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Grung M, Kringstad A, Bæk K, Allan IJ, Thomas KV, Meland S, Ranneklev SB. Identification of non-regulated polycyclic aromatic compounds and other markers of urban pollution in road tunnel particulate matter. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:36-44. [PMID: 27233209 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
A combination of silicone rubber extraction and non-target and suspect screening by gas chromatography coupled to high-resolution time-of flight mass spectrometry was used for the identification of compounds in particulate matter (PM). Tunnel PM is a proxy for local road pollution that constitutes a hazard to the urban environment and human health. The use of silicone rubber for the extraction of PM allowed the pre-concentration of a wide range of compounds for non-target analysis while minimising the effects of the sample matrix. As expected, polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) constituted the major group of compounds identified, but only 5 of 50 PACs identified were amongst those regularly monitored and many of them were alkylated or contained a heteroatom. Urban markers of contamination such as organophosphate flame-retardants, phthalates, benzothiazoles, musk compounds and a plasticiser were also identified. The level of confidence for the identifications was high based on accurate mass, the pattern of fragmentation and retention. The unequivocal identification of 16 compounds, from all groups, was confirmed by co-chromatography with standards and the compounds semi-quantified. Most of the PACs identified are not regularly monitored, and the hazards they pose are therefore unknown. Some of these PACs are known to be more persistent and mobile in the environment than the EPA PAH16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merete Grung
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Alfhild Kringstad
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kine Bæk
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sondre Meland
- Norwegian Public Roads Administration, Environmental Assessment Section, Post Box 8142 Dep., 0033 Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Department of Environmental Sciences, Post Box 5003, 1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Sissel B Ranneklev
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway.
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Muusse M, Christensen G, Gomes T, Kočan A, Langford K, Tollefsen KE, Vaňková L, Thomas KV. Characterization of AhR agonists reveals antagonistic activity in European herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 514:211-218. [PMID: 25666281 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.01.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Revised: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
European herring gull (Larus argentatus) eggs from two Norwegian islands, Musvær in the south east and Reiaren in Northern Norway, were screened for dioxins, furans, and dioxin-like and selected non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), and subjected to non-target analysis to try to identify the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists, responsible for elevated levels measured using the dioxin responsive chemically activated luciferase expression (DR-CALUX) assay. Eggs from Musvær contained chemically calculated toxic equivalent (WHO TEQ) levels of between 109 and 483 pg TEQ/g lw, and between 82 and 337 pg TEQ/g lw was determined in eggs from Reiaren. In particular PCB126 contributed highly to the total TEQ (69-82%). In 19 of the 23 samples the calculated WHO TEQ was higher than the TEQCALUX. Using CALUX specific relative effect potencies (REPs), the levels were lower at between 77 and 292 pg/g lw in eggs from Musvær and between 55 and 223 pg/g lw in eggs from Reiaren, which was higher than the TEQCALUX in 16 of the 23 samples. However, the means of the REP values and the TEQCALUX were not significantly different. This suggests the presence of compounds that can elicit antagonist effects, with a low binding affinity to the AhR. Non-target analysis identified the presence of hexachlorobenzene (HCB) (quantified at 9.6-185 pg/g lw) but neither this compound nor high concentrations of PCB126 and non-dioxin-like PCBs could explain the differences between the calculated TEQ or REP values and the TEQCALUX. Even though, for most AhR agonists, the sensitivity of herring gulls is not known, the reported levels can be considered to represent a risk for biological effects in the developing embryo, compared to LC50 values in chicken embryos. For human consumers of herring gull eggs, these eggs contain TEQ levels up to four times higher than the maximum tolerable weekly intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Muusse
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; University of Oslo, Dept. of Bioscience, Postboks N-0316 Blindern, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Anton Kočan
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katherine Langford
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Knut Erik Tollefsen
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Lenka Vaňková
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalleen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway
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Wang J, Bernhöft S, Pfister G, Schramm KW. Water exposure assessment of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists in Three Gorges Reservoir, China using SPMD-based virtual organisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 496:26-34. [PMID: 25058931 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Revised: 07/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
SPMD-based virtual organisms (VOs) were deployed at five to eight sites in the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR), China for five periods in 2008, 2009 and 2011. The water exposure of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists was assessed by the VOs. The chosen bioassay response for the extracts of the VOs, the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) was assayed using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE). The results show that the extracts from the VOs could induce AhR activity significantly, whereas the chemically derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalent (TEQcal) accounted for <11% of the observed AhR responses (TEQbio). Unidentified AhR-active compounds represented a greater proportion of the TCDD equivalent in VOs from TGR. High TEQbio value in diluted extract and low TEQbio in concentrated extract of the same sample was observed suggesting potential non-additive effects in the mixture. The levels of AhR agonists in VOs from upstream TGR were in general higher than those from downstream reservoir, indicating urbanization effect on AhR agonist pollution. The temporal variation showed that levels of AhR agonists in 2009 and 2011 were higher than those in 2008, and the potential non-additive effects in the area close to the dam were also obviously higher in 2009 and 2011 than in 2008, indicating big changes in the composition of pollutants in the area after water level reached a maximum of 175 m. Although the aqueous concentration of AhR agonists of 0.8-4.8 pg TCDDL(-1) in TGR was not alarming, the tendency of accumulating high concentration of AhR agonists in VO lipid and existence of possible synergism or antagonism in the water may exhibit a potential hazard to local biota being exposed to AhR agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Wang
- TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaften, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China.
| | - Silke Bernhöft
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Pfister
- Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan für Ernährung Landnutzung und Umwelt, Department für Biowissenschaften, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; Helmholtz Center Munich, German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr. 1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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Wang J, Song G, Li A, Henkelmann B, Pfister G, Tong AZ, Schramm KW. Combined chemical and toxicological long-term monitoring for AhR agonists with SPMD-based virtual organisms in drinking water Danjiangkou Reservoir, China. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 108:306-313. [PMID: 24548649 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.01.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
SPMD-based virtual organisms (VOs) were employed for time-integrating, long-term sampling combined biological and chemical analyses for exposure assessment of hydrophobic organic pollutants (HOPs) in a drinking water reservoir, China. The SPMDs were deployed at four and five sites in the Danjiangkou (DJK) reservoir over two periods of 26 and 31 d to sequester the hydrophobic contaminants in water. The chosen bioassay response for the extracts of the SPMDs, the induction of 7-ethoxyresorufin-o-deethylase (EROD) was assayed using a rat hepatoma cell line (H4IIE). The known aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists PAHs and PCBs were analyzed by HRGC/HRMS instrument. The cause-effect relationship between the observed AhR activities and chemical concentrations of detected AhR agonists was examined. The results show that the extracts from the SPMD samples could induce AhR activity significantly, whereas the chemically derived 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) equivalent (TEQcal) was not correlated with the bioassay-derived TCDD equivalent (TEQbio). The known AhR agonists could only account for 2-10% of the observed AhR responses among which the contribution of PCBs could almost be neglected. Unidentified AhR-active compounds represented a greater proportion of the TCDD equivalent (TCDD-EQ) in SPMD samples from DJK. Based on the first assessment, the VO followed by the combination of chemical and biological analyses emerges as a resource efficient water monitoring device in ecotoxicological assessment for toxicologically relevant compounds which are readily available for uptake by resident aquatic biota in drinking water resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxian Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, PR China; Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan fuer Ernaehrung und Landnutzung, Department fuer Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada.
| | - Guoqiang Song
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Aimin Li
- Hubei Environmental Monitoring Center Station, Wuhan 430072, PR China
| | - Bernhard Henkelmann
- Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Gerd Pfister
- Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Anthony Z Tong
- Department of Chemistry, Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia B4P 2R6, Canada
| | - Karl-Werner Schramm
- Helmholtz Center Munich - German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Molecular EXposomics (MEX), Ingolstädter Landstr.1, D-85764 Neuherberg, Germany; TUM, Wissenschaftszentrum Weihenstephan fuer Ernaehrung und Landnutzung, Department fuer Biowissenschaftliche Grundlagen, Weihenstephaner Steig 23, 85350 Freising, Germany.
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Chou PH, Liu TC, Ko FC, Liao MW, Yeh HM, Yang TH, Wu CT, Chen CH, Tsai TY. Occurrence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor agonists and genotoxic compounds in the river systems in Southern Taiwan. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 107:257-264. [PMID: 24411837 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Water and sediment samples from river systems located in Southern Taiwan were investigated for the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonists and genotoxicants by a combination of recombinant cell assays and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. AhR agonist activity and genotoxic response were frequently detected in samples collected during different seasons. In particular, dry-season water and sediment samples from Erren River showed strong AhR agonist activity (201-1423 ng L(-1) and 1374-5631 ng g(-1) β-naphthoflavone equivalents) and high genotoxic potential. Although no significant correlation was found between AhR agonist activity and genotoxicity, potential genotoxicants in sample extracts were suggested to be causative agents for yeast growth inhibition in the AhR-responsive reporter gene assay. After high performance liquid chromatography fractionation, AhR agonist candidates were detected in several fractions of Erren River water and sediment extracts, while possible genotoxicants were only found in water extracts. In addition, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, the typical contaminants showing high AhR binding affinity, were only minor contributors to the AhR agonist activity detected in Erren River sediment extracts. Our findings displayed the usefulness of bioassays in evaluating the extent of environmental contamination, which may be helpful in reducing the chances of false-negative results obtained from chemical analysis of conventional contaminants. Further research will be undertaken to identify major candidates for xenobiotic AhR agonists and genotoxicants to better protect the aquatic environments in Taiwan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Hsin Chou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| | - Tong-Cun Liu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fung-Chi Ko
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, Taiwan; Institute of Marine Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung, Taiwan
| | - Mong-Wei Liao
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Mei Yeh
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tse-Han Yang
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Ting Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hsun Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Tsung-Ya Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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Radović JR, Thomas KV, Parastar H, Díez S, Tauler R, Bayona JM. Chemometrics-assisted effect-directed analysis of crude and refined oil using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:3074-3083. [PMID: 24517466 DOI: 10.1021/es404859m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
An effect-directed analysis (EDA) of fresh and artificially weathered (evaporated, photooxidized) samples of North Sea crude oil and residual heavy fuel oil is presented. Aliphatic, aromatic, and polar oil fractions were tested for the presence of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist and androgen receptor (AR) antagonist, demonstrating for the first time the AR antagonist effects in the aromatic and, to a lesser extent, polar fractions. An extension of the typical EDA strategy to include an N-way partial least-squares (N-PLS) model capable of relating the comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC × GC-TOFMS) data set to the bioassay data obtained from normal-phase LC fractions is proposed. The predicted AhR binding effects in the fresh and artificially weathered aromatic oil fractions facilitated the identification of alkyl-substituted three- and four-ring aromatic systems in the active fractions through the weighting of their contributions to the observed effects. A N-PLS chemometric model is demonstrated as a potentially useful strategy for future EDA studies that can streamline the compound identification process and provide additional reduction of samples' complexity. The AhR binding effects of the suspected compounds predicted by N-PLS and identified by GC × GC-TOFMS were confirmed using quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jagoš R Radović
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC , Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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