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Wang L, Wang X, Li W, Liu J, Yao X, Wei Z, Yun K. Stability of diazepam's phase II metabolites in dried blood spots on filter paper. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 240:115921. [PMID: 38157738 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Phase II metabolites play an important role in diazepam-related cases. The study aimed to assess the stability of diazepam's phase II metabolites in dried blood spots on filter paper. METHODS A piece of filter paper was spotted with 100 µL of whole blood (added 1% sodium fluoride as needed) obtained from participant who received 5 mg diazepam orally, air dried for 2 h at room temperature, and then stored at different conditions. Whole spots were cut at 0.1 cm from the outer edge of blood spots at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 5, 16, 35, 61, 120 days and 1, 1.5 years. Analytes were extracted with methanol/water mixture (8:2, v/v) and determined using HPLC-MS/MS. Decomposition rules were analyzed by a statistical software "SPSS". RESULTS Temazepam glucuronide remained stable (0.5-18.6% loss) at 20 ℃ and at 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride for 16 days, while it was unstable after 5 days at 4 ℃ (21.1-26.2% loss) and - 20 ℃ (28.9 - 34.4% loss). After 35 days, temazepam glucuronide concentrations began to fluctuate significantly under all conditions, and an obvious increase (290.4-355.1%) was observed in 1.5 years. Oxazepam glucuronide was always unstable after 5 days, the percentage loss was even 100% when it was stored for 61 days and 1.5 years. CONCLUSIONS Dried blood spots on ordinary filter paper are recommended to be stored at 20 ℃ or 20 ℃ with 1% sodium fluoride within 16 days. Samples should be analyzed immediately or stored in sterile and dry media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Xuezhi Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Department of Pathology, Air Force Medical Center, PLA, 100142, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyue Li
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Guangdong Nantian Institute of Forensic Science, 518003 Shenzhen, Beijing, China
| | - Jiajia Liu
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Xiukun Yao
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China
| | - Zhiwen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
| | - Keming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine in Shanxi Province, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China; Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology of Ministry of Public Security, Jinzhong 030600, Shanxi, China.
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Wille SMR, Desharnais B, Pichini S, Trana AD, Busardò FP, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Liquid Chromatography High Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Forensic Toxicology: What Are the Specifics of Method Development, Validation and Quality Assurance for Comprehensive Screening Approaches? Curr Pharm Des 2022; 28:1230-1244. [PMID: 35619258 DOI: 10.2174/1381612828666220526152259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of High Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) has increased over the past decade in clinical and forensic toxicology, especially for comprehensive screening approaches. Despite this, few guidelines of this field have specifically addressed HRMS issues concerning compound identification, validation, measurement uncertainty and quality assurance. To fully implement this technique, certainly in an era in which the quality demands for laboratories are ever increasing due to various norms (e.g. the International Organization for Standardization's ISO 17025), these specific issues need to be addressed. This manuscript reviews 26 HRMS-based methods for qualitative systematic toxicological analysis (STA) published between 2011 and 2021. Key analytical data such as samples matrices, analytical platforms, numbers of analytes and employed mass spectral reference databases/libraries as well as the studied validation parameters are summarized and discussed. The article further includes a critical review of targeted and untargeted data acquisition approaches, available HRMS reference databases and libraries as well as current guidelines for HRMS data interpretation with a particular focus on identification criteria. Moreover, it provides an overview on current recommendations for the validation and determination measurement uncertainty of qualitative methods. Finally, the article aims to put forward suggestions for method development, compound identification, validation experiments to be performed, and adequate determination of measurement uncertainty for this type of wide-range qualitative HRMS-based methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah M R Wille
- Unit Toxicology, National Institute of Criminalistics and Criminology (NICC), Brussels, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Desharnais
- Laboratoire de sciences judiciaires et de médecine légale, Department of Toxicology, 1701 Parthenais St., Montréal, Québec, H2K 3S7, Canada
| | - Simona Pichini
- National Centre on Addiction and Doping, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Annagiulia Di Trana
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo Busardò
- Department of Excellence of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, University "Politecnica delle Marche", Ancona, Italy
| | - Dirk K Wissenbach
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
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Rygaard K, Linnet K, Johansen SS. A Systematic Review of Metabolite-to-Drug Ratios of Pharmaceuticals in Hair for Forensic Investigations. Metabolites 2021; 11:686. [PMID: 34677401 PMCID: PMC8539361 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11100686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
After ingestion, consumed drugs and their metabolites are incorporated into hair, which has a long detection window, ranging up to months. Therefore, in addition to conventional blood and urine analyses, hair analysis can provide useful information on long-term drug exposure. Meta-bolite-to-drug (MD) ratios are helpful in interpreting hair results, as they provide useful information on drug metabolism and can be used to distinguish drug use from external contamination, which is otherwise a limitation in hair analysis. Despite this, the MD ratios of a wide range of pharmaceuticals have scarcely been explored. This review aims to provide an overview of MD ratios in hair in a range of pharmaceuticals of interest to forensic toxicology, such as antipsychotic drugs, antidepressant drugs, benzodiazepines, common opiates/opioids, etc. The factors influencing the ratio were evaluated. MD ratios of 41 pharmaceuticals were reported from almost 100 studies. MD ratios below 1 were frequently reported, indicating higher concentrations of the parent pharmaceutical than of its metabolite in hair, but wide-ranging MD ratios of the majority of pharmaceuticals were found. Intra- and interindividual differences and compound properties were variables possibly contributing to this. This overview presents guidance for future comparison and evaluation of MD ratios of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Rygaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V’s Vej 11, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.L.); (S.S.J.)
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4
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Sasaki K, Shima N, Kamata T, Ishikawa A, Nitta A, Wada M, Nakano-Fujii S, Kakehashi H, Sato T, Katagi M. Incorporation of five common hypnotics into hair after a single dose and application to a forensic case of drug facilitated crimes. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110881. [PMID: 34237583 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to obtain fundamental information on the disposition of hypnotics into hair after a single oral dose the quantitative hair analysis of triazolam (TZ), etizolam (EZ), flunitrazepam (FNZ), nitrazepam (NZ) and zolpidem (ZP) have been performed using a validated LC-MS/MS procedure. Hair specimens (straight, black) were collected from three subjects about one month and three months after a single 0.25 mg dose of TZ, 1 mg of EZ, 2 mg of FNZ, 5 mg of NZ and 10 mg of ZP tartrate. The subjects ingested just one out of five different hypnotics on each day, each of five days in turn. All ingested hypnotics have been detected in hair from each subject both one month and three months after intake, and their concentrations were in the range of 0.023-0.043 pg/hair strand (0.077-0.36 pg/mg) for TZ, 0.11-0.63 pg/hair strand (0.44-5.2 pg/mg) for EZ, 0.14-2.6 pg/hair strand (0.56-22 pg/mg) for FNZ, 0.33-1.7 pg/hair strand (1.3-17 pg/mg) for NZ and 20-40 pg/hair strand (120-270 pg/mg) for ZP. For FNZ and NZ, not only the parent drugs but also their metabolites, 7-amino-FNZ and 7-amino-NZ, were detected in the range of 2.3-9.2 pg/hair strand (9.2-82 pg/mg) and 2.4-9.1 pg/hair strand (8.0-55 pg/mg), respectively. The calculated incorporation ratios into hair against the dose were found to exhibit similarity between the four benzodiazepines. This finding suggests the ability to apply these quantitative data to approximately estimating the amounts of other benzodiazepines, which have similar chemical structures, in hair although it should be noted that the amounts of drugs in hair varies considerably depending on the hair color. On the other hand, the incorporation ratio of ZP showed 15-29 times higher than that of TZ, indicating that lipophilic ZP was more likely to incorporate into hair than benzodiazepines. In addition, the application of the present data to a drug-facilitated sexual assault was shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiko Sasaki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan.
| | - Noriaki Shima
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Tooru Kamata
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Akari Ishikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Atsushi Nitta
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Misato Wada
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Shihoko Nakano-Fujii
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Hidenao Kakehashi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
| | - Takako Sato
- Division of Preventive and Social Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 2-7 Daigaku-machi, Takatsuki, Osaka 569-8686, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, 1-3-18 Hommachi, Chuo-ku, Osaka 541-0053, Japan
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Qu D, Zhao X, Sun Y, Wu FL, Tao SC. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Thymidylyltransferase RmlA Is Negatively Regulated by Ser/Thr Protein Kinase PknB. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:643951. [PMID: 33868202 PMCID: PMC8044546 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.643951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ser/Thr phosphorylation by serine/threonine protein kinases (STPKs) plays significant roles in molecular regulation, which allows Mycobacteria to adapt their cell wall structure in response to the environment changes. Identifying direct targets of STPKs and determining their activities are therefore critical to revealing their function in Mycobacteria, for example, in cell wall formation and virulence. Herein, we reported that RmlA, a crucial L-rhamnose biosynthesis enzyme, is a substrate of STPK PknB in Mycobacterium tuberculosis (M. tuberculosis). Mass spectrometry analysis revealed that RmlA is phosphorylated at Thr-12, Thr-54, Thr-197, and Thr-12 is located close to the catalytic triad of RmlA. Biochemical and phenotypic analysis of two RmlA mutants, T12A/T12D, showed that their activities were reduced, and cell wall formation was negatively affected. Moreover, virulence of RmlA T12D mutant was attenuated in a macrophage model. Overall, these results provide the first evidence for the role of PknB-dependent RmlA phosphorylation in regulating cell wall formation in Mycobacteria, with significant implications for pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaohui Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Fan-Lin Wu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Module-Based Breeding of High Yield and Abiotic Resistant Plants in Universities of Shandong, School of Agriculture, Ludong University, Yantai, China
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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6
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Zhuo Y, Xiang P, Wu J, Wang X. Segmental hair analysis for flunitrazepam and 7-aminoflunitrazepam in users: a comparison to existing literature. Forensic Sci Res 2020; 7:299-307. [PMID: 35784426 PMCID: PMC9245979 DOI: 10.1080/20961790.2020.1824600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The availability of more quantitative data on flunitrazepam (FLU) and 7-aminoflunitrazepam (7AF) would aid in obtaining a better understanding of the interpretation of FLU concentrations in human hair. The purpose of this study was to provide concentrations of FLU and 7AF in hair segments of 22 FLU users. Quantitative data regarding hair concentrations of FLU and 7AF from various types of cases were also reviewed to give a comprehensive overview of the comparability of different studies. Three to six 1 cm segments of scalp hair from 22 FLU users were analyzed by a liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) method. FLU and its metabolite were confirmed in the hair segments from all cases. Concentrations of FLU and 7AF in the segments ranged from 0.01–0.16 ng/mg (median of 0.03) and 0.01–0.34 ng/mg (median of 0.09), respectively. Most cases had FLU and 7AF distributions along the hair segments that were suggestive of repeated drug use. A summary of the published concentrations gives valuable data and can assist forensic investigators in their estimations of drug use history and patterns.Key points A method using LC–MS/MS to quantify flunitrazepam and its metabolite was described. Segmental analysis of flunitrazepam and its metabolite in human hair was reported. A comprehensive overview of quantitative data was given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Zhuo
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingjie Wu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Guizhou Police College, Guiyang, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Forensic Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Wang LL, Ren XX, He Y, Cui GF, Wei ZW, Yun KM. An Experimental Pharmacokinetics Study of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Oral Fluid of Chinese Population. J Anal Toxicol 2020; 44:348-353. [PMID: 31965188 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkz101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazepam abuse is widespread all over the word, leading to an increasing number of forensic cases such as suicide, drug-driving and robbery, but relevant studies are limited regarding the extraction of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics of diazepam and its metabolites in oral fluid after a single oral dose in healthy volunteers. There was a total of 28 volunteers, and each ingested 5 mg diazepam orally, then ~2 mL oral fluid were collected from each participant at post-consumption time-points of prior (zero), 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24 h and 2, 3, 6, 12 and 15 days, respectively. All samples were extracted with solid-phase extraction and analyzed with high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, and diazepam and nordazepam were detected in the oral fluid of volunteers. Pharmacokinetics of diazepam in oral fluid conformed to a two-compartment model, and k01_HL, k12_HL, k10_HL were 0.7 ± 1.1, 31.4 ± 68.5, 12.1 ± 11.6 h, respectively, nordazepam conformed to an one-compartment model, and k01_HL, k10_HL were 41.5 ± 44.8, 282.3 ± 365.5 h, respectively. Both diazepam and nordazepam could be detected continuously for 15 days, although there were individual differences, and the results regarding diazepam detecting in oral fluid will be of much help in forensic science and drug screening filed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le-le Wang
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Xin-Xin Ren
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yi He
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Guan-Feng Cui
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhi-Wen Wei
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
| | - Ke-Ming Yun
- School of Forensic Medicine, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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Study on the Pharmacokinetics of Diazepam and Its Metabolites in Blood of Chinese People. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2020; 45:477-485. [DOI: 10.1007/s13318-020-00614-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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9
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Ferreira C, Paulino C, Quintas A. Extraction Procedures for Hair Forensic Toxicological Analysis: A Mini-Review. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:2367-2381. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ferreira
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Cathy Paulino
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Alexandre Quintas
- Molecular Pathology and Forensic Biochemistry Laboratory, CiiEM, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
- Forensic and Psychological Sciences Laboratory Egas Moniz, Campus Universitário − Quinta da Granja, Monte da Caparica, 2829-511 Caparica, Portugal
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Simultaneous Analysis of Drugs in Forensic Cases by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-019-03814-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Shin Y, Kong TY, Cheong JC, Kim JY, Lee JI, Lee HS. Simultaneous determination of 75 abuse drugs including amphetamines, benzodiazepines, cocaine, opioids, piperazines, zolpidem and metabolites in human hair samples using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Biomed Chromatogr 2019; 33:e4600. [PMID: 31116452 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.4600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric method for the simultaneous determination of 75 abuse drugs and metabolites, including 19 benzodiazepines, 19 amphetamines, two opiates, eight opioids, cocaine, lysergic acid diethylamide, zolpidem, three piperazines and 21 metabolites in human hair samples, was developed and validated. Ten-milligram hair samples were decontaminated, pulverized using a ball mill, extracted with 1 mL of methanol spiked with 28 deuterated internal standards in an ultrasonic bath for 60 min at 50°C, and purified with Q-sep dispersive solid-phase extraction tubes. The purified extracts were evaporated to dryness and the residue was dissolved in 0.1 mL of 10% methanol. The 75 analytes were analyzed on an Acquity HSS T3 column using gradient elution of methanol and 0.1% formic acid and quantified in multiple reaction monitoring mode with positive electrospray ionization. Calibration curves were linear (r ≥ 0.9951) from the lower limit of quantitation (2-200 pg/mg depending on the drug) to 2000 pg/mg. The coefficients of variation and accuracy for intra- and inter-assay analysis at three QC levels were 4.3-12.9% and 89.2-109.1%, respectively. The overall mean recovery ranged from 87.1 to 105.3%. This method was successfully applied to the analysis of 11 forensic hair samples obtained from drug abusers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongho Shin
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Yeon Kong
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Cheong
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Kim
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Il Lee
- Forensic Genetics and Chemistry Division, Supreme Prosecutor's Office, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Suk Lee
- BK21 PLUS Team for Creative Leader Program for Pharmacomics-based Future Pharmacy and Drug Metabolism and Bioanalysis Laboratory, College of Pharmacy, The Catholic University of Korea, Bucheon, Republic of Korea
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Snenghi R, Pelletti G, Frigo AC, Forza G, Nalesso A, Montisci M, Favretto D. The Dangerous Pattern of Concurrent Use of Alcohol and Cocaine Among Drunk-Drivers of Northeast Italy. Alcohol Alcohol 2019; 53:735-741. [PMID: 30007323 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To estimate the prevalence of drug and polydrug use among drunk-drivers during the driving license regranting program, in order to assess the inclusion of toxicological tests on hair and urine samples in the systematic methodology in this category of subjects. Short summary A total of 2160 drunk-drivers were tested for alcohol and drugs during driving license regranting. Thirty-one subjects showed alcohol use, 212 illicit drug use and, among these, 131 were polydrug users. Nineteen different patterns of drug and polydrug use were found. Cocaine was detected in 165 subjects. Methods The study was performed on 2160 drunk-drivers examined at Legal Medicine and Toxicology Unit of the University of Padova, in a 3-year-period (2014-2017). The positivity for one or more illicit drugs in hair or urine samples was confirmed by LC/MS and GC/MS methods. Chi-square test, Fischer's exact test and Cochran-Armitage Trend test were used to study the correlation between general characteristics of the examined sample and the presence of drug/polydrug use. Results Thirty-one subjects showed alcohol use, 212 illicit drug use and, among these, 131 were polydrug users. Nineteen different patterns of drug and polydrug use were found. Cocaine was detected in 165 subjects in whom 122 showed a concurrent use of alcohol and cocaine, identified through the detection of cocaethylene in hair samples. No significant association and/or trends between drug/polydrug use and the general characteristics of the sample were detected. Conclusions The results show that drug and polydrug use among drunk-drivers should be subjected to toxicological as well as alcohological monitoring, especially in the regranting procedure. The implementation of this procedure could improve the knowledge of dimensions of the issue, providing a powerful means for the reduction of phenomenon of driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Snenghi
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Chiara Frigo
- Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Public Health Unit, Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Giovanni Forza
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Alessandro Nalesso
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Montisci
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Donata Favretto
- Department of Legal and Occupational Medicine, Toxicology and Public Health, University-Hospital of Padova, Padua, Italy
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13
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Pan M, Xiang P, Yu Z, Zhao Y, Yan H. Development of a high-throughput screening analysis for 288 drugs and poisons in human blood using Orbitrap technology with gas chromatography-high resolution accurate mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1587:209-226. [PMID: 30595433 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The screening analysis for drugs and poisons always symbolizes the capabilities of a forensic laboratory. Due to the rapid emergence of new compounds in clinical and forensic intoxication cases, sensitive and specific methods are necessary for the screening of wide range of target compounds. A novel high-throughput screening method has been developed for the toxicological analysis of 288 drugs and poisons in human blood using Orbitrap technology with gas chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (GC-HRMS). This method allows for the fast detection and identification of high-throughput forensically important drugs and poisons, e.g., drugs of abuse (cocaine, amphetamines, synthetic cannabinoids, opiates, hallucinogen), sedative-hypnotics, antidepressants, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pesticides (acaricides, fungicides, insecticides, nematicides), and cardiovascular agents in one single GC-Q Exactive run. After a simple extraction with ethyl ether and buffer, following centrifugation, the supernatant was injected into the system. For detection, spiked blood samples were analyzed by Orbitrap-GC-HRMS using an electrospray ionization in full scan mode with a scan range from 40 to 650 (m/z). The identification of drugs and poisons in the samples was carried out by searching the accurate molecular mass of characteristic fragment ions, ion rations and retention time (RT) against the in-house library that we developed with 70 ev electron energy. The limit of detection (LOD) for most compounds (249 in a total of 288 compounds) was below 100 ng/mL. For selectivity, no substances have been identified in drug-free blood samples from six different sources, and the method was suitable for the recovery and the carryover. The coefficient of variation (CV) of the RTs was below 0.99% in all reproducibility experiments. Mass accuracy was always better than 3 ppm, corresponding to a maximum mass error of 1.04 millimass units (mmu). The developed method was applied to 136 real samples from forensic cases, demonstrating its suitability for the sensitive and fast screening of high-throughput drugs in human blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiru Pan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China; Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 20063, China
| | - Ping Xiang
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 20063, China
| | - Zhiguo Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China
| | - Yunli Zhao
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmacy, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Wenhua Road 103, Shenyang, 110016, China.
| | - Hui Yan
- Department of Forensic Toxicology, Academy of Forensic Science, Shanghai Key laboratory of Forensic Medicine, 1347 West Guangfu Road, Shanghai, 20063, China.
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14
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A Study on Photostability of Amphetamines and Ketamine in Hair Irradiated under Artificial Sunlight. Brain Sci 2018; 8:brainsci8060096. [PMID: 29843429 PMCID: PMC6025081 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci8060096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Drugs incorporated into hair are exposed to the environment, and cosmetic and chemical treatments, with possible decreases in their content. Knowledge concerning the effect of sunlight on drug content in hair can be helpful to forensic toxicologists, in particular, when investigating drug concentrations above or below pre-determined cut-offs. Twenty authentic positive hair samples were selected which had previously tested positive for amphetamines and/or ketamine. Washed hair were divided into two identical strands, with the former exposed at 765 W/m2 (300–800 nm spectrum of irradiance) for 48 h in a solar simulator, and the latter kept in the dark. Hair samples were extracted and analyzed by liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry detection. The percentage of photodegradation was calculated for each analyte (i.e., amphetamine, methamphetamine, methylendioxyamphetamine, ketamine, and norketamine). In parallel, photodegradation processes of standard molecules dissolved in aqueous and organic solutions were studied. In 20 hair samples positive for the targeted analytes, exposure to artificial sunlight induced an appreciable decrease in drug concentrations. The concentration ranges in the non-irradiated hair samples were 0.01–24 ng/mg, and 65% of samples exhibited a decrease in post-irradiation samples, with reduction from 3% to 100%. When more drugs were present in the same hair sample (i.e., MDMA and ketamine) the degradation yields were compound dependent. A degradation product induced by irradiation of ketamine in aqueous and methanol solutions was identified; it was also found to be present in a true positive hair sample after irradiation. Ketamine, amphetamines, and their metabolites incorporated in the hair of drug users undergo degradation when irradiated by artificial sunlight. Only for ketamine was a photoproduct identified in irradiated standard solutions and in true positive irradiated hair. When decisional cut-offs are applied to hair analysis, photodegradation must be taken into account since sunlight may produce false negative results. Moreover, new markers could be investigated as evidence of illicit drug use.
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15
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Kronstrand R, Forsman M, Roman M. Quantitative analysis of drugs in hair by UHPLC high resolution mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 283:9-15. [PMID: 29241093 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Liquid chromatographic methods coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry are increasingly used to identify compounds in various matrices including hair but there are few recommendations regarding the parameters and their criteria to identify a compound. In this study we present a method for the identification and quantification of a range of drugs and discuss the parameters used to identify a compound with high resolution mass spectrometry. Drugs were extracted from hair by incubation in a buffer:solvent mixture at 37°C during 18h. Analysis was performed on a chromatographic system comprised of an Agilent 6550 QTOF coupled to a 1290 Infinity UHPLC system. High resolution accurate mass data were acquired in the All Ions mode and exported into Mass Hunter Quantitative software for quantitation and identification using qualifier fragment ions. Validation included selectivity, matrix effects, calibration range, within day and between day precision and accuracy. The analytes were 7-amino-flunitrazepam, 7-amino-clonazepam, 7-amino-nitrazepam, acetylmorphine, alimemazine, alprazolam, amphetamine, benzoylecgonine, buprenorphine, diazepam, ethylmorphine, fentanyl, hydroxyzine, ketobemidone, codeine, cocaine, MDMA, methadone, methamphetamine, morphine, oxycodone, promethazine, propiomazine, propoxyphene, tramadol, zaleplone, zolpidem, and zopiclone. As proof of concept, hair from 29 authentic post mortem cases were analysed. The calibration range was established between 0.05ng/mg to 5.0ng/mg for all analytes except fentanyl (0.02-2.0), buprenorphine (0.04-2.0), and ketobemidone (0.05-4.0) as well as for alimemazine, amphetamine, cocaine, methadone, and promethazine (0.10-5.0). For all analytes, the accuracy of the fortified pooled hair matrix was 84-108% at the low level and 89-106% at the high level. The within series precisions were between 1.4 and 6.7% and the between series precisions were between 1.4 and 10.1%. From the 29 autopsy cases, 121 positive findings were encountered from 23 of the analytes in concentrations similar to those previously published. We conclude that the developed method proved precise and accurate and that it had sufficient performance for the purpose of detecting regular use of drugs or treatment with prescription drugs. To identify a compound we recommend the use of ion ratios as a complement to instrument software "matching scores".
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Kronstrand
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden; Linköping University, Division of Drug Research, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Malin Forsman
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Markus Roman
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping, Sweden
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16
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Morini L, Pozzi F, Groppi A. Stability of benzodiazepines in hair after prolonged exposure to chlorinated water. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:217-220. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2017] [Revised: 06/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Odoardi S, Valentini V, De Giovanni N, Pascali VL, Strano-Rossi S. High-throughput screening for drugs of abuse and pharmaceutical drugs in hair by liquid-chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS). Microchem J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2017.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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18
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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19
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Licata M, Rustichelli C, Palazzoli F, Ferrari A, Baraldi C, Vandelli D, Verri P, Marchesi F, Silingardi E. Hair testing in clinical setting: Simultaneous determination of 50 psychoactive drugs and metabolites in headache patients by LC tandem MS. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 126:14-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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20
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Preparation of a Broadly Specific Monoclonal Antibody-Based Indirect Competitive ELISA for the Detection of Benzodiazepines in Edible Animal Tissues and Feed. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-016-0528-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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21
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Jiang F, Rao Y, Wang R, Johansen SS, Ni C, Liang C, Zheng S, Ye H, Zhang Y. Sensitive, automatic method for the determination of diazepam and its five metabolites in human oral fluid by online solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 39:1873-83. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fengli Jiang
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yulan Rao
- Department of Forensic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences; Fudan University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Chunfang Ni
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Chen Liang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shuiqing Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Haiying Ye
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Yurong Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Crime Scene Evidence; Shanghai Institute of Forensic Science; Shanghai P. R. China
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22
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Li X, Mei X, Xu L, Shen X, Zhu W, Hong J, Zhou X. Development and application of novel clonazepam molecularly imprinted coatings for stir bar sorptive extraction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2016; 468:183-191. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2016.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Tu S, Guo SJ, Chen CS, Liu CX, Jiang HW, Ge F, Deng JY, Zhou YM, Czajkowsky DM, Li Y, Qi BR, Ahn YH, Cole PA, Zhu H, Tao SC. YcgC represents a new protein deacetylase family in prokaryotes. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26716769 PMCID: PMC4709262 DOI: 10.7554/elife.05322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reversible lysine acetylation is one of the most important protein posttranslational modifications that plays essential roles in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. However, only a few lysine deacetylases (KDACs) have been identified in prokaryotes, perhaps in part due to their limited sequence homology. Herein, we developed a ‘clip-chip’ strategy to enable unbiased, activity-based discovery of novel KDACs in the Escherichia coli proteome. In-depth biochemical characterization confirmed that YcgC is a serine hydrolase involving Ser200 as the catalytic nucleophile for lysine deacetylation and does not use NAD+ or Zn2+ like other established KDACs. Further, in vivo characterization demonstrated that YcgC regulates transcription by catalyzing deacetylation of Lys52 and Lys62 of a transcriptional repressor RutR. Importantly, YcgC targets a distinct set of substrates from the only known E. coli KDAC CobB. Analysis of YcgC’s bacterial homologs confirmed that they also exhibit KDAC activity. YcgC thus represents a novel family of prokaryotic KDACs. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05322.001 After proteins have been made, they can be modified in several ways. For example, chemical tags called acetyl groups may be added to (and later removed from) the protein to regulate cell activities such as aging and metabolism. Enzymes are proteins that help catalyze the reactions that add or remove the acetyl tags on certain “substrate” proteins. In the bacteria species Escherichia coli, many enzymes that help to add acetyl groups to proteins have been discovered. However, only a single E. coli “deacetylase” enzyme that removes the acetyl group has been identified. Now, Tu, Guo, Chen et al. have devised a technique to identify new deacetylases, called the “clip-chip” approach. In this method, thousands of proteins that are potential deacetylases are arrayed on a glass slide, and substrate proteins are immobilized on another slide. The two slides are then clipped together face-to-face, allowing the potential enzymes to transfer to the substrate slide and interact with the substrates. Using this approach, Tu, Guo, Chen et al. identified a protein called YcgC as a deacetylase in bacteria. Further characterization experiments revealed that YcgC works in a different way to other known deacetylases, and that it targets different substrates to the previously known E. coli deacetylase. Tu, Guo, Chen et al. found that the equivalents of YcgC in other bacteria species are also deacetylases; these enzymes therefore represent a new deacetylase family. In the future, the clip-chip approach could be used to discover new members of other enzyme families. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.05322.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun Tu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Juan Guo
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Chien-Sheng Chen
- Graduate Institute of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, National Central University, Jhongli, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Xi Liu
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Wei Jiang
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Feng Ge
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiao-Yu Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Ming Zhou
- National Engineering Research Center for Beijing Biochip Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Daniel M Czajkowsky
- Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Li
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Bang-Ruo Qi
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China
| | - Young-Hoon Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Philip A Cole
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Heng Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States.,The High-Throughput Biology Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, United States
| | - Sheng-Ce Tao
- Shanghai Center for Systems Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Systems Biomedicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai, China.,Bio-ID Center, School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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24
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Compound identification in forensic toxicological analysis with untargeted LC-MS-based techniques. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2825-40. [PMID: 26563687 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Untargeted LC-MS/MS techniques have become indispensable tools for systematic toxicological analysis. Compound identification is based on the mass spectrometric information obtained, and this may include m/z, isotopic pattern, retention time and fragmentation information. All these different kinds of analytical features can be stored in libraries and databases. Currently, the most competent approach for compound identification involves tandem mass spectral library search. State-of-the-art databases were shown to be sensitive, specific, robust and instrument-independent. Low- and high-resolution instruments can both be used to develop efficient screening workflows. For automated and unattended acquisition of tandem mass spectral data, data-dependent acquisition control is the method of choice. Due to their impressive detection sensitivity, data-independent acquisition techniques are finding increased applicability.
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25
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Persona K, Madej K, Knihnicki P, Piekoszewski W. Analytical methodologies for the determination of benzodiazepines in biological samples. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 113:239-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Revised: 02/05/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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26
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Woźniakiewicz A, Wietecha-Posłuszny R, Woźniakiewicz M, Bryczek E, Kościelniak P. A quick method for determination of psychoactive agents in serum and hair by using capillary electrophoresis and mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 111:177-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Guo J, Yonemori K, Le Marchand L, Turesky RJ. Method to Biomonitor the Cooked Meat Carcinogen 2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine in Dyed Hair by Ultra-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Orbitrap High Resolution Multistage Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2015; 87:5872-7. [PMID: 25969997 PMCID: PMC4470769 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
2-Amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP) is a carcinogenic heterocyclic aromatic amine formed in cooked meat. The use of naturally colored hair containing PhIP can serve as a long-term biomarker of exposure to this carcinogen. However, the measurement of PhIP in dyed hair, a cosmetic treatment commonly used by the adult population, is challenging because the dye process introduces into the hair matrix a complex mixture of chemicals that interferes with the measurement of PhIP. The high-resolution scanning features of the Orbitrap Fusion mass spectrometer were employed to biomonitor PhIP in dyed hair. Because of the complexity of chemicals in the hair dye, the consecutive reaction monitoring of PhIP at the MS(3) scan stage was employed to selectively remove the isobaric interferences. The limit of quantification (LOQ) of PhIP was 84 parts-per-trillion (ppt) employing 50 mg of hair. Calibration curves were generated in dyed hair matrixes and showed good linearity (40-1000 pg PhIP/g hair) with a goodness-of-fit regression value of r(2) > 0.9978. The within-day (between-day) coefficients of variation were 7.7% (17%) and 5.4% (6.1%), respectively, with dyed hair samples spiked with PhIP at 200 and 600 ppt. The levels of PhIP accrued in dyed hair from volunteers on a semicontrolled feeding study who ingested known levels of PhIP were comparable to the levels of PhIP accrued in hair of subjects with natural hair color. The method was successfully employed to measure PhIP in nondyed and dyed hair biospecimens of participants in a case-control study of colorectal adenoma on their regular diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingshu Guo
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Kim Yonemori
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Loïc Le Marchand
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI 96813
| | - Robert J. Turesky
- Masonic Cancer Center and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, 2231 6th St SE, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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28
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Vogliardi S, Tucci M, Stocchero G, Ferrara SD, Favretto D. Sample preparation methods for determination of drugs of abuse in hair samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 857:1-27. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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29
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30
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Current position of high-resolution MS for drug quantification in clinical & forensic toxicology. Bioanalysis 2014; 6:2275-84. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper reviews high-resolution MS approaches published from January 2011 until March 2014 for the quantification of drugs (of abuse) and/or their metabolites in biosamples using LC-MS with time-of-flight or Orbitrap™ mass analyzers. Corresponding approaches are discussed including sample preparation and mass spectral settings. The advantages and limitations of high-resolution MS for drug quantification, as well as the demand for a certain resolution or a specific mass accuracy are also explored.
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31
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Baciu T, Borrull F, Aguilar C, Calull M. Recent trends in analytical methods and separation techniques for drugs of abuse in hair. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 856:1-26. [PMID: 25542354 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 06/13/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Hair analysis of drugs of abuse has been a subject of growing interest from a clinical, social and forensic perspective for years because of the broad time detection window after intake in comparison to urine and blood analysis. Over the last few years, hair analysis has gained increasing attention and recognition for the retrospective investigation of drug abuse in a wide variety of contexts, shown by the large number of applications developed. This review aims to provide an overview of the state of the art and the latest trends used in the literature from 2005 to the present in the analysis of drugs of abuse in hair, with a special focus on separation analytical techniques and their hyphenation with mass spectrometry detection. The most recently introduced sample preparation techniques are also addressed in this paper. The main strengths and weaknesses of all of these approaches are critically discussed by means of relevant applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Baciu
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - F Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - C Aguilar
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
| | - M Calull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel·lí Domingo, s/n, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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32
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Favretto D, Tucci M, Monaldi A, Ferrara SD, Miolo G. A study on photodegradation of methadone, EDDP, and other drugs of abuse in hair exposed to controlled UVB radiation. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6 Suppl 1:78-84. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donata Favretto
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Marianna Tucci
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Alice Monaldi
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 5 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Santo Davide Ferrara
- School of Medicine, Forensic Toxicology and Antidoping; University Hospital of Padova; Via Falloppio 50 I-35121 Padova Italy
| | - Giorgia Miolo
- Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences; University of Padova; via Marzolo 5 I-35121 Padova Italy
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33
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Wang R, Wang X, Liang C, Ni C, Xiong L, Rao Y, Zhang Y. Direct determination of diazepam and its glucuronide metabolites in human whole blood by μElution solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2013; 233:304-11. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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34
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Strano-Rossi S, Castrignanò E, Anzillotti L, Odoardi S, De-Giorgio F, Bermejo A, Pascali VL. Screening for exogenous androgen anabolic steroids in human hair by liquid chromatography/orbitrap-high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 793:61-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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35
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Rapid screening of drugs of abuse in human urine by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with high resolution and high mass accuracy hybrid linear ion trap-Orbitrap mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1302:95-104. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.06.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2013] [Revised: 04/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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36
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Monitoring Haloperidol Exposure in Body Fluids and Hair of Children by Liquid Chromatography–High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. Ther Drug Monit 2013; 35:493-501. [DOI: 10.1097/ftd.0b013e3182892d11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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37
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Clarke W, Rhea JM, Molinaro R. Challenges in implementing clinical liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods--the light at the end of the tunnel. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2013; 48:755-767. [PMID: 23832931 DOI: 10.1002/jms.3214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The use of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) in the clinical setting is a relatively new application. One of the significant barriers hampering the transition of LC-MS/MS from the research lab into a clinical setting is the uncertainty of how to successfully develop and validate a method that meets guidelines for clinical applications. Here, we have taken this seemingly overwhelming process and broken it into five general stages for consideration: assessing the clinical validity of a new LC-MS/MS assay, determination of feasibility, assay development, assay validation and post-implementation monitoring. Although various publications are available and serve as resources for determining development processes and acceptability criteria for specific LC-MS/MS assays, many of them are general recommendations or are specific to research applications that may not translate either practically or clinically. In this perspective special feature article, a resource is compiled that describes key differences between LC-MS/MS methods for research use versus clinical use. In addition, the challenges facing the expanding role of this technique in the clinical setting are discussed, including instrumentation/automation challenges, potential regulation of laboratory developed tests by the US Food and Drug Administration and standardization and harmonization of MS methods through the use of traceable materials and availability of guidance documents.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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38
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Vincenti M, Salomone A, Gerace E, Pirro V. Application of mass spectrometry to hair analysis for forensic toxicological investigations. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2013; 32:312-32. [PMID: 23165962 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2012] [Revised: 08/22/2012] [Accepted: 08/22/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The increasing role of hair analysis in forensic toxicological investigations principally owes to recent improvements of mass spectrometric instrumentation. Research achievements during the last 6 years in this distinctive application area of analytical toxicology are reviewed. The earlier state of the art of hair analysis was comprehensively covered by a dedicated book (Kintz, 2007a. Analytical and practical aspects of drug testing in hair. Boca Raton: CRC Press and Taylor & Francis, 382 p) that represents key reference of the present overview. Whereas the traditional organization of analytical methods in forensic toxicology divided target substances into quite homogeneous groups of drugs, with similar structures and chemical properties, the current approach often takes advantage of the rapid expansion of multiclass and multiresidue analytical procedures; the latter is made possible by the fast operation and extreme sensitivity of modern mass spectrometers. This change in the strategy of toxicological analysis is reflected in the presentation of the recent literature material, which is mostly based on a fit-for-purpose logic. Thus, general screening of unknown substances is applied in diverse forensic contexts than drugs of abuse testing, and different instrumentation (triple quadrupoles, time-of-flight analyzers, linear and orbital traps) is utilized to optimally cope with the scope. Other key issues of modern toxicology, such as cost reduction and high sample throughput, are discussed with reference to procedural and instrumental alternatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Vincenti
- Centro Regionale Antidoping e di Tossicologia A. Bertinaria, Orbassano, Turin, Italy.
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39
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Miyaguchi H. Determination of zolpidem in human hair by micropulverized extraction based on the evaluation of relative extraction efficiency of seven psychoactive drugs from an incurred human hair specimen. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1293:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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40
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New challenges and innovation in forensic toxicology: Focus on the “New Psychoactive Substances”. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1287:84-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2012] [Revised: 12/20/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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41
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Bijlsma L, Emke E, Hernández F, de Voogt P. Performance of the linear ion trap Orbitrap mass analyzer for qualitative and quantitative analysis of drugs of abuse and relevant metabolites in sewage water. Anal Chim Acta 2013; 768:102-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2012] [Revised: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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42
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Application of microwave irradiation to fast and efficient isolation of benzodiazepines from human hair. J Chromatogr A 2013; 1278:22-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2013.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Revised: 12/27/2012] [Accepted: 01/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Kim J, In S, Choi H, Lee S. Illegal Use of Benzodiazepines and/or Zolpidem Proved by Hair Analysis. J Forensic Sci 2012; 58:548-51. [DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.12034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2011] [Revised: 01/09/2012] [Accepted: 01/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- National Forensic Service; 331-1 Sinwol-7-dong; Yangcheon-gu; Seoul; 158-707; Korea
| | - Sanghwan In
- National Forensic Service; 331-1 Sinwol-7-dong; Yangcheon-gu; Seoul; 158-707; Korea
| | - Hwakyung Choi
- National Forensic Service; 331-1 Sinwol-7-dong; Yangcheon-gu; Seoul; 158-707; Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy; Keimyung University; 1095 Dalgubeoldaero; Dalseo-gu; Daegu; 704-701; Korea
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44
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Extending the detection window of diazepam by directly analyzing its glucuronide metabolites in human urine using liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2012; 1268:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2012.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 10/08/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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45
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The future key role of LC–high-resolution-MS analyses in clinical laboratories: a focus on quantification. Bioanalysis 2012; 4:2939-58. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.12.243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
For the last decade, high-resolution (HR)-MS has been associated with qualitative analyses while triple quadrupole MS has been associated with routine quantitative analyses. However, a shift of this paradigm is taking place: quantitative and qualitative analyses will be increasingly performed by HR-MS, and it will become the common ‘language’ for most mass spectrometrists. Most analyses will be performed by full-scan acquisitions recording ‘all’ ions entering the HR-MS with subsequent construction of narrow-width extracted-ion chromatograms. Ions will be available for absolute quantification, profiling and data mining. In parallel to quantification, metabotyping will be the next step in clinical LC–MS analyses because it should help in personalized medicine. This article is aimed to help analytical chemists who perform targeted quantitative acquisitions with triple quadrupole MS make the transition to quantitative and qualitative analyses using HR-MS. Guidelines for the acceptance criteria of mass accuracy and for the determination of mass extraction windows in quantitative analyses are proposed.
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46
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Simultaneous determination in hair of multiclass drugs of abuse (including THC) by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 899:154-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 04/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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47
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Peters FT, Remane D. Aspects of matrix effects in applications of liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry to forensic and clinical toxicology—a review. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:2155-72. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-6035-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 04/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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48
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Morini L, Vignali C, Polla M, Sponta A, Groppi A. Comparison of extraction procedures for benzodiazepines determination in hair by LC–MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2012; 218:53-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2011.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2011] [Accepted: 05/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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49
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Rapid detection and quantification of 35 benzodiazepines in urine by GC-TOF-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2012; 403:755-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-012-5877-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2011] [Revised: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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50
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Henry H, Sobhi HR, Scheibner O, Bromirski M, Nimkar SB, Rochat B. Comparison between a high-resolution single-stage Orbitrap and a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer for quantitative analyses of drugs. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2012; 26:499-509. [PMID: 22302489 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The capabilities of a high-resolution (HR), accurate mass spectrometer (Exactive-MS) operating in full scan MS mode was investigated for the quantitative LC/MS analysis of drugs in patients' plasma samples. A mass resolution of 50,000 (FWHM) at m/z 200 and a mass extracted window of 5 ppm around the theoretical m/z of each analyte were used to construct chromatograms for quantitation. The quantitative performance of the Exactive-MS was compared with that of a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (TQ-MS), TSQ Quantum Discovery or Quantum Ultra, operating in the conventional selected reaction monitoring (SRM) mode. The study consisted of 17 therapeutic drugs including 8 antifungal agents (anidulafungin, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, hydroxyitraconazole posaconazole, voriconazole and voriconazole-N-oxide), 4 immunosuppressants (ciclosporine, everolimus, sirolimus and tacrolimus) and 5 protein kinase inhibitors (dasatinib, imatinib, nilotinib, sorafenib and sunitinib). The quantitative results obtained with HR-MS acquisition show comparable detection specificity, assay precision, accuracy, linearity and sensitivity to SRM acquisition. Importantly, HR-MS offers several benefits over TQ-MS technology: absence of SRM optimization, time saving when changing the analysis from one MS to another, more complete information of what is in the samples and easier troubleshooting. Our work demonstrates that U/HPLC coupled to Exactive HR-MS delivers comparable results to TQ-MS in routine quantitative drug analyses. Considering the advantages of HR-MS, these results suggest that, in the near future, there should be a shift in how routine quantitative analyses of small molecules, particularly for therapeutic drugs, are performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugues Henry
- Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital of Lausanne; CHUV, 1011, Lausanne, Switzerland
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