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Meikopoulos T, Gika H, Theodoridis G, Begou O. Detection of 26 Drugs of Abuse and Metabolites in Quantitative Dried Blood Spots by Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2024; 29:975. [PMID: 38474487 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
A method was developed for the determination of 26 drugs of abuse from different classes, including illicit drugs in quantitative dried blood spots (qDBSs), with the aim to provide a convenient method for drug testing by using only 10 μL of capillary blood. A satisfactory limit of quantification (LOQ) of 2.5 ng/mL for 9 of the compounds and 5 ng/mL for 17 of the compounds and a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.75 ng/mL for 9 of the compounds and 1.5 ng/mL for 17 of the compounds were achieved for all analytes. Reversed-phase liquid chromatography was applied on a C18 column coupled to MS, providing selective detections with both +ESI and -ESI modes. Extraction from the qDBS was performed using AcN-MeOH, 1:1 (v/v), with recovery ranging from 84.6% to 106%, while no significant effect of the hematocrit was observed. The studied drugs of abuse were found to be stable over five days under three different storage conditions (at ambient temperature 21 °C, at -20 °C, and at 35 °C), thus offering a highly attractive approach for drug screening by minimally invasive sampling for individuals that could find application in forensic toxicology analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Meikopoulos
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Helen Gika
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- ThetaBiomarkers, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd., P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Olga Begou
- BIOMIC_Auth, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
- ThetaBiomarkers, Center for Interdisciplinary Research, and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, 10th Km Thessaloniki-Thermi Rd., P.O. Box 8318, 57001 Thessaloniki, Greece
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2
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Lindholm AØ, Nielsen MKK, Kristensen M, Rasmussen BS. Driving under the influence of nitrous oxide - A retrospective study of HS-GC-MS analysis in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2024; 354:111904. [PMID: 38064776 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
Since 2020, our lab has received blood samples from traffic cases involving suspicion of driving under the influence of nitrous oxide (N2O). While N2O analysis by gas chromatography (GC) has been around for decades, quantitative results in blood from drivers have been only scarcely reported. We present a three-year (2020-2022) retrospective study of N2O from traffic cases in Eastern Denmark with suspected involvement of N2O intake. Whole blood samples from traffic cases were analysed for N2O using headspace-GC-MS. Freshly made calibration curves and additions of xenon gas as an internal standard were used for calculation of N2O concentrations. Positive samples have been defined as having concentrations greater than 0.1 mL N2O/L blood. Over a three-year period, we have tested 62 traffic case blood samples for the presence of N2O. Despite the technical challenges associated with the analysis of N2O, we have found N2O in 52 of the samples. Calculated concentrations were in the range 0.1-48 mL N2O/L blood, which are similar to the few cases previously found in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mette Kristensen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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3
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Skov K, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Klose Nielsen MK. Uncovering forensic evidence of drug-facilitated sexual assault: Toxicological findings from Eastern Denmark from 2015-2022. Leg Med (Tokyo) 2023; 65:102325. [PMID: 37783000 DOI: 10.1016/j.legalmed.2023.102325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 09/07/2023] [Accepted: 09/24/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
In drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA), the victim is unable to provide consent or resists sexual activity due to substance intoxication by voluntary or covert consumption. Obtaining forensic evidence of the assault is challenged by rapid drug metabolism and late sample collection. The objective of this study was to present toxicological findings and associated demographics from police reported sexual assault cases in Eastern Denmark from 2015 to 2022. A total of 369 sexual assault cases were submitted for analysis and a subgroup of 268 cases were categorized as suspected DFSA cases. The majority of the total sexual assault victims were women at the age 15-25 and the perpetrators were often unknown or an acquaintance. Time from assault to sample collection was slightly longer for suspected DFSA cases (12-24 h) compared to non-DFSA (<12 h). Positive toxicology was observed in 86 % of cases and the most common drug groups included alcohol (45 %), drugs of abuse (38 %), antidepressants (14 %), antihistamines (12 %), and benzodiazepines (11 %). Hypnotics were detected to a smaller extent (7 %). A total of 77 drugs were detected and the most commonly observed were cocaine, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cetirizine, amphetamine, diazepam and sertraline. The high level of observed alcohol and drugs of abuse indicated that most DFSA cases in Eastern Denmark were of an opportunistic approach rather than proactive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrine Skov
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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4
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Damont A, Legrand A, Cao C, Fenaille F, Tabet JC. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry in the world of small molecules. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:1300-1331. [PMID: 34859466 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The combined use of hydrogen/deuterium exchange (HDX) and mass spectrometry (MS), referred to as HDX-MS, is a powerful tool for exploring molecular edifices and has been used for over 60 years. Initially for structural and mechanistic investigation of low-molecular weight organic compounds, then to study protein structure and dynamics, then, the craze to study small molecules by HDX-MS accelerated and has not stopped yet. The purpose of this review is to present its different facets with particular emphasis on recent developments and applications. Reversible H/D exchanges of mobilizable protons as well as stable exchanges of non-labile hydrogen are considered whether they are taking place in solution or in the gas phase, or enzymatically in a biological media. Some fundamental principles are restated, especially for gas-phase processes, and an overview of recent applications, ranging from identification to quantification through the study of metabolic pathways, is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annelaure Damont
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Anaïs Legrand
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Chenqin Cao
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - François Fenaille
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jean-Claude Tabet
- Département Médicaments et Technologies pour la Santé (DMTS), MetaboHUB, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, INRAE, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Faculté des Sciences et de l'Ingénierie, Institut Parisien de Chimie Moléculaire (IPCM), Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
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5
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Melchior SE, Nielsen MKK, Oropeza AR, Banner J, Johansen SS. Detection of scopolamine in urine and hair in a drug-facilitated sexual assault. Forensic Sci Int 2023; 347:111678. [PMID: 37030199 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2023.111678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
The use of the drug scopolamine in drug-facilitated crimes is known. Nevertheless, given the high potency of the drug and its rapid metabolism, analysis in blood and urine may not be sufficient for drug detection in late crime declaration, especially following a single-dose administration in drug-facilitated sexual assault (DFSA) cases. Hair may constitute an essential supplemental matrix extending the drug detection window in such cases. This case report presents quantitative data on scopolamine findings in urine and hair in a DFSA case. A young female had consumed several alcoholic drinks at a party venue when her behaviour became noticeably peculiar. Later, she woke up next to an unknown man and had no recollection of the night's events. Blood and urine samples were collected 18 h after the incident. The initial toxicological target screening using UHPLC-TOF-MS detected scopolamine in the hydrolysed urine sample, and quantification yielded 41 µg/L scopolamine in urine, while blood was negative. Segmental hair analysis using multitarget UHPLC-MS/MS was performed on three washed 2-cm segments of hair collected five weeks after the incident, yielding 0.37 pg/mg scopolamine only in the relevant hair segment. This case report provides novel insight into the concentration in hair following a single exposure of scopolamine and the feasibility of detecting scopolamine in hair by comparison to published toxicological findings.
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6
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Thurow K. Strategies for automating analytical and bioanalytical laboratories. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023:10.1007/s00216-023-04727-2. [PMID: 37173407 PMCID: PMC10181916 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04727-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Analytical measurement methods are used in different areas of production and quality control, diagnostics, environmental monitoring, or in research applications. If direct inline or online measurement methods are not possible, the samples taken have to be processed offline in the manual laboratory. Automated processes are increasingly being used to enhance throughput and improve the quality of results. In contrast to bioscreening, the degree of automation in (bio)analytical laboratories is still low. This is due in particular to the complexity of the processes, the required process conditions, and the complex matrices of the samples. The requirements of the process to be automated itself and numerous other parameters influence the selection of a suitable automation concept. Different automation strategies can be used to automate (bio)analytical processes. Classically, liquid handler-based systems are used. For more complex processes, systems with central robots are used to transport samples and labware. With the development of new collaborative robots, there will also be the possibility of distributed automation systems in the future, which will enable even more flexible automation and use of all subsystems. The complexity of the systems increases with the complexity of the processes to be automated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Thurow
- Center for Life Science Automation, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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7
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Nielsen MKK, Andersen NZ, Rasmussen BS, Johansen SS. Driving under the Influence of Amphetamine: Analytical Evaluation of Illegal or Prescription Drug Intake Using Chiral UHPLC-MS-MS. J Anal Toxicol 2023; 47:280-286. [PMID: 36525524 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkac103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differentiation between consumption of illegal and prescription drugs remains an important aspect in forensic toxicology. While illicit amphetamine is most often racemic, the medicinal drugs marketed in Denmark for the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder contain the pure (S)-enantiomer or a prodrug thereof. In this study, we present a simple and efficient analytical workflow to provide information about the origin of amphetamine consumed in forensic cases concerning driving under the influence of drugs (DUID). Following quantification of amphetamine and methamphetamine using our conventional multi-target ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, determination of (R)- and (S)-amphetamine was performed by reinjecting the sample extract on a Phenomenex LUX® AMP chiral column using the same analytical instrument and mobile phases. Chiral separation was performed isocratic within a run time of 6 min. The analytical workflow was applied to blood samples from 5,248 suspected DUID cases within a 2-year period. Amphetamine was detected in 18.7% of the samples, of which both enantiomers were detected in 89.5% of the cases, indicating the consumption of illegal racemic amphetamine. In 6.1% of the positive cases, both amphetamine and methamphetamine were detected, indicating either co-consumption of both amphetamines or consumption of methamphetamine. In the remaining 4.4%, only (S)-amphetamine was detected indicating the consumption of prescription drugs containing (S)-amphetamine or a prodrug thereof. Implementation of a simple and rapid chiral method in the conventional analytical workflow for routine forensic casework proved to be an efficient way to elucidate whether a positive amphetamine result originates from illegal or prescription drug consumption, without increasing turnaround time nor costs to any significant extent, as no additional sample preparation was required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section of Forensic Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Nina Zacho Andersen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section of Forensic Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section of Forensic Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Section of Forensic Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, Copenhagen DK-2100, Denmark
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8
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Barone R, Giorgetti A, Cardella R, Rossi F, Garagnani M, Pascali JP, Mohamed S, Fais P, Pelletti G. Development and validation of a fast UPLC-MS/MS screening method for the detection of 68 psychoactive drugs and metabolites in whole blood and application to post-mortem cases. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 228:115315. [PMID: 36889130 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
We report a rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method that allows the simultaneous detection of 68 commonly prescribed antidepressants, benzodiazepines, neuroleptics, and metabolites in whole blood with a small sample volume after a rapid protein precipitation. The method was also tested on post-mortem blood from 85 forensic autopsies. Three sets of commercial serum calibrators containing a mix of prescription drugs of increasing concentration were spiked with red blood cells (RBC) to obtain 6 calibrators (3 "serum calibrators" and 3 "blood calibrators"). Curves obtained from serum calibrators and from blood calibrators were compared using a Spearman correlation test and by analyzing slopes and intercepts, to assess if the points from six calibrators could be plotted together in a single calibration model. The validation plan included interference studies, calibration model, carry-over, bias, within-run and between-run precision, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), matrix effect and dilution integrity. Four deuterated Internal Standards (Nordiazepam-D5, Citalopram-D6, Ketamine-D4 and Amphetamine-D5) and two different dilutions were assessed. Analyses were performed using an Acquity UPLC® System coupled with triple quadrupole detector Xevo TQD®. The degree of agreement with a previously validated method was calculated on whole blood samples of 85 post-mortem cases, by performing a Spearman correlation test with a Bland-Altman plot. Percentage error between the two methods was evaluated. Slopes and intercepts of curves obtained from serum calibrators and from blood calibrators showed a good correlation, and the calibration model was built plotting all points together. No interferences were found. The calibration curve appeared to provide a better fit of the data using an unweighted linear model. Negligible carry-over was observed, and very good linearity, precision, bias, matrix effect and dilution integrity were achieved. The LOD and the LOQ were at the lower limits of the therapeutic range for the tested drugs. In a series of 85 forensic cases, 11 antidepressants, 11 benzodiazepines and 8 neuroleptics were detected. For all analytes, a very good agreement between the new method and the validated method was demonstrated. The innovation of our method consists in the use of commercial calibrators, readily available to most forensic toxicology laboratories, for the validation of a fast, inexpensive, wide-panel LC-MS/MS method that can be used as a reliable and accurate screening for psychotropic drug in postmortem samples. As observed in the implementation on real cases, this method could be profitably applied in forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Barone
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Arianna Giorgetti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Rachele Cardella
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Rossi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Garagnani
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Jennifer Paola Pascali
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic, Vascular Sciences and Public Health, University of Padova, Via Falloppio 50, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Susan Mohamed
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paolo Fais
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy.
| | - Guido Pelletti
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Unit of Legal Medicine, University of Bologna, Via Irnerio 49, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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Murakami T, Ishimaru R, Minami E, Iwamuro Y, Takamura N, Torai A, Watanabe T, Miki A, Katagi M, Kusano M, Tsuchihashi H, Zaitsu K, Chinaka S. Development of two fully automated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe pretreatment methods for the extraction of psychotropic drugs from whole blood samples. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200681. [PMID: 36479834 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction strategies are becoming increasingly adopted in various analytical fields to determine drugs in biological specimens. In the present study, we developed two fully automated quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe extraction methods based on acetonitrile salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction (method 1) and acetonitrile salting-out assisted liquid-liquid extraction followed by dispersive solid-phase extraction (method 2) using a commercially available automated liquid-liquid extraction system. We applied these methods to the extraction of 14 psychotropic drugs (11 benzodiazepines and carbamazepine, quetiapine, and zolpidem) from whole blood samples. Both methods prior to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis exhibited high linearity of calibration curves (correlation coefficients, > 0.9997), ppt level detection sensitivities, and satisfactory precisions (< 8.6% relative standard deviation), accuracies (within ± 16% relative error), and matrix effects (81-111%). Method 1 provided higher recovery rates (80-91%) than method 2 (72-86%), whereas method 2 provided higher detection sensitivities (limits of detection, 0.003-0.094 ng/mL) than method 1 (0.025-0.47 ng/mL) owing to the effectiveness of its dispersive solid-phase extraction cleanup step. These fully automated extraction methods realize reliable, labor-saving, user-friendly, and hygienic extraction of target analytes from whole blood samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaya Murakami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan.,Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Reiko Ishimaru
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Eriko Minami
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Iwamuro
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan
| | | | - Aya Torai
- Shimadzu Trustech Corporation, Kyoto, Japan
| | | | - Akihiro Miki
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Osaka Prefectural Police Headquarters, Osaka, Japan
| | - Munehiro Katagi
- Department of Legal Medicine, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Maiko Kusano
- Department of Legal Medicine, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Kei Zaitsu
- Multimodal Informatics and Wide-data Analytics Laboratory, Department of Computational Systems Biology, Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Satoshi Chinaka
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Ishikawa Prefectural Police Headquarters, Kanazawa, Japan.,Department of Forensic Medicine and Pathology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Japan
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10
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Easily Operable Quantification Method of 21 Plant-Derived Alkaloids in Human Serum by Automatic Sample Preparation and Liquid Chromatography–Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Chromatographia 2022; 85:1051-1063. [PMID: 36341308 PMCID: PMC9617228 DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04212-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we developed an easily operable quantification method for 21 plant-derived alkaloids in human serum by automatic sample preparation and liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. We designed to perform parallel sample preparation by a developed apparatus, which increased sample throughput. We conducted an automatic sample preparation through de-proteinization with 0.1% formic acid in methanol and achieved recovery rates of 89–107% (2.0–14% RSD) for all targeted analytes, demonstrating its high repeatability. The method validation results were satisfactory as follows: the linearity (r2) of each calibration curve ranged from 0.978 to 1.000; the inter- and intra-day accuracies were 89.0–125% and 82.1–110%, respectively; the inter- and intra-day precisions were below 13% and 10%, respectively. Additionally, the lower limits of detection and quantification were 0.0044–0.047 and 0.013–0.14 ng/mL, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied to pseudo-protoveratrine A poisoning serum and pseudo-colchicine poisoning serum, which were prepared by diluting acute-poisoning mice serum with human serum. Our method successfully quantitated protoveratrine A (0.15–0.25 ng/mL) and colchicine (4.8–6.0 ng/mL). Thus, our method is essential for prompt clinical treatment and critical care on patient in acute intoxication cases caused by plant-derived alkaloids.
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11
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The incidence of psychoactive substances and alcohol among impaired drivers in Denmark in 2015–2019. Forensic Sci Int 2022; 333:111207. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2022.111207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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12
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Hansen SL, Nielsen MKK, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Simple implementation of muscle tissue into routine workflow of blood analysis in forensic cases - A validated method for quantification of 29 drugs in postmortem blood and muscle samples by UHPLC-MS/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2021; 325:110901. [PMID: 34245938 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2021.110901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Whole blood is most often the matrix of choice for postmortem analysis but it is not always available. In these cases, muscle tissue can be used as an alternative matrix. Therefore, an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for the quantification of 29 drugs and metabolites of toxicological interest in postmortem muscle tissue was developed and validated. Additionally, a validation of whole blood was carried out to compare the results from the two matrices. Solid-phase extraction was performed by an automated robotic system to minimize manual labour and risk of human errors, and increase robustness, sample throughput and sample traceability. The method was validated in terms of selectivity, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, measuring range, lower limit of quantification, carry-over, stability, precision and accuracy. To correct for any inter-individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision, deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards. The lower limit of quantification in both blood and muscle homogenate ranged between 0.002 and 0.005 mg/kg, while the upper limit of quantification spanned from 0.20 to 1.0 mg/kg. Corrected with the 4-fold dilution factor, the corresponding concentrations in muscle tissue were 0.008-0.02 mg/kg at the lower limit of quantification and 0.80-4.0 mg/kg at the upper limit of quantification. The method showed acceptable precision and accuracy, with precision below 12% and accuracies ranging from 87% to 115% at up to 6 levels for all analytes in both matrices. In addition, comparison between calibration standards in spiked muscle homogenate and spiked blood showed that analyte concentrations in muscle samples could be quantified by using spiked blood samples as calibration standards with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues as internal standards. The investigation of matrix effects showed no great difference between blood and homogenates of non-decomposed and decomposed muscle tissue for most analytes. In the samples where high ion suppression or enhancement was observed, the results were corrected by the internal standards. Statistical comparison of quality control samples in blood and muscle tissue showed no obvious differences, and therefore muscle tissue was included in the routine method for analysis of blood samples and used in autopsy cases where no blood was available. By adding a semi-automated homogenization step before the remaining automated sample preparation, muscle tissue samples were easily incorporated into the workflow of the existing routine method. The present method has been successfully implemented in routine analysis of blood and muscle tissue since 2019.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stine Lund Hansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marie Katrine Klose Nielsen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Farley M, Tran H, Towler S, Gevorkyan J, Pearring S, Rodda LN. A Single Method for 127 Recommended and Additional DUID Drugs in Blood and Urine by LC-MS/MS. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 46:658-669. [PMID: 34159389 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkab075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases continue to challenge forensic toxicologists as both the volume and complexity of casework increases. Comprehensive DUID testing should also meet the drafted ASB/ANSI standard and the NSC-ADID recommendations. A simple method using protein precipitation followed by filtration extraction with an 8-minute run time by LC-MS/MS was developed, and a comprehensive ASB/ANSI validation performed. Assessed in blood quantitatively, and urine qualitatively, is 127 target drug and metabolite analytes including cannabinoids (12), amphetamines (11), cocaine and metabolites (6), benzodiazepines (36), Z-drugs (5), opioids (27), anticonvulsants (3), first-generation antihistamines (6), muscle relaxants (2), dissociatives and hallucinogens (6), barbiturates (10), and miscellaneous substances (3). Limits of detection are appropriate for DUID, and other forensic casework such as drug-facilitated crime (DFC) and postmortem investigations. To demonstrate applicability, 78 proficiency test blood and urine samples, and 1,645 blood and urine samples from authentic cases samples demonstrated effective detection of target analytes in forensic casework. By increasing the analytical scope of multiple drug classes via a single method, this technique detects drugs that may have previously gone undetected, such as flualprazolam, etizolam, mitragynine, gamma-hydroxybutyric acid, and psilocin, and improves laboratory efficiency by reducing the number of tests required. The described method is, to the authors' best knowledge, the only published single procedure to meet all drugs listed in the drafted ASB/ANSI standard, and recommended Tier 1 and traditional drugs from Tier 2 for DUID screening, whilst also achieving many drugs recommended for DFC and postmortem testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Farley
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Helena Tran
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Steven Towler
- John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York, New York, USA
| | - Jirair Gevorkyan
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Sue Pearring
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Luke N Rodda
- Office of the Chief Medical Examiner, 1 Newhall Street, San Francisco, California, USA.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, 185 Berry Street, San Francisco, California, USA
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14
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Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Postmortem Brain-Blood Ratios of Codeine, Fentanyl, Oxycodone and Tramadol. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:53-59. [PMID: 32390039 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The analgesics, codeine, fentanyl, oxycodone and tramadol, frequently occur in postmortem cases and determining their role in the cause of death can be challenging. However, postmortem blood is susceptible to redistribution and may not be available in cases of severe blood loss, putrefaction or burns. Brain tissue may serve as a viable supplement to blood or on its own, as it is resistant to postmortem redistribution and often available as a sample matrix when blood is not available. We present brain and blood concentrations and brain-blood ratios of the four analgesics from 210 autopsy cases. The cases were classified according to the presumed cause of death: A: The compound was believed to have solely caused a fatal intoxication. B: The compound was assumed to have contributed to a fatal outcome in combination with other drugs, alcohol or disease. C: The compound was not regarded as being related to the cause of death. Blood and brain samples were prepared by automatic solid phase extraction and quantified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The squared correlation coefficients between concentrations in brain tissue and blood ranged 0.45-0.91. The median brain-blood ratios were codeine 1.8 (range 0.47-4.6), fentanyl 2.1 (range 0.29-16), oxycodone 1.8 (range 0.11-6.0) and tramadol 1.8 (range 0.047-6.8). A significantly higher brain-blood ratio of codeine was observed in cases where heroin had been administered, although there was a wide overlap. Intravenous and transdermal fentanyl administration could not be distinguished based on the blood or brain concentration or the brain-blood ratio. The results of this study may benefit the toxicological investigation in postmortem cases where one of the four analgesics are suspected of having contributed to or caused a fatal intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nedahl
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Section of Forensic Chemistry, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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15
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Orfanidis A, Gika HG, Theodoridis G, Mastrogianni O, Raikos N. A UHPLC-MS-MS Method for the Determination of 84 Drugs of Abuse and Pharmaceuticals in Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2021; 45:28-43. [PMID: 32369171 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkaa032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The analysis of blood samples for forensic or clinical intoxication cases is a daily routine in an analytical laboratory. The list of 'suspect' drugs of abuse and pharmaceuticals that should be ideally screened is large, so multi-targeted methods for comprehensive detection and quantification are a useful tool in the hands of a toxicologist. In this study, the development of an ultra-high performance liquid chromatography (LC)-tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS) method is described for the detection and quantification of 84 drugs and pharmaceuticals in postmortem blood. The target compounds comprise pharmaceutical drugs (antipsychotics, antidepressants, etc.), some of the most important groups of drugs of abuse: opiates, cocaine, cannabinoids, amphetamines, benzodiazepines and new psychoactive substances. Sample pretreatment was studied applying a modified Mini-QuEChERS single step, and the best results were obtained after adding a mixture of 20 mg MgSO4, 5 mg K2CO3 and 5 mg NaCl together with 600 μL of cold acetonitrile in 200 μL of sample. After centrifugation, the supernatant was collected for direct injection. LC-MS analysis took place on a C18 column with a gradient elution over 17 min. The method was found to be selective and sensitive, offering limits of detection ranging from 0.01 to 9.07 ng/mL. Validation included evaluation of limit of quantification, recovery, carryover, matrix effect, accuracy and precision of the method. The method performed satisfactorily in relation to established bioanalytical criteria and was therefore applied to the analysis of blood obtained postmortem from chronic drug abusers, offering unambiguous identification and quantitative determination of drugs in postmortem blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amvrosios Orfanidis
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
| | - Helen G Gika
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
| | - Georgios Theodoridis
- Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece.,Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece, and
| | - Orthodoxia Mastrogianni
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Forensic Service of Thessaloniki, Palaia Symmahiki Odos, Thessaloniki 56334, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Raikos
- Department of Medicine, Laboratory of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki 54124, Greece.,Bioanalysis and Omics Lab, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation, CIRI-AUTH B1.4, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki-Thermi road, Greece
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16
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Jørgenrud B, Skadberg E, de Carvalho Ponce J, Furuhaugen H, Berg T. Determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 and 33 compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood by LC-MS/MS. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 107:106939. [PMID: 33257303 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Most bioanalytical LC-MS/MS methods are developed for determination of single drugs or classes of drugs, but a multi-compound LC-MS/MS method that can replace several methods could reduce both analysis time and costs. The aim of this study was to develop a high-throughput LC-MS/MS method for determination of the alcohol biomarker phosphatidylethanol 16:0/18:1 (PEth 16:0/18:1) and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes in whole blood. METHODS Whole-blood samples were prepared by 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE). Chromatographic separations were performed on a biphenyl core shell column with a mobile phase consisting of 10 mM ammonium formate, pH 3.1 and methanol. Each extract was analyzed twice by LC-MS/MS, injecting 0.4 μL and 2 μL, in order to obtain narrow and symmetrical peaks and good sensitivity for all compounds. Stable isotope-labeled internal standards were used for 31 of the 34 compounds. RESULTS A 96-well SLE reversed phase LC-MS/MS method for determination of PEth 16:0/18:1 and 33 other compounds from eight different drug classes was developed and validated. By using an organic solvent mixture of isopropanol/ methyl tert-butyl ether (1:5, v:v), all compounds, including the polar and ampholytic compounds pregabalin, gabapentin and benzoylecgonine, was extracted by 96-well SLE. DISCUSSION/CONCLUSION For the first time an LC-MS/MS method for the determination of alcohol biomarker PEth 16:0/18:1 and drugs and metabolites from several different drug classes was developed and validated. The developed LC-MS/MS method can be used for high-throughput analyses and sensitive determinations of the 34 compounds in whole blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedicte Jørgenrud
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eline Skadberg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julio de Carvalho Ponce
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Av Dr. Arnaldo, 455, Brazil
| | - Håvard Furuhaugen
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway
| | - Thomas Berg
- Section of Drug Abuse Research, Department of Forensic Sciences, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, P.O. Box 4950 Nydalen, N-0424 Oslo, Norway.
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17
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Determination of morphine and its metabolites in the biological samples: an updated review. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:1161-1194. [PMID: 32757855 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2020-0070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Morphine (MO) as an opioid analgesic is used for the treatment of moderate-to-severe pains, particularly cancer-related pains. Pharmacologic studies on MO are complicated due to drugs binding to the protein or metabolization to active metabolites, and even inter-individual variability. This necessitates the selection of a reliable analytical method for monitoring MO and the concentrations of its metabolites in the biological samples for the pharmacokinetic or pharmacodynamic investigations. Therefore, this study was conducted to review all the analytical research carried out on MO and its metabolites in the biological samples during 2007-2019 as an update to the study by Bosch et al. (2007).
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18
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Wu Z, Zhou H, Han Q, Lin X, Han D, Li X. A cost-effective fluorescence biosensor for cocaine based on a "mix-and-detect" strategy. Analyst 2020; 145:4664-4670. [PMID: 32458835 DOI: 10.1039/d0an00675k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The efficient detection of illicit drugs such as cocaine continues to be important for the fight against drug trafficking. Herein, we report a one-step method for rapid and specific cocaine detection. The method is based on our finding that small-molecule Thioflavin T (ThT) can act as a fluorescence indicator, which can be bonded with the anti-cocaine aptamer (MNS-4.1) to generate an enhanced fluorescence signal. More interestingly, upon cocaine binding, the intercalated ThT can be replaced, causing a drastic fluorescence reduction. We further optimized the sequence of MNS-4.1 and a new anti-cocaine aptamer (coc.ap2-GC) was obtained. This aptamer showed a higher affinity to both ligands, which increased the ThT binding fluorescence intensity and showed the highest quenching efficiency. Based on the fluorescence change induced by competitive binding, cocaine detection could be accomplished by a "mix-and-detect" strategy within seconds. Such a label-free method exhibits high sensitivity to cocaine with a low detection limit of 250 nM. Moreover, the practical sample analysis (2.5% human urine and saliva) also exhibits good precision and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Wu
- College of Pharmacy, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan 523000, P. R. China.
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19
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Gao L, Wang H, Deng Z, Xiang W, Shi H, Xie B, Shi H. Highly sensitive detection for cocaine using an aptamer–cocaine–aptamer method. NEW J CHEM 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/c9nj05147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a thiol-modified aptamer was immobilized on a gold nanoparticle-modified molybdenum disulfide composite material (MoS2@AuNPs), which could remove the interference of physical adsorption and reduce false positive signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gao
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Huixing Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Zebin Deng
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Wenwen Xiang
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Shi
- Institute of Life Sciences
- Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
| | - Bing Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology
- the Fourth People's Hospital of Zhenjiang
- Zhenjiang
- P. R. China
| | - Haixia Shi
- P. E. Department of Jiangsu University
- Zhenjiang 212013
- P. R. China
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20
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Jansen T, Hoegberg LCG, Eriksen T, Dalhoff KP, Belhage B, Johansen SS. Amitriptyline accumulation in tissues after coated activated charcoal hemoperfusion-a randomized controlled animal poisoning model. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 392:1285-1292. [PMID: 31187186 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-019-01669-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Amitriptyline poisoning (AT) is a common poisoning, and AT possess the ability to promote life-threatening complications by its main action on the central nervous and cardiovascular systems. The pharmacokinetic properties might be altered at toxic levels compared to therapeutic levels. The effect of coated activated charcoal hemoperfusion (CAC-HP) on the accumulation of AT and its active metabolite nortriptyline (NT) in various tissues was studied in a non-blinded randomized controlled animal trial including 14 female Danish Land Race piglets. All piglets were poisoned with amitriptyline 7.5 mg/kg infused in 20 min, followed by orally instilled activated charcoal at 30 min after infusion cessation. The intervention group received 4 h of CAC-HP followed by a 1-h redistribution phase. At study cessation, the piglets were euthanized, and within 20 min, vitreous fluid, liver tissue, ventricle and septum of the heart, diaphragm and lipoic and brain tissues were collected. AT and NT tissue concentrations were quantified by UHPLC-MS/MS. A 4-h treatment with CAC-HP did not affect the tissue accumulation of AT in the selected organs when tested by Mann-Whitney U test (p values between 0.44 and 0.73). For NT concentrations, p values were between 0.13 and 1.00. Although not significant, an interesting finding was that data showed a tendency of increased tissue accumulation of AT and NT in the CAC-HP group compared with the control group. Coated activated charcoal hemoperfusion does not significantly alter the tissue concentration of AT and NT in the AT-poisoned piglet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tejs Jansen
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 7A, NV, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Lotte C G Hoegberg
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 7A, NV, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Eriksen
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, University Hospital for Companion Animals, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Dyrlægevej 16, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Kim P Dalhoff
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 20C, NV, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bo Belhage
- Department of Anaesthesia and Intensive Care, Copenhagen University Hospital Bispebjerg, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 7A, NV, 2400, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys S Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's Vej 11, 2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
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21
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Murphy RB, Wyatt NA, Fraser BH, Yepuri NR, Holden PJ, Wotherspoon AT, Darwish TA. A rapid MS/MS method to assess the deuterium kinetic isotope effect and associated improvement in the metabolic stability of deuterated biological and pharmacological molecules as applied to an imaging agent. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1064:65-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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22
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Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Brain-blood ratio of morphine in heroin and morphine autopsy cases. Forensic Sci Int 2019; 301:388-393. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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23
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Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Postmortem Brain–Blood Ratios of Amphetamine, Cocaine, Ephedrine, MDMA and Methylphenidate. J Anal Toxicol 2019; 43:378-384. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bky110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nedahl
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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24
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Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Reference Brain/Blood Concentrations of Citalopram, Duloxetine, Mirtazapine and Sertraline. J Anal Toxicol 2018; 42:149-156. [PMID: 29244076 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkx098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem blood samples may not accurately reflect antemortem drug concentrations, as the levels of some drugs increase due to postmortem redistribution (PMR). The brain has been suggested as an alternative sampling site. The anatomically secluded site of the brain limits redistribution and prolongs the detection window, thereby enabling sampling from deceased individuals where blood is no longer suitable for analysis. We report concentrations in brain tissue and blood from 91 cases for the four antidepressants citalopram, duloxetine, mirtazapine and sertraline. The cases were classified according to their role in the cause of death, as follows: (A) concentrations where the drug was the sole cause of fatal intoxication; (B) concentrations where the drug contributed to a fatal outcome; and (C) concentrations where the drug was not related to the cause of death. The analytical method was successfully validated in brain tissue in terms of linearity, process efficiency, precision and accuracy. Quantification of analytes was performed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Correlations between blood and brain concentrations were achieved with R2-values between 0.67 and 0.91. The following median brain-blood ratios were obtained: 3.71 for citalopram (range: 1.4-5.9), 11.0 for duloxetine (range: 5.0-21.6), 1.53 for mirtazapine (range: 1.02-4.71) and 7.38 for sertraline (range: 3.2-14.2). The S/R ratio of racemic citalopram was the same in brain (0.80) and blood (0.85), whereas the median citalopram/N-desmethylcitalopram ratio was higher in brain (9.1) than blood (4.1). The results of this study may serve as reference concentrations in brain for forensic cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Nedahl
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Frederik V's vej 11, 3. Floor, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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25
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Liang Y, Zhou T. Recent advances of online coupling of sample preparation techniques with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography. J Sep Sci 2018; 42:226-242. [PMID: 30136406 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201800721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques are favored because of their high efficiency and fast analysis speed. Although many sample preparation techniques have been coupled with common liquid chromatography online, the online coupling of sample preparation with the two popular chromatography techniques have gained increasing attention owing to the increasing requirements of efficiency and sensitivity. In this review, we have discussed and summarized the recent advances of the online coupling of sample preparation with ultra high performance liquid chromatography and supercritical fluid chromatography techniques. The main sample preparation techniques that have been coupled with ultra high performance liquid chromatography online are solid-phase extraction and in-tube solid-phase microextraction, while solid-phase extraction and supercritical fluid extraction are the main techniques that have been coupled with supercritical fluid chromatography online. Especially, the strategies for online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques were summarized. Typical applications and growing trends of the online coupling techniques were also discussed in detail. With the increasing demands of improving the efficiency, throughput, and analytical capability toward complex samples of the analysis methods, online coupling of sample preparation with chromatography techniques will acquire further development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanshan Liang
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
| | - Ting Zhou
- School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, P. R. China
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26
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Simonsen KW, Linnet K, Rasmussen BS. Driving under the influence of alcohol and drugs in the eastern part of Denmark in 2015 and 2016: Abuse patterns and trends. TRAFFIC INJURY PREVENTION 2018; 19:468-475. [PMID: 29370543 DOI: 10.1080/15389588.2018.1428743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to examine the frequency of psychoactive drugs and alcohol in drivers under suspicion of driving under the influence of drugs and alcohol in 2015 and 2016 in the eastern part of Denmark. The trends in the number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis since 2000 and alcohol analysis since 2011 are also discussed. METHODS Blood samples from drivers suspected of being under the influence of alcohol and/or medication and/or illicit drugs in 2015 and 2016 were investigated as requested by the police. The blood samples were screened for alcohol and/or tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) alone, for other drugs (covering all drugs, except THC, listed in the Danish list of narcotic drugs), or for THC and other drugs. Age and gender were also recorded. The number of drug traffic cases since 2000 and the number of alcohol cases since 2011 were extracted from our Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS). RESULTS In total, 11,493 traffic cases were investigated. Alcohol and/or drugs exceeded the legal limit in 9,657 (84%) cases. Men constituted 95% of the drivers investigated for drugs and 88% of the alcohol cases. The drivers investigated for drugs consisted primarily of young men, whereas drivers investigated for alcohol were older. The frequency was higher for positive alcohol cases above the legal limit (87%) than for drug cases (76%) above the fixed concentration limit. THC (67-69%) was the most frequently detected drug above the legal limit, followed by cocaine (27-28.5%), amphetamine (17%), and clonazepam (6-7%) in both years. Morphine (5.4%), included among the 5 most frequent drugs in 2015, was replaced by methadone (4.6%) in 2016. Few new psychoactive drugs (NPS) were detected. The number of traffic cases sent for drug analysis has increased more than 30-fold since 2000-2006, and the number of traffic cases submitted in 2016 for drug analysis was higher than the number for alcohol analysis; the latter has decreased since 2011. CONCLUSION Overall, alcohol was the most frequent compound detected above the legal limit in both years, followed by the well-known illicit drugs THC, cocaine, and amphetamine. NPS were seldom seen. One consequence of the increased focus on drugs in traffic has been an immense increase in drug traffic cases sent for analysis since 2006 in the eastern part of Denmark. Although this survey revealed only minimal changes compared to earlier investigations, surveys like this are invaluable for monitoring abuse patterns and trends in drugged and drunken driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Wiese Simonsen
- a Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- a Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- a Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Copenhagen , Denmark
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Kristoffersen L, Langødegård M, Gaare KI, Amundsen I, Terland MN, Strand DH. Determination of 12 commonly found compounds in DUID cases in whole blood using fully automated supported liquid extraction and UHPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1093-1094:8-23. [PMID: 29980102 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 06/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A high-throughput UHPLC-MS/MS method for the most frequently found compounds; tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), amphetamine, methamphetamine, MDMA, clonazepam, diazepam, nordiazepam, oxazepam, alprazolam, nitrazepam, morphine, and codeine, in driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) cases in whole blood, is presented. Automated sample preparation by 96-well supported liquid extraction (SLE) plates with ethyl acetate + heptane (80 + 20, v/v) as organic solvent was carried out on a Freedom Evo 200 platform from Tecan. An aliquot of 100 μL whole blood was used. Sample preparation time for 96 samples was 1.5 h. Compounds were separated with gradient elution on a C18 column (50 × 2.1 mm, 1.7 μm) with a mobile phase consisting of 5 mM pH 10.2 ammonium formate and methanol. The run time was 4.5 min and 1 μL was injected on an Acquity UPLC I-Class system with a Xevo TQS tandem-quadrupole mass spectrometer in multiple-reaction monitoring mode (MRM) from Waters. Isotope labelled, 13C, internal standards (ISs) were used for all compounds except for alprazolam and morphine, which had deuterated analogs. Quantification was carried out with calibrators without whole blood matrix. Full validation was carried out according to international guidelines, and a new approach for evaluation of process efficiency (PE) has been presented. Linear or quadratic weighted (1/x) calibration curves were used with R2 ≥ 0.999. The method showed satisfactory deviations ±16% when compared to the existing methods, and satisfactory agreement with proficiency testing control samples (z-score -1.6 to 1.8, n = 16 samples). The precision, estimated as the relative standard deviation (RSD) of the concentration difference between results from two independent analyses of authentic whole blood samples, was ≤7.2% in antemortem and ≤9.3% in postmortem samples. Recovery was ≥85% for all the compounds, except morphine ≥62% and THC ≥ 50%. PE was satisfactory for all the compounds with low variation in IS response, RSD ≤ 16% (THC 27%) in antemortem samples and ≤34% (THC 66%) in postmortem samples. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first automated 96-well SLE UHPLC-MS/MS method developed for the simultaneous determination of these 12 compounds in whole blood covering the concentration ranges found in forensic samples. The method has been used in routine work during the last ten months, analysing about 9900 antemortem and 1000 postmortem whole blood samples, and has proven to be robust and reliable.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kristoffersen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway.
| | - M Langødegård
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway
| | - K I Gaare
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway
| | - I Amundsen
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway
| | - M N Terland
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway
| | - D H Strand
- Oslo University Hospital, Division of Laboratory Medicine, Department of Forensic Sciences, Norway
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28
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Fully automated sample preparation procedure to measure drugs of abuse in plasma by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:5071-5083. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1159-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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29
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Nielsen MKK, Nedahl M, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Validation of a fully automated solid-phase extraction and ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of 30 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in post-mortem blood and brain samples. Drug Test Anal 2018; 10:1147-1157. [PMID: 29341495 DOI: 10.1002/dta.2359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we present the validation of an analytical method capable of quantifying 30 commonly encountered pharmaceuticals and metabolites in whole blood and brain tissue from forensic cases. Solid-phase extraction was performed by a fully automated robotic system, thereby minimising manual labour and human error while increasing sample throughput, robustness, and traceability. The method was validated in blood in terms of selectivity, linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, carry-over, stability, precision, and accuracy. Deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards, which corrected adequately for any inter-individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) spanned from 0.0008 to 0.010 mg/kg, depending on the analyte, while the upper LOQ ranged between 0.40 and 2.0 mg/kg. Thus, the linear range covered both therapeutic and toxic levels. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision, with accuracies ranging from 80 to 118% and precision below 19% for the majority of the analytes. Linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, precision, and accuracy were also tested in brain homogenate and the results agreed with those from blood. An additional finding was that the analyte concentrations in brain samples could be quantified by calibration curves obtained from spiked blood samples with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues of each analyte as internal standards. This method has been successfully implemented as a routine analysis procedure for quantification of pharmaceuticals in both blood and brain tissue since 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Nedahl
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Department of Forensic Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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30
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Teunissen SF, Fedick PW, Berendsen BJA, Nielen MWF, Eberlin MN, Graham Cooks R, van Asten AC. Novel Selectivity-Based Forensic Toxicological Validation of a Paper Spray Mass Spectrometry Method for the Quantitative Determination of Eight Amphetamines in Whole Blood. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2017; 28:2665-2676. [PMID: 28879579 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-017-1790-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Paper spray tandem mass spectrometry is used to identify and quantify eight individual amphetamines in whole blood in 1.3 min. The method has been optimized and fully validated according to forensic toxicology guidelines, for the quantification of amphetamine, methamphetamine, 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-methylamphetamine (MDMA), 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), para-methoxyamphetamine (PMA), para-methoxymethamphetamine (PMMA), and 4-fluoroamphetamine (4-FA). Additionally, a new concept of intrinsic and application-based selectivity is discussed, featuring increased confidence in the power to discriminate the amphetamines from other chemically similar compounds when applying an ambient mass spectrometric method without chromatographic separation. Accuracy was within ±15% and average precision was better than 15%, and better than 20% at the LLOQ. Detection limits between 15 and 50 ng/mL were obtained using only 12 μL of whole blood. Graphical abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan F Teunissen
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Patrick W Fedick
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Bjorn J A Berendsen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Michel W F Nielen
- RIKILT, Wageningen Research, Akkermaalsbos 2, 6708 WB, P.O. Box 230, 6700 AE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcos N Eberlin
- ThoMSon Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, University of Campinas - UNICAMP, Campinas, 13083-970, Brazil
| | - R Graham Cooks
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Analytical Instrumentation, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA
| | - Arian C van Asten
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, P.O. Box 24044, 2490 AA, The Hague, The Netherlands.
- Faculty of Science, Van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
- CLHC, Amsterdam Center for Forensic Science and Medicine, P.O. Box 94157, 1090 GD, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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31
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Noble C, Weihe Dalsgaard P, Stybe Johansen S, Linnet K. Application of a screening method for fentanyl and its analogues using UHPLC-QTOF-MS with data-independent acquisition (DIA) in MSE
mode and retrospective analysis of authentic forensic blood samples. Drug Test Anal 2017; 10:651-662. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Noble
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Sys Stybe Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Denmark
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32
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Herbrink M, Thijssen B, Hillebrand MJX, Rosing H, Schellens JHM, Nuijen B, Beijnen JH. Development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry assay for the quantification of Dexamphetamine in human plasma. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 148:259-264. [PMID: 29059615 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dexamphetamine is registered for the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and narcolepsy. Current research has highlighted the possible application of dexamphetamine in the treatment of cocaine addiction. To support clinical pharmacologic trials a new simple, fast, and sensitive assay for the quantification of dexamphetamine in human plasma using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) was developed. Additionally, it is the first reported LC-MS assay with these advantages to be fully validated according to current US FDA and EMA guidelines. Human plasma samples were collected on an outpatient basis and stored at nominally -20°C. The analyte and the internal standard (stable isotopically labeled dexamphetamine) were extracted using double liquid-liquid extraction (plasma-organic and organic-water) combined with snap-freezing. The aqueous extract was filtered and 2μL was injected on a C18-column with isocratic elution and analyzed with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The validated concentration range was from 2.5-250ng/mL and the calibration model was linear. A weighting factor of 1 over the squared concentration was applied and correlation coefficients of 0.997 or better were obtained. At all concentrations the bias was within ±15% of the nominal concentrations and imprecision was ≤15%. All results were within the acceptance criteria of the latest US FDA guidance and EMA guidelines on method validation. In conclusion, the developed method to quantify dexamphetamine in human plasma was fit to support a clinical study with slow-release dexamphetamine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Herbrink
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - B Thijssen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M J X Hillebrand
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - H Rosing
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H M Schellens
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B Nuijen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J H Beijnen
- Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute - Antoni van Leeuwenhoek Hospital and MC Slotervaart, Louwesweg 6, 1066 EC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Department of Pharmacoepidemiology and Clinical Pharmacology, Science Faculty, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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33
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Advantages of analyzing postmortem brain samples in routine forensic drug screening—Case series of three non-natural deaths tested positive for lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD). Forensic Sci Int 2017; 278:e14-e18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Mardal M, Aarestrup FM, Rasmussen BS, Mollerup CB, Dalsgaard PW, Linnet K. Analytical Profiling of Airplane Wastewater - a New Matrix for Mapping Worldwide Patterns of Drug Use and Abuse. SCANDINAVIAN JOURNAL OF FORENSIC SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/sjfs-2017-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
There is limited knowledge on the global prescription and consumption patterns of therapeutic (TD) and illicit drugs (ID). Pooled urine analysis and wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been used for local-based drug screening. It is, however, difficult to study the global epidemiology due to difficulties in obtaining samples. The aims of the study were to test the detectability of TD and ID in airplane wastewater samples categorized according to their geographical origin.
Wastewater samples (n= 17) were collected from long-distance flights and prepared with enzymatic conjugate cleaving followed by either precipitation or solid phase extraction. Aliquots were analysed on various liquid chromatography – mass spectrometers. TDs were grouped according to their Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) codes.
Identification confidence was assigned to three levels based on variables including detection on multiple instruments and number of targets per compound. A total of 424 compounds were identified across all samples, distributed on 87 unique TD and 2 ID. Two principal components in a principal component analysis separated three clusters of wastewater samples corresponding to geographical origin of the airplanes with therapeutic subgroup ATC codes as variables. Airplane wastewater analysis is useful for identifying targets for WBE and toxicological analysis and explore drug use and abuse patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Mardal
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Frank Møller Aarestrup
- National Food Institute , Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads building 221, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Brian Schou Rasmussen
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Brinch Mollerup
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Petur Weihe Dalsgaard
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
| | - Kristian Linnet
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences , University of Copenhagen , Frederik V’s vej 11, 2100 Kbh Ø, Denmark
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35
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De Boeck M, Missotten S, Dehaen W, Tytgat J, Cuypers E. Development and validation of a fast ionic liquid-based dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction procedure combined with LC–MS/MS analysis for the quantification of benzodiazepines and benzodiazepine-like hypnotics in whole blood. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:44-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.12.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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36
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Chepyala D, Tsai IL, Liao HW, Chen GY, Chao HC, Kuo CH. Sensitive screening of abused drugs in dried blood samples using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-ion booster-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2017; 1491:57-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2017.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Revised: 02/12/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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37
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Jakobsen MI, Larsen JR, Svensson CK, Johansen SS, Linnet K, Nielsen J, Fink-Jensen A. The significance of sampling time in therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2017; 135:159-169. [PMID: 27922183 DOI: 10.1111/acps.12673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of clozapine is standardized to 12-h postdose samplings. In clinical settings, sampling time often deviates from this time point, although the importance of the deviation is unknown. To this end, serum concentrations (s-) of clozapine and its metabolite N-desmethyl-clozapine (norclozapine) were measured at 12 ± 1 and 2 h postdose. METHOD Forty-six patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and on stable clozapine treatment, were enrolled for hourly, venous blood sampling at 10-14 h postdose. RESULTS Minor changes in median percentage values were observed for both s-clozapine (-8.4%) and s-norclozapine (+1.2%) across the 4-h time span. Maximum individual differences were 42.8% for s-clozapine and 38.4% for s-norclozapine. Compared to 12-h values, maximum median differences were 8.4% for s-clozapine and 7.3% for s-norclozapine at deviations of ±2 h. Maximum individual differences were 52.6% for s-clozapine and 105.0% for s-norclozapine. The magnitude of s-clozapine differences was significantly associated with age, body mass index and the presence of chronic basophilia or monocytosis. CONCLUSION The impact of deviations in clozapine TDM sampling time, within the time span of 10-14 h postdose, seems of minor importance when looking at median percentage differences. However, substantial individual differences were observed, which implies a need to adhere to a fixed sampling time.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Jakobsen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - J R Larsen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - C K Svensson
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - S S Johansen
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - K Linnet
- Section of Forensic Chemistry, Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen O, Denmark
| | - J Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark.,Psychiatry, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - A Fink-Jensen
- Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen and Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen O, Denmark.,Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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Skov L, Holm KMD, Linnet K. Nitrobenzodiazepines: Postmortem brain and blood reference concentrations. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 268:39-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 08/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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39
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Zhu H, Huang C, Chen Y, Lu Z, Zhou H, Chen C, Wu J, Chen X, Jin M. Quantitative Determination of Four Azo Dyes in Rat Plasma with Solid-Phase Extraction and UFLC–MS-MS Analysis: Application to a Pharmacokinetic Study. J Chromatogr Sci 2016; 54:1522-1531. [DOI: 10.1093/chromsci/bmw092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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40
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Remane D, Wissenbach DK, Peters FT. Recent advances of liquid chromatography–(tandem) mass spectrometry in clinical and forensic toxicology — An update. Clin Biochem 2016; 49:1051-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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41
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Rositano J, Harpas P, Kostakis C, Scott T. Supported liquid extraction (SLE) for the analysis of methylamphetamine, methylenedioxymethylamphetamine and delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in oral fluid and blood of drivers. Forensic Sci Int 2016; 265:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2016.01.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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42
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Skov L, Holm KMD, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Postmortem Brain and Blood Reference Concentrations of Alprazolam, Bromazepam, Chlordiazepoxide, Diazepam, and their Metabolites and a Review of the Literature. J Anal Toxicol 2016; 40:529-36. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkw059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
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43
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Assessing cocaine abuse using LC-MS/MS measurements in biological specimens. Bioanalysis 2016; 7:1497-525. [PMID: 26168256 DOI: 10.4155/bio.15.72] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Cocaine use is still a problem in today's world, and this has several implications on human activities. Indeed, important problems related to cocaine derive from its use in situations where concentration and focus skills are necessary, namely while driving and/or working. The need of analytical methods for drug analysis in specimens of biological origin for proper documentation of human exposure is increasing. While GC-MS-based procedures represented the state-of-the-art of analytical techniques a few years ago, there is a growing trend for their replacement by LC-MS/MS, which can be justified by the increased sensitivity presented by these new technologies. This paper will review recently published papers on the use of LC-MS/MS-based procedures for cocaine measurement in biological specimens.
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44
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Holm KMD, Linnet K. Determination of the unbound fraction of R- and S-methadone in human brain. Int J Legal Med 2016; 130:1519-1526. [DOI: 10.1007/s00414-016-1365-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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45
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Beigloo F, Noori A, Mehrgardi MA, Mousavi MF. Label-free and sensitive impedimetric nanosensor for the detection of cocaine based on a supramolecular complexation with β-cyclodextrin, immobilized on a nanostructured polymer film. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-015-0778-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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46
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Semenistaya E, Zvereva I, Krotov G, Rodchenkov G. Solid-phase extraction of small biologically active peptides on cartridges and microelution 96-well plates from human urine. Drug Test Anal 2015; 8:940-9. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.1890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 08/12/2015] [Accepted: 09/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Zvereva
- Antidoping Center; Elizavetinsky per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Krotov
- Antidoping Center; Elizavetinsky per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
| | - Grigory Rodchenkov
- Antidoping Center; Elizavetinsky per., 10/1 Moscow 105005 Russian Federation
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47
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Skov L, Johansen SS, Linnet K. Postmortem Quetiapine Reference Concentrations in Brain and Blood. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:557-61. [DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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48
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Steuer AE, Poetzsch M, Koenig M, Tingelhoff E, Staeheli SN, Roemmelt AT, Kraemer T. Comparison of conventional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry versus microflow liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry within the framework of full method validation for simultaneous quantification of 40 antidepressants and neuroleptics in whole blood. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1381:87-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.12.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 12/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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INOUE K, OZAWA Y, TOYO'OKA T. Application of Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry for Therapeutic Drug Monitoring of Sedative Medicine in Clinical Stage. CHROMATOGRAPHY 2015. [DOI: 10.15583/jpchrom.2015.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Koichi INOUE
- College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University
| | - Yuta OZAWA
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
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Steuer AE, Forss AM, Dally AM, Kraemer T. Method development and validation for simultaneous quantification of 15 drugs of abuse and prescription drugs and 7 of their metabolites in whole blood relevant in the context of driving under the influence of drugs––Usefulness of multi-analyte calibration. Forensic Sci Int 2014; 244:92-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2014.08.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Revised: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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