1
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Wang LN, Wang XJ, Jin KX, Ni ZR, Cai WP, Lin GC, Wang X, Chen GL, Yang Y, Huang YQ, Qu XB, Sun HJ, Chen Z, Cao SH. Compact In Situ Electrochemical NMR with Wireless and Anti-interference Strategy in Multiscenario Applications. Anal Chem 2024; 96:10911-10919. [PMID: 38916969 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.4c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The integration of electrochemistry with nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy recently offers a powerful approach to understanding oxidative metabolism, detecting reactive intermediates, and predicting biological activities. This combination is particularly effective as electrochemical methods provide excellent mimics of metabolic processes, while NMR spectroscopy offers precise chemical analysis. NMR is already widely utilized in the quality control of pharmaceuticals, foods, and additives and in metabolomic studies. However, the introduction of additional and external connections into the magnet has posed challenges, leading to signal deterioration and limitations in routine measurements. Herein, we report an anti-interference compact in situ electrochemical NMR system (AICISENS). Through a wireless strategy, the compact design allows for the independent and stable operation of electrochemical NMR components with effective interference isolation. Thus, it opens an avenue toward easy integration into in situ platforms, applicable not only to laboratory settings but also to fieldwork. The operability, reliability, and versatility were validated with a series of biomimetic assessments, including measurements of microbial electrochemical systems, functional foods, and simulated drug metabolisms. The robust performance of AICISENS demonstrates its high potential as a powerful analytical tool across diverse applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xi-Ji Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Ke-Xin Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zu-Rong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Wei-Peng Cai
- Xiamen Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Guo-Chun Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Guo-Long Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Yu-Qing Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Shuo-Hui Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, the MOE Key Laboratory of Spectrochemical Analysis & Instrumentation, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, Department of Electronic Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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Luo R, Janssen HJWG, Kentgens APM, Zhao EW. A parallel line probe for spatially selective electrochemical NMR spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2024; 361:107666. [PMID: 38537481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2024.107666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2023] [Revised: 03/03/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
In situ NMR is a valuable tool for studying electrochemical devices, including redox flow batteries and electrocatalytic reactors, capable of detecting reaction intermediates, metastable states, time evolution of processes or monitoring stability as a function of electrochemical conditions. Here we report a parallel line detector for spatially selective in situ electrochemical NMR spectroscopy. The detector consists of 17 copper wires and is doubly tuned to 1H/19F and X nuclei ranging from 63Cu (106.1 MHz) to 7Li (155.5 MHz). The flat geometry of the parallel line detector allows its insertion into a high electrode surface-to-volume electrochemical flow reactor, enabling a detector-in-a-reactor design. This integrated device is named "eReactor NMR probe". Combined with B1-selective pulse sequences, selective detection of the nuclei at the electrode-electrolyte interface, that is within a distance of 800 μm from the electrode surface, has been achieved. The selective detection of 7Li and 19F nuclei is demonstrated using two electrolytes, LiCl and LiBF4 solutions, respectively. A good B1 homogeneity with an 810° to 90° pulse intensity ratio of 68-72 % was achieved. Using electrochemical plating of lithium metal as a model reaction, we further demonstrated the operando functionality of the probe. The new eReactor NMR probe offers a general method for studying flow electrochemistry, and we envision applications in a wide range of environmentally relevant energy systems, for example, Li metal batteries, electrochemical ammonia synthesis, carbon dioxide capture and reduction, redox flow batteries, fuel cells, water desalination, lignin oxidation etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruipeng Luo
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Hans J W G Janssen
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Arno P M Kentgens
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Evan Wenbo Zhao
- Magnetic Resonance Research Center, Institute for Molecules and Materials, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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3
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Liu Y, Yang Z, Zou Y, Wang S, He J. Interfacial Micro-Environment of Electrocatalysis and Its Applications for Organic Electro-Oxidation Reaction. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306488. [PMID: 37712127 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Conventional designing principal of electrocatalyst is focused on the electronic structure tuning, on which effectively promotes the electrocatalysis. However, as a typical kind of electrode-electrolyte interface reaction, the electrocatalysis performance is also closely dependent on the electrocatalyst interfacial micro-environment (IME), including pH, reactant concentration, electric field, surface geometry structure, hydrophilicity/hydrophobicity, etc. Recently, organic electro-oxidation reaction (OEOR), which simultaneously reduces the anodic polarization potential and produces value-added chemicals, has emerged as a competitive alternative to oxygen evolution reaction, and the role IME played in OEOR is receiving great interest. Thus, this article provides a timely review on IME and its applications toward OEOR. In this review, the IME for conventional gas-involving reactions, as a contrast, is first presented, and then the recent progresses of IME toward diverse typical OEOR are summarized; especially, some representative works are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, cutting-edge analytical methods and characterization techniques are introduced to comprehensively understand the role IME played in OEOR. In the last section, perspectives and challenges of IME regulation for OEOR are shared.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Shuangyin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chem/Bio-Sensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, P. R. China
| | - Junying He
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
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Zhang S, Yang L, Zhang X, Chen Y, Zhang Y, Sun W. In Situ Polymerization Synthesis of Graphdiyne Nanosheets as Electrode Material and Its Application in NMR Spectroelectrochemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2726. [PMID: 37376372 DOI: 10.3390/polym15122726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry is extremely powerful in studying redox reactions in real time and identifying unstable reaction intermediates. In this paper, in situ polymerization synthesis of ultrathin graphdiyne (GDY) nanosheets was realized on the surface of copper nanoflower/copper foam (nano-Cu/Cuf)-based electrode with hexakisbenzene monomers and pyridine. Palladium (Pd) nanoparticles were further deposited onto the GDY nanosheets by the constant potential method. By using this GDY composite as electrode material, a new NMR-electrochemical cell was designed for in situ NMR spectroelectrochemistry measurement. The three-electrode electrochemical system consists of a Pd/GDY/nano-Cu/Cuf electrode as the working electrode, a platinum wire as the counter electrode, and a silver/silver chloride (Ag/AgCl) wire as a quasi-reference electrode, which can be dipped into a specially constructed sample tube and adapted for convenient operation in any commercial high-field, variable-temperature FT NMR spectrometer. The application of this NMR-electrochemical cell is illustrated by monitoring the progressive oxidation of hydroquinone to benzoquinone by controlled-potential electrolysis in aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yuxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Yutong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laser Technology and Optoelectronic Functional Materials of Hainan Province, Key Laboratory of Functional Materials and Photoelectrochemistry of Haikou, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou 571158, China
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Li Z, Chande C, Cheng YH, Basuray S. Recent State and Challenges in Spectroelectrochemistry with Its Applications in Microfluidics. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:667. [PMID: 36985074 PMCID: PMC10056660 DOI: 10.3390/mi14030667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This review paper presents the recent developments in spectroelectrochemical (SEC) technologies. The coupling of spectroscopy and electrochemistry enables SEC to do a detailed and comprehensive study of the electron transfer kinetics and vibrational spectroscopic fingerprint of analytes during electrochemical reactions. Though SEC is a promising technique, the usage of SEC techniques is still limited. Therefore, enough publicity for SEC is required, considering the promising potential in the analysis fields. Unlike previously published review papers primarily focused on the relatively frequently used SEC techniques (ultraviolet-visible SEC and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy SEC), the two not-frequently used but promising techniques (nuclear magnetic resonance SEC and dark-field microscopy SEC) have also been studied in detail. This review paper not only focuses on the applications of each SEC method but also details their primary working mechanism. In short, this paper summarizes each SEC technique's working principles, current applications, challenges encountered, and future development directions. In addition, each SEC technique's applicative research directions are detailed and compared in this review work. Furthermore, integrating SEC techniques into microfluidics is becoming a trend in minimized analysis devices. Therefore, the usage of SEC techniques in microfluidics is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenglong Li
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Charmi Chande
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Cheng
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Sagnik Basuray
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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6
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Zhou YH, Jiang CC, Yu Z, Wang YH, Zheng JF, Zhou XS. In situ Raman monitoring of electroreductive dehalogenation of aryl halides at an Ag/aqueous solution interface. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:771-777. [PMID: 36683583 DOI: 10.1039/d2ay02060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Electroreductive dehalogenation as an efficient and green approach has attracted much attention in pollution remediation. Herein, we have employed a shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique to in situ probe the electroreductive dehalogenation process of aryl halides with thiol groups at Ag/aqueous solution interfaces. It is found that 4-bromothiophenol (BTP) and 4-chlorothiophenol (CTP) can turn into mixed products of 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (BPDT) and thiophenol (TP) as the electrode potential decreases. The conversion ratios estimated from the Raman intensity variations of C-Cl and C-Br vibrations are 44% and 58% for CTP and BTP in neutral solution, respectively. Furthermore, the quantitative analysis of benzene ring vibrations reveals a C-C cross coupling between the benzene free radical intermediate and adjacent TP product, which results in increased selectivity for biphenyl products at negative potentials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hua Zhou
- Jinhua Education College, Jinhua 321000, China
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Chen-Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Zhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ju-Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Lhoste C, Lorandel B, Praud C, Marchand A, Mishra R, Dey A, Bernard A, Dumez JN, Giraudeau P. Ultrafast 2D NMR for the analysis of complex mixtures. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 130-131:1-46. [PMID: 36113916 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2022.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Revised: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D NMR is extensively used in many different fields, and its potential for the study of complex biochemical or chemical mixtures has been widely demonstrated. 2D NMR gives the ability to resolve peaks that overlap in 1D spectra, while providing both structural and quantitative information. However, complex mixtures are often analysed in situations where the data acquisition time is a crucial limitation, due to an ongoing chemical reaction or a moving sample from a hyphenated technique, or to the high-throughput requirement associated with large sample collections. Among the great diversity of available fast 2D methods, ultrafast (or single-scan) 2D NMR is probably the most general and versatile approach for complex mixture analysis. Indeed, ultrafast NMR has undergone an impressive number of methodological developments that have helped turn it into an efficient analytical tool, and numerous applications to the analysis of mixtures have been reported. This review first summarizes the main concepts, features and practical limitations of ultrafast 2D NMR, as well as the methodological developments that improved its analytical potential. Then, a detailed description of the main applications of ultrafast 2D NMR to mixture analysis is given. The two major application fields of ultrafast 2D NMR are first covered, i.e., reaction/process monitoring and metabolomics. Then, the potential of ultrafast 2D NMR for the analysis of hyperpolarized mixtures is described, as well as recent developments in oriented media. This review focuses on high-resolution liquid-state 2D experiments (including benchtop NMR) that include at least one spectroscopic dimension (i.e., 2D spectroscopy and DOSY) but does not cover in depth applications without spectral resolution and/or in inhomogeneous fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Célia Lhoste
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | | | - Clément Praud
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Achille Marchand
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Rituraj Mishra
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Arnab Dey
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
| | - Aurélie Bernard
- Nantes Université, CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, Nantes F-44000, France
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Jiang CC, Li XC, Fan JA, Fu JY, Huang-Fu XN, Li JJ, Zheng JF, Zhou XS, Wang YH. Electrochemically activated carbon-halogen bond cleavage and C-C coupling monitored by in situ shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Analyst 2022; 147:1341-1347. [PMID: 35244130 DOI: 10.1039/d2an00054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The electroreductive cleavage of carbon-halogen bonds has attracted increasing attention in both electrosynthesis and pollution remediation. Herein, by employing the in situ electrochemical shell-isolated nanoparticle-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SHINERS) technique, we have successfully investigated the electroreductive dehalogenation process of aryl halides with the thiol group on a smooth Au electrode in aqueous solution at different pH values. The obtained potential-dependent Raman spectra directly reveal a mixture of the reduction products 4,4'-biphenyldithiol (BPDT) and thiophenol (TP). The conversion ratios of the C-Cl and C-Br bonds at pH = 7 are 37% and 55%, respectively. Furthermore, quantitative analysis of the intensity variations of ν(C-Cl), ν(C-Br) and aromatic ν(CC) stretching modes suggests electroreductive dehalogenation via both direct electron transfer reduction and electrocatalytic hydrodehalogenation. Molecular evidence for the C-C cross coupling process through TP reaction with benzene free radical intermediates is found at negative potentials, which leads to the increasing selectivity of biphenyl products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Chen Jiang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xiao-Chong Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jian-Ang Fan
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jia-Ying Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xu-Nan Huang-Fu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Jia-Jie Li
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ju-Fang Zheng
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Xiao-Shun Zhou
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Croyal M, Temgoua RCT, Boujtita M. In-line formation and identification of toxic reductive metabolites of aristolochic acid using electrochemistry mass spectrometry coupling. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:2363-2370. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-03874-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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10
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McKenzie ECR, Hosseini S, Petro AGC, Rudman KK, Gerroll BHR, Mubarak MS, Baker LA, Little RD. Versatile Tools for Understanding Electrosynthetic Mechanisms. Chem Rev 2021; 122:3292-3335. [PMID: 34919393 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Electrosynthesis is a popular, green alternative to traditional organic methods. Understanding the mechanisms is not trivial yet is necessary to optimize reaction processes. To this end, a multitude of analytical tools is available to identify and quantitate reaction products and intermediates. The first portion of this review serves as a guide that underscores electrosynthesis fundamentals, including instrumentation, electrode selection, impacts of electrolyte and solvent, cell configuration, and methods of electrosynthesis. Next, the broad base of analytical techniques that aid in mechanism elucidation are covered in detail. These methods are divided into electrochemical, spectroscopic, chromatographic, microscopic, and computational. Technique selection is dependent on predicted reaction pathways and electrogenerated intermediates. Often, a combination of techniques must be utilized to ensure accuracy of the proposed model. To conclude, future prospects that aim to enhance the field are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric C R McKenzie
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Seyyedamirhossein Hosseini
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, 315 South 1400 East, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112, United States
| | - Ana G Couto Petro
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Kelly K Rudman
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Benjamin H R Gerroll
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Lane A Baker
- Department of Chemistry, Indiana University, 800 East Kirkwood Avenue, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - R Daniel Little
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Building 232, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
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Pietrzak M, Jopa S, Mames A, Urbańczyk M, Woźny M, Ratajczyk T. Recent Progress in Liquid State Electrochemistry Coupled with NMR Spectroscopy. ChemElectroChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/celc.202100724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz Pietrzak
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Sylwia Jopa
- Faculty of Chemistry University of Warsaw Pasteura 1 02-093 Warsaw Poland
| | - Adam Mames
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Urbańczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
- Centre of New Technologies University of Warsaw Banacha 2 C 02-097 Warsaw Poland
| | - Mateusz Woźny
- Institute of Organic Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
| | - Tomasz Ratajczyk
- Institute of Physical Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences Kasprzaka 44/52 01-224 Warsaw Poland
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Jovanovic S, Schleker P, Streun M, Merz S, Jakes P, Schatz M, Eichel RA, Granwehr J. An electrochemical cell for in operando 13C nuclear magnetic resonance investigations of carbon dioxide/carbonate processes in aqueous solution. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2021; 2:265-280. [PMID: 37904775 PMCID: PMC10539767 DOI: 10.5194/mr-2-265-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
In operando nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is one method for the online investigation of electrochemical systems and reactions. It allows for real-time observations of the formation of products and intermediates, and it grants insights into the interactions of substrates and catalysts. An in operando NMR setup for the investigation of the electrolytic reduction of CO 2 at silver electrodes has been developed. The electrolysis cell consists of a three-electrode setup using a working electrode of pristine silver, a chlorinated silver wire as the reference electrode, and a graphite counter electrode. The setup can be adjusted for the use of different electrode materials and fits inside a 5 mm NMR tube. Additionally, a shielding setup was employed to minimize noise caused by interference of external radio frequency (RF) waves with the conductive components of the setup. The electrochemical performance of the in operando electrolysis setup is compared with a standard CO 2 electrolysis cell. The small cell geometry impedes the release of gaseous products, and thus it is primarily suited for current densities below 1 mA cm- 2 . The effect of conductive components on 13 C NMR experiments was studied using a CO 2 -saturated solution of aqueous bicarbonate electrolyte. Despite the B 0 field distortions caused by the electrodes, a proper shimming could be attained, and line widths of ca. 1 Hz were achieved. This enables investigations in the sub-Hertz range by NMR spectroscopy. High-resolution 13 C NMR and relaxation time measurements proved to be sensitive to changes in the sample. It was found that the dynamics of the bicarbonate electrolyte varies not only due to interactions with the silver electrode, which leads to the formation of an electrical double layer and catalyzes the exchange reaction between CO 2 and HCO 3 - , but also due to interactions with the electrochemical setup. This highlights the necessity of a step-by-step experiment design for a mechanistic understanding of processes occurring during electrochemical CO 2 reduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven Jovanovic
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - P. Philipp M. Schleker
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Heterogeneous Reactions, Max Planck Institute for Chemical Energy Conversion, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Matthias Streun
- Central Institute of Engineering and Analytics, Electronic Systems (ZEA-2), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Steffen Merz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Peter Jakes
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Schatz
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Rüdiger-A. Eichel
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Josef Granwehr
- Institute of Energy and Climate Research, Fundamental Electrochemistry (IEK-9), Forschungszentrum Jülich, Jülich, Germany
- Institute of Technical and Macromolecular Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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D'Alessandro DM, Usov PM. Spectroelectrochemistry: A Powerful Tool for Studying Fundamental Properties and Emerging Applications of Solid-State Materials Including Metal–Organic Frameworks. Aust J Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/ch20301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Spectroelectrochemistry (SEC) encompasses a broad suite of electroanalytical techniques where electrochemistry is coupled with various spectroscopic methods. This powerful and versatile array of methods is characterised as in situ, where a fundamental property is measured in real time as the redox state is varied through an applied voltage. SEC has a long and rich history and has proved highly valuable for discerning mechanistic aspects of redox reactions that underpin the function of biological, chemical, and physical systems in the solid and solution states, as well as in thin films and even in single molecules. This perspective article highlights the state of the art in solid-state SEC (ultraviolet–visible–near-infrared, infrared, Raman, photoluminescence, electron paramagnetic resonance, and X-ray absorption spectroscopy) relevant to interrogating solid state materials, particularly those in the burgeoning field of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). Emphasis is on developments in the field over the past 10 years and prospects for application of SEC techniques to probing fundamental aspects of MOFs and MOF-derived materials, along with their emerging applications in next-generation technologies for energy storage and transformation. Along with informing the already expert practitioner of SEC, this article provides some guidance for researchers interested in entering the field.
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14
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Lozeman JJA, Führer P, Olthuis W, Odijk M. Spectroelectrochemistry, the future of visualizing electrode processes by hyphenating electrochemistry with spectroscopic techniques. Analyst 2020; 145:2482-2509. [DOI: 10.1039/c9an02105a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Reviewing the future of electrochemistry combined with infrared, Raman, and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy as well as mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasper J. A. Lozeman
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Pascal Führer
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Wouter Olthuis
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Mathieu Odijk
- BIOS Lab-on-a-Chip Group
- MESA+ Institute
- University of Twente
- 7522 NB Enschede
- The Netherlands
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15
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Silva PFD, Gomes BF, Lobo CMS, Queiroz Júnior LHK, Danieli E, Carmo M, Blümich B, Colnago LA. Electrochemical NMR spectroscopy: Electrode construction and magnetic sample stirring. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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16
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Lobo CM, Gomes BF, Bouzouma H, Danieli E, Blümich B, Colnago LA. Improving in operando low field NMR copper electrodeposition analyses using inductively coupled coils. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.12.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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17
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Cao SH, Liu S, Sun HJ, Huang L, Ni ZR, Jiang WL, Zhan M, Zhou ZY, Sun SG, Chen Z. Versatile, Robust, and Facile Approach for in Situ Monitoring Electrocatalytic Processes through Liquid Electrochemical NMR Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2019; 91:1686-1691. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Hui Cao
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shuo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
- Sino-Precious Metals Holding Co., Ltd., Kunming 650106, P. R. China
| | - Zu-Rong Ni
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Wen-Long Jiang
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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18
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Zhang XP, Jiang WL, Cao SH, Sun HJ, You XQ, Cai SH, Wang JL, Zhao CS, Wang X, Chen Z, Sun SG. NMR spectroelectrochemistry in studies of hydroquinone oxidation by polyaniline thin films. Electrochim Acta 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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19
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20
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Buchinger T, Li K, Smith SA, Jones AD, Li W. Metabolism of a sea lamprey pesticide by fish liver enzymes part A: identification and synthesis of TFM metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 410:1749-1761. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0830-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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21
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Cao SH, Ni ZR, Huang L, Sun HJ, Tang B, Lin LJ, Huang YQ, Zhou ZY, Sun SG, Chen Z. In Situ Monitoring Potential-Dependent Electrochemical Process by Liquid NMR Spectroelectrochemical Determination: A Proof-of-Concept Study. Anal Chem 2017; 89:3810-3813. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b00249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuo-Hui Cao
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zu-Rong Ni
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Long Huang
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Hui-Jun Sun
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Biao Tang
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Liang-Jie Lin
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Yu-Qing Huang
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhi-You Zhou
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Shi-Gang Sun
- Department
of Chemistry, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry of Solid
Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Department
of Electronic Science, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plasma
and Magnetic Resonance, State Key Laboratory for Physical Chemistry
of Solid Surfaces, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, P. R. China
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Martin ET, McGuire CM, Mubarak MS, Peters DG. Electroreductive Remediation of Halogenated Environmental Pollutants. Chem Rev 2016; 116:15198-15234. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Erin T. Martin
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | - Caitlyn M. McGuire
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
| | | | - Dennis G. Peters
- Department
of Chemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, United States
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23
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Zalibera M, Machata P, Clikeman TT, Rosenkranz M, Strauss SH, Boltalina OV, Popov AA. (19)F NMR-, ESR-, and vis-NIR-spectroelectrochemical study of the unconventional reduction behaviour of a perfluoroalkylated fullerene: dimerization of the C70(CF3)10(-) radical anion. Analyst 2016; 140:7209-16. [PMID: 26359514 PMCID: PMC4910863 DOI: 10.1039/c5an01129a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
19F NMR spectroelectrochemistry is applied to study the reduction mechanism of perfluoroalkylated fullerene C70(CF3)10.
The most abundant isomer of C70(CF3)10 (70-10-1) is a rare example of a perfluoroalkylated fullerene exhibiting electrochemically irreversible reduction. We show that electrochemical reversibility at the first reduction step is achieved at scan rates higher than 500 V s–1. Applying ESR-, vis-NIR-, and 19F NMR-spectroelectrochemistry, as well as mass spectrometry and DFT calculations, we show that the (70-10-1)– radical monoanion is in equilibrium with a singly-bonded diamagnetic dimeric dianion. This study is the first example of 19F NMR spectroelectrochemistry, which promises to be an important method for the elucidation of redox mechanisms of fluoroorganic compounds. Additionally, we demonstrate the importance of combining different spectroelectrochemical methods and quantitative analysis of the transferred charge and spin numbers in the determination of the redox mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Zalibera
- Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research, 01069 Dresden, Germany.
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24
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Herrera A, Fernández-Valle E, Martínez-Álvarez R, Molero-Vílchez D, Pardo-Botero ZD, Sáez-Barajas E. Monitoring organic reactions by UF-NMR spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2015; 53:952-970. [PMID: 25998506 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.4240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/03/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Standard 2D NMR experiments suffer from the many t1 increments needed for spectra with sufficient digital resolution in the indirect dimension. Despite the different methodological approaches to overcome this problem, these increments have prevented studies of fast reactions. The development of ultrafast NMR (UF-NMR) has decisively speeded up the time scale of standard NMR to allow the study of organic reactions as they happen in real time to reveal mechanistic details. This mini-review summarizes the results achieved in monitoring organic reactions through this exciting technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Herrera
- CAI-RMN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Roberto Martínez-Álvarez
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Zulay D Pardo-Botero
- CAI-RMN, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Departamento de Química Orgánica I, Facultad de Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Bussy U, Boisseau R, Thobie-Gautier C, Boujtita M. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry to study reactive drug metabolites and CYP450 simulations. Trends Analyt Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2015.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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27
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Bussy U, Boujtita M. Review of advances in coupling electrochemistry and liquid state NMR. Talanta 2015; 136:155-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2014.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Revised: 08/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Li K, Li W. A quantitative assay for reductive metabolism of a pesticide in fish using electrochemistry coupled with liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:4450-4457. [PMID: 25730707 DOI: 10.1021/es5057769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This is the first study to use electrochemistry to generate a nitro reduction metabolite as a standard for a liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry-based quantitative assay. This approach is further used to quantify 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM) reductive metabolism. TFM is a widely used pesticide for the population control of sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus), an invasive species of the Laurentian Great Lakes. Three animal models, sea lamprey, lake sturgeon (Acipenser fulvescens), and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), were selected to evaluate TFM reductive metabolism because they have been known to show differential susceptibilities to TFM toxicity. Amino-TFM (aTFM; 3-trifluoromethyl-4-aminophenol) was the only reductive metabolite identified through liquid chromatography-high-resolution mass spectrometry screening of liver extracts incubated with TFM and was targeted for electrochemical synthesis. After synthesis and purification, aTFM was used to develop a quantitative assay of the reductive metabolism of TFM through liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of aTFM were measured from TFM-treated cellular fractions, including cytosolic, nuclear, membrane, and mitochondrial protein extracts. Sea lamprey extracts produced the highest concentrations (500 ng/mL) of aTFM. In addition, sea lamprey and sturgeon cytosolic extracts showed concentrations of aTFM substantially higher than those of rainbow trout. However, other fractions of lake sturgeon extracts tend to show aTFM concentrations similar to those of rainbow trout but not with sea lamprey. These data suggest that the level of reductive metabolism of TFM may be associated with the sensitivities of the animals to this particular pesticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Yu-Wen Chung-Davidson
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Weiming Li
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
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Bussy U, Jurva U, Boisseau R, Andresen-Bergström M, Silvestre V, Galland N, Jacquemin D, Boujtita M. Unexpected benzimidazole ring formation from a quinoneimide species in the presence of ammonium acetate as supporting electrolyte used in the coupling of electrochemistry with mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2015; 29:456-460. [PMID: 26349468 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.7122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Electrochemistry (EC) coupled to mass spectrometry (MS) has been used to study different phase-I reactions. Despite of the versatility of EC/MS, the effect of the nature of the supporting electrolyte on the formation of oxidation products has seldom been discussed during EC/MS experiments. Here, we present a comparison of two different supporting electrolytes and their effect on the identification of unstable intermediate oxidation species is discussed. METHODS The oxidation of acebutolol was performed with a coulometric cell in the presence of two supporting electrolytes namely ammonium acetate and lithium acetate. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/QTOFMS) using a binary gradient (water/acetonitrile) with positive electrospray ionization was used to identify the oxidation products in the presence and absence of glutathione. Chemical structure elucidations of the oxidation products were performed by high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and were also supported by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) measurements. RESULTS From the electrochemical study and HRMS measurements, we demonstrate that the quinoneimide species resulting from the oxidative hydrolyses of acebutolol gives a benzimidazole ring product in the presence of ammonium acetate. Through the example of the oxidation of acebutolol, a correlation between the supporting electrolyte nature and oxidation product formation was established. The obtained results were supported by quantum mechanical calculations. CONCLUSIONS We present here evidence of the side reactions induced by the presence of ammonia as supporting electrolyte during EC/MS measurements. Acebutolol was used as a model to postulate an uncommon and unexpected side reaction leading to benzimidazole ring formation. The findings may help to understand the identification of the intermediate species in the oxidative degradation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Ulrik Jurva
- CVMD iMed DMPK, AstraZeneca R&D Mölndal, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Renaud Boisseau
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | | | - Virginie Silvestre
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Nicolas Galland
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, 103, Boulevard Saint-Michel, 75005, Cedex 5, France
| | - Mohammed Boujtita
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322, Nantes Cedex 3, France
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Boisseau R, Bussy U, Giraudeau P, Boujtita M. In situ ultrafast 2D NMR spectroelectrochemistry for real-time monitoring of redox reactions. Anal Chem 2014; 87:372-5. [PMID: 25506791 DOI: 10.1021/ac5041956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The in situ implementation of an electrochemical cell (EC) inside a nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer is extremely powerful to study redox reactions in real time and identify unstable reaction intermediates. Unfortunately, the implementation of an electrochemical device near the sensitive volume of an NMR probe significantly affects the quality of the NMR signal, inducing significant line broadening resulting in peak overlap and partial loss of the multiplet structures. Two-dimensional (2D) NMR spectroscopy allows one to bypass signal overlapping by spreading the peaks along two orthogonal dimensions, while providing precious information in terms of structural elucidation. Nevertheless, the acquisition of 2D NMR data suffers from long acquisition durations which are incompatible with fast redox processes taking place in solution. Here, we present a new approach to deal with this issue, consisting of coupling EC-NMR with ultrafast 2D spectroscopy, capable of recording 2D spectra much faster than conventional 2D NMR. This approach is applied to the real-time monitoring of a model reaction. Fast correlation spectroscopy (COSY) spectra are recorded every 3 min in the course of the 80 min reaction, leading to the unambiguous identification of one reaction intermediate and two reaction products. The evolution of 2D NMR peak volumes in the course of time provides further insight into the mechanism of this reaction involving an unstable intermediate. This study demonstrates the feasibility and the relevance of coupling in situ spectroelectrochemistry with ultrafast 2D spectroscopy to monitor real-time electrochemical reactions in the NMR tube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Boisseau
- Université de Nantes , CNRS, CEISAM UMR 6230, B.P. 92208, 2 rue de la Houssinière, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France
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Nunes LM, Moraes TB, Barbosa LL, Mazo LH, Colnago LA. Monitoring electrochemical reactions in situ using steady-state free precession 13C NMR spectroscopy. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 850:1-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Zhang J, Lan C, Shi B, Liu F, Zhao D, Tan X. Electrochemical reaction mechanism of phenacetin at a carboxylated multiwall carbon nanotube modified electrode and its analytical applications. Chem Res Chin Univ 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s40242-014-4102-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Bussy U, Boujtita M. Advances in the Electrochemical Simulation of Oxidation Reactions Mediated by Cytochrome P450. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1652-68. [DOI: 10.1021/tx5001943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department
of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, Room 13 Natural
Resources Building, 480 Wilson Road, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Mohammed Boujtita
- LUNAM Université de Nantes, CNRS, Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse et Modélisation (CEISAM), UMR 6230, 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 92208, F-44322 Nantes cedex 3, France
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Bussy U, Chung-Davidson YW, Li K, Li W. Phase I and phase II reductive metabolism simulation of nitro aromatic xenobiotics with electrochemistry coupled with high resolution mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 406:7253-60. [PMID: 25234306 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8171-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemistry combined with (liquid chromatography) high resolution mass spectrometry was used to simulate the general reductive metabolism of three biologically important nitro aromatic molecules: 3-trifluoromethyl-4-nitrophenol (TFM), niclosamide, and nilutamide. TFM is a pesticide used in the Laurential Great Lakes while niclosamide and nilutamide are used in cancer therapy. At first, a flow-through electrochemical cell was directly connected to a high resolution mass spectrometer to evaluate the ability of electrochemistry to produce the main reduction metabolites of nitro aromatic, nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine functional groups. Electrochemical experiments were then carried out at a constant potential of -2.5 V before analysis of the reduction products by LC-HRMS, which confirmed the presence of the nitroso, hydroxylamine, and amine species as well as dimers. Dimer identification illustrates the reactivity of the nitroso species with amine and hydroxylamine species. To investigate xenobiotic metabolism, the reactivity of nitroso species to biomolecules was also examined. Binding of the nitroso metabolite to glutathione was demonstrated by the observation of adducts by LC-ESI(+)-HRMS and the characteristics of their MSMS fragmentation. In conclusion, electrochemistry produces the main reductive metabolites of nitro aromatics and supports the observation of nitroso reactivity through dimer or glutathione adduct formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Bussy
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
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Faber H, Vogel M, Karst U. Electrochemistry/mass spectrometry as a tool in metabolism studies—A review. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 834:9-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Giraudeau P, Frydman L. Ultrafast 2D NMR: an emerging tool in analytical spectroscopy. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2014; 7:129-61. [PMID: 25014342 PMCID: PMC5040491 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-071213-020208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy is widely used in chemical and biochemical analyses. Multidimensional NMR is also witnessing increased use in quantitative and metabolic screening applications. Conventional 2D NMR experiments, however, are affected by inherently long acquisition durations, arising from their need to sample the frequencies involved along their indirect domains in an incremented, scan-by-scan nature. A decade ago, a so-called ultrafast (UF) approach was proposed, capable of delivering arbitrary 2D NMR spectra involving any kind of homo- or heteronuclear correlation, in a single scan. During the intervening years, the performance of this subsecond 2D NMR methodology has been greatly improved, and UF 2D NMR is rapidly becoming a powerful analytical tool experiencing an expanded scope of applications. This review summarizes the principles and main developments that have contributed to the success of this approach and focuses on applications that have been recently demonstrated in various areas of analytical chemistry--from the real-time monitoring of chemical and biochemical processes, to extensions in hyphenated techniques and in quantitative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Giraudeau
- Chimie et Interdisciplinarité: Synthèse, Analyse, Modélisation, UMR 6230, Université de Nantes, 44322 Nantes Cedex 03, France;
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Bussy U, Giraudeau P, Tea I, Boujtita M. Understanding the degradation of electrochemically-generated reactive drug metabolites by quantitative NMR. Talanta 2013; 116:554-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2013.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Revised: 07/05/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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