1
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Ortiz-Rivero E, González-Gómez CD, Rica RA, Haro-González P. Effect of the Photoexcitation Wavelength and Polarization on the Generated Heat by a Nd-Doped Microspinner at the Microscale. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2308534. [PMID: 38573943 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024]
Abstract
Thermal control at small scales is critical for studying temperature-dependent biological systems and microfluidic processes. Concerning this, optical trapping provides a contactless method to remotely study microsized heating sources. This work introduces a birefringent luminescent microparticle of NaLuF4:Nd3+ as a local heater in a liquid system. When optically trapped with a circularly polarized laser beam, the microparticle rotates and heating is induced through multiphonon relaxation of the Nd3+ ions. The temperature increment in the surrounding medium is investigated, reaching a maximum heating of ≈5 °C within a 30 µm radius around the static particle under 51 mW laser excitation at 790 nm. Surprisingly, this study reveals that the particle's rotation minimally affects the temperature distribution, contrary to the intuitive expectation of liquid stirring. The influence of the microparticle rotation on the reduction of heating transfer is analyzed. Numerical simulations confirm that the thermal distribution remains consistent regardless of spinning. Instead, the orientation-dependence of the luminescence process emerges as a key factor responsible for the reduction in heating. The anisotropy in particle absorption and the lag between the orientation of the particle and the laser polarization angle contribute to this effect. Therefore, caution must be exercised when employing spinning polarization-dependent luminescent particles for microscale thermal analysis using rotation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Ortiz-Rivero
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Carlos D González-Gómez
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Department of Applied Physics II, Universidad de Málaga, Málaga, 29071, Spain
| | - Raúl A Rica
- Nanoparticles Trapping Laboratory, Department of Applied Physics, Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
- Research Unit "Modeling Nature" (MNat), Universidad de Granada, Granada, 18071, Spain
| | - Patricia Haro-González
- Nanomaterials for Bioimaging Group, Departamento de Física de Materiales, Facultad de Ciencias & Instituto de materiales Nicolás Cabrera, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, 28049, Spain
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2
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Zaman MA, Wu M, Ren W, Hesselink L. Impedance matching in optically induced dielectrophoresis: Effect of medium conductivity on trapping force. APPLIED PHYSICS LETTERS 2024; 125:051108. [PMID: 39100735 PMCID: PMC11296733 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/20/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024]
Abstract
An impedance analysis for optically induced dielectrophoresis is presented. A circuit model is developed for this purpose. The model parameters are fully defined in terms of the geometrical and material properties of the system. It is shown that trapping force can only be generated when the material properties follow certain impedance matching conditions. The impedance match factor is introduced to succinctly quantify the phenomenon. It is used to calculate bounds on the allowed electrical conductivity of the suspension medium. Results from the proposed model are found to be in good agreement with full-wave numerical simulations. By computing the acceptable set of material parameters with little computational cost, the presented analysis can streamline ODEP system design for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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3
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Niu J, Lin S, Xu Y, Tong S, Wang Z, Cui S, Liu Y, Chen D, Cui D. A stepwise multi-stage continuous dielectrophoresis separation microfluidic chip with microfilter structures. Talanta 2024; 279:126585. [PMID: 39053361 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2024.126585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2024] [Revised: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
The separation of target microparticles using microfluidic systems owns extensive applications in biomedical, chemical, and materials science fields. Integration of microfluidic sorting systems employing dielectrophoresis (DEP) technology has been widely investigated. However, enhancing separation efficiency, purity, stability, and integration remains a pressing issue. This study proposes a stepwise multi-stage continuous DEP separation microfluidic chip with a microfilter structure. By leveraging a stepwise electrode configuration, a gradient electric field is generated to drive target microparticles along the electric field gradient, thereby enhancing separation efficiency. Innovative integration of a microfilter structure facilitates simultaneous filtration and improves flow field distribution, thus enhancing system stability. Through the synergistic effect of stepwise electrodes and the microfilter structure, superior coupling of electric and flow fields is achieved, consequently improving the sorting purity, separation efficiency, and system stability of the DEP-based microfluidic sorting system. Validation through simulation and separation of polystyrene microspheres demonstrates the excellent particle separation performance of the proposed system. It evidently shows potential for seamless extension to various biological microparticle sorting applications, harboring significant prospects in the biomedical domain field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Niu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shujing Lin
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
| | - Yichong Xu
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, PR China
| | - Siyu Tong
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Zhitao Wang
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Shengsheng Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Yanlei Liu
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Di Chen
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China
| | - Daxiang Cui
- School of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Intelligent Diagnosis and Treatment Instrument, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, PR China.
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4
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Shen Y, Gwak H, Han B. Advanced manufacturing of nanoparticle formulations of drugs and biologics using microfluidics. Analyst 2024; 149:614-637. [PMID: 38083968 PMCID: PMC10842755 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01739g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Numerous innovative nanoparticle formulations of drugs and biologics, named nano-formulations, have been developed in the last two decades. However, methods for their scaled-up production are still lagging, as the amount needed for large animal tests and clinical trials is typically orders of magnitude larger. This manufacturing challenge poses a critical barrier to successfully translating various nano-formulations. This review focuses on how microfluidics technology has become a powerful tool to overcome this challenge by synthesizing various nano-formulations with improved particle properties and product purity in large quantities. This microfluidic-based manufacturing is enabled by microfluidic mixing, which is capable of the precise and continuous control of the synthesis of nano-formulations. We further discuss the specific applications of hydrodynamic flow focusing, a staggered herringbone micromixer, a T-junction mixer, a micro-droplet generator, and a glass capillary on various types of nano-formulations of polymeric, lipid, inorganic, and nanocrystals. Various separation and purification microfluidic methods to enhance the product purity are reviewed, including acoustofluidics, hydrodynamics, and dielectrophoresis. We further discuss the challenges of microfluidics being used by broader research and industrial communities. We also provide future outlooks of its enormous potential as a decentralized approach for manufacturing nano-formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Shen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Hogyeong Gwak
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
- Purdue University Institute for Cancer Research, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
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5
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Mahani MA, Karimvand AN, Naserifar N. Optimized hybrid dielectrophoretic microchip for separation of bioparticles. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2300257. [PMID: 37480169 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202300257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Point-of-care diagnostics requires a smart separation of particles and/or cells. In this work, the multiorifice fluid fractionation as a passive method and dielectrophoresis-based actuator as an active tool are combined to offer a new device for size-based particle separation. The main objective of the combination of these two well-established techniques is to improve the performance of the multiorifice fluid fractionation by taking advantage of dielectrophoresis-based actuator for separating particles. Initially, by using numerical simulations, the effect of using dielectrophoresis-based actuator in multiorifice fluid fractionation on the separation of particles was investigated, and the size of the device was optimized by 25% compared to a device without dielectrophoresis-based actuator. Also, adding dielectrophoresis-based actuator to multiorifice fluid fractionation can extend the range of flow rates needed for separation. In the absence of dielectrophoresis-based actuator, the separation took place only when the flow rate is 100 μL/min, in the presence of dielectrophoresis-based actuator (20 Vp-p), the separation happened in flow rates ranging from 70 to 120 μL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moheb Amir Mahani
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Naser Naserifar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
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Ryu JE, Park S, Park Y, Ryu SW, Hwang K, Jang HW. Technological Breakthroughs in Chip Fabrication, Transfer, and Color Conversion for High-Performance Micro-LED Displays. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2023; 35:e2204947. [PMID: 35950613 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The implementation of high-efficiency and high-resolution displays has been the focus of considerable research interest. Recently, micro light-emitting diodes (micro-LEDs), which are inorganic light-emitting diodes of size <100 µm2 , have emerged as a promising display technology owing to their superior features and advantages over other displays like liquid crystal displays and organic light-emitting diodes. Although many companies have introduced micro-LED displays since 2012, obstacles to mass production still exist. Three major challenges, i.e., low quantum efficiency, time-consuming transfer, and complex color conversion, have been overcome with technological breakthroughs to realize cost-effective micro-LED displays. In the review, methods for improving the degraded quantum efficiency of GaN-based micro-LEDs induced by the size effect are examined, including wet chemical treatment, passivation layer adoption, LED structure design, and growing LEDs in self-passivated structures. Novel transfer technologies, including pick-up transfer and self-assembly methods, for developing large-area micro-LED displays with high yield and reliability are discussed in depth. Quantum dots as color conversion materials for high color purity, and deposition methods such as electrohydrodynamic jet printing or contact printing on micro-LEDs are also addressed. This review presents current status and critical challenges of micro-LED technology and promising technical breakthroughs for commercialization of high-performance displays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-El Ryu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohyeon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjo Park
- Advance Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Wan Ryu
- Department of Physics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungwook Hwang
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Suwon, 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho Won Jang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Research Institute of Advanced Materials, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Advance Institute of Convergence Technology, Seoul National University, Suwon, 16229, Republic of Korea
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7
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Cha H, Dai Y, Hansen HHWB, Ouyang L, Chen X, Kang X, An H, Ta HT, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Asymmetrical Obstacles Enable Unilateral Inertial Focusing and Separation in Sinusoidal Microchannel. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2023; 4:0036. [PMID: 37342212 PMCID: PMC10278993 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Inertial microfluidics uses the intrinsic fluid inertia in confined channels to manipulate the particles and cells in a simple, high-throughput, and precise manner. Inertial focusing in a straight channel results in several equilibrium positions within the cross sections. Introducing channel curvature and adjusting the cross-sectional aspect ratio and shape can modify inertial focusing positions and can reduce the number of equilibrium positions. In this work, we introduce an innovative way to adjust the inertial focusing and reduce equilibrium positions by embedding asymmetrical obstacle microstructures. We demonstrated that asymmetrical concave obstacles could break the symmetry of original inertial focusing positions, resulting in unilateral focusing. In addition, we characterized the influence of obstacle size and 3 asymmetrical obstacle patterns on unilateral inertial focusing. Finally, we applied differential unilateral focusing on the separation of 10- and 15-μm particles and isolation of brain cancer cells (U87MG) from white blood cells (WBCs), respectively. The results indicated an excellent cancer cell recovery of 96.4% and WBC rejection ratio of 98.81%. After single processing, the purity of the cancer cells was dramatically enhanced from 1.01% to 90.13%, with an 89.24-fold enrichment. We believe that embedding asymmetric concave micro-obstacles is a new strategy to achieve unilateral inertial focusing and separation in curved channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Helena H. W. B. Hansen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Lingxi Ouyang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Xiangxun Chen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Xiaoyue Kang
- School of Engineering, University of Tasmania, Churchill Avenue, Tasmania 7005, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Hang Thu Ta
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
- Bioscience Discipline, School of Environment and Science, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia
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8
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Gupta K, Moon HR, Chen Z, Han B, Green NG, Wereley ST. Optically induced electrothermal microfluidic tweezers in bio-relevant media. Sci Rep 2023; 13:9819. [PMID: 37330519 PMCID: PMC10276874 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-35722-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-contact micro-manipulation tools have enabled invasion-free studies of fragile synthetic particles and biological cells. Rapid electrokinetic patterning (REP) traps target particles/cells, suspended in an electrolyte, on an electrode surface. This entrapment is electrokinetic in nature and thus depends strongly on the suspension medium's properties. REP has been well characterized for manipulating synthetic particles suspended in low concentration salt solutions (~ 2 mS/m). However, it is not studied as extensively for manipulating biological cells, which introduces an additional level of complexity due to their limited viability in hypotonic media. In this work, we discuss challenges posed by isotonic electrolytes and suggest solutions to enable REP manipulation in bio-relevant media. Various formulations of isotonic media (salt and sugar-based) are tested for their compatibility with REP. REP manipulation is observed in low concentration salt-based media such as 0.1× phosphate buffered saline (PBS) when the device electrodes are passivated with a dielectric layer. We also show manipulation of murine pancreatic cancer cells suspended in a sugar-based (8.5% w/v sucrose and 0.3% w/v dextrose) isotonic medium. The ability to trap mammalian cells and deposit them in custom patterns enables high-impact applications such as determining their biomechanical properties and 3D bioprinting for tissue scaffolding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kshitiz Gupta
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Hye-Ran Moon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Zhengwei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Bumsoo Han
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Nicolas G Green
- School of Electronics and Computer Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Steven T Wereley
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA.
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9
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Zhao K, Hu M, van Baalen C, Alvarez L, Isa L. Sorting of heterogeneous colloids by AC-dielectrophoretic forces in a microfluidic chip with asymmetric orifices. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 634:921-929. [PMID: 36571855 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.12.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS The synthesis of compositionally heterogeneous particles is central to the development of complex colloidal units for self-assembly and self-propulsion. Yet, as the complexity of particles grows, synthesis becomes more prone to "errors". We hypothesize that alternating-current dielectrophoretic forces can efficiently sort Janus particles, as a function of patch size and material, and colloidal dumbbells by size. EXPERIMENTS We prepared Janus particles with different patch size and material by physical vapor deposition and colloidal dumbbells via capillarity-assisted particle assembly. We then performed sorting experiments in a microfluidic chip comprising electrodes with asymmetric orifices, specifically exploiting the dielectric contrast between different portions of the particles or their size difference to steer them towards different outlets. FINDINGS We calculated that the DEP force for Janus particles may switch from positive to negative as a function of composition at a critical AC frequency, thus enabling sorting different particles crossing the electrodes' region. The predictions are confirmed by optical microscopy experiments. We also show that intact and "broken" dumbbells can be simply separated as they experience different DEP forces. The integration of multiple asymmetric orifices leads a larger zone with high field gradient to increase separation efficiency and makes it a promising tool to select precise particle populations, isolating fractions with narrowly distributed characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, 116026 Dalian, China; Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Minghan Hu
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolina van Baalen
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Laura Alvarez
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucio Isa
- Laboratory for Soft Materials and Interfaces, Department of Materials, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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10
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Riccardi M, Martin OJF. Electromagnetic Forces and Torques: From Dielectrophoresis to Optical Tweezers. Chem Rev 2023; 123:1680-1711. [PMID: 36719985 PMCID: PMC9951227 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Electromagnetic forces and torques enable many key technologies, including optical tweezers or dielectrophoresis. Interestingly, both techniques rely on the same physical process: the interaction of an oscillating electric field with a particle of matter. This work provides a unified framework to understand this interaction both when considering fields oscillating at low frequencies─dielectrophoresis─and high frequencies─optical tweezers. We draw useful parallels between these two techniques, discuss the different and often unstated assumptions they are based upon, and illustrate key applications in the fields of physical and analytical chemistry, biosensing, and colloidal science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Riccardi
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Olivier J. F. Martin
- Nanophotonics and Metrology Laboratory, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), EPFL-STI-NAM, Station 11, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
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11
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Gao T, Zhao K, Zhang J, Zhang K. DC-Dielectrophoretic Manipulation and Isolation of Microplastic Particle-Treated Microalgae Cells in Asymmetric-Orifice-Based Microfluidic Chip. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:229. [PMID: 36677290 PMCID: PMC9865771 DOI: 10.3390/mi14010229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A novel direct-current dielectrophoretic (DC-DEP) method is proposed for the manipulation and isolation of microplastic particle (MP)-treated microalgae cells according to their dielectric properties in a microfluidic chip. The lateral migration and trajectory of the microalgae cells were investigated. To induce stronger DC-DEP effects, a non-homogeneous electric-field gradient was generated by applying the DC electric voltages through triple pairs of asymmetric orifices with three small orifices and one large orifice located on the opposite microchannel wall across the whole channel, leading to the enhanced magnitude of the non-uniform electric-field gradient and effective dielectrophoretic area. The effects of the applied voltage, the polystyrene (PS) adsorption coverage, and thickness on the DC-DEP behaviors and migration were numerically investigated, and it was found that the effect of the PS adsorption thickness of the Chlorella cells on the DC-DEP behaviors can be neglected, but the effect on their trajectory shifts cannot. In this way, the separation of 3 µm and 6 µm Chlorella coated with 100% PS particles and the isolation of the Chlorella cells from those coated with various coverages and thicknesses of PS particles was successfully achieved, providing a promising method for the isolation of microalgae cells and the removal of undesired cells from a target suspension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianbo Gao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Kai Zhao
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Marine Sensing and Intelligent Detection, Department of Information Science and Technology, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Jiaqi Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Kaihuan Zhang
- 2020 X-Lab, Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
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12
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Zaman MA, Padhy P, Wu M, Ren W, Jensen MA, Davis RW, Hesselink L. Controlled Transport of Individual Microparticles Using Dielectrophoresis. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:101-110. [PMID: 36541659 PMCID: PMC10516752 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c02235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A dielectrophoretic device employing a planar array of microelectrodes is designed for controlled transport of individual microparticles. By exciting the electrodes in sequence, a moving dielectrophoretic force is created that can drag a particle across the electrodes in a straight line. The electrode shapes are designed to counter any lateral drift of the trapped particle during transport. This facilitates single particle transport by creating a narrow two-dimensional corridor for the moving dielectrophoretic force to operate on. The design and analysis processes are discussed in detail. Numerical simulations are performed to calculate the electromagnetic field distribution and the generated dielectrophoretic force near the electrodes. The Langevin equation is used for analyzing the trajectory of a microparticle under the influence of the external forces. The simulations show how the designed electrode geometry produces the necessary lateral confinement required for successful particle transport. Finally, experimental results are presented showing controlled bidirectional linear transport of single polystyrene beads of radius 10 and 5 μm for a distances 840 and 1100 μm, respectively. The capabilities of the proposed platform make it suitable for micro total analysis systems (μTAS) and lab-on-a-chip (LOC) applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Asif Zaman
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Punnag Padhy
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Mo Wu
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Michael Anthony Jensen
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Ronald W Davis
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
| | - Lambertus Hesselink
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California94305, United States
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13
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Microfluidics-based single cell analysis: From transcriptomics to spatiotemporal multi-omics. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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14
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Farasat M, Aalaei E, Kheirati Ronizi S, Bakhshi A, Mirhosseini S, Zhang J, Nguyen NT, Kashaninejad N. Signal-Based Methods in Dielectrophoresis for Cell and Particle Separation. BIOSENSORS 2022; 12:510. [PMID: 35884313 PMCID: PMC9313092 DOI: 10.3390/bios12070510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Separation and detection of cells and particles in a suspension are essential for various applications, including biomedical investigations and clinical diagnostics. Microfluidics realizes the miniaturization of analytical devices by controlling the motion of a small volume of fluids in microchannels and microchambers. Accordingly, microfluidic devices have been widely used in particle/cell manipulation processes. Different microfluidic methods for particle separation include dielectrophoretic, magnetic, optical, acoustic, hydrodynamic, and chemical techniques. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is a method for manipulating polarizable particles' trajectories in non-uniform electric fields using unique dielectric characteristics. It provides several advantages for dealing with neutral bioparticles owing to its sensitivity, selectivity, and noninvasive nature. This review provides a detailed study on the signal-based DEP methods that use the applied signal parameters, including frequency, amplitude, phase, and shape for cell/particle separation and manipulation. Rather than employing complex channels or time-consuming fabrication procedures, these methods realize sorting and detecting the cells/particles by modifying the signal parameters while using a relatively simple device. In addition, these methods can significantly impact clinical diagnostics by making low-cost and rapid separation possible. We conclude the review by discussing the technical and biological challenges of DEP techniques and providing future perspectives in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Farasat
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Ehsan Aalaei
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71936-16548, Iran; (E.A.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Saeed Kheirati Ronizi
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz 71936-16548, Iran; (E.A.); (S.K.R.)
| | - Atin Bakhshi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Shaghayegh Mirhosseini
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, College of Engineering, Tehran University, Tehran 14399-57131, Iran; (M.F.); (A.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
| | - Navid Kashaninejad
- Queensland Micro-Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; (J.Z.); (N.-T.N.)
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15
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Cha H, Fallahi H, Dai Y, Yuan D, An H, Nguyen NT, Zhang J. Multiphysics microfluidics for cell manipulation and separation: a review. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:423-444. [PMID: 35048916 DOI: 10.1039/d1lc00869b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiphysics microfluidics, which combines multiple functional physical processes in a microfluidics platform, is an emerging research area that has attracted increasing interest for diverse biomedical applications. Multiphysics microfluidics is expected to overcome the limitations of individual physical phenomena through combining their advantages. Furthermore, multiphysics microfluidics is superior for cell manipulation due to its high precision, better sensitivity, real-time tunability, and multi-target sorting capabilities. These exciting features motivate us to review this state-of-the-art field and reassess the feasibility of coupling multiple physical processes. To confine the scope of this paper, we mainly focus on five common forces in microfluidics: inertial lift, elastic, dielectrophoresis (DEP), magnetophoresis (MP), and acoustic forces. This review first explains the working mechanisms of single physical phenomena. Next, we classify multiphysics techniques in terms of cascaded connections and physical coupling, and we elaborate on combinations of designs and working mechanisms in systems reported in the literature to date. Finally, we discuss the possibility of combining multiple physical processes and associated design schemes and propose several promising future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haotian Cha
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Hedieh Fallahi
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Yuchen Dai
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Dan Yuan
- Centre for Regional and Rural Futures, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3216, Australia
| | - Hongjie An
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
| | - Jun Zhang
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland 4111, Australia.
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16
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Zeptomole detection of DNA based on microparticle dissociation from a glass plate in a combined acoustic-gravitational field. Talanta 2022; 238:123042. [PMID: 34801899 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.123042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel detection principle based on the dissociation of microparticles immobilized on a glass plate through weak hybridization involving 4-6 base pairs (bps) in a combined acoustic-gravitational field. Particle dissociation from the glass plate occurs when the resultant of the acoustic radiation force (Fac) and the sedimentation force (Fsed) exerted on the particle exceeds the binding force owing to the weak hybridization (Fbind). Because Fac and Fsed can be controlled by the microparticle density, and Fac is a function of the applied voltage to the transducer (V), an increase in V induces particle dissociation. The binding of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) onto silica microparticles (SPs) resulting from the strong hybridization of 20 bps induces an increase in the density of SPs, leading to an increase in Fac and Fsed; consequently, the voltage V required for dissociation becomes lower than that required without AuNP binding. We demonstrate that the dependence of the binding number of AuNPs per SP on V follows the theoretical prediction. The binding of 7500 AuNPs per SP can be detected as a 10 V change in V. The present approach allows the detection of 2000 DNA molecules involved in the strong hybridization between AuNPs and SP.
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17
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Thio SK, Park SY. Optical Dielectrophoretic (DEP) Manipulation of Oil-Immersed Aqueous Droplets on a Plasmonic-Enhanced Photoconductive Surface. MICROMACHINES 2022; 13:112. [PMID: 35056277 PMCID: PMC8777958 DOI: 10.3390/mi13010112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We present a plasmonic-enhanced dielectrophoretic (DEP) phenomenon to improve optical DEP performance of a floating electrode optoelectronic tweezers (FEOET) device, where aqueous droplets can be effectively manipulated on a light-patterned photoconductive surface immersed in an oil medium. To offer device simplicity and cost-effectiveness, recent studies have utilized a polymer-based photoconductive material such as titanium oxide phthalocyanine (TiOPc). However, the TiOPc has much poorer photoconductivity than that of semiconductors like amorphous silicon (a-Si), significantly limiting optical DEP applications. The study herein focuses on the FEOET device for which optical DEP performance can be greatly enhanced by utilizing plasmonic nanoparticles as light scattering elements to improve light absorption of the low-quality TiOPc. Numerical simulation studies of both plasmonic light scattering and electric field enhancement were conducted to verify wide-angle scattering light rays and an approximately twofold increase in electric field gradient with the presence of nanoparticles. Similarly, a spectrophotometric study conducted on the absorption spectrum of the TiOPc has shown light absorption improvement (nearly twofold) of the TiOPc layer. Additionally, droplet dynamics study experimentally demonstrated a light-actuated droplet speed of 1.90 mm/s, a more than 11-fold improvement due to plasmonic light scattering. This plasmonic-enhanced FEOET technology can considerably improve optical DEP capability even with poor-quality photoconductive materials, thus providing low-cost, easy-fabrication solutions for various droplet-based microfluidic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Kuan Thio
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore;
| | - Sung-Yong Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA 92182-1323, USA
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18
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Li D, Yu W, Zhou T, Li M, Song Y, Li D. Conductivity-difference-enhanced DC dielectrophoretic particle separation in a microfluidic chip. Analyst 2022; 147:1106-1116. [DOI: 10.1039/d1an02196f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Conductivity-difference-enhanced DC dielectrophoretic particle separation in a microfluidic chip. Two immiscible electrolyte solutions with different conductivities in microchannels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyu Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Weicheng Yu
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Teng Zhou
- Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, Hainan University, Hai Kou, 570228, China
| | - Mengqi Li
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yongxin Song
- Department of Marine Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ON, N2L 3G1, Canada
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19
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Zhu P, Wang L. Microfluidics-Enabled Soft Manufacture of Materials with Tailorable Wettability. Chem Rev 2021; 122:7010-7060. [PMID: 34918913 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidics and wettability are interrelated and mutually reinforcing fields, experiencing synergistic growth. Surface wettability is paramount in regulating microfluidic flows for processing and manipulating fluids at the microscale. Microfluidics, in turn, has emerged as a versatile platform for tailoring the wettability of materials. We present a critical review on the microfluidics-enabled soft manufacture (MESM) of materials with well-controlled wettability and their multidisciplinary applications. Microfluidics provides a variety of liquid templates for engineering materials with exquisite composition and morphology, laying the foundation for precisely controlling the wettability. Depending on the degree of ordering, liquid templates are divided into individual droplets, one-dimensional (1D) arrays, and two-dimensional (2D) or three-dimensional (3D) assemblies for the modular fabrication of microparticles, microfibers, and monolithic porous materials, respectively. Future exploration of MESM will enrich the diversity of chemical composition and physical structure for wettability control and thus markedly broaden the application horizons across engineering, physics, chemistry, biology, and medicine. This review aims to systematize this emerging yet robust technology, with the hope of aiding the realization of its full potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Liqiu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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20
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Li Q, Cao H, Qiu Q, Yang H, Li A, Wang Z. Effect of stacking method of fillers on the electrostatic separation performance of FCC slurry. ADV POWDER TECHNOL 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apt.2021.103401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Molloy A, Harrison J, McGrath JS, Owen Z, Smith C, Liu X, Li X, Cox JAG. Microfluidics as a Novel Technique for Tuberculosis: From Diagnostics to Drug Discovery. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9112330. [PMID: 34835455 PMCID: PMC8618277 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9112330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a global healthcare crisis, with an estimated 5.8 million new cases and 1.5 million deaths in 2020. TB is caused by infection with the major human pathogen Mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is difficult to rapidly diagnose and treat. There is an urgent need for new methods of diagnosis, sufficient in vitro models that capably mimic all physiological conditions of the infection, and high-throughput drug screening platforms. Microfluidic-based techniques provide single-cell analysis which reduces experimental time and the cost of reagents, and have been extremely useful for gaining insight into monitoring microorganisms. This review outlines the field of microfluidics and discusses the use of this novel technique so far in M. tuberculosis diagnostics, research methods, and drug discovery platforms. The practices of microfluidics have promising future applications for diagnosing and treating TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Molloy
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - James Harrison
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
| | - John S. McGrath
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Zachary Owen
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Clive Smith
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Liu
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Xin Li
- Sphere Fluidics Limited, The McClintock Building, Suite 7, Granta Park, Great Abington, Cambridge CB21 6GP, UK; (J.S.M.); (Z.O.); (C.S.); (X.L.); (X.L.)
| | - Jonathan A. G. Cox
- School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Aston Triangle, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK; (A.M.); (J.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-121-204-5011
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22
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Miyagawa A, Okada T. Particle Manipulation with External Field; From Recent Advancement to Perspectives. ANAL SCI 2021; 37:69-78. [PMID: 32921654 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20sar03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Physical forces, such as dielectric, magnetic, electric, optical, and acoustic force, provide useful principles for the manipulation of particles, which are impossible or difficult with other approaches. Microparticles, including polymer particles, liquid droplets, and biological cells, can be trapped at a particular position and are also transported to arbitrary locations in an appropriate external physical field. Since the force can be externally controlled by the field strength, we can evaluate physicochemical properties of particles from the shift of the particle location. Most of the manipulation studies are conducted for particles of sub-micrometer or larger dimensions, because the force exerted on nanomaterials or molecules is so weak that their direct manipulation is generally difficult. However, the behavior, interactions, and reactions of such small substances can be indirectly evaluated by observing microparticles, on which the targets are tethered, in a physical field. We review the recent advancements in the manipulation of particles using a physical force and discuss its potentials, advantages, and limitations from fundamental and practical perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Miyagawa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Pure and Applied Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8577, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Okada
- Department of Chemistry, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Meguro, Tokyo, 152-8551, Japan.
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23
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Xie Y, Rufo J, Zhong R, Rich J, Li P, Leong KW, Huang TJ. Microfluidic Isolation and Enrichment of Nanoparticles. ACS NANO 2020; 14:16220-16240. [PMID: 33252215 PMCID: PMC8164652 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c06336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, nanoparticles have increased in implementation to a variety of applications ranging from high-efficiency electronics to targeted drug delivery. Recently, microfluidic techniques have become an important tool to isolate and enrich populations of nanoparticles with uniform properties (e.g., size, shape, charge) due to their precision, versatility, and scalability. However, due to the large number of microfluidic techniques available, it can be challenging to identify the most suitable approach for isolating or enriching a nanoparticle of interest. In this review article, we survey microfluidic methods for nanoparticle isolation and enrichment based on their underlying mechanisms, including acoustofluidics, dielectrophoresis, filtration, deterministic lateral displacement, inertial microfluidics, optofluidics, electrophoresis, and affinity-based methods. We discuss the principles, applications, advantages, and limitations of each method. We also provide comparisons with bulk methods, perspectives for future developments and commercialization, and next-generation applications in chemistry, biology, and medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuliang Xie
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Joseph Rufo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ruoyu Zhong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Joseph Rich
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Peng Li
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, New York 10032, United States
| | - Tony Jun Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
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24
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Çağlayan Z, Demircan Yalçın Y, Külah H. A Prominent Cell Manipulation Technique in BioMEMS: Dielectrophoresis. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:E990. [PMID: 33153069 PMCID: PMC7693018 DOI: 10.3390/mi11110990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BioMEMS, the biological and biomedical applications of micro-electro-mechanical systems (MEMS), has attracted considerable attention in recent years and has found widespread applications in disease detection, advanced diagnosis, therapy, drug delivery, implantable devices, and tissue engineering. One of the most essential and leading goals of the BioMEMS and biosensor technologies is to develop point-of-care (POC) testing systems to perform rapid prognostic or diagnostic tests at a patient site with high accuracy. Manipulation of particles in the analyte of interest is a vital task for POC and biosensor platforms. Dielectrophoresis (DEP), the induced movement of particles in a non-uniform electrical field due to polarization effects, is an accurate, fast, low-cost, and marker-free manipulation technique. It has been indicated as a promising method to characterize, isolate, transport, and trap various particles. The aim of this review is to provide fundamental theory and principles of DEP technique, to explain its importance for the BioMEMS and biosensor fields with detailed references to readers, and to identify and exemplify the application areas in biosensors and POC devices. Finally, the challenges faced in DEP-based systems and the future prospects are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeynep Çağlayan
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Yağmur Demircan Yalçın
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
| | - Haluk Külah
- Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey; (Z.Ç.); (Y.D.Y.)
- METU MEMS Research and Application Center, Ankara 06800, Turkey
- Mikro Biyosistemler Electronics Inc., Ankara 06530, Turkey
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25
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Nanofabrication Techniques in Large-Area Molecular Electronic Devices. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10176064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The societal impact of the electronics industry is enormous—not to mention how this industry impinges on the global economy. The foreseen limits of the current technology—technical, economic, and sustainability issues—open the door to the search for successor technologies. In this context, molecular electronics has emerged as a promising candidate that, at least in the short-term, will not likely replace our silicon-based electronics, but improve its performance through a nascent hybrid technology. Such technology will take advantage of both the small dimensions of the molecules and new functionalities resulting from the quantum effects that govern the properties at the molecular scale. An optimization of interface engineering and integration of molecules to form densely integrated individually addressable arrays of molecules are two crucial aspects in the molecular electronics field. These challenges should be met to establish the bridge between organic functional materials and hard electronics required for the incorporation of such hybrid technology in the market. In this review, the most advanced methods for fabricating large-area molecular electronic devices are presented, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Special emphasis is focused on bottom-up methodologies for the fabrication of well-ordered and tightly-packed monolayers onto the bottom electrode, followed by a description of the top-contact deposition methods so far used.
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26
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Barbaresco F, Cocuzza M, Pirri CF, Marasso SL. Application of a Micro Free-Flow Electrophoresis 3D Printed Lab-on-a-Chip for Micro-Nanoparticles Analysis. NANOMATERIALS 2020; 10:nano10071277. [PMID: 32629794 PMCID: PMC7408601 DOI: 10.3390/nano10071277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The present work describes a novel microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis device developed by applying three-dimensional (3D) printing technology to rapid prototype a low-cost chip for micro- and nanoparticle collection and analysis. Accurate reproducibility of the device design and the integration of the inlet and outlet ports with the proper tube interconnection was achieved by the additive manufacturing process. Test prints were performed to compare the glossy and the matte type of surface finish. Analyzing the surface topography of the 3D printed device, we demonstrated how the best reproducibility was obtained with the glossy device showing a 5% accuracy. The performance of the device was demonstrated by a free-flow zone electrophoresis application on micro- and nanoparticles with different dimensions, charge surfaces and fluorescent dyes by applying different separation voltages up to 55 V. Dynamic light scattering (DLS) measurements and ultraviolet−visible spectroscopy (UV−Vis) analysis were performed on particles collected at the outlets. The percentage of particles observed at each outlet was determined in order to demonstrate the capability of the micro free-flow electrophoresis (µFFE) device to work properly in dependence of the applied electric field. In conclusion, we rapid prototyped a microfluidic device by 3D printing, which ensured micro- and nanoparticle deviation and concentration in a reduced operation volume and hence suitable for biomedical as well as pharmaceutical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Barbaresco
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Matteo Cocuzza
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
| | - Candido Fabrizio Pirri
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
| | - Simone Luigi Marasso
- Chilab-Materials and Microsystems Laboratory, DISAT, Politecnico di Torino, 10034 Chivasso (Turin), Italy; (F.B.); (M.C.); (C.F.P.)
- CNR-IMEM, Parco Area delle Scienze 37a, 43124 Parma, Italy
- Correspondence:
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27
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Rabbani MT, Sonker M, Ros A. Carbon nanotube dielectrophoresis: Theory and applications. Electrophoresis 2020; 41:1893-1914. [PMID: 32474942 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are one of the most extensively studied nanomaterials in the 21st century. Since their discovery in 1991, many studies have been reported advancing our knowledge in terms of their structure, properties, synthesis, and applications. CNTs exhibit unique electrothermal and conductive properties which, combined with their mechanical strength, have led to tremendous attention of CNTs as a nanoscale material in the past two decades. To introduce the various types of CNTs, we first provide basic information on their structure followed by some intriguing properties and a brief overview of synthesis methods. Although impressive advances have been demonstrated with CNTs, critical applications require purification, positioning, and separation to yield desired properties and functional elements. Here, we review a versatile technique to manipulate CNTs based on their dielectric properties, namely dielectrophoresis (DEP). A detailed discussion on the DEP aspects of CNTs including the theory and various technical microfluidic realizations is provided. Various advancements in DEP-based manipulations of single-walled and multiwalled CNTs are also discussed with special emphasis on applications involving separation, purification, sensing, and nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Towshif Rabbani
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA.,Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
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28
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Investigation on Inertial Sorter Coupled with Magnetophoretic Effect for Nonmagnetic Microparticles. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11060566. [PMID: 32486500 PMCID: PMC7344843 DOI: 10.3390/mi11060566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sizes of most prokaryotic cells are several microns. It is very difficult to separate cells with similar sizes. A sorter with a contraction–expansion microchannel and applied magnetic field is designed to sort microparticles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns. To evaluate the sorting efficiency of the designed sorter, numerical simulations for calculating the distributions of microparticles with similar sizes were carried out for various magnetic fields, inlet velocities, sheath flow ratios and structural parameters. The numerical results indicate that micro-particles with diameters of 3, 4 and 5 microns can be sorted efficiently in such a sorter within appropriate parameters. Furthermore, it is shown that a bigger particle size and more powerful magnetic field can result in a greater lateral migration of microparticles. The sorting efficiency of microparticles promotes a lower inlet velocity and greater sheath flow ratios. A smaller contraction–expansion ratio can induce a greater space between particle-bands. Finally, the micro particle image velocity (micro-PIV) experiments were conducted to obtain the bandwidths and spaces between particle-bands. The comparisons between the numerical and experimental results show a good agreement and make the validity of the numerical results certain.
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Differential Sorting of Microparticles Using Spiral Microchannels with Elliptic Configurations. MICROMACHINES 2020; 11:mi11040412. [PMID: 32295138 PMCID: PMC7231368 DOI: 10.3390/mi11040412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Label-free, size-dependent cell-sorting applications based on inertial focusing phenomena have attracted much interest during the last decade. The separation capability heavily depends on the precision of microparticle focusing. In this study, five-loop spiral microchannels with a height of 90 µm and a width of 500 µm are introduced. Unlike their original spiral counterparts, these channels have elliptic configurations of varying initial aspect ratios, namely major axis to minor axis ratios of 3:2, 11:9, 9:11, and 2:3. Accordingly, the curvature of these configurations increases in a curvilinear manner through the channel. The effects of the alternating curvature and channel Reynolds number on the focusing of fluorescent microparticles with sizes of 10 and 20 µm in the prepared suspensions were investigated. At volumetric flow rates between 0.5 and 3.5 mL/min (allowing separation), each channel was tested to collect samples at the designated outlets. Then, these samples were analyzed by counting the particles. These curved channels were capable of separating 20 and 10 µm particles with total yields up to approximately 95% and 90%, respectively. The results exhibited that the level of enrichment and the focusing behavior of the proposed configurations are promising compared to the existing microfluidic channel configurations.
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Ayala-Mar S, Perez-Gonzalez VH, Mata-Gómez MA, Gallo-Villanueva RC, González-Valdez J. Electrokinetically Driven Exosome Separation and Concentration Using Dielectrophoretic-Enhanced PDMS-Based Microfluidics. Anal Chem 2019; 91:14975-14982. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b03448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Ayala-Mar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Victor H. Perez-Gonzalez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Marco A. Mata-Gómez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - Roberto C. Gallo-Villanueva
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
| | - José González-Valdez
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Science, Av. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, NL 64849, Mexico
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31
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Lee T, Sobolev YI, Cybulski O, Grzybowski BA. Dynamic Assembly of Small Parts in Vortex-Vortex Traps Established within a Rotating Fluid. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2019; 31:e1902298. [PMID: 31259450 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201902298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Stable, purely fluidic particle traps established by vortex flows induced within a rotating fluid are described. The traps can manipulate various types of small parts, dynamically assembling them into high-symmetry clusters, cages, interlocked architectures, jammed colloidal monoliths, or colloidal formations on gas bubbles. The strength and the shape of the trapping region can be controlled by the strengths of one or both vortices and/or by the system's global angular velocity. The system exhibits a range of interesting dynamical behaviors including a Hopf-bifurcation transition between equilibrium-point trapping and the so-called limit cycle in which the particles are confined to circular orbits. Theoretical considerations indicate that these vortex-vortex traps can be further miniaturized to manipulate objects with sizes down to ≈10 µm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taehoon Lee
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Yaroslav I Sobolev
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Olgierd Cybulski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Bartosz A Grzybowski
- IBS Center for Soft and Living Matter, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, UNIST, UNIST-gil 50, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun, Ulsan, 689-798, Republic of Korea
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32
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Zhao K, Larasati, Duncker BP, Li D. Continuous Cell Characterization and Separation by Microfluidic Alternating Current Dielectrophoresis. Anal Chem 2019; 91:6304-6314. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b01104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Larasati
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Bernard P. Duncker
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, N2L 3G1
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Sohrabi Kashani A, Packirisamy M. Efficient Low Shear Flow-based Trapping of Biological Entities. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5511. [PMID: 30940862 PMCID: PMC6445139 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41938-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Capturing cells or biological entities is an important and challenging step toward in-vitro studies of cells under a precisely controlled microscale environment. In this work, we have developed a compact and efficient microdevice for on-chip trapping of micro-sized particles. This hydrodynamics-based trapping system allows the isolation of polystyrene micro-particles with a shorter time while inducing a less hydrodynamic deformation and stress on the particles or cells both after and before trapping. A numerical simulation was carried out to design a hydrodynamic trapping mechanism and optimize the geometric and fluidic parameters affecting the trapping efficiency of the microfluidic network. By using the finite element analysis, the velocity field, pressure field, and hydrodynamic force on the micro particles were studied. Finally, a PDMS microfluidic device was fabricated to test the device's ability to trap polystyrene microspheres. Computational fluid analysis and experimental testing showed a high trapping efficiency that is more than 90%. This microdevice can be used for single cell studies including their biological, physical and chemical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmad Sohrabi Kashani
- Optical Bio Microsystem Lab, Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada
| | - Muthukumaran Packirisamy
- Optical Bio Microsystem Lab, Mechanical, Industrial, and Aerospace Engineering Department, Concordia University, Montreal, Quebec, H3G 1M8, Canada.
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Turek E, Shiraki T, Shiraishi T, Shiga T, Fujigaya T, Janas D. Single-step isolation of carbon nanotubes with narrow-band light emission characteristics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:535. [PMID: 30679809 PMCID: PMC6345979 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37675-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Lack of necessary degree of control over carbon nanotube (CNT) structure has remained a major impediment factor for making significant advances using this material since it was discovered. Recently, a wide range of promising sorting methods emerged as an antidote to this problem, all of which unfortunately have a multistep nature. Here we report that desired type of CNTs can be targeted and isolated in a single step using modified aqueous two-phase extraction. We achieve this by introducing hydration modulating agents, which are able to tune the arrangement of surfactants on their surface, and hence make selected CNTs highly hydrophobic or hydrophilic. This allows for separation of minor chiral species from the CNT mixture with up to 99.7 ± 0.02% selectivity without the need to carry out any unnecessary iterations. Interestingly, our strategy is also able to enrich the optical emission from CNTs under selected conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edyta Turek
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland
| | - Tomohiro Shiraki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tomonari Shiraishi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tamehito Shiga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tsuyohiko Fujigaya
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyushu University, 744 Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka, 819-0395, Japan
| | - Dawid Janas
- Department of Chemistry, Silesian University of Technology, B. Krzywoustego 4, 44-100, Gliwice, Poland.
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Daihyun Kim
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Mukul Sonker
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
| | - Alexandra Ros
- School of Molecular Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
- Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, United States
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36
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Shaikh MO, Chang LY, Chen CH, Wu TF, Chuang CH. Paper-based immunosensor utilizing dielectrophoretic trapping of microprobes for quantitative and label free detection using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2018; 12:064102. [PMID: 30519371 PMCID: PMC6234119 DOI: 10.1063/1.5057731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we have developed a novel paper based immunoassay for the quantitative detection of immunoreactions using electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Paper provides an attractive platform for fabrication of simple, low cost, and portable diagnostic devices as it allows passive liquid transport, is biocompatible, and has tunable properties such as hydrophilicity, flexibility, permeability, and reactivity. We have used screen-printing to fabricate interdigitated electrodes (finger width and gap of 200 μm) on the paper substrate, while UV-lithography enables patterning of the paper into hydrophobic/hydrophilic regions. As a proof of concept, we have used this immunosensor to detect the immune response of Human Serum Albumin (HSA) antibody-antigen complex formation. To enable efficient immobilization of HSA antibodies, we have utilized dielectrophoresis to trap microprobes (MPs) on the electrode surface. The microprobes consist of an alumina nanoparticle core with a well-adhered polyaniline outer coating to which the HSA antibodies are conjugated in an oriented manner via covalent chemistry. The efficacy of the impedance-based immunosensor is compared when MPs are immobilized specifically on the electrode surface using dielectrophoresis (DEP) as opposed to being dropped and immobilized via physical absorption on the entire sensing area. Results show that a more reproducible and sensitive response is observed when DEP is utilized to trap the microprobes. Furthermore, the normalized impedance variation during immunosensing shows a linear dependence on the concentration of HSA with an observed limit of detection of 50 μg/ml, which is lower than conventionally used paper based urine dipsticks used for urinary protein detection. Thus, we have developed a low cost paper based immunoassay platform that can be used for the quantitative point of care detection of a wide range of immunoreactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Omar Shaikh
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Lung-Yu Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Ho Chen
- Department of Chemical and Material Engineering, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Feng Wu
- Department of Biotechnology, Southern Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsin Chuang
- Institute of Medical Science and Technology, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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37
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Zhao K, Li D. Tunable Droplet Manipulation and Characterization by ac-DEP. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:36572-36581. [PMID: 30264985 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b14430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel ac-dielectrophoretic (DEP) device for tunable manipulation and characterization of particles and droplets is presented in this work. To induce DEP forces, the ac electric field is applied via two embedded microelectrodes to generate a local nonuniform electric field perpendicular to the channel length through a pair of asymmetric orifices on the opposite microchannel walls. The droplets experience the DEP effects only when passing through the vicinity of the small orifice, where the strongest gradient of the nonuniform electric field exists. In this study, the ac-DEP manipulation of the particles in the microchannel under different strengths of electrical field was demonstrated first. Then, the separation of particles by size, separation of mixtures of ionic liquid (IL) droplets and oil droplets with the same size by types, and movement of the particles and IL droplets with different frequencies of the applied ac electric field were investigated, respectively. The experimental results match well with the theoretical simulation. In addition, the lateral migration of an IL droplet as a function of the ac frequency was measured, which shows a trend similar to the corresponding Clausius-Mossotti factor. The experimental results demonstrate that with this method, the separation of target particles/droplets with specific size and type can be accomplished by simply adjusting the strength and the frequency of the ac field applied to the microchannels. This paper, for the first time, measured the ac-DEP lateral migration of the particles and IL-in-water emulsion droplets varying with the frequency of the applied ac electric field in the microfluidic chip, providing a method to identify the critical frequency of the droplet and the fingerprint to characterize the droplet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
| | - Dongqing Li
- Department of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering , University of Waterloo , Waterloo , Ontario N2L 3G1 , Canada
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38
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Liu L, Chen K, Xiang N, Ni Z. Dielectrophoretic manipulation of nanomaterials: A review. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:873-889. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/26/2018] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linbo Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Ke Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Nan Xiang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
| | - Zhonghua Ni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, and Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Design and Manufacture of Micro-Nano Biomedical Instruments; Southeast University; Nanjing P. R. China
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39
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Alnaimat F, Ramesh S, Alazzam A, Hilal-Alnaqbi A, Waheed W, Mathew B. Dielectrophoresis-based 3D-focusing of microscale entities in microfluidic devices. Cytometry A 2018; 93:811-821. [DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.23569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fadi Alnaimat
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; UAE University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Salini Ramesh
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; UAE University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
| | - Anas Alazzam
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Khalifa University; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Ali Hilal-Alnaqbi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; UAE University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
- Abu Dhabi Polytechnic; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Waqas Waheed
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; Khalifa University; Abu Dhabi United Arab Emirates
| | - Bobby Mathew
- Department of Mechanical Engineering; UAE University; Al Ain United Arab Emirates
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40
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Hong J, Kim B, Shin H. Mixed-scale poly(methyl methacrylate) channel network-based single-particle manipulation via diffusiophoresis. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:14421-14431. [PMID: 29796559 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr07669j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Despite the unique advantages of nanochannels imparted by their small size, their utility is limited by the lack of affordable and versatile fabrication methods. Moreover, nanochannel-incorporated fluidic devices require micro-sized conduit integration for efficient access of liquid samples. In this study, a simple and cost-effective fabrication method for mixed-scale channel networks via hot-embossing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) using a carbon stamp is demonstrated. Due to its high rigidity, PMMA ensures collapse-free channel fabrication. The carbon stamp is fabricated using only batch microfabrication and has a convex architecture that allows the fabrication of a complex channel network via a single imprinting process. In addition, the microchannels are connected to nanochannels via three-dimensional (3D) microfunnels that serve as single-particle-entrapment chambers, ensuring smooth transport of samples into the nanochannels. Owing to the 3D geometry of the microfunnels and the small size of the nanochannels, a solute gradient can be generated locally at the microfunnel. This local solute gradient enables the entrapment of microparticles at the microfunnels via diffusiophoresis, which can manipulate the particle motion in a controllable manner, without any external equipment or additional electrode integration into the channels. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of diffusiophoresis-based single-particle entrapment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisoo Hong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
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41
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Zhao K, Li D. Direct current dielectrophoretic manipulation of the ionic liquid droplets in water. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1558:96-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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42
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Shamloo A, Ahmad S, Momeni M. Design and Parameter Study of Integrated Microfluidic Platform for CTC Isolation and Enquiry; A Numerical Approach. BIOSENSORS 2018; 8:E56. [PMID: 29912175 PMCID: PMC6023013 DOI: 10.3390/bios8020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2018] [Revised: 04/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Being the second cause of mortality across the globe, there is now a persistent effort to establish new cancer medication and therapies. Any accomplishment in treating cancers entails the existence of accurate identification systems empowering the early diagnosis. Recent studies indicate CTCs’ potential in cancer prognosis as well as therapy monitoring. The chief shortcoming with CTCs is that they are exceedingly rare cells in their clinically relevant concentration. Here, we simulated a microfluidic construct devised for immunomagnetic separation of the particles of interest from the background cells. This separation unit is integrated with a mixer subunit. The mixer is envisioned for mixing the CTC enriched stream with lysis buffer to extract the biological material of the cell. Some modification was proposed on mixing geometry improving the efficacy of the functional unit. A valuation of engaged forces was made and some forces were neglected due to their order of magnitude. The position of the magnet was also optimized by doing parametric study. For the mixer unit, the effect of applied voltage and frequency on mixing index was studied to find the optimal voltage and frequency which provides better mixing. Above-mentioned studies were done on isolated units and the effect of each functional unit on the other is not studied. As the final step, an integrated microfluidic platform composed of both functional subunits was simulated simultaneously. To ensure the independence of results from the grid, grid studies were also performed. The studies carried out on the construct reveal its potential for diagnostic application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Shamloo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Saba Ahmad
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maede Momeni
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Azadi Ave., 11155-9567 Tehran, Iran.
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43
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44
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Frusawa H. Frequency-Modulated Wave Dielectrophoresis of Vesicles And Cells: Periodic U-Turns at the Crossover Frequency. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2018; 13:169. [PMID: 29881976 PMCID: PMC5991112 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-018-2583-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
We have formulated the dielectrophoretic force exerted on micro/nanoparticles upon the application of frequency-modulated (FM) electric fields. By adjusting the frequency range of an FM wave to cover the crossover frequency f X in the real part of the Clausius-Mossotti factor, our theory predicts the reversal of the dielectrophoretic force each time the instantaneous frequency periodically traverses f X . In fact, we observed periodic U-turns of vesicles, leukemia cells, and red blood cells that undergo FM wave dielectrophoresis (FM-DEP). It is also suggested by our theory that the video tracking of the U-turns due to FM-DEP is available for the agile and accurate measurement of f X . The FM-DEP method requires a short duration, less than 30 s, while applying the FM wave to observe several U-turns, and the agility in measuring f X is of much use for not only salty cell suspensions but also nanoparticles because the electric-field-induced solvent flow is suppressed as much as possible. The accuracy of f X has been verified using two types of experiment. First, we measured the attractive force exerted on a single vesicle experiencing alternating-current dielectrophoresis (AC-DEP) at various frequencies of sinusoidal electric fields. The frequency dependence of the dielectrophoretic force yields f X as a characteristic frequency at which the force vanishes. Comparing the AC-DEP result of f X with that obtained from the FM-DEP method, both results of f X were found to coincide with each other. Second, we investigated the conductivity dependencies of f X for three kinds of cell by changing the surrounding electrolytes. From the experimental results, we evaluated simultaneously both of the cytoplasmic conductivities and the membrane capacitances using an elaborate theory on the single-shell model of biological cells. While the cytoplasmic conductivities, similar for these cells, were slightly lower than the range of previous reports, the membrane capacitances obtained were in good agreement with those previously reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Frusawa
- School of Environmental Science & EngineeringKochi University of Technology, Tosa-Yamada, Kochi, 782-8502, Japan.
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45
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Tian L, Zhang L, Gao M, Deng Z, Gui L. A Handy Liquid Metal Based Non-Invasive Electrophoretic Particle Microtrap. MICROMACHINES 2018; 9:mi9050221. [PMID: 30424154 PMCID: PMC6187542 DOI: 10.3390/mi9050221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A handy liquid metal based non-invasive particle microtrap was proposed and demonstrated in this work. This kind of microtrap can be easily designed and fabricated at any location of a microfluidic chip to perform precise particle trapping and releasing without disturbing the microchannel itself. The microsystem demonstrated in this work utilized silicon oil as the continuous phase and fluorescent particles (PE-Cy5, SPHEROTM Fluorescent Particles, BioLegend, San Diego, CA, USA, 10.5 μm) as the target particles. To perform the particle trapping, the micro system utilized liquid-metal-filled microchannels as noncontact electrodes to generate different patterns of electric field inside the fluid channel. According to the experimental results, the target particle can be selectively trapped and released by switching the electric field patterns. For a better understanding the control mechanism, a numerical simulation of the electric field was performed to explain the trapping mechanism. In order to verify the model, additional experiments were performed and are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Tian
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lunjia Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Meng Gao
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Zhongshan Deng
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
| | - Lin Gui
- Key Laboratory of Cryogenics, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 29 Zhongguancun East Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100190, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100039, China.
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Abstract
Rapid detection of foodborne pathogens at an early stage is imperative for preventing the outbreak of foodborne diseases, known as serious threats to human health. Conventional bacterial culturing methods for foodborne pathogen detection are time consuming, laborious, and with poor pathogen diagnosis competences. This has prompted researchers to call the current status of detection approaches into question and leverage new technologies for superior pathogen sensing outcomes. Novel strategies mainly rely on incorporating all the steps from sample preparation to detection in miniaturized devices for online monitoring of pathogens with high accuracy and sensitivity in a time-saving and cost effective manner. Lab on chip is a blooming area in diagnosis, which exploits different mechanical and biological techniques to detect very low concentrations of pathogens in food samples. This is achieved through streamlining the sample handling and concentrating procedures, which will subsequently reduce human errors and enhance the accuracy of the sensing methods. Integration of sample preparation techniques into these devices can effectively minimize the impact of complex food matrix on pathogen diagnosis and improve the limit of detections. Integration of pathogen capturing bio-receptors on microfluidic devices is a crucial step, which can facilitate recognition abilities in harsh chemical and physical conditions, offering a great commercial benefit to the food-manufacturing sector. This article reviews recent advances in current state-of-the-art of sample preparation and concentration from food matrices with focus on bacterial capturing methods and sensing technologies, along with their advantages and limitations when integrated into microfluidic devices for online rapid detection of pathogens in foods and food production line.
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47
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Cellular dielectrophoresis coupled with single-cell analysis. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:2499-2515. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-0896-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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48
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Zhu XD, Chu J, Wang YH. Advances in Microfluidics Applied to Single Cell Operation. Biotechnol J 2018; 13. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2017] [Revised: 11/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Zhu
- National Engineering Centre for Biotechnology (Shanghai); College of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Ju Chu
- National Engineering Centre for Biotechnology (Shanghai); College of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yong-Hong Wang
- National Engineering Centre for Biotechnology (Shanghai); College of Biotechnology; East China University of Science and Technology; 130 Meilong Road Shanghai 200237 China
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49
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Ahmed H, Destgeer G, Park J, Jung JH, Ahmad R, Park K, Sung HJ. A Pumpless Acoustofluidic Platform for Size-Selective Concentration and Separation of Microparticles. Anal Chem 2017; 89:13575-13581. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Husnain Ahmed
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Ghulam Destgeer
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jinsoo Park
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Jin Ho Jung
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Raheel Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Kwangseok Park
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Hyung Jin Sung
- Department of Mechanical
Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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50
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Hosseini A, Philpott DN, Soleymani L. Enrichment of magnetic particles using temperature and magnetic field gradients induced by benchtop fabricated micro-electromagnets. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:4097-4104. [PMID: 29076512 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00825b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The active transport of analytes inside biosensing systems is important for reducing the response time and enhancing the limit-of-detection of these systems. Due to the ease of functionalization with bio-recognition agents and manipulation with magnetic fields, magnetic particles are widely used for active and directed transport of biological analytes. On-chip active electromagnets are ideally suited for manipulating magnetic particles in an automated and miniaturized fashion inside biosensing systems. Unfortunately, the magnetic force exerted by these devices decays rapidly as we move away from the device edges, and increasing the generated force to the levels necessary for particle manipulation requires a parallel increase in the applied current and the resultant Joule heating. In this paper, we designed a study to understand the combined role of thermal and magnetic forces on the movement of magnetic particles in order to extend the interaction distance of on-chip magnetic devices beyond the device edges. For this purpose, we used a rapid prototyping method to create an active/passive on-chip electromagnet with a micro/nano-structured active layer and a patterned ferromagnetic passive layer. We demonstrated that the measured terminal velocities of particles positioned near the electromagnet edge (∼5.5 μm) closely reflect the values obtained by multi-physics modelling. Interestingly, we observed a two orders of magnitude deviation between the experimental and modelling results for the terminal velocities of particles far from the electromagnet edge (∼55.5 μm). Heat modelling of the system using experimentally-measured thermal gradients indicates that this discrepancy is related to the enhanced fluid movement caused by thermal forces. This study enables the rational design of thermo-magnetic systems for thermally driving and magnetically capturing particles that are positioned at distances tens to hundreds of microns away from the edges of on-chip magnetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hosseini
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4L8, Canada.
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