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Zhang Q, Du H, Zhang Y. Recent progress on the detection of animal-derived food stimulants using mass spectrometry-based techniques. Front Nutr 2023; 10:1226530. [PMID: 37533577 PMCID: PMC10391635 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2023.1226530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The misuse of animal-derived stimulants in food is becoming increasingly common, and mass spectrometry (MS) is used extensively for their detection and analysis. There is a growing demand for abused-substances detection, highlighting the need for systematic studies on the advantages of MS-based methods in detecting animal-derived stimulants. Objective We reviewed the application of chromatography-mass spectrometry to the screening and detection of food stimulants of animal origin. Specifically, we analyzed four common animal sources of synthetic steroids, β-receptor agonists, zearalenol (ZAL), and glucocorticoids. We also explored the potential of using chromatography-mass spectrometry to detect and analyze animal-derived foods. Methods We searched and screened the Web of Science and Google Scholar databases until April 2023. Our inclusion criteria included a publication year within the last 5 years, publication language of English, and the research fields of food analysis, environmental chemistry, and polymer science. Our keywords were "mass spectrometry," "anabolic androgenic steroids," "β-2agonists," "glucocorticoids," "zearalenone," and "doping." Results Although traditional techniques such as thin-layer chromatography and enzyme-linked immunoassays are simple, fast, and suitable for the initial screening of bulk products, they are limited by their relatively high detection limits. Among the methods based on MS, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry are the most widely used for detecting food doping agents of animal origin. However, a sensitive method with high repeatability and a short analysis time for a large number of samples is still required. Advances in MS have enabled the detection of extremely low concentrations of these substances. Combining different techniques, such as high-resolution mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and two-dimensional chromatography, offers significant advantages for detecting trace illicit drugs in animal-derived foods. Due to advances in assay technology and sample preparation methods, sample collection and storage methods such as dried blood spots, dried urine spots, and volumetric absorptive microsampling are increasingly accepted because of their increased stability and cost-effectiveness. Significance MS significantly improves the efficiency of detecting doping agents of animal origin. With the continuous development of MS technology, its application in the fields of doping detection and the analysis of doping agents of animal origin is expected to become more extensive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhang
- Graduate School, Capital University of Physical Education and Sports, Beijing, China
| | - Hongying Du
- Tangshan Normal University, Tangshan, Hebei Province, China
| | - Yingjian Zhang
- Faculty of Sports, Langfang Normal University, Langfang, Hebei Province, China
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2
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Equey T, Salamin O, Ponzetto F, Nicoli R, Kuuranne T, Saugy J, Saugy M, Aikin R, Baume N. Longitudinal Profiling of Endogenous Steroids in Blood Using the Athlete Biological Passport Approach. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2023; 108:1937-1946. [PMID: 36794909 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgad085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Detection of endogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (EAAS), like testosterone (T), as doping agents has been improved with the launch of the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) in urine samples. OBJECTIVE To target doping practices with EAAS, particularly in individuals with low level of biomarkers excreted in urine, by including new target compounds measured in blood. DESIGN T and T/androstenedione (T/A4) distributions were obtained from 4 years of anti-doping data and applied as priors to analyze individual profiles from 2 T administration studies in female and male subjects. SETTING Anti-doping laboratory. Elite athletes (n = 823) and male and female clinical trials subjects (n = 19 and 14, respectively). INTERVENTION(S) Two open-label administration studies were carried out. One involved a control phase period followed by patch and then oral T administration in male volunteers and the other followed female volunteers during 3 menstrual cycles with 28 days of daily transdermal T application during the second month. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Serum samples were analyzed for T and A4 and the performance of a longitudinal ABP-based approach was evaluated for T and T/A4. RESULTS An ABP-based approach set at a 99% specificity flagged all female subjects during the transdermal T application period and 44% of subjects 3 days after the treatment. T showed the best sensitivity (74%) in response to transdermal T application in males. CONCLUSIONS Inclusion of T and T/A4 as markers in the Steroidal Module can improve the performance of the ABP to identify T transdermal application, particularly in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Equey
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1B7, Canada
| | - Olivier Salamin
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
- Research and Expertise in anti-Doping Sciences (REDs), Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Federico Ponzetto
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Raul Nicoli
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Tiia Kuuranne
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University Center of Legal Medicine, Genève and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Saugy
- Research and Expertise in anti-Doping Sciences (REDs), Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Martial Saugy
- Research and Expertise in anti-Doping Sciences (REDs), Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reid Aikin
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1B7, Canada
| | - Norbert Baume
- World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), Montreal, Quebec H4Z 1B7, Canada
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3
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Savkovic S, Ly LP, Desai R, Howa J, Nair V, Eichner D, Handelsman DJ. Detection of testosterone microdosing in healthy females. Drug Test Anal 2021; 14:653-666. [PMID: 34811948 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The ready detectability of synthetic androgens by mass spectrometry (MS)-based antidoping tests has reoriented androgen doping to using testosterone (T), which must be distinguished from its endogenous counterpart making detection of exogenous T harder. We investigated urine and serum steroid and hematological profiling individually and combined to determine the optimal detection model for T administration in women. Twelve healthy females provided six paired blood and urine samples over 2 weeks prior to treatment consisting of 12.5-mg T in a topical transdermal gel applied daily for 7 days. Paired blood and urine samples were then obtained at the end of treatment and Days 1, 2, 4, 7, and 14 days later. Compliance with treatment and sampling was high, and no adverse effects were reported. T treatment significantly increased serum and urine T, serum dihydrotestosterone (DHT), urine 5α-androstane-3α,17β-diol (5α-diol) epitestosterone (E), and urine T/E ratio with a brief window of detection (2-4 days) as well as total and immature (medium and high fluorescence) reticulocytes that remained elevated over the full 14 posttreatment days. Carbon isotope ratio MS and the OFF score and Abnormal Blood Profile score (ABPS) were not discriminatory. The optimal multivariate model to identify T exposure combined serum T, urine T/E ratio with three hematological variables (% high fluorescence reticulocytes, mean corpuscular hemoglobin, and volume) with the five variables providing 93% correct classification (4% false positive, 10% false negatives). Hence, combining select serum and urine steroid MS variables with reticulocyte measures can achieve a high but imperfect detection of T administration to healthy females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasha Savkovic
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Lam P Ly
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Reena Desai
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - John Howa
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Vinod Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Department, Concord Hospital & ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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4
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Piper T, Haenelt N, Fusshöller G, Geyer H, Thevis M. Sensitive detection of testosterone and testosterone prohormone administrations based on urinary concentrations and carbon isotope ratios of androsterone and etiocholanolone. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1835-1851. [PMID: 34648228 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The testing strategy for the detection of testosterone (T) or T-prohormones is based on the longitudinal evaluation of urinary steroid concentrations accompanied by subsequent isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)-based confirmation of samples showing atypical concentrations or concentration ratios. In recent years, the IRMS methodology focussed more and more on T itself and on the metabolites of T, 5α- and 5β-androstanediol. These target analytes showed the best sensitivity and retrospectivity, but their use has occasionally been challenging due to their comparably low urinary concentrations. Conversely, the carbon isotope ratios (CIR) of the main urinary metabolites of T, androsterone (A) and etiocholanolone (EITO), can readily be measured even from low urine volumes; those however, commonly offer a lower sensitivity and shorter retrospectivity in uncovering T misuse. Within this study, the CIRs of A and ETIO were combined with their urinary concentrations, resulting in a single parameter referred to as 'difference from weighted mean' (DWM). Both glucuronidated and sulfated steroids were investigated, encompassing a reference population (n = 110), longitudinal studies on three individuals, influence of ethanol in two individuals, and re-analysis of several administration studies including T, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, epiandrosterone, dehydroepiandrosterone, and T-gel. Especially DWM calculated for the sulfoconjugated steroids significantly prolonged the detection time of steroid hormone administrations when individual reference ranges were applied. Administration studies employing T encompassing CIR common for Europe (-23.8‰ and -24.4‰) were investigated and, even though for a significantly shorter time period and less pronounced, DWM could demonstrate the exogenous source of T metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Gregor Fusshöller
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Köln, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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5
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Hu C, Mei H, Guo H, Yu Z, Zhu J. Purification of ammonium nitrate via recrystallization for isotopic profiling using isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 328:111009. [PMID: 34583242 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.111009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Stable-isotope analysis of ammonium nitrate (AN) plays an important role for comparing and tracing the sources of AN samples. Numerous studies have reported the application of isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) for the stable-isotope analysis of AN. However, in real cases, AN is often mixed with liquid hydrocarbons, organic explosives, wood flour, and sodium chloride. Therefore, the purification of AN samples prior to IRMS analysis is essential. Based on the different solubilities of AN at different temperatures, AN samples were purified by recrystallization. The results show that recrystallization can effectively purify AN, and the isotope fractionation effect caused by recrystallization increases the stable-isotope ratio (δ15N increased by 0.07-0.14‰, δ18O increased by 0.15-0.33‰, and δ2H increased by 4.61-18.16‰). The change of δ15N and δ18O were close to the standard deviation values, and did not affect the differentiation of AN. δ2H was deemed unsuitable for AN differentiation, owing to isotopic exchange during recrystallization. Eight AN samples from different cities and four AN samples produced in different years and batches from the same manufacturer in China were analyzed after recrystallization. Both groups of AN samples could be distinguished by combining the nitrogen and oxygen isotope ratios. Therefore, recrystallization can be used as a means of AN purification for the accurate determination of AN in ammonium nitrate fuel oil and explosive residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Hu
- Insititute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongcheng Mei
- Insititute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongling Guo
- Insititute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Peoples' Public Security University of China, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhu
- Insititute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, People's Republic of China.
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6
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Piper T, Geyer H, Haenelt N, Huelsemann F, Schaenzer W, Thevis M. Current Insights into the Steroidal Module of the Athlete Biological Passport. Int J Sports Med 2021; 42:863-878. [PMID: 34049412 PMCID: PMC8445669 DOI: 10.1055/a-1481-8683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
For decades, the class of anabolic androgenic steroids has represented the most frequently detected doping agents in athletes' urine samples. Roughly 50% of all adverse analytical findings per year can be attributed to anabolic androgenic steroids, of which about 2/3 are synthetic exogenous steroids, where a qualitative analytical approach is sufficient for routine doping controls. For the remaining 1/3 of findings, caused by endogenous steroid-derived analytical test results, a more sophisticated quantitative approach is required, as their sheer presence in urine cannot be directly linked to an illicit administration. Here, the determination of urinary concentrations and concentration ratios proved to be a suitable tool to identify abnormal steroid profiles. Due to the large inter-individual variability of both concentrations and ratios, population-based thresholds demonstrated to be of limited practicability, leading to the introduction of the steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport. The passport enabled the generation of athlete-specific individual reference ranges for steroid profile parameters. Besides an increase in sensitivity, several other aspects like sample substitution or numerous confounding factors affecting the steroid profile are addressed by the Athlete Biological Passport-based approach. This narrative review provides a comprehensive overview on current prospects, supporting professionals in sports drug testing and steroid physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Geyer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Nadine Haenelt
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Frank Huelsemann
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schaenzer
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research – Institute of
Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA)
Cologne/Bonn Germany
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7
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Thevis M, Piper T, Thomas A. Recent advances in identifying and utilizing metabolites of selected doping agents in human sports drug testing. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 205:114312. [PMID: 34391136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Probing for evidence of the administration of prohibited therapeutics, drugs and/or drug candidates as well as the use of methods of doping in doping control samples is a central assignment of anti-doping laboratories. In order to accomplish the desired analytical sensitivity, retrospectivity, and comprehensiveness, a considerable portion of anti-doping research has been invested into studying metabolic biotransformation and elimination profiles of doping agents. As these doping agents include lower molecular mass drugs such as e.g. stimulants and anabolic androgenic steroids, some of which further necessitate the differentiation of their natural/endogenous or xenobiotic origin, but also higher molecular mass substances such as e.g. insulins, growth hormone, or siRNA/anti-sense oligonucleotides, a variety of different strategies towards the identification of employable and informative metabolites have been developed. In this review, approaches supporting the identification, characterization, and implementation of metabolites exemplified by means of selected doping agents into routine doping controls are presented, and challenges as well as solutions reported and published between 2010 and 2020 are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Thevis
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany; European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Thomas Piper
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Andreas Thomas
- Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, German Sport University Cologne, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
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8
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Lood Y, Aardal E, Gustavsson S, Prasolov I, Josefsson M, Ahlner J. False negative results in testosterone doping in forensic cases: Sensitivity of the urinary detection criteria T/E and T/LH. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1735-1742. [PMID: 34228890 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
At the Swedish national forensic toxicology laboratory, a measured testosterone/epitestosterone (T/E) ratio ≥ 12 together with testosterone/luteinizing hormone (T/LH) in urine > 400 nmol/IU is considered as a proof of exogenous testosterone administration. However, according to the rules of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), samples with T/E ratio > 4 are considered suspicious and shall be further analysed by gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-C-IRMS) to confirm the origin of testosterone and its metabolites. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of false negative results and to estimate the frequency of negative results using the current criteria for detection of abuse of testosterone in forensic investigations. Urine and serum samples were collected by the police at suspected infringement of the doping law in Sweden. Fifty-eight male subjects were included in the study. Urinary testosterone was determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), serum testosterone and LH-by immunoassay. The origin of testosterone and its metabolites was confirmed by means of GC-C-IRMS. Twenty-six of the 57 analysed subjects tested positive for exogenous testosterone using the criteria T/E ≥ 12 combined with T/LH > 400 nmol/IU. The IRMS analyses confirmed 47 positives; thus, 21 were considered false negatives. Negative predictive value was 32% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16%-50%) and sensitivity 55%. No false positive subjects were found. The number of false negative cases using the current criteria for the detection of testosterone abuse and hence the low sensitivity indicates a need to discuss introduction of new strategies in forensic doping investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Lood
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Elisabeth Aardal
- Division of Clinical Chemistry and Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Sara Gustavsson
- Department of Forensic Genetics and Forensic Toxicology, National Board of Forensic Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Ilya Prasolov
- Swedish Doping Control Laboratory, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Martin Josefsson
- Drug Unit Department, National Forensic Centre, Linköping, Sweden.,Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Johan Ahlner
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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9
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Balykova LA, Makarov LM, Ivyanskiy SA, Varlashina KA. [Cardiovascular Risks Associated with the use of Performance-Enhancing Stimulants]. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2021; 61:105-112. [PMID: 34311694 DOI: 10.18087/cardio.2021.6.n1018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The number of people involved in regular exercise and sports is increasing. Not infrequently, this is associated with intake of sports biologically active food supplements (BAS) and stimulators of physical ability. Data has been reported on the frequency of use of physical ability stimulators among professional athletes and on the use of the most popular food supplements among young people. Special attention is paid to the effect of such use on the cardiovascular system of athletes. This review describes negative cardiac effects and clinical cases of death of athletes due to the use of such supplements and stimulators.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A Balykova
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
| | - L M Makarov
- Center for Syncope and Cardiac Arrhythmia in Children and Adolescents of FMBA of Russia, Moscow
| | - S A Ivyanskiy
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
| | - K A Varlashina
- National Research Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk
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10
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Carbon isotope ratios of endogenous steroids found in human serum-method development, validation, and reference population-derived thresholds. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5655-5667. [PMID: 34142201 PMCID: PMC8410697 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03439-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to detect the misuse of testosterone (T), urinary steroid concentrations and concentration ratios are quantified and monitored in a longitudinal manner to enable the identification of samples exhibiting atypical test results. These suspicious samples are then forwarded to isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS)–based methods for confirmation. Especially concentration ratios like T over epitestosterone (E) or 5α-androstanediol over E proved to be valuable markers. Unfortunately, depending on the UGT2B17 genotype and/or the gender of the athlete, these markers may fail to provide evidence for T administrations when focusing exclusively on urine samples. In recent years, the potential of plasma steroids has been investigated and were found to be suitable to detect T administrations especially in female volunteers. A current drawback of this approach is the missing possibility to confirm that elevated steroid concentrations are solely derived from an administration of T and cannot be attributed to confounding factors. Therefore, an IRMS method for plasma steroids was developed and validated taking into account the comparably limited sample volume. As endogenous reference compounds, unconjugated cholesterol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate were found suitable, while androsterone and epiandrosterone (both sulfo-conjugated) were chosen as target analytes. The developed method is based on multi-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to IRMS in order to optimize the overall assay sensitivity. The approach was validated, and a reference population encompassing n = 65 males and females was investigated to calculate population-based thresholds. As proof-of-concept, samples from volunteers receiving T replacement therapies and excretion study samples were investigated.
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11
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Nair VS, Sharpe K, Husk J, Miller GD, Van Eenoo P, Crouch A, Eichner D. Evaluation of blood parameters by linear discriminant models for the detection of testosterone administration. Drug Test Anal 2021; 13:1270-1281. [PMID: 33629499 DOI: 10.1002/dta.3017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The steroidal module of the Athlete Biological Passport (ABP) has been used since 2014 for the longitudinal monitoring of urinary testosterone and its metabolites to identify samples suspicious for the use of synthetic forms of Endogenous Anabolic Androgenic Steroids (EAAS). Multiple recent studies have suggested that monitoring of blood parameters may provide enhanced detectability of exogenous testosterone administration. Transdermal and intramuscular testosterone administration studies were carried out in 15 subjects, and the effect on blood steroidal levels, hematological parameters, and gonadotropins was evaluated. Serum testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels increased while gonadotropin levels were suppressed after administration. A modest increase in reticulocytes was also observed. The blood parameters that were responsive to the administrations were combined into several linear discriminant models targeting both administration (on) and washout (off) phases. The models were effective in detecting the large dose intramuscular administration but were less successful in the detection of the lower dose transdermal application. The blood profiling models may provide complementary value but do not appear to be substantially more advantageous than longitudinal urinary profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA.,DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ken Sharpe
- Statistical Consulting Centre, School of Mathematics and Statistics, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacob Husk
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Geoffrey D Miller
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Peter Van Eenoo
- DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Andre Crouch
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan, Utah, USA
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12
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Nair VS, Husk J, Miller GD, Eenoo P, Crouch A, Eichner D. Evaluation of longitudinal steroid profiling with the ADAMS adaptive model for detection of transdermal, intramuscular, and subcutaneous testosterone administration. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1419-1431. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S. Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory South Jordan UT USA
- DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Jacob Husk
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory South Jordan UT USA
| | | | - Peter Eenoo
- DoCoLab, Department of Diagnostic Science Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Andre Crouch
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory South Jordan UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory South Jordan UT USA
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13
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Nair VS, Doman CE, Morrison MS, Miller GD, Husk J, Eenoo P, Crouch AK, Eichner D. Evaluation of epiandrosterone as a long‐term marker of testosterone use. Drug Test Anal 2020; 12:1554-1560. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Vinod S. Nair
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | | | | | | | - Jacob Husk
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | - Peter Eenoo
- DoCoLab, Department of Chemical Biology, Microbiology and Immunology Ghent University Ghent Belgium
| | - Andre K. Crouch
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
| | - Daniel Eichner
- Sports Medicine Research and Testing Laboratory, South Jordan UT USA
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14
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Putz M, Piper T, Dubois M, Delahaut P, Thevis M. Analysis of endogenous steroids in urine by means of multi-immunoaffinity chromatography and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:7563-7571. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02169-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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15
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Obukhova EN, Buryak AK. Determination of Isomers in Doping Control by Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1061934819090077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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16
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Tobias HJ, Jones A, Spanjers C, Bowers L, Brenna JT. Low Temperature Catalytic Combustion Reactors for High Precision Carbon Isotope Measurements in Gas Chromatography Combustion Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2019; 91:2901-2907. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J. Tobias
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
| | - Andrew Jones
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Charlie Spanjers
- Activated Research Company, 7561 Corporate Way, Eden Prairie, Minnesota 55344, United States
| | - Larry Bowers
- LDBowers, LLC, Southern Pines, North Carolina 28387, United States
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute, Dell Medical School, University of Texas at Austin, 1400 Barbara Jordan Boulevard, Austin, Texas 78723, United States
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712-1224, United States
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17
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Brailsford AD, Majidin WNM, Wojek N, Cowan DA, Walker C. IRMS delta values (
13
C) of nandrolone and testosterone products available in the UK: Implications for anti‐doping. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1722-1727. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alan D. Brailsford
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Wan Noor Mahirah Majidin
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Nick Wojek
- UK Anti‐Doping Fleetbank House, 2‐6 Salisbury Square London EC4Y 8AE UK
| | - David A. Cowan
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
| | - Christopher Walker
- Drug Control Centre, King's Forensics, Department of Analytical, Environmental and Forensic SciencesKing's College London London SE1 9NH UK
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18
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Athanasiadou I, Kraiem S, Al-Sowaidi S, Al-Mohammed H, Dbes N, Al-Yazedi S, Samsam W, Mohamed-Ali V, Dokoumetzidis A, Alsayrafi M, Valsami G, Georgakopoulos C. The effect of athletes` hyperhydration on the urinary ‘steroid profile’ markers in doping control analysis. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1458-1468. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I. Athanasiadou
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doha Qatar
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
| | | | | | | | - N. Dbes
- Anti-Doping Lab Qatar; Doha Qatar
| | | | | | | | - A. Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
| | | | - G. Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics & Pharmacokinetics, Department of Pharmacy, School of Health Sciences; National & Kapodistrian University of Athens; Greece
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19
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- und tritiummarkierte Verbindungen: Anwendungen in den modernen Biowissenschaften. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry; Industriepark Höchst, G876 65926 Frankfurt Deutschland
| | - William J. Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM; University of Strathclyde; 295 Cathedral Street Glasgow Scotland G1 1XL Großbritannien
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20
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Atzrodt J, Derdau V, Kerr WJ, Reid M. Deuterium- and Tritium-Labelled Compounds: Applications in the Life Sciences. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:1758-1784. [PMID: 28815899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201704146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 407] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hydrogen isotopes are unique tools for identifying and understanding biological and chemical processes. Hydrogen isotope labelling allows for the traceless and direct incorporation of an additional mass or radioactive tag into an organic molecule with almost no changes in its chemical structure, physical properties, or biological activity. Using deuterium-labelled isotopologues to study the unique mass-spectrometric patterns generated from mixtures of biologically relevant molecules drastically simplifies analysis. Such methods are now providing unprecedented levels of insight in a wide and continuously growing range of applications in the life sciences and beyond. Tritium (3 H), in particular, has seen an increase in utilization, especially in pharmaceutical drug discovery. The efforts and costs associated with the synthesis of labelled compounds are more than compensated for by the enhanced molecular sensitivity during analysis and the high reliability of the data obtained. In this Review, advances in the application of hydrogen isotopes in the life sciences are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Atzrodt
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Volker Derdau
- Isotope Chemistry and Metabolite Synthesis, Integrated Drug Discovery, Medicinal Chemistry, Industriepark Höchst, G876, 65926, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - William J Kerr
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
| | - Marc Reid
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, WestCHEM, University of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow, Scotland, G1 1XL, UK
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21
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Tobias HJ, Brenna JT. Cryofocus fast gas chromatography combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry for rapid detection of synthetic steroid use in sport doping. Analyst 2018; 143:1124-1132. [DOI: 10.1039/c7an01398a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Sports doping requires high precision carbon isotope ratio (CIR) analysis of endogenous steroids using gas chromatography-combustion isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GCC-IRMS), however methods are relatively slow and cumbersome. In this work, speed of analysis is improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Herbert J. Tobias
- Division of Nutritional Sciences
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute
| | - J. Thomas Brenna
- Division of Nutritional Sciences
- Cornell University
- Ithaca
- USA
- Dell Pediatric Research Institute
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22
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Potential of saliva steroid profiling for the detection of endogenous steroid abuse: Reference thresholds for oral fluid steroid concentrations and ratios. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 999:1-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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23
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Kotronoulas A, Gomez-Gómez À, Fabregat A, Segura J, Yang S, Xing Y, Moutian W, Marcos J, Joglar J, Ventura R, Pozo OJ. Evaluation of markers out of the steroid profile for the screening of testosterone misuse. Part I: Transdermal administration. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:821-831. [PMID: 29148228 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Although the introduction by the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) of the steroid module of the athlete biological passport (ABP) marked an important step forward in the screening of testosterone (T) misuse, it still remains one of the most difficult challenges in doping control analysis. The urinary determination of alternative markers has been recently reported as a promising tool for improving the screening of T oral administration. However, their evaluation for other, commonly used, administration routes is still required. The main goal of this study is the evaluation of the potential of 2 groups of metabolites (cysteinyl conjugated and glucuronoconjugated) after transdermal and intramuscular administration of T. Their suitability was evaluated in individuals with both low basal (L-T/E) and medium basal (M-T/E) values of T/E. In this Part I, we evaluated the urinary excretion profile of these 2 groups of T metabolites after the administration of 3 doses of T gel to 12 volunteers (6 L-T/E and 6 M-T/E) for 3 consecutive days. For this purpose, 9 different concentration ratios (5 cysteinyl conjugated and 4 glucuronoconjugated markers) were studied. Both, the intra-individual variability and the detection windows (DW) obtained by each ratio were evaluated. Cysteinyl conjugates showed a general low intra-individual variability and DWs that were shorter than any other tested marker. Despite the relatively large intra-individual variability, the DWs reached by glucuronoconjugates (2-3 days) were similar to those obtained by markers currently included in the ABP. Overall; this evaluation advises for the introduction of additional glucuronoconjugated markers in the screening of transdermal T administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aristotelis Kotronoulas
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Àlex Gomez-Gómez
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Programa De Recerca En Epidemiologia I Salut Pública, ISGlobal, Campus Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Fabregat
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Waters Cromatografia SA, MS Applicat Lab, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Segura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sheng Yang
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Yanyi Xing
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Wu Moutian
- National Anti-Doping Laboratory, China Anti-Doping Agency, Beijing, China
| | - Josep Marcos
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Cerba Internacional, Sabadell, Spain
| | - Jesús Joglar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Modelling, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IQAC-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Ventura
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Doping Control Research Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar J Pozo
- Bioanalysis Research Group. IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain.,Integrative Pharmacology and Systems Neuroscience Group, IMIM, Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Piper T, Putz M, Schänzer W, Pop V, McLeod MD, Uduwela DR, Stevenson BJ, Thevis M. Epiandrosterone sulfate prolongs the detectability of testosterone, 4-androstenedione, and dihydrotestosterone misuse by means of carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Drug Test Anal 2017; 9:1695-1703. [PMID: 28836353 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In the course of investigations into the metabolism of testosterone (T) by means of deuterated T and hydrogen isotope ratio mass spectrometry, a pronounced influence of the oral administration of T on sulfoconjugated steroid metabolites was observed. Especially in case of epiandrosterone sulfate (EPIA_S), the contribution of exogenous T to the urinary metabolite was traceable up to 8 days after a single oral dose of 40 mg of T. These findings initiated follow-up studies on the capability of EPIA_S to extend the detection of T and T analogue misuse by carbon isotope ratio (CIR) mass spectrometry in sports drug testing. Excretion study urine samples obtained after transdermal application of T and after oral administration of 4-androstenedione, dihydrotestosterone, and EPIA were investigated regarding urinary concentrations and CIR. With each administered steroid, EPIA_S was significantly depleted and prolonged the detectability when compared to routinely used steroidal target compounds by a factor of 2 to 5. In order to simplify the sample preparation procedure for sulfoconjugated compounds, enzymatic cleavage by Pseudomonas aeruginosa arylsulfatase was tested and implemented into CIR measurements for the first time. Further simplification was achieved by employing multidimensional gas chromatography to ensure the required peak purity for CIR determinations, instead of sample purification strategies using liquid chromatographic fractionation. Taking into account these results that demonstrate the unique and broad applicability of EPIA_S for the detection of illicit administrations of T or T-related steroids, careful consideration of how this steroid can be implemented into routine doping control analysis appears warranted. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marlen Putz
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Schänzer
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany
| | - Valentin Pop
- Romanian Doping Control Laboratory, National Anti-Doping Agency, Bvd. Basarabia, nr. 37-39, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Malcolm D McLeod
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Dimanthi R Uduwela
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Bradley J Stevenson
- Research School of Chemistry, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, 2601, Australia
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Cologne, Germany.,European Monitoring Center for Emerging Doping Agents (EuMoCEDA), Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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25
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Anneleen D, Anita VL, Lynn V. Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Endogenous Steroids and Steroid Abuse in (Race) Horses and Human Athletes. Mass Spectrom (Tokyo) 2017. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.68593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
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26
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Abstract
Saliva is gaining increasing attention as a bioanalytical sample matrix. Mostly because of the easy and noninvasive collection, it is not only beneficial in endocrinological and behavioral science, but also in pediatrics. Saliva also has the advantage of being the only body fluid which can be collected even during physical exercise, for example, during sportive activities, and there are physiological characteristics that make it superior to serum/plasma or urine for specific scientific questions. This review provides an insight into the physiology of saliva formation, explaining how certain compounds enter this bodily fluid, and gives advice for collection, storage and analytical methods. Finally, it presents a number of reliable and proven applications for saliva analysis from scientific fields including endocrinology, sports medicine, forensics and immunology.
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27
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Piper T, Thevis M. Applications of Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry in Sports Drug Testing Accounting for Isotope Fractionation in Analysis of Biological Samples. Methods Enzymol 2017; 596:403-432. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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28
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Casilli A, Piper T, de Oliveira FA, Padilha MC, Pereira HM, Thevis M, de Aquino Neto FR. Optimization of an online heart-cutting multidimensional gas chromatography clean-up step for isotopic ratio mass spectrometry and simultaneous quadrupole mass spectrometry measurements of endogenous anabolic steroid in urine. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1204-1211. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 09/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Casilli
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | - Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
| | | | - Monica Costa Padilha
- Brazilian Laboratory Doping Control; LBCD-LADETEC/IQ-UFRJ; Rio de Janeiro RJ Brazil
| | | | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry; Köln Germany
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29
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Schönfelder M, Hofmann H, Schulz T, Engl T, Kemper D, Mayr B, Rautenberg C, Oberhoffer R, Thieme D. Potential detection of low-dose transdermal testosterone administration in blood, urine, and saliva. Drug Test Anal 2016; 8:1186-1196. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Schönfelder
- Chair of Exercise Biology; Technical University of Munich; Germany
- Institute of Pathology; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - H. Hofmann
- Chair of Preventive Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - T. Schulz
- Chair of Preventive Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - T. Engl
- Chair of Preventive Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - D. Kemper
- Chair of Preventive Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - B. Mayr
- Research Institute of Molecular Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine; Paracelus Medical Private University; Salzburg Austria
| | - C. Rautenberg
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry Dresden; Kreischa Germany
| | - R. Oberhoffer
- Chair of Preventive Pediatrics; Technical University of Munich; Germany
| | - D. Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis und Sports Biochemistry Dresden; Kreischa Germany
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30
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Janssens G, Mangelinckx S, Courtheyn D, De Kimpe N, Matthijs B, Le Bizec B. The use of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry to demonstrate progesterone treatment in bovines. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1449:129-40. [PMID: 27157423 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Currently, no analytical method is available to demonstrate progesterone administration in biological samples collected in rearing animals, and therefore, tracking the abuse of this popular growth promoter is arduous. In this study, a method is presented to reveal progesterone (PG) treatment on the basis of carbon isotope measurement of 5β-pregnane-3α, 20α-diol (BAA-PD), a major PG metabolite excreted in bovine urine, by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS). 5-Androstene-3β,17α-diol (AEdiol) is used as endogenous reference compound. Intermediate precisions (n=11) of 0.56‰ and 0.68‰ have been determined for AEdiol and BAA-PD, respectively. The analytical method was used for the very first time to successfully differentiate urine samples collected in treated and untreated animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium; Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Courtheyn
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Matthijs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- LUNAM Université, Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), F-44307 Nantes, France
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31
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Derivatization of steroids in biological samples for GC–MS and LC–MS analyses. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2515-36. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The determination of steroids in biological samples is essential in different areas of knowledge. MS combined with either GC or LC is considered the best analytical technique for specific and sensitive determinations. However, due to the physicochemical properties of some steroids, and the low concentrations found in biological samples, the formation of a derivative prior to their analysis is required. In GC–MS determinations, derivatization is needed for generating volatile and thermally stable compounds. The improvement in terms of stability and chromatographic retention are the main reasons for selecting the derivatization agent. On the other hand, derivatization is not compulsory in LC–MS analyses and the derivatization is typically used for improving the ionization and therefore the overall sensitivity achieved.
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32
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Current status and recent advantages in derivatization procedures in human doping control. Bioanalysis 2015; 7:2537-56. [DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Derivatization is one of the most important steps during sample preparation in doping control analysis. Its main purpose is the enhancement of chromatographic separation and mass spectrometric detection of analytes in the full range of laboratory doping control activities. Its application is shown to broaden the detectable range of compounds, even in LC–MS analysis, where derivatization is not a prerequisite. The impact of derivatization initiates from the stage of the metabolic studies of doping agents up to the discovery of doping markers, by inclusion of the screening and confirmation procedures of prohibited substances in athlete's urine samples. Derivatization renders an unlimited number of opportunities to advanced analyte detection.
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33
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Janssens G, Mangelinckx S, Courtheyn D, De Kimpe N, Matthijs B, Le Bizec B. Simultaneous Detection of Androgen and Estrogen Abuse in Breeding Animals by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry/Combustion/Isotope Ratio Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) Evaluated against Alternative Methods. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:7574-7581. [PMID: 26271751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b02746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The administration of synthetic homologues of naturally occurring steroids can be demonstrated by measuring (13)C/(12)C isotopic ratios of their urinary metabolites. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) was used in this study to appraise in a global approach isotopic deviations of two 17β-testosterone metabolites (17α-testosterone and etiocholanolone) and one 17β-estradiol metabolite (17α-estradiol) together with those of 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol as endogenous reference compound (ERC). Intermediate precisions of 0.35‰, 1.05‰, 0.35‰, and 0.21‰, respectively, were observed (n = 8). To assess the performance of the analytical method, a bull and a heifer were treated with 17β-testosterone propionate and 17β-estradiol-3-benzoate. The sensitivity of the method permitted the demonstration of 17β-estradiol treatment up to 24 days. For 17β-testosterone treatment, the detection windows were 3 days and 24 days for the bull and the heifer, respectively. The capability of GC-MS/C/IRMS to demonstrate natural steroid abuse for urinary steroids was eventually compared to those of mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) when measuring intact steroid esters in blood and hair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sven Mangelinckx
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Dirk Courtheyn
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Norbert De Kimpe
- Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University , Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Matthijs
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories , Kruidtuinlaan 55, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bruno Le Bizec
- Oniris, Laboratoire d'Etude des Résidus et Contaminants dans les Aliments (LABERCA), LUNAM Université , F-44307 Nantes, France
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Wu X, Gao F, Zhang W, Ni J. Metabolism study of boldenone in human urine by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 115:570-5. [PMID: 26319750 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Revised: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone (BOLD), an anabolic steroid, is likely to be abused in livestock breeding and in sports. Although some of BOLD metabolites in human urine, such as 5β-adrost-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), have been detected, investigations on their excretion patterns for both genders are insufficient. Moreover, little research on 17α-BOLD glucuronide as a metabolite in human urine has been reported. The aim of this study is to make a contribution to the knowledge of 17β-BOLD metabolism in humans. Three male and three female volunteers were orally administrated with 30mg 17β-BOLD. Urine samples were collected and analyzed with gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The data proved that 17β-BOLD, BM1, and 17α-BOLD were excreted in urine in both free and glucuronic conjugated forms after administration of 17β-BOLD. For most subjects, the urinary concentrations of BM1 were higher than that of 17β-BOLD. 17α-BOLD was excreted in small amounts. 17α-BOLD, 17β-BOLD, and BM1 were present naturally in urine with low concentrations. Administration of 30mg 17β-BOLD could not influence the excretion profiles of urinary androsterone, etiocholanolone, and testosterone/epitestosterone ratio. There were no differences in BOLD metabolic patterns between man and woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinchen Wu
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Feng Gao
- Kunming Medical University, Yunnan 650500, China
| | - Wenxin Zhang
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jian Ni
- Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China.
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35
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Isotope ratio mass spectrometry as a tool for source inference in forensic science: A critical review. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 251:139-58. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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36
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Polet M, Van Eenoo P. GC-C-IRMS in routine doping control practice: 3 years of drug testing data, quality control and evolution of the method. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:4397-409. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8374-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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37
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Thevis M, Schänzer W. Analytical approaches for the detection of emerging therapeutics and non-approved drugs in human doping controls. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 101:66-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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38
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Stable carbon isotope ratio profiling of illicit testosterone preparations - domestic and international seizures. Drug Test Anal 2014; 6:996-1001. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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39
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Impact of progesterone administration on doping test of endogenous steroids. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:6061-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8027-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 06/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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40
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Piper T, Thomas A, Baume N, Sobolevsky T, Saugy M, Rodchenkov G, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Determination of ¹³C/¹² C ratios of endogenous urinary 5-amino-imidazole-4-carboxamide 1β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR). RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2014; 28:1194-1202. [PMID: 24760559 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.6891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE AICAR (5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide 1β-D-ribofuranoside) is prohibited in sport according to rules established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. Doping control laboratories identify samples where AICAR abuse is suspected by measuring its urinary concentration and comparing the observed level with naturally occurring concentrations. As the inter-individual variance of urinary AICAR concentrations is large, this approach requires a complementary method to unambiguously prove the exogenous origin of AICAR. Therefore, a method for the determination of carbon isotope ratios (CIRs) of urinary AICAR has been developed and validated. METHODS Concentrated urine samples were fractionated by means of liquid chromatography for analyte cleanup. Derivatization of AICAR yielding the trimethylsilylated analog was necessary to enable CIR determinations by gas chromatography/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry. The method was tested for its repeatability and stability over time and a linear mixing model was applied to test for possible isotopic discrimination. A reference population of n = 63 males and females was investigated to calculate appropriate reference limits to differentiate endogenous from exogenous urinary AICAR. These limits were tested by an AICAR elimination study. RESULTS The developed method fulfills all the requirements for adequate sports drug testing and was found to be fit for purpose. The investigated reference population showed a larger variability in the CIR of AICAR than of the endogenous steroids. Nevertheless, the calculated thresholds for differences between AICAR and endogenous steroids can be applied straightforwardly to evaluate suspicious doping control samples with the same statistical confidence as established e.g. for testosterone misuse. These thresholds enabled the detection of a single oral AICAR administration for more than 40 h. CONCLUSIONS Determination of thee CIRs is the method of choice to distinguish between an endogenous and an exogenous source of urinary AICAR. The developed method will enable investigations into doping control samples with elevated urinary concentrations of AICAR and clearly differentiate between naturally produced/elevated and illicitly administered AICAR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- German Sport University Cologne, Center for Preventive Doping Research - Institute of Biochemistry, Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6, 50933, Köln, Germany
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41
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Geyer H, Schänzer W, Thevis M. Anabolic agents: recent strategies for their detection and protection from inadvertent doping. Br J Sports Med 2014; 48:820-6. [PMID: 24632537 PMCID: PMC4033149 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2014-093526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
According to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Prohibited List, anabolic agents consist of exogenous anabolic androgenic steroids (AAS), endogenous AAS and other anabolic agents such as clenbuterol and selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs). Currently employed strategies for their improved detection include the prolongation of the detection windows for exogenous AAS, non-targeted and indirect analytical approaches for the detection of modified steroids (designer steroids), the athlete's biological passport and isotope ratio mass spectrometry for the detection of the misuse of endogenous AAS, as well as preventive doping research for the detection of SARMs. The recent use of these strategies led to 4-80-fold increases of adverse analytical findings for exogenous AAS, to the detection of the misuse of new designer steroids, to adverse analytical findings of different endogenous AAS and to the first adverse analytical findings of SARMs. The strategies of the antidoping research are not only focused on the development of methods to catch the cheating athlete but also to protect the clean athlete from inadvertent doping. Within the past few years several sources of inadvertent doping with anabolic agents have been identified. Among these are nutritional supplements adulterated with AAS, meat products contaminated with clenbuterol, mycotoxin (zearalenone) contamination leading to zeranol findings, and natural products containing endogenous AAS. The protection strategy consists of further investigations in case of reasonable suspicion of inadvertent doping, publication of the results, education of athletes and development of methods to differentiate between intentional and unintentional doping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Geyer
- Institute of Biochemistry, Center for Preventive Doping Research, German Sport University Cologne, , Cologne, Germany
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42
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Thieme D, Rautenberg C, Grosse J, Schoenfelder M. Significant increase of salivary testosterone levels after single therapeutic transdermal administration of testosterone: suitability as a potential screening parameter in doping control. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:819-25. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Detlef Thieme
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | | | - Joachim Grosse
- Institute of Doping Analysis; Dresdner str. 12 01731 Kreischa Germany
| | - Martin Schoenfelder
- Institute of Preventive Paediatrics; Technical University Munich; Germany
- Research Institute of Molecular Sport and Rehabilitation Medicine; Paracelsus Medical Private University Salzburg; Austria
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43
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Janssens G, Mangelinckx S, Courtheyn D, Prévost S, De Poorter G, De Kimpe N, Le Bizec B. Application of gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) to detect the abuse of 17β-estradiol in cattle. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:7242-7249. [PMID: 23815698 DOI: 10.1021/jf401797p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Although the ability to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues on the basis of their (13)C/(12)C isotopic ratio has been known for over a decade, this technique has been scarcely implemented for food safety purposes. In this study, a method was developed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry/combustion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-MS/C/IRMS) to demonstrate the abuse of 17β-estradiol in cattle, by comparison of the (13)C/(12)C ratios of the main metabolite 17α-estradiol and an endogenous reference compound (ERC), 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol, in bovine urine. The intermediate precisions were determined as 0.46 and 0.26‰ for 5-androstene-3β,17α-diol and 17α-estradiol, respectively. This is, to the authors' knowledge, the first reported use of GC-MS/C/IRMS for the analysis of steroid compounds for food safety issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium.
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44
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Hamasaki T, Matsumoto T, Sakamoto N, Shimahara A, Kato S, Yoshitake A, Utsunomiya A, Yurimoto H, Gabazza EC, Ohgi T. Synthesis of ¹⁸O-labeled RNA for application to kinetic studies and imaging. Nucleic Acids Res 2013; 41:e126. [PMID: 23632164 PMCID: PMC3695515 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkt344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Radioisotopes and fluorescent compounds are frequently used for RNA labeling but are unsuitable for clinical studies of RNA drugs because of the risk from radiation exposure or the nonequivalence arising from covalently attached fluorophores. Here, we report a practical phosphoramidite solid-phase synthesis of 18O-labeled RNA that avoids these disadvantages, and we demonstrate its application to quantification and imaging. The synthesis involves the introduction of a nonbridging 18O atom into the phosphate group during the oxidation step of the synthetic cycle by using 18O water as the oxygen donor. The 18O label in the RNA was stable at pH 3–8.5, while the physicochemical and biological properties of labeled and unlabeled short interfering RNA were indistinguishable by circular dichroism, melting temperature and RNA-interference activity. The 18O/16O ratio as measured by isotope ratio mass spectrometry increased linearly with the concentration of 18O-labeled RNA, and this technique was used to determine the blood concentration of 18O-labeled RNA after administration to mice. 18O-labeled RNA transfected into human A549 cells was visualized by isotope microscopy. The RNA was observed in foci in the cytoplasm around the nucleus, presumably corresponding to endosomes. These methodologies may be useful for kinetic and cellular-localization studies of RNA in basic and pharmaceutical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomohiro Hamasaki
- Strategic Headquarters for Research and Development, BONAC Corporation, BIO Factory 4F, 4-1488 Aikawa, Kurume, Fukuoka 839-0861, Japan
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45
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Piper T, Emery C, Thomas A, Saugy M, Thevis M. Combination of carbon isotope ratio with hydrogen isotope ratio determinations in sports drug testing. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:5455-66. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-6949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 03/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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46
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Ahrens BD, Butch AW. Carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry for detection of endogenous steroid use: A testing strategy. Drug Test Anal 2013; 5:534-40. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2012] [Revised: 11/20/2012] [Accepted: 11/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Brian D. Ahrens
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles; CA; USA
| | - Anthony W. Butch
- UCLA Olympic Analytical Laboratory, Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Geffen School of Medicine, Reagan UCLA Medical Center; Los Angeles; CA; USA
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47
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Janssens G, Courtheyn D, Mangelinckx S, Prévost S, Bichon E, Monteau F, De Poorter G, De Kimpe N, Le Bizec B. Use of isotope ratio mass spectrometry to differentiate between endogenous steroids and synthetic homologues in cattle: a review. Anal Chim Acta 2012; 772:1-15. [PMID: 23540242 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2012.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although substantial technical advances have been achieved during the past decades to extend and facilitate the analysis of growth promoters in cattle, the detection of abuse of synthetic analogs of naturally occurring hormones has remained a challenging issue. When it became clear that the exogenous origin of steroid hormones could be traced based on the (13)C/(12)C isotope ratio of the substances, GC/C/IRMS has been successfully implemented to this aim since the end of the past century. However, due to the costly character of the instrumental setup, the susceptibility of the equipment to errors and the complex and time consuming sample preparation, this method is up until now only applied by a limited number of laboratories. In this review, the general principles as well as the practical application of GC/C/IRMS to differentiate between endogenous steroids and exogenously synthesized homologous compounds in cattle will be discussed in detail, and will be placed next to other existing and to be developed methods based on isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Finally, the link will be made with the field of sports doping, where GC/C/IRMS has been established within the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) approved methods as the official technique to differentiate between exogenous and endogenous steroids over the past few years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Janssens
- Federal Agency for the Safety of the Food Chain, Directorate General Laboratories, Brussels, Belgium.
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48
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Gómez C, Pozo OJ, Geyer H, Marcos J, Thevis M, Schänzer W, Segura J, Ventura R. New potential markers for the detection of boldenone misuse. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 132:239-46. [PMID: 22664392 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2012.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2012] [Revised: 05/17/2012] [Accepted: 05/18/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Boldenone is one of the most frequently detected anabolic androgenic steroids in doping control analysis. Boldenone misuse is commonly detected by the identification of the active drug and its main metabolite, 5β-androst-1-en-17β-ol-3-one (BM1), by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), after previous hydrolysis with β-glucuronidase enzymes, extraction and derivatization steps. However, some cases of endogenous boldenone and BM1 have been reported. Nowadays, when these compounds are detected in urine at low concentrations, isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) analysis is needed to confirm their exogenous origin. The aim of the present study was to identify boldenone metabolites conjugated with sulphate and to evaluate their potential to improve the detection of boldenone misuse in sports. Boldenone was administered to a healthy volunteer and urine samples were collected up to 56h after administration. After a liquid-liquid extraction with ethyl acetate, urine extracts were analysed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) using electrospray ionisation in negative mode by monitoring the transition of m/z 365-350, specific for boldenone sulphate. Boldenone sulphate was identified in the excretion study urine samples and, moreover, another peak with the same transition was observed. Based on the MS/MS behaviour the metabolite was identified as epiboldenone sulphate. The identity was confirmed by isolation of the LC peak, solvolysis and comparison of the retention time and MS/MS spectra with an epiboldenone standard. These sulphated metabolites have not been previously reported in humans and although they account for less than 1% of the administered dose, they were still present in urine when the concentrations of the major metabolites, boldenone and BM1, were at the level of endogenous origin. The sulphated metabolites were also detected in 10 urine samples tested positive to boldenone and BM1 by GC-MS. In order to verify the usefulness of these new metabolites to discriminate between endogenous and exogenous origin of boldenone, four samples containing endogenous boldenone and BM1, confirmed by IRMS, were analysed. In 3 of the 4 samples, neither boldenone sulphate nor epiboldenone sulphate were detected, confirming that these metabolites were mainly detected after exogenous administration of boldenone. In contrast, boldenone sulphate and, in some cases, epiboldenone sulphate were present in samples with low concentrations of exogenous boldenone and BM1. Thus, boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are additional markers for the exogenous origin of boldenone and they can be used to reduce the number of samples to be analysed by IRMS. In samples with boldenone and BM1 at the concentrations suspicion for endogenous origin, only if boldenone and epiboldenone sulphates are present, further analysis by IRMS will be needed to confirm exogenous origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Gómez
- Bioanalysis and Analytical Services Research Group, Neurosciences Program, IMIM, Institut de Recerca Hospital del Mar, Barcelona, Spain
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49
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Piper T, Thomas A, Thevis M, Saugy M. Investigations on hydrogen isotope ratios of endogenous urinary steroids: reference-population-based thresholds and proof-of-concept. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:717-27. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Piper
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
| | - Andreas Thomas
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Mario Thevis
- German Sport University Cologne; Center for Preventive Doping Research; Am Sportpark Müngersdorf 6; 50933; Köln; Germany
| | - Martial Saugy
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analysis; University Center of Legal Medicine, Geneva and Lausanne, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University Lausanne; Ch. des Croisettes 22; CH-1066; Epalinges; Switzerland
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50
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Brooker L, Cawley A, Kazlauskas R, Goebel C, George A. Carbon isotope ratio analysis of endogenous glucocorticoid urinary metabolites after cortisone acetate and adrenosterone administration for doping control. Drug Test Anal 2012; 4:951-61. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2012] [Revised: 07/12/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Adam Cawley
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL); National Measurement Institute; 105 Delhi Rd; North Ryde; NSW; 2113; Australia
| | - Ray Kazlauskas
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL); National Measurement Institute; 105 Delhi Rd; North Ryde; NSW; 2113; Australia
| | - Catrin Goebel
- Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL); National Measurement Institute; 105 Delhi Rd; North Ryde; NSW; 2113; Australia
| | - Adrian George
- School of Chemistry; Building F11, The University of Sydney; NSW; 2006; Australia
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