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Dugues P, Abe E, Etting I, Nguyen AH, Edel Y, Alvarez JC, Larabi IA. Consommation de cannabinoïdes de synthèse (CS) en région parisienne : profil d’un consommateur de 9 CS dérivés indoles et indazoles et premières données de la littérature. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023]
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2
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Musiał J, Czarny J, Gadzała-Kopciuch R. Overview of analytical methods for determining novel psychoactive substances, drugs and their metabolites in biological samples. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:239-258. [PMID: 36040410 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2091424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Recent years have witnessed a growing in interest in psychoactive substances, particularly those available in e-commerce. These have led to an increase in the number of drug-related poisonings, deaths, and road accidents. Illegal drugs are available on an unprecedented scale and cause previously unknown adverse effects, which creates a challenge for analysts to find rapid methods for identifying these substances and taking appropriate action in the shortest possible time. New psychoactive substances (NPSs) can be lethal at very low concentrations, which give particularly serious cause for concern. These drugs are easily accessible and often regarded (or claimed) to be safe, which encourages many people, in particular young people, to try them. The widespread use of these substances is compounded by the awareness that they are difficult to detect with the existing rapid screening tests. Simple, fast, sensitive, and specific methods for determining the largest possible number of black-market psychoactive substances and their metabolites are therefore essential. Such methods will facilitate treatment and increase the effectiveness of measures aiming to reduce drug addiction. The objective of this review article was to critically compare the most commonly used analytical methods for determining NPS and their metabolites in biological material, with special emphasis on the sample preparation process, and to highlight the possibilities offered by the existing analytical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jadwiga Musiał
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland.,Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
| | - Jakub Czarny
- Institute of Forensic Genetics, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Toruń, Poland
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Abstract
Metabolite profiling is an indispensable part of drug discovery and development, enabling a comprehensive understanding of the drug's metabolic behavior. Liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry facilitates metabolite profiling by reducing sample complexity and providing high sensitivity. This review discusses the in vivo metabolite profiling involving LC-MS/MS and the utilization of QTOF, QQQ mass analyzers with a particular emphasis on a mass filter. Further, a summary of sample extraction procedures in biological matrices such as plasma, urine, feces, serum and hair as in vivo samples are outlined. toward the end, we present 15 case studies in biological matrices and their LC-MS/MS conditions to understand the metabolic disposition.
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Florou D, Boumba VA. Hair analysis for New Psychoactive Substances (NPS): Still far from becoming the tool to study NPS spread in the community? Toxicol Rep 2021; 8:1699-1720. [PMID: 34646750 PMCID: PMC8501677 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2021.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of 280 NPS has been reported to be enabled through hair analysis. The LODs/ LOQs for these NPS are as low as pg/mg of hair. The NPS hair concentrations in clinical/forensic samples are considerably higher than the respective LOD. Untargeted-mass spectroscopic detection techniques could advance NPS hair analysis. NPS hair analysis could become the tool to monitor the extent of NPS use worldwide.
In this review article, we performed an overview of extraction and chromatographic analysis methods of NPS in hair from 2007 to 2021, evaluating the limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), limit of reporting (LOR), and limit of identification (LOI) values reported for each NPS. Our review aimed to highlight the limitations of modern hair analytical techniques, and the prerequisites for the proper evaluation and use of analytical results in relation to the objectives of NPS hair analysis. In the selected studies the detection of a total of 280 NPS was reported. The detected NPS belonged to seven classes: synthetic cannabinoids with 109 different substances, synthetic opioids with 58, cathinones with 50, phenethylamines with 34, other NPS with 15, tryptamines with ten, and piperazines with four substances. The NPS hair analysis of real forensic/ clinical cases reported the detection of only 80 NPS (out of the 280 targeted), in significantly higher levels than the respective LODs. The analytical protocols reviewed herein for NPS hair analysis showed continuously growing trends to identify as many NPS as possible; the extraction methods seem to have a limited potential to improve, while the various mass spectroscopic techniques and relevant instrumentation provide an enormous field for development and application. Hair is a biological indicator of the past chronic, sub-chronic, and, even, in certain cases, acute exposure to xenobiotics. Therefore, future research in the field could progress NPS hair analysis and aim the monitoring of NPS expansion and extent of use in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimitra Florou
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
| | - Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, University Campus, 45110 Ioannina, Greece
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Li J, Zhang Y, Zhou Y, Feng XS. Cannabinoids: Recent Updates on Public Perception, Adverse Reactions, Pharmacokinetics, Pretreatment Methods and Their Analysis Methods. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2021; 52:1197-1222. [PMID: 33557608 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1864718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cannabinoids (CBDs) have been traditionally used as a folk medicine. Recently, they have been found to exhibit a high pharmacological potential. However, they are addicted and are often abused by drug users, thereby, becoming a threat to public safety. CBDs and their metabolites are usually found in trace levels in plants or in biological matrices and, are therefore not easy to be detected. Advances have been made toward accurately analyzing CBDs in plants or in biological matrices. This review aims at elucidating on the consumption of CBDs as well as its adverse effects and to provide a comprehensive overview of CBD pretreatment and detection methods. Moreover, novel pretreatment methods such as microextraction, Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe and online technology as well as novel analytic methods such as ion-mobility mass spectrometry, application of high resolution mass spectrometry in nontarget screening are summarized. In addition, we discuss and compare the strengths and weaknesses of different methods and suggest their future prospect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Pharmacy, National Cancer Center/National Clinical Research Center for Cancer/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xue-Song Feng
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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Baswan SM, Klosner AE, Glynn K, Rajgopal A, Malik K, Yim S, Stern N. Therapeutic Potential of Cannabidiol (CBD) for Skin Health and Disorders. Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol 2020; 13:927-942. [PMID: 33335413 PMCID: PMC7736837 DOI: 10.2147/ccid.s286411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Though there is limited research confirming the purported topical benefits of cannabinoids, it is certain that cutaneous biology is modulated by the human endocannabinoid system (ECS). Receptors from the ECS have been identified in the skin and systemic abuse of synthetic cannabinoids, and their analogs, have also been associated with the manifestation of dermatological disorders, indicating the effects of the ECS on cutaneous biology. In particular, cannabidiol (CBD), a non-psychoactive compound from the cannabis plant, has garnered significant attention in recent years for its anecdotal therapeutic potential for various pathologies, including skin and cosmetic disorders. Though a body of preclinical evidence suggests topical application of CBD may be efficacious for some skin disorders, such as eczema, psoriasis, pruritis, and inflammatory conditions, confirmed clinical efficacy and elucidation of underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully identified. This article provides an update on the advances in CBD research to date and the potential areas of future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir M Baswan
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
| | - Allison E Klosner
- Innovation and Science, Nutrilite Health Institute, Amway Corporation, Buena Park, CA, 90621, USA
| | - Kelly Glynn
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
| | - Arun Rajgopal
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
| | - Kausar Malik
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
| | - Sunghan Yim
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
| | - Nathan Stern
- Innovation and Science, Amway Corporation, Ada, MI, 49355, USA
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Kim J, Kim J, Yum H, Jang M, Rhee J, Lee S, Han SB. Simultaneous determination of barbiturates, phenytoin and topiramate in hair by LC-MS/MS and application to real samples. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2020; 106:106931. [PMID: 33091538 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2020.106931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hair analysis is useful for monitoring exposure to drugs such as antiepileptics owing to long-term therapy and a high possibility of abuse of drugs, which could be fatal. An effective and rapid analytical method for the simultaneous determination of six barbiturates, as well as phenytoin and topiramate in hair samples was developed and validated by liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). METHODS Three different extraction methods were investigated for the development of an appropriate analytical method. Hair was finely cut and then extracted with methanol, methanol containing 1% hydrochloric acid, and liquid-liquid extraction in acidic condition. RESULTS There was no significant difference in the matrix effects among these three methods. Recoveries clearly declined in the extraction involving both acidic methanol extraction and a LLE in acidic condition. Methanol incubation was chosen as the appropriate extraction method with acceptable matrix effects and recoveries. After validating the methanol incubation, the limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were determined as 0.01 and 0.02 ng/mg for topiramate and 0.25-0.5 and 0.5-1 ng/mg for the others in hair. The LC-MS/MS method was precise and accurate with a dynamic linear range of 0.02-5 ng/mg for topiramate and 0.5 or 1-50 ng/mg for others. This method was applied to authentic hair samples of two drug users. The hair concentrations of phenobarbital were 0.2-17.1 ng/mg in segmental analysis in one female subject and those of topiramate were 0.19-0.93 ng/mg in another female subject. DISCUSSION The quantitative method was developed to determine 8 antiepileptics using LC-MS/MS. This method performed hair segmental analysis to provide useful informative and chronological data in both of the forensic and clinical toxicology fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghyun Kim
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyesun Yum
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea; Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea
| | - Moonhee Jang
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongsook Rhee
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangki Lee
- Toxicology Division, National Forensic Service, Wonju 26430, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Beom Han
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, College of Pharmacy, Chung-Ang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.
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Cho B, Cho HS, Kim J, Sim J, Seol I, Baeck SK, In S, Shin DH, Kim E. Simultaneous determination of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in human hair using LC-MS/MS and application to human hair. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 306:110058. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2019.110058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2019] [Revised: 11/03/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Sanli S, Ghorbani-Zamani F, Moulahoum H, Gumus ZP, Coskunol H, Odaci Demirkol D, Timur S. Application of Biofunctionalized Magnetic Nanoparticles Based-Sensing in Abused Drugs Diagnostics. Anal Chem 2019; 92:1033-1040. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Sanli
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Faezeh Ghorbani-Zamani
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hichem Moulahoum
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Zinar Pinar Gumus
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hakan Coskunol
- Ege University, Faculty of Medicine, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Dilek Odaci Demirkol
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Suna Timur
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
- Central Research Test and Analysis Laboratory Application and Research Center, Ege University, 35100-Bornova, Izmir, Turkey
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Larabi IA, Riffi M, Fabresse N, Etting I, Alvarez JC. Validation of an UPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of sixteen synthetic cannabinoids in human hair. Application to document chronic use of JWH-122 following a non-fatal overdose. TOXICOLOGIE ANALYTIQUE ET CLINIQUE 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxac.2019.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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11
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Combination of pressurized liquid extraction with dispersive liquid liquid micro extraction for the determination of sixty drugs of abuse in hair. J Chromatogr A 2019; 1605:360348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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12
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Synthetic cannabinoids in biological specimens: a review of current analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. Bioanalysis 2018; 10:1609-1623. [PMID: 30226077 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2018-0150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids are a new class of chemical drugs capable of modifying human behavior. These products do not contain cannabis, but produce similar effects after consumption. The fact that they are easily accessed, and are many times considered to be harmless, justifies their widespread use among young people. This fact, together with the difficulty in their detection by routine drug tests, makes it extremely important to develop new procedures able to detect and monitor their consumption. The aim of this work is to perform a critical review regarding the human biological samples that can be used for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids, paying special attention to analytical methods and sample preparation techniques. The reviewed articles deal with the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in the context of forensic and toxicological analysis.
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Franz F, Jechle H, Angerer V, Pegoro M, Auwärter V, Neukamm MA. Synthetic cannabinoids in hair - Pragmatic approach for method updates, compound prevalences and concentration ranges in authentic hair samples. Anal Chim Acta 2018; 1006:61-73. [PMID: 30016265 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Since the first detection of synthetic cannabinoids (SCs) in so-called 'legal high' products (e.g. 'Spice') sold as legal alternatives to marihuana, the rapid development of this class of designer drugs poses a great challenge for analytical laboratories. The aim of this study was the comprehensive validation of an up-to-date LC-MS/MS method for detection of SCs in human hair for the purpose of drug abstinence testing and evaluation of a pragmatic re-validation approach for frequent method adaption. The validation demonstrated low quantification limits (0.5-5.0 pg mg-1) and acceptable selectivity, linearity, accuracy, and precision for 72 SCs. High matrix effects have been taken into consideration as a major limitation of the method. The partial re-validation approach proved to be an appropriate compromise between reduced validation effort and sufficient control of the method performance enabling analysts to keep pace with the dynamics of the drug market. The analysis of 294 authentic samples resulted in 163 positive samples and showed a broad concentration range (<1.0-5,700 pg mg-1) for 52 SCs in hair with up to 17 different compounds detected in a single hair sample. Periods of detection between one and 58 months were observed for single compounds in hair. Regarding the interpretation of analytical findings semi-quantitative concentrations were considered sufficient for a rough classification of the intensity of drug exposure in (i) passive exposure or exposure in the distant past (lower pg mg-1 range), (ii) more intense exposure (elevated concentration range, >20 pg mg-1 (upper 25th-percentile)), and (iii) heavy/recent exposure (>150 pg mg-1).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Franz
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hanna Jechle
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Verena Angerer
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany; Hermann Staudinger Graduate School, University of Freiburg, Hebelstraße 27, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Pegoro
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Volker Auwärter
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Merja A Neukamm
- Institute of Forensic Medicine, Forensic Toxicology, Medical Center - University of Freiburg, Faculty of Medicine, University of Freiburg, Albertstraße 9, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany.
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Kyriakou C, Pellegrini M, García-Algar O, Marinelli E, Zaami S. Recent Trends in Analytical Methods to Determine New Psychoactive Substances in Hair. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 15:663-681. [PMID: 27834146 PMCID: PMC5771044 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x15666161111112545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2016] [Revised: 05/01/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
New Psychoactive Substances (NPS) belong to several chemical classes, including phenethylamines, piperazines, synthetic cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids. Development and validation of analytical methods for the determination of NPS both in traditional and alternative matrices is of crucial importance to study drug metabolism and to associate consumption to clinical outcomes and eventual intoxication symptoms. Among different biological matrices, hair is the one with the widest time window to investigate drug-related history and demonstrate past intake. The aim of this paper was to overview the trends of the rapidly evolving analytical methods for the determination of NPS in hair and the usefulness of these methods when applied to real cases. A number of rapid and sensitive methods for the determination of NPS in hair matrix has been recently published, most of them using liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Hair digestion and subsequent solid phase extraction or liquid-liquid extraction were described as well as extraction in organic solvents. For most of the methods limits of quantification at picogram per milligram hair were obtained. The measured concentrations for most of the NPS in real samples were in the range of picograms of drug per milligram of hair. Interpretation of the results and lack of cut-off values for the discrimination between chronic consumption and occasional use or external contamination are still challenging. Methods for the determination of NPS in hair are continually emerging to include as many NPS as possible due to the great demand for their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chrystalla Kyriakou
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
| | - Manuela Pellegrini
- Department of Therapeutic Research and Medicines Evaluation, Istituto Superiore di Sanita, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome. Italy
| | - Oscar García-Algar
- Department of Pediatrics, Group of Research on Childhood and Environment (GRIE), Institute Hospital del Mar of Medical Research (IMIM), Hospital del Mar, 08003 Barcelona, Spain. Spain
| | - Enrico Marinelli
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
| | - Simona Zaami
- Unit of Forensic Toxicology (UoFT), Department of Anatomical, Histological, Forensic and Orthopedic Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 336 (00185) Rome. Italy
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15
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Boumba VA, Di Rago M, Peka M, Drummer OH, Gerostamoulos D. The analysis of 132 novel psychoactive substances in human hair using a single step extraction by tandem LC/MS. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 279:192-202. [PMID: 28910664 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.08.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A rapid LC-MS/MS method for the targeted screening of 132 NPS in hair is described. Drugs include cathinones and synthetic cannabinoids, as well as amphetamine-type stimulants, piperazines and other hallucinogenic compounds. This method utilizes hair pulverization in acidified methanol followed by analysis using liquid chromatography coupled with tandem MS. The limit of detection varied from 0.001 to 0.1ng/mg hair among the various analytes. The method was validated in terms of sensitivity, selectivity, repeatability and stability. The limit of reporting was set at 0.1ng/mg of hair. The method was successfully applied to 23 medico-legal cases where NPS were detected in blood or where NPS use was suspected. The identified NPS included acetyl fentanyl, 25C-NBOMe, MDPV, PB-22 and AB-FUBINACA, allowing hair to be used where historical or retrospective information on use of NPS is sought. This technique has proven to be efficient for the one step extraction from hair of different classes of NPS in routine toxicological investigations; from unstable and volatile compounds, such as most of the cathinones, to hydrophobic compounds such as synthetic cannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassiliki A Boumba
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Laboratory of Forensic Medicine & Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece.
| | - Matthew Di Rago
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Melissa Peka
- Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Olaf H Drummer
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
| | - Dimitri Gerostamoulos
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Monash University, Australia; Victorian Institute of Forensic Medicine, 65 Kavanagh St., Southbank, Victoria 3006, Australia
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16
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Sim J, Cho HS, Lee J, In S, Kim E. Determination of AB-CHMINACA and its metabolites in human hair and their deposition in hair of abusers. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2017; 140:162-168. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2017.03.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/19/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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17
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Sim J, Kim E, Yang W, Woo S, In S. An LC–MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of 15 antipsychotics and two metabolites in hair and its application to rat hair. Forensic Sci Int 2017; 274:91-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2017.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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19
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Mercolini L, Protti M. Biosampling strategies for emerging drugs of abuse: towards the future of toxicological and forensic analysis. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2016; 130:202-219. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2016.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Montesano C, Vannutelli G, Massa M, Simeoni MC, Gregori A, Ripani L, Compagnone D, Curini R, Sergi M. Multi-class analysis of new psychoactive substances and metabolites in hair by pressurized liquid extraction coupled to HPLC-HRMS. Drug Test Anal 2016; 9:798-807. [DOI: 10.1002/dta.2043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Montesano
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | | | - Maristella Massa
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Simeoni
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
| | - Adolfo Gregori
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS); Carabinieri; 00191 Rome Italy
| | - Luigi Ripani
- Department of Scientific Investigation (RIS); Carabinieri; 00191 Rome Italy
| | - Dario Compagnone
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
| | - Roberta Curini
- Department of Chemistry; Sapienza University of Rome; 00185 Rome Italy
| | - Manuel Sergi
- Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment; University of Teramo; 64023 Mosciano Sant'Angelo TE Italy
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Aldlgan AA, Torrance. HJ. Bioanalytical methods for the determination of synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in biological specimens. Trends Analyt Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2016.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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22
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Metabolites of synthetic cannabinoids in hair—proof of consumption or false friends for interpretation? Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:3445-52. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9422-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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23
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Determination of XLR-11 and its metabolites in hair by liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2015; 114:184-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2015.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Ozturk S, Ozturk YE, Yeter O, Alpertunga B. Application of a validated LC-MS/MS method for JWH-073 and its metabolites in blood and urine in real forensic cases. Forensic Sci Int 2015; 257:165-171. [PMID: 26360591 DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 08/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids, which were synthesized to improve the therapeutic effects of cannabis, have become a major issue when they are abused. They have different chemical structures from tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) but similar effects on endocannabinoid receptors. "Spice" named products have more serious side effects than cannabis and can even cause death. These mixtures are prepared by spraying chemicals onto small pieces of herbs and are being dishonestly sold as "natural" and "legal" products over the internet. Their popularity is continuously increasing. Studies on detecting synthetic cannabinoids in biological samples as well as pharmacology and toxicology studies of these chemicals are very limited. A fast, specific and robust method for the detection and quantification of JWH-073, JWH-073 N-butanoic acid, and JWH-073 N-(4-hydroxybutyl) in blood and urine has been developed that uses solid-phase extraction (SPE) followed by UPLC-MS/MS analysis. This method has been validated in terms of its linearity (0.1-50 ng/mL), selectivity, intra-assay and inter-assay accuracy and precision (CV<10%), recovery (75-95%), limits of detection (LODs) (0.08-0.13 ng/mL), and limits of quantification (LOQs) (0.11-0.17 ng/mL). Matrix effects, stability, and process efficiency parameters of this method have also been assessed. This method was applied to 2596 authentic samples received by the Department of Toxicology (Istanbul) in the Presidency of Council of Forensic Medicine (Turkey) between September 1, 2012, and February 28, 2015.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serkan Ozturk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Chemistry Department Toxicology, Division, Bahcelievler, 34196 Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Yeter Erol Ozturk
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Chemistry Department Toxicology, Division, Bahcelievler, 34196 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya Yeter
- Council of Forensic Medicine, Istanbul Chemistry Department Toxicology, Division, Bahcelievler, 34196 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Istanbul University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Beyazit, 34116 Istanbul, Turkey
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25
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Nieddu M, Burrai L, Demontis MP, Varoni MV, Baralla E, Trignano C, Boatto G. Simultaneous Determination of 11 Illicit Phenethylamines in Hair by LC-MS-MS: In Vivo Application. J Anal Toxicol 2015; 39:532-7. [PMID: 26025163 DOI: 10.1093/jat/bkv054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Existing phenethylamines are a class of synthetic compounds that differ from each other only in small changes to a largely conserved chemical structure. The recreational and illicit use of phenethylamines is a widespread problem. A simple procedure for the simultaneous quantitative determination in hair of 11 phenethylamines that are officially recognized as illicit by Italian legislation (p-methoxyamphetamine; p-methoxymethamphetamine; 3,4,5-trimethoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxyamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-methylamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromoamphetamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-bromophenethylamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-iodophenethylamine; 2,5-dimethoxy-4-ethylthiophenethylamine and 2,5-dimethoxy-4-n-propylthiophenethylamine) has been developed and validated. Extraction from the matrix was performed after incubation in methanolic HCl and filtered reconstituted extracts were injected into a liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry system (LC-MS-MS) without any further purification steps. This validated LC-MS-MS method has been used to determine the in vivo accumulation/retention of the above target analytes in hair after repeat oral administration to rats. This experiment further permitted investigation of the effect of pigmentation on the uptake of these phenethylamines by hair and the effect of hair pigmentation. The developed method could potentially be used for forensic and toxicological purposes, in the detection and quantitation of these illicit substances in human hair in workplace drug testing; drug-facilitated crime investigation; driver re-licensing; determining drug abuse history and postmortem toxicology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Nieddu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Lucia Burrai
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Piera Demontis
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Maria Vittoria Varoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Elena Baralla
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Trignano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Via Matteotti 60, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Gianpiero Boatto
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari, Via Muroni 23/a, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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26
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Castaneto MS, Wohlfarth A, Desrosiers NA, Hartman RL, Gorelick DA, Huestis MA. Synthetic cannabinoids pharmacokinetics and detection methods in biological matrices. Drug Metab Rev 2015; 47:124-74. [PMID: 25853390 DOI: 10.3109/03602532.2015.1029635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids (SC), originally developed as research tools, are now highly abused novel psychoactive substances. We present a comprehensive systematic review covering in vivo and in vitro animal and human pharmacokinetics and analytical methods for identifying SC and their metabolites in biological matrices. Of two main phases of SC research, the first investigated therapeutic applications, and the second abuse-related issues. Administration studies showed high lipophilicity and distribution into brain and fat tissue. Metabolite profiling studies, mostly with human liver microsomes and human hepatocytes, structurally elucidated metabolites and identified suitable SC markers. In general, SC underwent hydroxylation at various molecular sites, defluorination of fluorinated analogs and phase II metabolites were almost exclusively glucuronides. Analytical methods are critical for documenting intake, with different strategies applied to adequately address the continuous emergence of new compounds. Immunoassays have different cross-reactivities for different SC classes, but cannot keep pace with changing analyte targets. Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry assays - first for a few, then numerous analytes - are available but constrained by reference standard availability, and must be continuously updated and revalidated. In blood and oral fluid, parent compounds are frequently present, albeit in low concentrations; for urinary detection, metabolites must be identified and interpretation is complex due to shared metabolic pathways. A new approach is non-targeted HRMS screening that is more flexible and permits retrospective data analysis. We suggest that streamlined assessment of new SC's pharmacokinetics and advanced HRMS screening provide a promising strategy to maintain relevant assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marisol S Castaneto
- Department of Chemistry and Drug Metabolism, National Institute on Drug Abuse, NIH , Baltimore, MD , USA
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27
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Metabolite profiling of RCS-4, a novel synthetic cannabinoid designer drug, using human hepatocyte metabolism and TOF-MS. Bioanalysis 2015; 6:1471-85. [PMID: 25046048 DOI: 10.4155/bio.14.13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since 2009, scheduling legislation of synthetic cannabinoids prompted new compound emergence to circumvent legal restrictions. 2-(4-methoxyphenyl)-1-(1-pentyl-indol-3-yl)methanone (RCS-4) is a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist sold in herbal smoking blends. Absence of parent synthetic cannabinoids in urine suggests the importance of metabolite identification for detecting RCS-4 consumption in clinical and forensic investigations. Materials & methods & Results: With 1 h human hepatocyte incubation and TOF high-resolution MS, we identified 18 RCS-4 metabolites, many not yet reported. Most metabolites were hydroxylated with or without demethylation, carboxylation and dealkylation followed by glucuronidation. One additional sulfated metabolite was also observed. O-demethylation was the most common biotransformation and generated the major metabolite. CONCLUSION For the first time, we present a metabolic scheme of RCS-4 obtained from human hepatocytes, including Phase I and II metabolites. Metabolite structural information and associated high-resolution mass spectra can be employed for developing clinical and forensic laboratory RCS-4 urine screening methods.
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28
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Znaleziona J, Ginterová P, Petr J, Ondra P, Válka I, Ševčík J, Chrastina J, Maier V. Determination and identification of synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites in different matrices by modern analytical techniques - a review. Anal Chim Acta 2015; 874:11-25. [PMID: 25910441 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.12.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic cannabinoids have gained popularity due to their easy accessibility and psychoactive effects. Furthermore, they cannot be detected in urine by routine drug monitoring. The wide range of active ingredients in analyzed matrices hinders the development of a standard analytical method for their determination. Moreover, their possible side effects are not well known which increases the danger. This review is focused on the sample preparation and the determination of synthetic cannabinoids in different matrices (serum, urine, herbal blends, oral fluid, hair) published since 2004. The review includes separation and identification techniques, such as thin layer chromatography, gas and liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis, mostly coupled with mass spectrometry. The review also includes results by spectral methods like infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance or direct-injection mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Znaleziona
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Pavlína Ginterová
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Peter Ondra
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Ivo Válka
- Department of Forensic Medicine and Medical Law Faculty Hospital, Hněvotínská 3, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Juraj Ševčík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Chrastina
- Institute of Special Education Studies, Faculty of Education, Palacký University, Žižkovo náměsti 5, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic
| | - Vítězslav Maier
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. Listopadu 12, Olomouc CZ-77146, Czech Republic.
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29
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Hair analysis for JWH-018, JWH-122, and JWH-210 after passive in vivo exposure to synthetic cannabinoid smoke. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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30
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A case of death caused by abuse of a synthetic cannabinoid N-1-naphthalenyl-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide. Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0246-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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31
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Moosmann B, Valcheva T, Neukamm MA, Angerer V, Auwärter V. Hair analysis of synthetic cannabinoids: does the handling of herbal mixtures affect the analyst’s hair concentration? Forensic Toxicol 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-014-0244-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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32
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Kim J, Park Y, Park M, Kim E, Yang W, Baeck S, Lee S, Han S. Simultaneous determination of five naphthoylindole-based synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites and their deposition in human and rat hair. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2014; 102:162-75. [PMID: 25282599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Revised: 08/30/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The continuing appearance of new synthetic cannabinoids has been a major issue in the field of forensic and clinical toxicology. In response to that, analytical methods for synthetic cannabinoids have been increasingly established in a variety of biological matrices. Since most of synthetic cannabinoids with structure similarity share some enzymatic metabolites, making the interpretation of analytical results and the discovery of the parent drug actually ingested very complicated, the investigation on metabolites of the first generation of synthetic cannabinoids with their relatively short side chains in chemical structure could be more important. Therefore, in the present study, we developed the analytical method for AM-2201, JWH-122 and MAM-2201 with JWH-018 as a precursor and their monohydroxylated metabolites in hair matrix. Also, using a rat model, AM-2201 and its monohydroxylated metabolites were identified and then the ratios of metabolite-to-parent drug were estimated to be used as criteria on external contamination. All analytes were extracted with methanol from washed and cut hair samples and the extracts were injected into LC-MS/MS with electrospray ion source in the positive ionization mode. Matrix effect and recovery were evaluated in hair matrices and no significant variations were observed. The validation results for precision and accuracy were satisfactory in both human and rat hair. The LOD and LOQ were 0.5 pg/10mg and 1.0 pg/10mg in human hair and 0.5 pg/20mg and 1.0 pg/20mg in pigmented and non-pigmented rat hair, respectively. Additionally, as a result of the animal study, there were not significant differences in the effect of pigmentation on the distribution of AM-2201 and its monohydroxylated metabolites in hair. Wide variations were observed for the concentrations of the naphthoylindole-based synthetic cannabinoids and metabolites in authentic hair samples from nine cases; those were 0.4-59.2 pg/mg for JWH-018, 0.1-0.8 pg/mg for JWH-073, 1.7-739.0 pg/mg for AM-2201, 0.1-402.0 pg/mg for JWH-122, 0.2-276.0 pg/mg for MAM-2201, 0.2-1.1 pg/mg for JWH-018 N-COOH, 0.3-37.2 pg/mg for JWH-018 N-5-OH, 0.3 pg/mg for JWH-073 N-COOH, 0.4 pg/mg for AM-2201 N-4-OH, 0.2-3.1 pg/mg for AM-2201 N-6-OHindole and 0.1-3.5 pg/mg for JWH-122 N-5-OH. This quantitative LC-MS/MS analytical method for five naphthoylindole-based synthetic cannabinoids and their metabolites was very useful to be applied to authentic hair samples, of which their analytical results suggested the incorporation of synthetic cannabinoids in the hair matrix and provided the information on ingested parent drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyun Kim
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea; College of Pharmacy, Chungang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuran Park
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Meejung Park
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunmi Kim
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonkyung Yang
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungkyung Baeck
- Narcotics, Forensic Toxicology & Chemistry Division, Seoul Institute, National Forensic Service, 139 Jiyangno, Yangcheon-gu, Seoul 158-707, Republic of Korea
| | - Sooyeun Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Keimyung University, 1095 Dalgubeoldaero, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 704-701, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sangbeom Han
- College of Pharmacy, Chungang University, 84 Heukseok-ro, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea.
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Mazzarino M, de la Torre X, Botrè F. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method based on class characteristic fragmentation pathways to detect the class of indole-derivative synthetic cannabinoids in biological samples. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 837:70-82. [PMID: 25000860 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 06/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This article describes a liquid chromatographic/tandem mass spectrometric method, based on the use of precursor ion scan as the acquisition mode, specifically developed to detect indole-derived cannabinoids (phenylacetylindoles, naphthoylindoles and benzoylindoles) in biological fluids (saliva, urine and blood). The method is designed to recognize one or more common "structural markers", corresponding to mass spectral fragments originating from the specific portion of the molecular structure that is common to the aminoalkylindole analogues and that is fundamental for their pharmacological classification. As such, the method is also suitable for detecting unknown substances, provided they contain the targeted portion of the molecular structure. The pre-treatment procedure consists in a liquid/liquid extraction step carried out at neutral pH: this is the only pretreatment in the case of analyses carried out in saliva, while it follows an enzymatic hydrolysis procedure in the case of urine samples, or a protein precipitation step in the case of blood samples. The chromatographic separation is achieved using an octadecyl reverse-phase 5 μm fused-core particle column; while the mass spectrometric detection is carried out by a triple-quadrupole instrument in positive electrospray ionization and precursor ion scan as acquisition mode, selecting, as mass spectral fragments, the indole (m/z 144), the carbonylnaphthalenyl (m/z 155) and the naphthalenyl (m/z 127) moieties. Once developed and optimized, the analytical procedure was validated in term of sensitivity (lower limits of detection in the range of 0.1-0.5 ng mL(-1)), specificity (no interference was detected at the retention times of the analytes under investigation), recovery (higher than 65% with a satisfactory repeatability: CV% lower than 10), matrix effect (lower than 30% for all the biological specimens tested), repeatability of the retention times (CV% lower than 0.1), robustness, and carry over (the positive reference samples at a concentration 20 times the LLOD value did not affect the blank samples). The suitability of the proposed procedure, both as a targeted and an untargeted approach, was verified by analyzing samples containing synthetic cannabinoids and/or their metabolites and samples obtained from the incubation of synthetic cannabinoids with human liver microsomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mazzarino
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Xavier de la Torre
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Botrè
- Laboratorio Antidoping, Federazione Medico Sportiva Italiana, Largo Giulio Onesti 1, 00197, Rome, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Sperimentale, "Sapienza" Università di Roma, Viale Regina Elena 324, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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Montenarh D, Hopf M, Warth S, Maurer HH, Schmidt P, Ewald AH. A simple extraction and LC-MS/MS approach for the screening and identification of over 100 analytes in eight different matrices. Drug Test Anal 2014; 7:214-40. [PMID: 24753436 DOI: 10.1002/dta.1657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) multi-analyte approach using one single work-up approach in whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, liver tissue, gastric content, hair, and urine was developed for fast target screening and reliable identification of 130 analytes often requested in clinical and forensic toxicology. Samples (500 μL each) of whole blood, plasma, serum, post-mortem blood, tissue (homogenized 1 + 4 with water), as well as 3 g of distilled gastric contents, 1 mL of urine, or 20 mg of pulverized hair were extracted at different pH values with an diethyl ether-ethyl acetate mixture (1:1). Separation and identification were performed using LC-QTRAP with electrospray ionization in positive mode. For identification 1 scheduled multi-reaction-mode (sMRM) method with 390 transitions was developed covering benzodiazepines, Z-drugs, antidepressants, neuroleptics, opioids, new synthetic drugs, and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. For positive sMRM transitions with intensities exceeding 5000 cps, dependent scans (EPI scan collision energy, 35 eV, collision energy spread, 15 eV) were performed for library search using our in-house library. The method was developed with respect to selectivity, matrix effects, recovery, process efficiency, limit of detection, and applicability. The simple work-up procedure was suitable for all biosamples with exception of urine in respect to low concentrated analytes, which showed median recovery values of 59%. The method was selective for 130 analytes in all 8 biosamples. For 106 analytes, the limit of detection in whole blood, plasma, and serum was lower than the lowest therapeutic concentration listed in blood level lists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah Montenarh
- Institute of Legal Medicine, Saarland University, Kirrberger Straße Building 42, 66421, Homburg (Saar), Germany
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