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Lis-Cieplak A, Trześniowska K, Stolarczyk K, Stolarczyk EU. Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids as Hazardous Toxins in Natural Products: Current Analytical Methods and Latest Legal Regulations. Molecules 2024; 29:3269. [PMID: 39064851 PMCID: PMC11279032 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29143269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2024] [Revised: 06/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) are toxic compounds that occur naturally in certain plants, however, there are many secondary pathways causing PA contamination of other plants, including medicinal herbs and plant-based food products, which pose a risk of human intoxication. It is proven that chronic exposure to PAs causes serious adverse health consequences resulting from their cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. This review briefly presents PA occurrence, structures, chemistry, and toxicity, as well as a set of analytical methods. Recently developed sensitive electrochemical and chromatographic methods for the determination of PAs in honey, teas, herbs, and spices were summarized. The main strategies for improving the analytical efficiency of PA determination are related to the use of mass spectrometric (MS) detection; therefore, this review focuses on advances in MS-based methods. Raising awareness of the potential health risks associated with the presence of PAs in food and herbal medicines requires ongoing research in this area, including the development of sensitive methods for PA determination and rigorous legal regulations of PA intake from herbal products. The maximum levels of PAs in certain products are regulated by the European Commission; however, the precise knowledge about which products contain trace but significant amounts of these alkaloids is still insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Lis-Cieplak
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
| | - Katarzyna Trześniowska
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
| | | | - Elżbieta U. Stolarczyk
- Spectrometric Methods Department, National Medicines Institute, Chełmska 30/34, 00-725 Warsaw, Poland; (A.L.-C.); (K.T.)
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Chen Y, Li L, Xu J, Liu Y, Xie Y, Xiong A, Wang Z, Yang L. Mass spectrometric analysis strategies for pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Food Chem 2024; 445:138748. [PMID: 38422865 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.138748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in food and natural preparations have received widespread attention due to their hepatotoxicity, genotoxicity, and embryotoxicity. Mass spectrometry (MS), as a high resolution, high sensitive, and high throughput detection tool, has been the most commonly used technique for the determination of PAs. The continuous advancement of new technologies, methods, and strategies in the field of MS has contributed to the improvement of the analytical efficiency and methodological enhancement of PAs. This paper provides an overview of the structure, toxicity properties and commonly employed analytical methods, focusing on the concepts, advances, and novel techniques and applications of MS-based methods for the analysis of PAs. Additionally, the remaining challenges, future perspectives, and trends for PA detection are discussed. This review provides a reference for toxicological studies of PAs, content monitoring, and the establishment of quality control and safety standards for herbal and food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilin Chen
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Linnan Li
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
| | - Jie Xu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yamin Liu
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Yanqiao Xie
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Aizhen Xiong
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Zhengtao Wang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Li Yang
- The MOE Key Laboratory of Standardization of Chinese Medicines, The SATCM Key Laboratory of New Resources and Quality Evaluation of Chinese Medicines, The Shanghai Key Laboratory for Compound Chinese Medicines, Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Lemmink IB, Straub LV, Bovee TFH, Mulder PPJ, Zuilhof H, Salentijn GI, Righetti L. Recent advances and challenges in the analysis of natural toxins. ADVANCES IN FOOD AND NUTRITION RESEARCH 2024; 110:67-144. [PMID: 38906592 DOI: 10.1016/bs.afnr.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
Natural toxins (NTs) are poisonous secondary metabolites produced by living organisms developed to ward off predators. Especially low molecular weight NTs (MW<∼1 kDa), such as mycotoxins, phycotoxins, and plant toxins, are considered an important and growing food safety concern. Therefore, accurate risk assessment of food and feed for the presence of NTs is crucial. Currently, the analysis of NTs is predominantly performed with targeted high pressure liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) methods. Although these methods are highly sensitive and accurate, they are relatively expensive and time-consuming, while unknown or unexpected NTs will be missed. To overcome this, novel on-site screening methods and non-targeted HPLC high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) methods have been developed. On-site screening methods can give non-specialists the possibility for broad "scanning" of potential geographical regions of interest, while also providing sensitive and specific analysis at the point-of-need. Non-targeted chromatography-HRMS methods can detect unexpected as well as unknown NTs and their metabolites in a lab-based approach. The aim of this chapter is to provide an insight in the recent advances, challenges, and perspectives in the field of NTs analysis both from the on-site and the laboratory perspective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ids B Lemmink
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie V Straub
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Toine F H Bovee
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick P J Mulder
- Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Gert Ij Salentijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Laura Righetti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wageningen Food Safety Research, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Spino C, Latil M, Lessard R, Fevre-Renault Q, Legault CY. N-Oxides as Control Element for the Direction of a Sigmatropic Rearrangement: Application as a Switch for Fluorescence. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301356. [PMID: 37402174 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
An exceptional level of control over the direction of the (2,3)-sigmatropic rearrangement between N-oxides and alkoxylamine is achieved by simply changing the solvent in which they are dissolved. Protic solvents like water, methanol and hexafluoroisopropanol favour the N-oxide form, while other solvents like acetone, acetonitrile and benzene favour the alkoxylamine. The reaction temperature and nature of the substituents on the alkene affect the rate of rearrangement. A N-oxide fragment was attached to two fluorescent molecules and acted as an on/off switch for their fluorescence. The conversion of alkoxylamines into the corresponding N-oxides has not previously been described and is here termed the 'Reverse Meisenheimer Rearrangement'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Spino
- Synthesis and organic materials laboratory, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Marine Latil
- Synthesis and organic materials laboratory, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Roxanne Lessard
- Synthesis and organic materials laboratory, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Quentin Fevre-Renault
- Synthesis and organic materials laboratory, Département de Chimie, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
| | - Claude Y Legault
- Computational chemistry laboratory, Département de Chimie, Centre in green chemistry and catalysis, Université de Sherbrooke, 2500 Boul. Université, Sherbrooke, QC, J1K 2R1, Canada
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Tan Y, Zheng S. Clinicopathological characteristics and diagnosis of hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome caused by Tusanqi - Case report and literature review. Open Med (Wars) 2023; 18:20230737. [PMID: 37333448 PMCID: PMC10276616 DOI: 10.1515/med-2023-0737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Tusanqi-induced hepatic sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (HSOS) is caused by exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and manifests as abdominal distension, liver pain, ascites, jaundice, and hepatomegaly. Pathologically, hepatic congestion and sinusoidal occlusion are observed in HSOS. We summarized the clinical characteristics of 124 patients with HSOS caused by Tusanqi in China between 1980 and 2019, along with those of 831 patients from seven English case series. The main clinical manifestations of PA-HSOS included abdominal pain, ascites, and jaundice. Common imaging features included characteristic heterogeneous density, slender hepatic veins, and other nonspecific changes. The acute stage is primarily manifested as hepatic sinus congestion and necrosis. Meanwhile, the persistence of hepatic sinus congestion and the onset of perisinusoidal fibrosis were observed during the repair stage. Finally, the persistence of hepatic sinusoidal fibrosis and resultant central hepatic vein occlusion were observed in the chronic stage. The new Nanjing standard for PA-HSOS incorporates the history of PA consumption and imaging features and eliminates weight gain and the serum total bilirubin value. Preliminary clinical validation of the Nanjing standard for PA-HSOS diagnosis revealed a sensitivity and specificity of 95.35 and 100%, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwen Tan
- Department of Hepatology, Third Hospital of the Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, No. 300, Daijiamen, Runzhou Distinct, Zhenjiang212003, China
| | - Sainan Zheng
- Department of Hepatology, Third Hospital of the Zhenjiang Affiliated Jiangsu University, No. 300, Daijiamen, Runzhou Distinct, Zhenjiang212003, China
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Zheng P, Peng T, Wang J, Zhang J, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Wang S, Jiang H. Fluorescent lateral flow immunoassay based on gold nanocluster for detection of pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Mikrochim Acta 2021; 188:11. [PMID: 33389211 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-020-04672-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An ultrasensitive and rapid fluorescent immunoassay based on a broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (mAb) was developed to detect pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) in honey samples. First, Discovery Studio software was used to analyze and predict the target hapten, and retrorsine (RTS) was selected to react with succinic anhydride (HS) for hapten synthesization. A sensitive and broad-spectrum monoclonal antibody (mAb 13E1) was obtained for nine PAs. Then, fluorescent gold nanoclusters (AuNCs) were conjugated with mAb as a label probe and used in establishing a qualitative and quantitative lateral flow immunoassay (AuNCs-LFIA) for the determination of four PAs (retrorsine, platyphylline, senecionine, integerrimine) in honey within 14 min. The limits of detection (LOD) were 0.083 μg/kg. The recovery in spiked honey samples were 87.98-119.57%, with coefficients of variation of ≤ 11.5%. A total of 45 commercial import honey samples from nine different countries were tested through AuNCs-LFIA and UPLC-MS/MS method, and satisfactory consistency (R2 = 0.995) was obtained. The rates of positive samples were 55.56% (25/45), and the average concentrations of four PAs were 3.24-46.47 μg/kg. This ultrasensitive multi-PA method provides an alternative analytical tool for evaluating the human risk posed by the consumption of PA-contaminated honey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pimiao Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianyi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Diagnostic and Traceability Technologies for Food Poisoning, Beijing Center for Disease Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, People's Republic of China
| | - Zile Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanfang Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhui Ren
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihan Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Haiyang Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China.
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Brugnerotto P, Seraglio SKT, Schulz M, Gonzaga LV, Fett R, Costa ACO. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids and beehive products: A review. Food Chem 2020; 342:128384. [PMID: 33214040 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2020.128384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) are secondary metabolites of plants, which are mostly found in the genus Senecio, Echium, Crotalaria, and Eupatorium. The presence of 1,2-unsaturated PA in foods is a concern to food regulators around the world because these compounds have been associated to acute and chronic toxicity, mainly in the liver. The intake foods with PA/PANO usually occur through accidental ingestion of plants and their derivatives, besides to products of vegetal-animal origin, such as honey. PA/PANO are transferred to honey by their presence in nectar, honeydew, and pollen, which are collected from the flora by bees. In addition to honey, other beekeeping products, such as pollen, royal jelly, propolis, and beeswax, are also vulnerable to PA contamination. In this context, this review provides information about chemical characteristics, regulation, and toxicity, as well as summarizes and critically discusses scientific publications that evaluated PA in honeys, pollens, royal jelly, and propolis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Brugnerotto
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil.
| | | | - Mayara Schulz
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Luciano Valdemiro Gonzaga
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
| | - Roseane Fett
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianopolis, SC, Brazil
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Discriminant analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloid contamination in bee pollen based on near-infrared data from lab-stationary and portable spectrometers. Eur Food Res Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-020-03590-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBee pollen may be contaminated with pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs), which are mainly detected by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), even though the use of fast near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy is an ongoing alternative. Therefore, the main challenge of this study was to assess the feasibility of both a lab-stationary (Foss) and a portable (Polispec) NIR spectrometer in 60 dehydrated bee pollen samples. After an ANOVA-feature selection of the most informative NIR spectral data, canonical discriminant analysis (CDA) was performed to distinguish three quantitative PA/PANO classes (µg/kg): < LOQ (0.4), low; 0.4–400, moderate; > 400, high. According to the LC–MS/MS analysis, 77% of the samples were contaminated with PAs/PANOs and the sum content of the 17 target analytes was higher than 400 µg/kg in 28% of the samples. CDA was carried out on a pool of 18 (Foss) and 22 (Polispec) selected spectral variables and allowed accurate classification of samples from the low class as confirmed by the high values of Matthews correlation coefficient (≥ 0.91) for both NIR spectrometers. Leave-one-out cross-validation highlighted precise recognition of samples characterised by a high PA/PANO content with a low misclassification rate (0.02) as false negatives. The most informative wavelengths were within the < 1000, 1000–1660 and > 2400 nm regions for Foss and > 1500 nm for Polispec that could be associated with cyclic amines, and epoxide chemical structures of PAs/PANOs. In sum, both lab-stationary and portable NIR systems are reliable and fast techniques for detecting PA/PANO contamination in bee pollen.
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Modern Methods for Assessing the Quality of Bee Honey and Botanical Origin Identification. Foods 2020; 9:foods9081028. [PMID: 32751938 PMCID: PMC7466300 DOI: 10.3390/foods9081028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper is a summary of the latest literature on methods for assessing quality of natural bee honey. The publication briefly characterizes methods recommended by the International Honey Commission, published in 2009, as well as newer methods published in the last 10 years. Modern methods of assessing honey quality focus mainly on analyzing markers of individual varieties and classifying them into varieties, using, among others, near infrared spectroscopy techniques (NIR), potentiometric tongue, electronic nose, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), zymography, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), DNA metabarcoding, and chemometric techniques including partial least squares (PLS), principal component analysis (PCA) and artificial neural networks (ANN). At the same time, effective techniques for analyzing adulteration, sugar, and water content, hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), polyphenol content, and diastase activity are being sought. Modern techniques enable the results of honey quality testing to be obtained in a shorter time, using the principles of green chemistry, allowing, at the same time, for high precision and accuracy of determinations. These methods are constantly modified, so that the honey that is on sale is a product of high quality. Prospects for devising methods of honey quality assessment include the development of a fast and accurate alternative to the melissopalynological method as well as quick tests to detect adulteration.
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Gottschalk C, Kaltner F, Zimmermann M, Korten R, Morris O, Schwaiger K, Gareis M. Spread of Jacobaea vulgaris and Occurrence of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Regionally Produced Honeys from Northern Germany: Inter- and Intra-Site Variations and Risk Assessment for Special Consumer Groups. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E441. [PMID: 32645818 PMCID: PMC7405020 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12070441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PA) and PA N-oxides (PANO) are secondary plant metabolites exhibiting genotoxic and carcinogenic properties. Apart from the roots and leaves, PA/PANO are particularly present in pollen and nectar. Therefore, the spread of Jacobaea vulgaris in certain regions of northern Germany has an impact on the safety of honey produced in that region. In this study, raw honey samples (n = 437) were collected from usually three individual beehives per site (n = 73) in the district of Ostholstein and analyzed for 25 PA/PANO. The results reveal mean levels of 8.4, 1.5, and 72.6 µg/kg and maximum levels of 111, 59.4, and 3313 µg/kg, depending on the season (summer 2015 and spring/summer 2016, respectively). As far as individual data are concerned, sites near areas with J. vulgaris growth did not necessarily result in high PA/PANO values. Furthermore, intra-site investigations revealed remarkable differences in PA/PANO levels of raw honey collected by different bee colonies at the same site. Consumption of these regionally produced honeys entails an increased exposure to PA/PANO, especially in children and high consumers. Margin of exposure values of <10,000 and an exceedance of the health-based guidance value highlight that regionally produced and marketed honey must be considered with care for a proper risk assessment and risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Gottschalk
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Florian Kaltner
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Maximus-von-Imhof-Forum 2, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Zimmermann
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Rainer Korten
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Oliver Morris
- Interessengemeinschaft Jakobskreuzkraut, Zarnekauer Siedlung 2, 23701 Zarnekau, Germany; (R.K.); (O.M.)
| | - Karin Schwaiger
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
| | - Manfred Gareis
- Chair of Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Schoenleutnerstr. 8, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (F.K.); (M.Z.); (K.S.); (M.G.)
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De Jesus Inacio L, Merlanti R, Lucatello L, Bisutti V, Contiero B, Serva L, Segato S, Capolongo F. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in bee pollen identified by LC-MS/MS analysis and colour parameters using multivariate class modeling. Heliyon 2020; 6:e03593. [PMID: 32258459 PMCID: PMC7118412 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e03593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2020] [Revised: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Toxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids (PAs) and their N-oxides (PANOs) can be present in bee pollen depending on the plants visited by bees. A liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method was developed and validated to monitor 17 PAs/PANOs in 44 bee pollens. The CIE-L∗a∗b∗ colour coordinates with the specular component either included or excluded were recorded in pellets and ground aliquots. Lightness (L∗) and yellowness (b∗) of ground bee pollen were significantly correlated to PAs/PANOs content. The L∗ and b∗ cut-offs sorted by a receiver operating characteristic analysis to predict PAs/PANOs presence showed a significant increase in the relative risk to detect amounts higher than 84 μg kg-1. Two supervised canonical discriminant analyses confirmed that pollen without PAs could be distinguished from those containing PAs/PANOs. The data suggest that instrumental colour coupled with supervised models could be used as a screening test for PAs/PANOs in bee pollen, before the confirmatory LC-MS/MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana De Jesus Inacio
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Roberta Merlanti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorena Lucatello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Vittoria Bisutti
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Barbara Contiero
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Serva
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Severino Segato
- Department of Animal Medicine, Production and Health, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
| | - Francesca Capolongo
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padova, 35020, Legnaro, PD, Italy
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Ahmad L, He Y, Semotiuk AJ, Liu QR, Hao JC. Survey of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in the tribe Lithospermeae (Boraginaceae) from Pan-Himalaya and their chemotaxonomic significance. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2018.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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13
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Rückert C, Emmerich I, Hertzsch R, Vervuert I. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids in commercial feedstuffs for horses. Equine Vet J 2018; 51:495-499. [DOI: 10.1111/evj.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C. Rückert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - I. Emmerich
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - R. Hertzsch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Pharmacy and Toxicology Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - I. Vervuert
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Nutrition Diseases and Dietetics Faculty of Veterinary Medicine of the University of Leipzig Leipzig Germany
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14
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Ma C, Liu Y, Zhu L, Ji H, Song X, Guo H, Yi T. Determination and regulation of hepatotoxic pyrrolizidine alkaloids in food: A critical review of recent research. Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 119:50-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.05.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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15
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Kowalczyk E, Sieradzki Z, Kwiatek K. Determination of Pyrrolizidine Alkaloids in Honey with Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-017-1115-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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16
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Li N, Zhang F, Lian W, Wang H, Zheng J, Lin G. Immunoassay approach for diagnosis of exposure to pyrrolizidine alkaloids. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART C, ENVIRONMENTAL CARCINOGENESIS & ECOTOXICOLOGY REVIEWS 2017; 35:127-139. [PMID: 28506107 DOI: 10.1080/10590501.2017.1328828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Numerous pyrrolizidine alkaloid (PA) poisoning cases have been documented worldwide. Protein covalent binding with reactive metabolites generated from metabolic activation of PAs to form pyrrole-protein adducts is suggested to be a primary mechanism of PA-induced toxicities. The present study aimed to develop antibodies for diagnosis of PA exposure. Polyclonal antibodies were raised in rabbits and proven to specifically recognize pyrrole-protein adducts regardless of amino acid residues modified by the reactive metabolites of PAs. The developed antibodies were successfully applied to detect pyrrole-protein adducts in blood samples obtained from PA-treated rats and exhibited a potential for the clinical diagnosis of PA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
| | - Fan Zhang
- b Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
| | - Wei Lian
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
- c Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
| | - Huali Wang
- d Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
| | - Jiang Zheng
- b Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutics of Guizhou Province , Guizhou Medical University , Guiyang , Guizhou , China
- d Wuya College of Innovation , Shenyang Pharmaceutical University , Shenyang , Liaoning , China
- e Center for Developmental Therapeutics, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics , University of Washington , Seattle , Washington , USA
| | - Ge Lin
- a School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine , The Chinese University of Hong Kong , Hong Kong SAR
- c Joint Research Laboratory for Promoting Globalization of Traditional Chinese Medicines between The Chinese University of Hong Kong and Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Shanghai , China
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17
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Robertson J, Stevens K. Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: occurrence, biology, and chemical synthesis. Nat Prod Rep 2017; 34:62-89. [PMID: 27782262 DOI: 10.1039/c5np00076a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2013 up to the end of 2015This review covers the isolation and structure of new pyrrolizidines; pyrrolizidine biosynthesis; biological activity, including the occurrence of pyrrolizidines as toxic components or contaminants in foods and beverages; and formal and total syntheses of naturally-occurring pyrrolizidine alkaloids and closely related non-natural analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Robertson
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
| | - Kiri Stevens
- Department of Chemistry, Chemistry Research Laboratory, University of Oxford, Mansfield Road, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK.
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18
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Guo L, Qian P, Yang M. Determination of Immunoglobulin G by a Hemin–Manganese(IV) Oxide-Labeled Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay. ANAL LETT 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2016.1251447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Pin Qian
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Minghui Yang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Efficient and Clean Utilization of Manganese Resources, Central South University, Changsha, China
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19
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Dai S, Wu S, Duan N, Wang Z. A near-infrared magnetic aptasensor for Ochratoxin A based on near-infrared upconversion nanoparticles and magnetic nanoparticles. Talanta 2016; 158:246-253. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2016.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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20
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Jedlinszki N, Csupor D. A Validated, Rapid HPLC-ESI-MS/MS Method for the Determination of Lycopsamine. Nat Prod Commun 2015. [PMID: 26411005 DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1501000711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present work was to develop and validate an HPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of a major pyrrolizidine alkaloid of comfrey (lycopsamine) in aqueous samples as a basis for the development of a method for the determination of absorption of lycopsamine by human skin. A linear calibration curve was established in the range of 1.32-440 ng. The intraday precision during the 3-day validation period ranged between 0.57 and 2.48% while the interday precision was 1.70% and 1.95% for quality control samples. LOD was 0.014 ng and recovery was above 97%. The lycopsamine content of the samples stored for 9 and 25 days at 22 degrees C, 10 degrees C and -25 degrees C did not vary. These results underline the good repeatability and accuracy of our method and allow the analysis of samples with very low lycopsamine content.
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Griffin CT, Mitrovic SM, Danaher M, Furey A. Development of a fast isocratic LC-MS/MS method for the high-throughput analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids in Australian honey. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2015; 32:214-28. [DOI: 10.1080/19440049.2014.996789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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22
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Soares RRG, Novo P, Azevedo AM, Fernandes P, Aires-Barros MR, Chu V, Conde JP. On-chip sample preparation and analyte quantification using a microfluidic aqueous two-phase extraction coupled with an immunoassay. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:4284-4294. [PMID: 25228473 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00695j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassays are fast and sensitive techniques for analyte quantification, and their use in point-of-care devices for medical, environmental, and food safety applications has potential benefits of cost, portability, and multiplexing. However, immunoassays are often affected by matrix interference effects, requiring the use of complex laboratory extraction and concentration procedures in order to achieve the required sensitivity. In this paper we propose an integrated microfluidic device for the simultaneous matrix clean-up, concentration and detection. This device consists of two modules in series, the first performing an aqueous two-phase extraction (ATPE) for matrix extraction and analyte pre-concentration, and the second an immunoassay for quantification. The model analyte was the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OTA) in a wine matrix. Using this strategy, a limit of detection (LoD) of 0.26 ng mL(-1) was obtained for red wine spiked with OTA, well below the regulatory limit for OTA in wines of 2 ng mL(-1) set by the European Union. Furthermore, the linear response on the logarithmic concentration scale was observed to span 3 orders of magnitude (0.1-100 ng mL(-1)). These results are comparable to those obtained for the quantification of OTA in plain buffer without an integrated ATPE (LoD = 0.15 ng mL(-1)). The proposed method was also found to provide similar results for markedly different matrices, such as red and white wines. This novel approach based on aqueous two-phase systems can help the development of point-of-care devices that can directly deal with real samples in complex matrices without the need for extra extraction processes and equipment.
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Affiliation(s)
- R R G Soares
- INESC Microsistemas e Nanotecnologias and IN-Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Lisbon, Portugal.
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23
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Aqueous two-phase systems for enhancing immunoassay sensitivity: Simultaneous concentration of mycotoxins and neutralization of matrix interference. J Chromatogr A 2014; 1361:67-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 08/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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