in arts and technological applications. In artistic oil paintings, ambient moisture and water and organic solvents used in conservation treatments are known to trigger multiple physical and chemical degradation processes; however, there is no complete physical model that can quantitatively describe their transport in the paint films. In the present study, model oil paints with lead white (2PbCO3·Pb(OH)2) and zinc white (ZnO) pigments, which are frequently found in artistic oil paintings and are associated with the widespread heavy metal soap deterioration, were studied using synchrotron X-ray nano-tomography and unilateral nuclear magnetic resonance. This study aims to establish a relationship among the paints’ compositions, the 3D morphological properties and degradation. This connection is crucial for establishing reliable models that can predict transport properties of solvents used in conservation treatments and of species involved in deterioration reactions, such as soap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyang Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, 10028, USA.,"Segre-Capitani" Magnetic Resonance Laboratory, Istituto Per I Sistemi Biologi, (ISB) CNR, CNR Area Della Ricerca di Roma 1, Via Salaria Km 29, 300, 00015, Monterotondo, Rome, Italy
| | - Yu-Chung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Vincent De Andrade
- Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Chonghang Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Cheng-Hung Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Molly Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | | | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, 10028, USA.
| | - Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA. .,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, 11973, USA.
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19
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Catalano J, Di Tullio V, Wagner M, Zumbulyadis N, Centeno SA, Dybowski C. Review of the use of NMR spectroscopy to investigate structure, reactivity, and dynamics of lead soap formation in paintings. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2020; 58:798-811. [PMID: 32247290 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.5025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metal carboxylate or soap formation is a widespread deterioration problem affecting oil paintings and other works of art bearing oil-based media. Lead soaps are prevalent in traditional oil paintings because lead white was the white pigment most frequently chosen by old masters for the paints and in some cases for the ground preparations, until the development of other white pigments from approximately the middle of the 18th century on, and because of the wide use of lead-tin yellow. In the latter part of the 19th century, lead white began to be replaced by zinc white. The factors that influence soap formation have been the focus of intense study starting in the late 1990s. Since 2014, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies have contributed a unique perspective on the issue by providing chemical, structural, and dynamic information about the species involved in the process, as well as the effects of environmental conditions such as relative humidity and temperature on the kinetics of the reaction(s). In this review, we explore recent insights into soap formation gained through solid-state NMR and single-sided NMR techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Catalano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Valeria Di Tullio
- Magnetic Resonance Laboratory "Annalaura Segre", ISB-CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Molly Wagner
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Nicholas Zumbulyadis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
| | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, USA
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20
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Platania E, Streeton NLW, Vila A, Buti D, Caruso F, Uggerud E. Investigation of mineralization products of lead soaps in a late medieval panel painting. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 228:117844. [PMID: 31784229 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal soaps pose significant concerns in the preservation of paintings made with oil as a binding medium. In highly alkaline environments, metal soap aggregates may undergo mineralization processes with the formation of new phases, such as carbonates, chlorides, oxides and sulfates of the metal cations that are present in pigments or paint additives. In this work, we report new examples of the mineralization of lead soaps in paint-cross sections taken from a late-medieval panel painting owned by the Museum of Cultural History at the University of Oslo. Scientific analyses were carried out with optical microscopy under UV and visible light, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy to investigate and characterize the nature of the compounds present in the samples. Lead (II,IV) oxide, which is presumed to be a secondary product in the mineralization of lead soaps, has been identified in lead-based paint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Platania
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Noëlle L W Streeton
- Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Anna Vila
- Statens Museum for Kunst, Centre for Art Technological Studies and Conservation, Sølvgade 48, 50, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - David Buti
- Statens Museum for Kunst, Centre for Art Technological Studies and Conservation, Sølvgade 48, 50, 1307 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Francesco Caruso
- Conservation Studies, Department of Archaeology, Conservation and History, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1008 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway; Department of Art Technology, Swiss Institute for Art Research (SIK-ISEA), Zollikerstrasse 32, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Einar Uggerud
- Hylleraas Centre for Quantum Molecular Sciences, Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033 Blindern, 0315 Oslo, Norway.
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21
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Chiappe C, Pomelli CS, Sartini S. Combined Use of Scanning Electron Microscopy-Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Fourier Transform Infrared Imaging Coupled with Principal Component Analysis in the Study of Ancient Egyptian Papyri. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:22041-22047. [PMID: 31891084 PMCID: PMC6933776 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.9b03145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports the results of a spectroscopic study on the chemistry of some small papyrus fragments arising from three Egyptian excavation sites. The aim of this investigation was to verify the possibility to identify significant differences in ancient Egyptian papyri using noninvasive analytical methods, that is, ATR (attenuated total reflection)-FTIR (Fourier transform infrared) spectroscopic imaging and scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Differences in both lignin and cellulose compositions, which are difficult to detect with traditional FTIR and FTIR imaging spectral analysis, were revealed by the multivariate approach, and the second derivative spectroscopy was applied to enhance the spectrum resolution. Thus, it has been possible to recognize a fragment characterized by the presence of lead and of long chain aliphatic organic compound, which are not present in the other fragments, in the ink region. These data show not only that the combination of these techniques can provide important chemical information, such as to evidence the different compositions and manufacture of each papyrus, but also that metal inks were probably used also in ancient Egyptian papyri.
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22
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Comprehensive Multi-Analytical Investigations on the Vietnamese lacquered Wall-Panel "The Return of the Hunters" by Jean Dunand. Sci Rep 2019; 9:18837. [PMID: 31827229 PMCID: PMC6906402 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55471-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
This work presents a comprehensive, multi-analytical scientific approach for determining the type of lacquer and artistic materials used by Jean Dunand on his work “The Return of the Hunters” (1935). For this purpose, thermally assisted hydrolysis and methylation – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (THM-GC/MS), optical microscopy (OM) in visible (Vis) and ultraviolet light (UV), and scanning electron microscopy - energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX) were selected. Furthermore, a novel application of micro attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (µATR-FTIR) spectroscopic mapping by univariate and multivariate analysis was applied for studying the complex lacquer paint stratigraphy. The results show that Vietnamese lacquer was used as a binder, mixed together with linseed oil and pine resins as additives in combination with inorganic pigments, and that shellac was included on the top of the paint; they document an important step in the story of the transfer of Vietnamese lacquer painting techniques to Europe.
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23
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Hageraats S, Keune K, Réfrégiers M, van Loon A, Berrie B, Thoury M. Synchrotron Deep-UV Photoluminescence Imaging for the Submicrometer Analysis of Chemically Altered Zinc White Oil Paints. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14887-14895. [PMID: 31660714 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Zinc oxide (ZnO) is a II-VI semiconductor that has been used for the last 150 years as an artists' pigment under the name of zinc white. Oil paints containing zinc white are known to be prone to the formation of zinc carboxylates, which can cause protrusions and mechanical failure. In this article, it is demonstrated how a multispectral synchrotron-based deep-UV photoluminescence microimaging technique can be used to show the distribution of zinc soaps on the submicrometer scale and how this information is used to further the understanding of zinc white degradation processes in oil paint. The technique is based on the luminescence of zinc soaps in the near-UV (∼3.65 eV) upon excitation in the deep-UV (4.51 eV), involving transitions that are argued to subsequently involve ligand-to-metal and metal-to-ligand charge transfer with intermediate structural reconfiguration. Because the primary emission peak lies at a higher energy than the band gap of ZnO (3.3 eV), the signal can easily be isolated from the pigment's very intense band gap and trap state emission by employing a multispectral acquisition approach. Moreover, analysis at such short wavelengths, in combination with a UV-transparent optical setup, allows for lateral resolution on the order of 200 nm to be obtained. The unprecedented capabilities of the microimaging technique are illustrated by showing its application to the study of a historical cross section from an early 20th century painting by Piet Mondrian. Revealing the submicrometer distribution of crystalline zinc soaps in this cross section provides new insights that suggest that microfissures, the starting points of paint delamination, are the result of an overall expansion of a heavily saponified zinc white layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selwin Hageraats
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands.,Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Science , University of Amsterdam , P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Matthieu Réfrégiers
- Synchrotron Soleil, l'Orme des Merisiers , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
| | - Annelies van Loon
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conversation and Science , P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN Amsterdam , The Netherlands
| | - Barbara Berrie
- Scientific Research Department, Conservation Division , National Gallery of Art , 2000B South Club Drive , Landover , Maryland 20785 , United States
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA, CNRS, Ministére de la Culture, Université de Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Université Paris-Saclay , BP48 St. Aubin , 91192 Gif-sur-Yvette , France
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24
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Recent trends in the application of Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy in Heritage Science: from micro- to non-invasive FT-IR. PHYSICAL SCIENCES REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.1515/psr-2018-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The relevance of FT-IR spectroscopy in heritage science has experienced a constant grow in the last two decades owing to analytical peculiarities that make it an extremely useful tool to answer the questions posed by the study and conservation of art-historical and archaeological materials. High versatility, sensitivity and molecular specificity are, in fact, all requirements that FT-IR spectroscopy fulfils allowing for the investigation of the chemical properties of heritage materials spanning from the micro- to the macro-scale and offering a variety of approaches to minimize sample manipulation and maximize extracted information. Molecular identification and localisation at high lateral resolution of organic and inorganic components in micro-samples was, over recently, the mostly exploited use of FT-IR in heritage science; however, benefiting from technological progress and advances in optical materials and components achieved in the last decade, it now stands out also for non-invasive surface analysis of artworks by fully portable instrumentation.
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Gabrieli F, Dooley KA, Facini M, Delaney JK. Near-UV to mid-IR reflectance imaging spectroscopy of paintings on the macroscale. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw7794. [PMID: 31467975 PMCID: PMC6707779 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw7794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Broad spectral range reflectance imaging spectroscopy (BR-RIS) from the near UV through the mid-infrared (IR) (350 to 25,000 nm or 28,571 to 400 cm-1) was investigated as an imaging modality to provide maps of organic and inorganic artists' materials in paintings. While visible-to-near-IR (NIR) reflectance and elemental x-ray fluorescence (XRF) imaging spectroscopies have been used for in situ mapping, each method alone is insufficient for robust identification. Combining the two improves results but requires complex data processing. To test BR-RIS, image cubes from early Italian Renaissance illuminated manuscripts were acquired using two spectrometers. Maps of pigments, including trace minerals associated with mined azurite, and their associated binding media were made. BR-RIS has a more straightforward analysis approach as implemented here than visible-to-NIR, mid-IR, or XRF imaging spectroscopy alone and offers the largest amount of macroscale information for mapping artists' materials by comparison.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Gabrieli
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC 20565, USA
| | - K. A. Dooley
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC 20565, USA
| | - M. Facini
- Paper Conservation Department, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC 20565, USA
| | - J. K. Delaney
- Scientific Research Department, National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC 20565, USA
- Corresponding author.
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26
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Lazidou D, Lampakis D, Karapanagiotis I, Panayiotou C. Investigation of the Cross-Section Stratifications of Icons Using Micro-Raman and Micro-Fourier Transform Infrared (FT-IR) Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 72:1258-1271. [PMID: 29714083 DOI: 10.1177/0003702818777772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cross-section stratifications of samples, which were removed from six icons, are studied using optical microscopy, micro-Raman spectroscopy, and micro-Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. The icons, dated from the 14th to 19th centuries, are prominent examples of Byzantine painting art and are attributed to different artistic workshops of northern Greece. The following materials are identified in the cross-sections of the icon samples using micro-Raman spectroscopy: anhydrite; calcite; carbon black; chrome yellow; cinnabar; gypsum; lead white; minium; orpiment; Prussian blue; red ochre; yellow ochre; and a paint of organic origin which can be either indigo ( Indigofera tinctoria L. and others) or woad ( Isatis tinctoria L.). The same samples are investigated using micro-FT-IR which leads to the following identifications: calcite; calcium oxalates; chrome yellow; gypsum; kaolinite; lead carboxylates; lead sulfate (or quartz); lead white; oil; protein; Prussian blue; saponified oil; shellac; silica; and tree resin. The study of the cross-sections of the icon samples reveals the combinations of the aforementioned inorganic and organic materials. Although the icons span over a long period of six centuries, the same stratification comprising gypsum ground layer, paint layers prepared by modified "egg tempera" techniques (proteinaceous materials mixed with oil and resins), and varnish layer is revealed in the investigated samples. Moreover, the presence of three layers of varnishes, one at the top and other two as intermediate layers, in the cross-section analysis of a sample from Virgin and Child provide evidence of later interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Lazidou
- 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece
- 2 Museum of Byzantine Culture, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Lampakis
- 3 University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, Department of Management and Conservation of Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage Objects, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Karapanagiotis
- 3 University Ecclesiastical Academy of Thessaloniki, Department of Management and Conservation of Ecclesiastical Cultural Heritage Objects, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Costas Panayiotou
- 1 Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Department of Chemical Engineering, Thessaloniki, Greece
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27
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Vichi A, Eliazyan G, Kazarian SG. Study of the Degradation and Conservation of Historical Leather Book Covers with Macro Attenuated Total Reflection-Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopic Imaging. ACS OMEGA 2018; 3:7150-7157. [PMID: 31458877 PMCID: PMC6644838 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b00773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The analytical study of historical collagen-based materials such as leather book covers is a complex task for conservation scientists. Historical leather presents a heterogeneous composition of both organic and inorganic materials that show an evident reactivity, particularly when exposed to specific environments. Its correct preservation in archival documents remains challenging as some aspects of its chemical composition, degradation, and effectiveness of conservation treatments are still not fully understood. Here, we describe a novel application of attenuated total reflection (ATR)-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic imaging coupled with a macro ATR accessory to study historical leather book covers. This nondestructive and high spatial resolution approach has allowed the visualization of degradation phenomena affecting this fragile material, particularly the gelatinization of collagen and, for the first time, the detection of the formation of calcium stearate (metal carboxylates or soaps). In addition, the distribution of modified soybean oil used as a treatment to maintain properties such as elasticity and hydrophobicity of the leather was studied. The effect of anomalous dispersion on the strong IR bands obtained in the ATR mode and the resulting changes to the band positions are also discussed. This research addresses issues that are relevant to the conservation of archival materials of cultural heritage for future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Vichi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Gayane Eliazyan
- Mesrop
Mashtots Institute of Ancient Manuscripts, Matenadaran, 53 Mashtots Avenue, Yerevan 0009, Armenia
| | - Sergei G. Kazarian
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College
London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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28
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Bertasa M, Possenti E, Botteon A, Conti C, Sansonetti A, Fontana R, Striova J, Sali D. Close to the diffraction limit in high resolution ATR FTIR mapping: demonstration on micrometric multi-layered art systems. Analyst 2018; 142:4801-4811. [PMID: 29168522 DOI: 10.1039/c7an00873b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This paper is aimed at demonstrating the potentiality of high resolution Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared micro-mapping (micro-ATR-FTIR) to reconstruct the images of micrometric multi-layered systems. This method can be an effective analytical alternative when the layer thickness requires high lateral resolution, and fluorescence or thermal effects prevent the deployment of conventional analytical techniques such as micro-Raman spectroscopy. This study demonstrates the high micro-ATR-FTIR setup performances in terms of lateral resolution, spectral quality and chemical image contrast using a new laboratory instrument equipped with a single element detector. The method has been first validated on mock-ups and then successfully applied on cross-sectional samples from real artworks: Leonardo da Vinci's mural painting, characterised by a few micrometers thin sequence of organic and inorganic layers, and an outdoor marble statue, with a complex sequence of decay products on its surface. This study paves the way to a new investigation modality of micrometric systems, combining high lateral resolution with excellent spectral quality, essential in the field of Cultural Heritage as well as in the wider area of materials and forensic sciences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Bertasa
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto per la Conservazione e la Valorizzazione dei Beni Culturali (ICVBC), Via Cozzi 53, 20125, Milano, Italy
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Recent advances in the applications of vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping to pharmaceutical formulations. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2018; 197:10-29. [PMID: 29290567 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2017.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Vibrational spectroscopic imaging and mapping approaches have continued in their development and applications for the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations. Obtaining spatially resolved chemical information about the distribution of different components within pharmaceutical formulations is integral for improving the understanding and quality of final drug products. This review aims to summarise some key advances of these technologies over recent years, primarily since 2010. An overview of FTIR, NIR, terahertz spectroscopic imaging and Raman mapping will be presented to give a perspective of the current state-of-the-art of these techniques for studying pharmaceutical samples. This will include their application to reveal spatial information of components that reveals molecular insight of polymorphic or structural changes, behaviour of formulations during dissolution experiments, uniformity of materials and detection of counterfeit products. Furthermore, new advancements will be presented that demonstrate the continuing novel applications of spectroscopic imaging and mapping, namely in FTIR spectroscopy, for studies of microfluidic devices. Whilst much of the recently developed work has been reported by academic groups, examples of the potential impacts of utilising these imaging and mapping technologies to support industrial applications have also been reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Imperial College London, Department of Chemical Engineering, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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30
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Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema P. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Fatty Acid Diffusion and the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paint Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Joen J. Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
- Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration; P.O. Box 74888 1070DN Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences; University of Amsterdam; P.O. Box 94720 1090GD Amsterdam The Netherlands
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31
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Baij L, Hermans JJ, Keune K, Iedema P. Time-Dependent ATR-FTIR Spectroscopic Studies on Fatty Acid Diffusion and the Formation of Metal Soaps in Oil Paint Model Systems. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7351-7354. [PMID: 29411920 PMCID: PMC6033171 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201712751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The formation of metal soaps (metal complexes of saturated fatty acids) is a serious problem affecting the appearance and structural integrity of many oil paintings. Tailored model systems for aged oil paint and time-dependent attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy were used to study the diffusion of palmitic acid and subsequent metal soap crystallization. The simultaneous presence of free saturated fatty acids and polymer-bound metal carboxylates leads to rapid metal soap crystallization, following a complex mechanism that involves both acid and metal diffusion. Solvent flow, water, and pigments all enhance metal soap crystallization in the model systems. These results contribute to the development of paint cleaning strategies, a better understanding of oil paint degradation, and highlight the potential of time-dependent ATR-FTIR spectroscopy for studying dynamic processes in polymer films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lambert Baij
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joen J Hermans
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Katrien Keune
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Rijksmuseum Amsterdam, Conservation and Restoration, P.O. Box 74888, 1070DN, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Piet Iedema
- Van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94720, 1090GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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32
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Catalano J, Murphy A, Yao Y, Zumbulyadis N, Centeno SA, Dybowski C. Molecular dynamics of palmitic acid and lead palmitate in cross-linked linseed oil films: Implications from deuterium magnetic resonance for lead soap formation in traditional oil paintings. SOLID STATE NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE 2018; 89:21-26. [PMID: 29277314 DOI: 10.1016/j.ssnmr.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Many oil paintings, dating from the 15th century to the present, are affected by the formation of heavy-metal carboxylates (soaps) that alter the structural integrity and appearance of the works. Through transport phenomena not yet understood, free fatty acids formed from oils used as binders migrate through the paint film and react with heavy-metal ions that are constituents of pigments and/or driers, forming metal carboxylates. The local molecular dynamics of fatty acids and metal carboxylates are factors influencing material transport in these systems. We report temperature-dependent 2H NMR spectra of palmitic acid and lead palmitate as pure materials, in cross-linked linseed oil films, and in a lead white linseed oil paint film as part of our broader research into metal soap formation. Local dynamics at the α carbon, at the terminal methyl group, and at the middle of the fatty acid chain were observed in specifically deuterated materials. Changes in the dynamic behavior with temperature were observed by the appearance of two species, a solid-like material and a liquid-like material. The relative amounts of the two phases and their deuterium NMR parameters indicate that the amount of liquid-like material and the local dynamics at that site increase with temperature. At the three locations along the chain and at all temperatures, there is a larger percentage of acyl chains of both palmitic acid and lead palmitate that are "mobile" or liquid-like in linseed oil films than there are in the pure materials. However, the percentage of liquid-like species is decreased in a lead white paint film, as compared to a linseed oil matrix. In addition, these experiments indicate that there is a larger percentage of liquid-like acyl chains of palmitic acid than of lead palmitate under identical conditions in these model paint systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaclyn Catalano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA
| | | | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, DE, 19716, USA.
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33
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Ewing AV, Kazarian SG. Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging in forensic science. Analyst 2018; 142:257-272. [PMID: 27905577 DOI: 10.1039/c6an02244h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic imaging, are robust, label free and inherently non-destructive methods with a high chemical specificity and sensitivity that are frequently employed in forensic science research and practices. This review aims to discuss the applications and recent developments of these methodologies in this field. Furthermore, the use of recently emerged Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopic imaging in transmission, external reflection and Attenuated Total Reflection (ATR) modes are summarised with relevance and potential for forensic science applications. This spectroscopic imaging approach provides the opportunity to obtain the chemical composition of fingermarks and information about possible contaminants deposited at a crime scene. Research that demonstrates the great potential of these techniques for analysis of fingerprint residues, explosive materials and counterfeit drugs will be reviewed. The implications of this research for the examination of different materials are considered, along with an outlook of possible future research avenues for the application of vibrational spectroscopic methods to the analysis of forensic samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew V Ewing
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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34
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A Multivariate Methodological Workflow for the Analysis of FTIR Chemical Mapping Applied on Historic Paint Stratigraphies. Int J Anal Chem 2018; 2017:4938145. [PMID: 29333162 PMCID: PMC5733134 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4938145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of applied researches in heritage science, the use of multivariate approach is still quite limited and often chemometric results obtained are often underinterpreted. Within this scenario, the present paper is aimed at disseminating the use of suitable multivariate methodologies and proposes a procedural workflow applied on a representative group of case studies, of considerable importance for conservation purposes, as a sort of guideline on the processing and on the interpretation of this FTIR data. Initially, principal component analysis (PCA) is performed and the score values are converted into chemical maps. Successively, the brushing approach is applied, demonstrating its usefulness for a deep understanding of the relationships between the multivariate map and PC score space, as well as for the identification of the spectral bands mainly involved in the definition of each area localised within the score maps.
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35
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Sugawara S. Obliterated-writing decipherment using an infrared hyperspectral imaging system. Forensic Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forc.2017.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Chen-Wiegart YCK, Catalano J, Williams GJ, Murphy A, Yao Y, Zumbulyadis N, Centeno SA, Dybowski C, Thieme J. Elemental and Molecular Segregation in Oil Paintings due to Lead Soap Degradation. Sci Rep 2017; 7:11656. [PMID: 28912460 PMCID: PMC5599643 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11525-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of Pb, Zn, and Cu carboxylates (soaps) has caused visible deterioration in hundreds of oil paintings dating from the 15th century to the present. Through transport phenomena not yet understood, free fatty acids in the oil binding medium migrate through the paint and react with pigments containing heavy metals to form soaps. To investigate the complex correlation among the elemental segregation, types of chemical compounds formed, and possible mechanisms of the reactions, a paint sample cross-section from a 15th century oil painting was examined by synchrotron X-ray techniques. X-ray fluorescence (XRF) microscopy, quantified with elemental correlation density distribution, showed Pb and Sn segregation in the soap-affected areas. X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES) around the Pb-L3 absorption edge showed that Pb pigments and Pb soaps can be distinguished while micro-XANES gave further information on the chemical heterogeneity in the paint film. The advantages and limitations of these synchrotron-based techniques are discussed and compared to those of methods routinely used to analyze paint samples. The results presented set the stage for improving the information extracted from samples removed from works of art and for correlating observations in model paint samples to those in the naturally aged samples, to shed light onto the mechanism of soap formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Chen Karen Chen-Wiegart
- Department of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA. .,National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA.
| | - Jaclyn Catalano
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Montclair State University, Montclair, New Jersey, USA
| | - Garth J Williams
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
| | - Anna Murphy
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Yao Yao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | | | - Silvia A Centeno
- Department of Scientific Research, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, USA.
| | - Cecil Dybowski
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware, USA
| | - Juergen Thieme
- National Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York, USA
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37
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Eissa S, Lampakis D, Karapanagiotis I, Panayiotou C, Afifi HAM, Abd-El Hady M. Investigation of painted stucco in historic buildings of Delta, Egypt. ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND ANTHROPOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2017; 9:727-736. [DOI: 10.1007/s12520-015-0298-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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38
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Trentelman K. Analyzing the Heterogeneous Hierarchy of Cultural Heritage Materials: Analytical Imaging. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2017; 10:247-270. [PMID: 28605607 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071015-041500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Objects of cultural heritage significance are created using a wide variety of materials, or mixtures of materials, and often exhibit heterogeneity on multiple length scales. The effective study of these complex constructions thus requires the use of a suite of complementary analytical technologies. Moreover, because of the importance and irreplaceability of most cultural heritage objects, researchers favor analytical techniques that can be employed noninvasively, i.e., without having to remove any material for analysis. As such, analytical imaging has emerged as an important approach for the study of cultural heritage. Imaging technologies commonly employed, from the macroscale through the micro- to nanoscale, are discussed with respect to how the information obtained helps us understand artists' materials and methods, the cultures in which the objects were created, how the objects may have changed over time, and importantly, how we may develop strategies for their preservation.
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39
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Chemometrics approach to FT-IR hyperspectral imaging analysis of degradation products in artwork cross-section. Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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40
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Sroka-Bartnicka A, Borkowski L, Ginalska G, Ślósarczyk A, Kazarian SG. Structural transformation of synthetic hydroxyapatite under simulated in vivo conditions studied with ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2017; 171:155-161. [PMID: 27513683 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxyapatite and carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite are widely used in bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. Both apatite materials were embedded into recently developed ceramic/polymer composites, subjected to Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for 30days and characterized using ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging to assess their behaviour and structures. The specific aim was to detect the transition phases between both types of hydroxyapatite during the test and to analyze the surface modification caused by SBF. ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging was successfully applied to characterise changes in the hydroxyapatite lattice due to the elastic properties of the scaffolds. It was observed that SBF treatment caused a replacement of phosphates in the lattice of non-substituted hydroxyapatite by carbonate ions. A detailed study excluded the formation of pure A type carbonate apatite. In turn, CO32- content in synthetic carbonate-substituted hydroxyapatite decreased. The usefulness of ATR-FTIR spectroscopic imaging studies in the evaluation of elastic and porous β-glucan hydroxyapatite composites has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
| | - Leszek Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093 Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Ślósarczyk
- Faculty of Materials Science and Ceramics, AGH-University of Science and Technology, Mickiewicza 30, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
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41
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Gabrieli F, Rosi F, Vichi A, Cartechini L, Pensabene Buemi L, Kazarian SG, Miliani C. Revealing the Nature and Distribution of Metal Carboxylates in Jackson Pollock's Alchemy (1947) by Micro-Attenuated Total Reflection FT-IR Spectroscopic Imaging. Anal Chem 2016; 89:1283-1289. [PMID: 28035811 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b04065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Protrusions, efflorescence, delamination, and opacity decreasing are severe degradation phenomena affecting oil paints with zinc oxide, one of the most common white pigments of the 20th century. Responsible for these dramatic alterations are the Zn carboxylates (also known as Zn soaps) originated by the interaction of the pigment and the fatty acids resulting from the hydrolysis of glycerides in the oil binding medium. Despite their widespread occurrence in paintings and the growing interest of the scientific community, the process of formation and evolution of Zn soaps is not yet fully understood. In this study micro-attenuated total reflection (ATR)-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging was required for the investigation at the microscale level of the nature and distribution of Zn soaps in the painting Alchemy by J. Pollock (1947, Peggy Guggenheim Collection, Venice) and for comparison with artificially aged model samples. For both actual samples and models, the role of AlSt(OH)2, a jellifying agent commonly added in 20th century paint tube formulations, proved decisive for the formation of zinc stearate-like (ZnSt2) soaps. It was observed that ZnSt2-like soaps first form around the added AlSt(OH)2 particles and then eventually grow within the whole painting stratigraphy as irregularly shaped particles. In some of the Alchemy samples, and diversely from the models, a peculiar distribution of ZnSt2 aggregates arranged as rounded and larger particles was also documented. Notably, in one of these samples, larger agglomerates of ZnSt2 expanding toward the support of the painting were observed and interpreted as the early stage of the formation of internal protrusions. Micro-ATR-FT-IR spectroscopic imaging, thanks to a very high chemical specificity combined with high spatial resolution, was proved to give valuable information for assessing the conservation state of irreplaceable 20th century oil paintings, revealing the chemical distribution of Zn soaps within the paint stratigraphy before their effect becomes disruptive.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesca Rosi
- CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Vichi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Cartechini
- CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London , South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom
| | - Costanza Miliani
- CNR-ISTM, Istituto di Science e Tecnologie Molecolari , Perugia, Italy
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42
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Prati S, Sciutto G, Bonacini I, Mazzeo R. New Frontiers in Application of FTIR Microscopy for Characterization of Cultural Heritage Materials. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:26. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0025-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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43
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Monico L, Janssens K, Cotte M, Sorace L, Vanmeert F, Brunetti BG, Miliani C. Chromium speciation methods and infrared spectroscopy for studying the chemical reactivity of lead chromate-based pigments in oil medium. Microchem J 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2015.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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44
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Dallongeville S, Garnier N, Rolando C, Tokarski C. Proteins in Art, Archaeology, and Paleontology: From Detection to Identification. Chem Rev 2015; 116:2-79. [PMID: 26709533 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.5b00037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Dallongeville
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Garnier
- SARL Laboratoire Nicolas Garnier , 63270 Vic le Comte, France
| | - Christian Rolando
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
| | - Caroline Tokarski
- Miniaturisation pour la Synthèse, l'Analyse & la Protéomique (MSAP), USR CNRS 3290, Université de Lille 1 Sciences et Technologies , 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq Cedex, France
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45
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Influence of pigments and protein aging on protein identification in historically representative casein-based paints using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:203-15. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9089-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2015] [Revised: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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46
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Hu W, Zhang H, Zhang B. Identification of Organic Binders in Ancient Chinese Paintings by Immunological Techniques. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2015; 21:1278-1287. [PMID: 26428439 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927615015147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The identification and localization of organic binders in artworks are big challenges in archaeology and conservation science. Immunological techniques, such as enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and immunofluorescence microscopy (IFM) have the potential to become powerful tools for the analysis of organic materials in ancient samples. In this study, ELISA and IFM techniques were combined to identify chicken ovalbumin, glue from several mammalian species, bovine milk, and fish glue in ancient Chinese painting samples. As binders, egg ovalbumin was found in two painting samples and animal glue was found in three samples, which were dated from the 4th to 8th centuries. The results clearly demonstrate that ELISA and IFM can be used to validate results from ancient samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Hu
- 1Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,P.R. China
| | - Hui Zhang
- 2Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310028,P.R. China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- 1Department of Chemistry,Zhejiang University,Hangzhou 310027,P.R. China
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47
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Wrobel TP, Vichi A, Baranska M, Kazarian SG. Micro-Attenuated Total Reflection Fourier Transform Infrared (Micro ATR FT-IR) Spectroscopic Imaging with Variable Angles of Incidence. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2015; 69:1170-1174. [PMID: 26449810 DOI: 10.1366/15-07963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The control of the angle of incidence in attenuated total reflection (ATR) Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy allows for the probing of the sample at different depths of penetration of the evanescent wave. This approach has been recently coupled with macro-imaging capability using a diamond ATR accessory. In this paper, the design of optical apertures for the micro-germanium (Ge) ATR objective is presented for an FT-IR spectroscopic imaging microscope, allowing measurements with different angles of incidence. This approach provides the possibility of three-dimensional (3D) profiling in micro-ATR FT-IR imaging mode. The proof of principle results for measurements of polymer laminate samples at different angles of incidence confirm that controlling the depth of penetration is possible using a Ge ATR objective with added apertures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz P Wrobel
- Jagiellonian Centre for Experimental Therapeutics (JCET), Jagiellonian University, Bobrzynskiego 14, 30-348 Krakow, Poland
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48
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Sroka-Bartnicka A, Kimber JA, Borkowski L, Pawlowska M, Polkowska I, Kalisz G, Belcarz A, Jozwiak K, Ginalska G, Kazarian SG. The biocompatibility of carbon hydroxyapatite/β-glucan composite for bone tissue engineering studied with Raman and FTIR spectroscopic imaging. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:7775-85. [PMID: 26277184 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8943-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The spectroscopic approaches of FTIR imaging and Raman mapping were applied to the characterisation of a new carbon hydroxyapatite/β-glucan composite developed for bone tissue engineering. The composite is an artificial bone material with an apatite-forming ability for the bone repair process. Rabbit bone samples were tested with an implanted bioactive material for a period of several months. Using spectroscopic and chemometric methods, we were able to determine the presence of amides and phosphates and the distribution of lipid-rich domains in the bone tissue, providing an assessment of the composite's bioactivity. Samples were also imaged in transmission using an infrared microscope combined with a focal plane array detector. CaF2 lenses were also used on the infrared microscope to improve spectral quality by reducing scattering artefacts, improving chemometric analysis. The presence of collagen and lipids at the bone/composite interface confirmed biocompatibility and demonstrate the suitability of FTIR microscopic imaging with lenses in studying these samples. It confirmed that the composite is a very good background for collagen growth and increases collagen maturity with the time of the bone growth process. The results indicate the bioactive and biocompatible properties of this composite and demonstrate how Raman and FTIR spectroscopic imaging have been used as an effective tool for tissue characterisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
| | - James A Kimber
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Leszek Borkowski
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta Pawlowska
- Department of Animal Physiology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Izabela Polkowska
- Department and Clinic of Animal Surgery, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Akademicka 13, 20-950, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kalisz
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Anna Belcarz
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Jozwiak
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Grazyna Ginalska
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 1, 20-093, Lublin, Poland
| | - Sergei G Kazarian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, SW7 2AZ, UK.
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49
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Papliaka ZE, Vaccari L, Zanini F, Sotiropoulou S. Improving FTIR imaging speciation of organic compound residues or their degradation products in wall painting samples, by introducing a new thin section preparation strategy based on cyclododecane pre-treatment. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 407:5393-403. [PMID: 25925858 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-8698-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) imaging in transmission mode, employing a bidimensional focal plane array (FPA) detector, was applied for the detection and spatially resolved chemical characterisation of organic compounds or their degradation products within the stratigraphy of a critical group of fragments, originating from prehistoric and roman wall paintings, containing a very low concentration of subsisted organic matter or its alteration products. Past analyses using attenuated total reflection (ATR) or reflection FTIR on polished cross sections failed to provide any evidence of any organic material assignable as binding medium of the original painting. In order to improve the method's performance, in the present study, a new method of sample preparation in thin section was developed. The procedure is based on the use of cyclododecane C12H24 as embedding material and a subsequent double-side polishing of the specimen. Such procedure provides samples to be studied in FTIR transmission mode without losing the information on the spatial distribution of the detected materials in the paint stratigraphy. For comparison purposes, the same samples were also studied after opening their stratigraphy with a diamond anvil cell. Both preparation techniques offered high-quality chemical imaging of the decay products of an organic substance, giving clues to the painting technique. In addition, the thin sections resulting from the cyclododecane pre-treatment offered more layer-specific data, as the layer thickness and order remained unaffected, whereas the samples resulting from compression within the diamond cell were slightly deformed; however, since thinner and more homogenous, they provided higher spectral quality in terms of S/N ratio. In summary, the present study illustrates the appropriateness of FTIR imaging in transmission mode associated with a new thin section preparation strategy to detect and localise very low-concentrated organic matter subjected to deterioration processes, when the application of FTIR in reflection mode or FTIR-ATR fails to give any relevant information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoi Eirini Papliaka
- Elettra Sincrotrone Trieste S.C.p.A., AREA Science Park, 34149, Basovizza, Trieste, Italy,
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50
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Echard JP, Thoury M, Berrie BH, Séverin-Fabiani T, Vichi A, Didier M, Réfrégiers M, Bertrand L. Synchrotron DUV luminescence micro-imaging to identify and map historical organic coatings on wood. Analyst 2015; 140:5344-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an00483g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Collagen-based materials in historical coatings were characterised and imaged at the sub-micrometer scale using synchrotron DUV luminescence microspectroscopy and spectro-imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Philippe Echard
- Equipe Conservation Recherche du Musée de la musique
- CRC USR 3224
- F-75019 Paris
- France
| | - Mathieu Thoury
- IPANEMA USR 3461
- CNRS
- F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
| | - Barbara H. Berrie
- Scientific Research Department
- National Gallery of Art
- Washington D.C. 20565
- USA
| | | | | | - Marie Didier
- Equipe Conservation Recherche du Musée de la musique
- CRC USR 3224
- F-75019 Paris
- France
| | | | - Loïc Bertrand
- IPANEMA USR 3461
- CNRS
- F-91192 Gif-sur-Yvette
- France
- Synchrotron SOLEIL
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