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Maculewicz J, Świacka K, Stepnowski P, Dołżonek J, Białk-Bielińska A. Ionic liquids as potentially hazardous pollutants: Evidences of their presence in the environment and recent analytical developments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 437:129353. [PMID: 35738170 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquids (ILs) are considered to be very promising group of chemicals and the number of their potential applications is growing rapidly. However, while these compounds were originally proposed as a green alternative to classical solvents, there are certain doubts as to whether this classification is correct. Although in recent years there have been first reports published proving the presence of some ILs in the environment and even in human blood, at this point the scale of this possible problem is not yet fully understood. However, there is no doubt that as the number of ILs applications increases, analytical capabilities for rapid detection of possible environmental contamination should be also considered. Therefore, in this review paper, recent evidences for the ILs environmental contamination as well as analytical achievements related to the extraction of ILs from various environmental matrices have been summarized and important gaps and future perspectives have been pointed out. Based on the presented data it might be concluded that there is the urgent need for further development towards risk assessment of these potential environmental contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Maculewicz
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland.
| | - Klaudia Świacka
- Department of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdansk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Piotr Stepnowski
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dołżonek
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Anna Białk-Bielińska
- Department of Environmental Analysis, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 63, 80-308 Gdańsk, Poland
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Seyfinejad B, Jouyban K, Dehpour AR, Jafari RM, Charkhpour M, Mogaddam MRA, Jouyban A. Ion-pair hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis for the determination of biogenic amines in rat tissues. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 219:114909. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Badiee H, Zanjanchi MA, Zamani A, Fashi A. Solvent stir bar microextraction technique with three-hollow fiber configuration for trace determination of nitrite in river water samples. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:32967-32976. [PMID: 31512131 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06336-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, trace determination of nitrite in river water samples was studied using solvent stir bar microextraction system with three-hollow fiber configuration (3HF-SSBME) as a preconcentration step prior to UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The obtained results showed that the increase in the number of solvent bars can improve the extraction performance by increasing the contact area between acceptor and sample solutions. The extraction process relies on the well-known oxidation-reduction reaction of nitrite with iodide excess in acidic donor phase to form triiodide, and then its extraction into organic acceptor phase using a cationic surfactant. Various extraction parameters affecting the method were optimized and examined in detail. Detection limit of 1.6 μg L-1 and preconcentration factor of 282 can be attained after an extraction time of 8 min under the optimum conditions of this technique. The proposed method showed a linear response up to 1000 μg L-1 (r2 = 0.996) with relative standard deviation values less than 4.0%. The accuracy of the developed method was assessed using the Griess technique. Finally, the proposed method was successfully employed for quantification of nitrite in river water samples (Ghezelozan, Zanjan, Iran).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Badiee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Zanjanchi
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, University Campus 2, Rasht, Iran
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Guilan, Rasht, 41335-1914, Iran
| | - Abbasali Zamani
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran.
| | - Armin Fashi
- Environmental Science Research Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, University of Zanjan, Zanjan, 45371-38791, Iran
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Fashi A, Salarian AA, Zamani A. Solvent-stir bar microextraction system using pure tris-(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate as supported liquid membrane: A new and efficient design for the extraction of malondialdehyde from biological fluids. Talanta 2018; 182:299-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Timmer N, Scherpenisse P, Hermens JLM, Droge STJ. Evaluating solid phase (micro-) extraction tools to analyze freely ionizable and permanently charged cationic surfactants. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 1002:26-38. [PMID: 29306411 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Working with and analysis of cationic surfactants can be problematic since aqueous concentrations are difficult to control, both when taking environmental aqueous samples as well as performing laboratory work with spiked concentrations. For a selection of 32 amine based cationic surfactants (including C8- to C18-alkylamines, C14-dialkyldimethylammonium, C8-tetraalkylammonium, benzalkonium and pyridinium compounds), the extraction from aqueous samples was studied in detail. Aqueous concentrations were determined using solid phase extraction (SPE; 3 mL/60 mg Oasis WCX-SPE cartridges) with recoveries of ≥80% for 30 compounds, and ≥90% for 16 compounds. Sorption to glassware was evaluated in 120 mL flasks, 40 mL vials and 1.5 mL autosampler vials, using 15 mM NaCl, where the glass binding of simple primary amines and quaternary ammonium compounds increased with alkyl chain length. Sorption to the outside of pipette tips (≤20% of total amount in solution) when sampling aqueous solutions may interfere with accurate measurements. Polyacrylate solid phase microextraction (PA-SPME) fibers with two coating thicknesses (7 and 35 μm) were tested as potential extraction devices. The uptake kinetics, pH-dependence and influence of ionic strength on sorption to PA fibers were studied. Changing medium from 100 mM Na+ to 10 mM Ca2+ decreases Kfw with one order of magnitude. Results indicate that for PA-SPME neutral amines are absorbed rather than adsorbed, although the exact sorption mechanism remains to be elucidated. Further research remains necessary to establish a definitive applicability domain for PA-SPME. However, results indicate that alkyl chain lengths ≥14 carbon atoms and multiple alkyl chains become problematic. A calibration curve should always be measured together with the samples. In conclusion, it seems that for amine based surfactants PA-SPME does not provide the reliability and reproducibility necessary for precise sorption experiments, specifically for alkyl chain lengths beyond 12 carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels Timmer
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Scherpenisse
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Joop L M Hermens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Steven T J Droge
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, Department Freshwater and Marine Ecology, P.O. Box 94248, 1090 GE Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Alsharif AMA, Tan GH, Choo YM, Lawal A. Efficiency of Hollow Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Chromatography Methods in the Separation of Organic Compounds: A Review. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 55:378-391. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mohamed Ali Alsharif
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Arab Centre for Desertification and Development of Saharian Societies, Murzuk, Libya
| | - Guan-Huat Tan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Yeun-Mun Choo
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Abubakar Lawal
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
- Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, Umaru Musa Yar'adua University Katsina, Nigeria
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Ghamari F, Bahrami A, Yamini Y, Shahna FG, Moghimbeigi A. Development of Hollow-Fiber Liquid-Phase Microextraction Method for Determination of Urinary trans,trans-Muconic Acid as a Biomarker of Benzene Exposure. ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY INSIGHTS 2016; 11:65-71. [PMID: 27660405 PMCID: PMC5019127 DOI: 10.4137/aci.s40177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2016] [Revised: 07/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
For the first time, hollow-fiber liquid-phase microextraction combined with high-performance liquid chromatography–ultraviolet was used to extract trans,trans-muconic acid, in urine samples of workers who had been exposed to benzene. The parameters affecting the metabolite extraction were optimized as follows: the volume of sample solution was 11 mL with pH 2, liquid membrane containing dihexyl ether as the supporter, 15% (w/v) of trioctylphosphine oxide as the carrier, the time of extraction was 120 minutes, and stirring rate was 500 rpm. Organic phase impregnated in the pores of a hollow fiber was extracted into 24 µL solution of 0.05 mol L−1 Na2CO3 located inside the lumen of the fiber. Under optimized conditions, a high enrichment factor of 153–182 folds, relative recovery of 83%–92%, and detection limit of 0.001 µg mL−1 were obtained. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of ttMA in real urine samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Ghamari
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abdulrahman Bahrami
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Yadollah Yamini
- Chemistry Professor, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farshid Ghorbani Shahna
- Excellence Centre of Occupational Health, Research Center for Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Abbas Moghimbeigi
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Center of Health Research, Hamedan University of Medical Sciences, Hamedan, Iran
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Prieto-Blanco M, Argente-García A, Campíns-Falcó P. A capillary liquid chromatography method for benzalkonium chloride determination as a component or contaminant in mixtures of biocides. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1431:176-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.12.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Application of magnetic solvent bar liquid-phase microextraction for determination of organophosphorus pesticides in fruit juice samples by gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2015; 176:197-204. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Wu L, Song Y, Hu M, Xu X, Zhang H, Yu A, Ma Q, Wang Z. Determination of sulfonamides in butter samples by ionic liquid magnetic bar liquid-phase microextraction high-performance liquid chromatography. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:569-80. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8288-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Revised: 10/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Li P, Hu B, He M, Chen B. Ion pair hollow fiber liquid–liquid–liquid microextraction combined with capillary electrophoresis-ultraviolet detection for the determination of thyroid hormones in human serum. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1356:23-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 06/07/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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12
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Development of a Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction Procedure for Biodegradation Studies on Nonylphenol Propoxylates Under Aerobic Conditions. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2014; 17:111-120. [PMID: 24415899 PMCID: PMC3880491 DOI: 10.1007/s11743-013-1479-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic biodegradation behavior of nonylphenol propoxylates was investigated using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction as a simple and fast technique for sample preparation. The developed method proved to be efficient for the isolation and concentration of nonylphenol propoxylates before their quantification with the use of high performance liquid chromatography. The primary biodegradation of nonylphenol propoxylates was approximately 80 % by 10 days after the beginning of the test. However, the biodegradation products which were identified with the use of mass spectrometric detection persisted for many days.
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Boyacı E, Sparham C, Pawliszyn J. Thin-film microextraction coupled to LC-ESI-MS/MS for determination of quaternary ammonium compounds in water samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 406:409-20. [PMID: 24337184 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 11/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The dual nature of the quaternary ammonium compounds, having permanently charged hydrophilic quaternary ammonium heads and long-chain hydrophobic tails, makes the sample preparation step and analysis of these compounds challenging. A high-throughput method based on thin-film solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry was developed for simultaneous quantitative analysis of nine benzylic and aliphatic quaternary ammonium compounds. Chromatographic separation and detection of analytes were obtained in reverse-phase mode in 8 min using a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Hydrophilic lipophilic balance particle-coated blades were found to be the most suitable among the different coatings tested in terms of recoveries and carryover on the blades. For desorption solvents, 70/30, v/v (A/B) with 0.1 % formic acid (where A is 10 mM ammonium acetate in acetonitrile/water (95/5 , v/v) and B is 0.1 % (v/v) formic acid in isopropyl alcohol) was shown to be the most efficient solvent for the desorption of the analytes from the SPME sorbent. The SPME method was optimised in terms of extraction, pH, and preconditioning, as well as extraction and desorption times. Optimum conditions were 45 min of extraction time and 15 min of desorption time, all with agitation. The extraction was found to be optimum in a range of pH 6.0 to 8.0, which is consistent with the natural pH of water samples. Wide linear dynamic ranges with the developed method were obtained for each compound, enabling the application of the method for a wide range of concentrations. The developed method was validated according to the Food and Drug Administration criteria. The proposed method is the first SPME-based approach describing the applicability of the high-throughput thin-film SPME in a 96-well system for analysis of such challenging compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ezel Boyacı
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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Gao L, Jönsson JÅ. Determination of Melamine in Fresh Milk with Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction Based on Ion-Pair Mechanism Combined with High Performance Liquid Chromatography. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.688084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.647193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bello-López MÁ, Ramos-Payán M, Ocaña-González JA, Fernández-Torres R, Callejón-Mochón M. Analytical Applications of Hollow Fiber Liquid Phase Microextraction (HF-LPME): A Review. ANAL LETT 2012. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2012.655676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Olkowska E, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J. Analytical procedures for the determination of surfactants in environmental samples. Talanta 2012; 88:1-13. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2011.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Liquid phase micro-extraction of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate anionic surfactants in aqueous samples. MEMBRANES 2011; 1:299-313. [PMID: 24957870 PMCID: PMC4021876 DOI: 10.3390/membranes1040299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hollow fiber liquid phase micro-extraction (LPME) of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates (LAS) from aqueous samples was studied. Ion pair extraction of C10, C11, C12 and C13 homologues was facilitated with trihexylamine as ion-pairing agent, using di-n-hexylether as solvent for the supported liquid membrane (SLM). Effects of extraction time, acceptor buffer concentration, stirring speed, sample volume, NaCl and humic acids were studied. At 10–50 μg L−1 linear R2-coefficients were 0.99 for C10 and C11 and 0.96 for C12. RSD was typically ∼15%. Three observations were especially made. Firstly, LPME for these analytes was unusually slow with maximum enrichment observed after 15–24 h (depending on sample volume). Secondly, the enrichment depended on LAS sample concentration with 35–150 times enrichment below ∼150 μg L−1 and 1850–4400 times enrichment at 1 mg L−1. Thirdly, lower homologues were enriched more than higher homologues at low sample concentrations, with reversed conditions at higher concentrations. These observations may be due to the fact that LAS and the amine counter ion themselves influence the mass transfer at the water-SLM interface. The observations on LPME of LAS may aid in LPME application to other compounds with surfactant properties or in surfactant enhanced membrane extraction of other compounds.
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Cobzac SC, Gocan S. SAMPLE PREPARATION FOR HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY: RECENT PROGRESS. J LIQ CHROMATOGR R T 2011. [DOI: 10.1080/10826076.2011.588064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Codruta Cobzac
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Gocan
- a Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Babes-Bolyai University , Cluj Napoca, Romania
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Olkowska E, Polkowska Ż, Namieśnik J. Analytics of Surfactants in the Environment: Problems and Challenges. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5667-700. [DOI: 10.1021/cr100107g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Olkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
| | - Żaneta Polkowska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
| | - Jacek Namieśnik
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Chemical Faculty, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), ul. G. Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdańsk, Poland,
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Larsson N, Petersson E, Rylander M, Jönsson JÃK. Continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction and monitoring of pharmaceuticals in a sewage treatment plant effluent. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2009; 1:59-67. [PMID: 32938143 DOI: 10.1039/b9ay00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A method for simultaneous extraction and quantification of four non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) based on continuous flow hollow fiber liquid-phase microextraction (CFHF-LPME) was developed. The effect of sample flow rate, acceptor flow rate, type of acceptor flow (continuous, semi-continuous or forward-backward), type of supported liquid membrane and sample volume was studied. The extraction of the final method was linear over an environmentally relevant concentration range and yielded high enrichment factors (720-940 times) in reagent water and (270-800 times) in sewage water for all analytes within 45 min. Repeatability was best (RSD 6-15%) during the first 30 min of extraction. The optimised method was used to monitor the occurrence and fate of the four NSAIDs in a Swedish sewage treatment plant (STP) effluent, which is discharged into a system of ponds before release into a river, during the period May-September 2008. All four analytes were detected at concentrations up to 0.92 µg L-1 ketoprofen, 0.08 µg L-1 naproxen, 0.43 µg L-1 diclofenac and 0.25 µg L-1 ibuprofen. A concentration drop during the summer was observed. For diclofenac and ketoprofen significant removal in the primary recipient pond system was observed. The presence of the studied pharmaceuticals in STP effluent together with concern about their environmental effects makes monitoring of their occurrence and knowledge of their environmental fate important. The proposed method provides a basis for automation of extraction towards on-site extraction using CFHF-LPME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Larsson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Estelle Petersson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Marika Rylander
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Jan à Ke Jönsson
- Division of Analytical Chemistry, Lund University, P.O. Box 124, 221 00, Lund, Sweden.
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