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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Can the cyanide metabolite, 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid, be used for forensic verification of cyanide poisoning? Forensic Toxicol 2024; 42:221-231. [PMID: 38739353 PMCID: PMC11269370 DOI: 10.1007/s11419-024-00690-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/14/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Forensic verification of cyanide (CN) poisoning by direct CN analysis in postmortem blood is challenging due to instability of CN in biological samples. CN metabolites, thiocyanate (SCN-) and 2-aminothiazoline-4-carboxylic acid (ATCA), have been proposed as more stable biomarkers, yet it is unclear if either is appropriate for this purpose. In this study, we evaluated the behavior of CN biomarkers in postmortem swine and postmortem blood to determine which serves as the best biomarker of CN exposure. METHODS CN, SCN-, and ATCA were measured in postmortem swine (N = 8) stored at 4 °C and postmortem blood stored at 25 °C (room temperature, RT) and 37 °C (typical human body temperature, HBT). RESULTS Following CN poisoning, the concentration of each CN biomarker increased well above the baseline. In postmortem swine, CN concentrations declined rapidly (t1/2 = 34.3 h) versus SCN- (t1/2 = 359 h, 15 days) and ATCA (t1/2 = 544 h, 23 days). CN instability in postmortem blood increased at RT (t1/2 = 10.7 h) and HBT (t1/2 = 6.6 h). SCN- and ATCA were more stable than CN at all storage conditions. In postmortem swine, the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were 15 and 23 days, respectively. While both the t1/2s of SCN- and ATCA were relatively lengthy, endogenous levels of SCN- were much more variable than ATCA. CONCLUSION While there are still questions to be answered, ATCA was the most adept forensic marker of CN poisoning (i.e., ATCA produced the longest half-life, the largest increase above baseline levels, and most stable background concentrations).
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Qassim University, Box 1162, Buraidah, 51452, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Physics, Avera Health and Science Center, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Ave, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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2
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Rask-Madsen C, Katragadda S, Li M, Ucpinar S, Chinn L, Arora P, Smith P. Effects of Quinidine or Rifampin Co-administration on the Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics and Safety of Rilzabrutinib (PRN1008) in Healthy Participants. Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev 2024; 13:590-600. [PMID: 38623935 DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
This open-label, phase 1 study was conducted with healthy adult participants to evaluate the potential drug-drug interaction between rilzabrutinib and quinidine (an inhibitor of P-glycoprotein [P-gp] and CYP2D6) or rifampin (an inducer of CYP3A and P-gp). Plasma concentrations of rilzabrutinib were measured after a single oral dose of rilzabrutinib 400 mg administered on day 1 and again, following a wash-out period, after co-administration of rilzabrutinib and quinidine or rifampin. Specifically, quinidine was given at a dose of 300 mg every 8 hours for 5 days from day 7 to day 11 (N = 16) while rifampin was given as 600 mg once daily for 11 days from day 7 to day 17 (N = 16) with rilzabrutinib given in the morning of day 10 (during quinidine dosing) or day 16 (during rifampin dosing). Quinidine had no significant effect on rilzabrutinib pharmacokinetics. Rifampin decreased rilzabrutinib exposure (the geometric mean of Cmax and AUC0-∞ decreased by 80.5% and 79.5%, respectively). Single oral doses of rilzabrutinib, with or without quinidine or rifampin, appeared to be well tolerated. These findings indicate that rilzabrutinib is a substrate for CYP3A but not a substrate for P-gp.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suresh Katragadda
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mengyao Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Sibel Ucpinar
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Leslie Chinn
- Department of Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Sanofi, Bridgewater, NJ, USA
| | - Puneet Arora
- Department of Clinical, Inflammation and Immunology, Sanofi, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Patrick Smith
- Integrated Drug Development, Certara, Parsippany, NJ, USA
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3
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Gu C, Huang J, Muste C, Zhong J, Walker GS, Obach RS, Shaffer CL. Radiolabel Uncovers Nonintuitive Metabolites of BIIB104: Novel Release of [ 14C]Cyanide from 2-Cyanothiophene and Subsequent Formation of [ 14C]Thiocyanate. Drug Metab Dispos 2024; 52:323-336. [PMID: 38360917 DOI: 10.1124/dmd.123.001462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BIIB104 (formerly PF-04958242), N-((3S,4S)-4-(4-(5-cyanothiophen-2-yl)phenoxy)tetrahydrofuran-3-yl)propane-2-sulfonamide, is an α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid receptor potentiator investigated for the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia. Preliminary in vitro metabolism studies with non-radiolabeled BIIB104 in rat, dog, and human liver microsomes (RLM, DLM, and HLM) showed O-dealkylation in all three species, tetrahydrofuran hydroxylation dominating in DLM and HLM, and thiophene hydroxylation prevalent in RLM. However, a subsequent rat mass balance study with [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 showed incomplete recovery of administered radioactivity (∼80%) from urine and feces over 7 days following an oral dose, and an exceptionally long plasma total radioactivity half-life. Radiochromatographic metabolite profiling and identification, including chemical derivation, revealed that [14C]cyanide was a major metabolite of [nitrile-14C]BIIB104 in RLM, but a minor and trace metabolite in DLM and HLM, respectively. Correspondingly in bile duct-cannulated rats, [14C]thiocyanate accounted for ∼53% of total radioactivity excreted over 48 hours postdose and it, as an endogenous substance, explained the exceptionally long plasma radioactivity half-life. The release of [14C]cyanide from the 2-cyanothiophene moiety is postulated to follow an epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening based on the detection of non-radiolabeled counterpart metabolites in RLM. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate. Additionally, the potential cyanide metabolite of nitrile-containing drug molecules may be detected in liver microsomes with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry following a chemical derivatization. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Using [nitrile-14C]BIIB104, non-intuitive metabolites of BIIB104 were discovered involving a novel cyanide release from the 2-cyanothiophene motif via a postulated epoxidation-initiated thiophene-opening. This unusual biotransformation serves as a lesson regarding placement of the radioactive label on an aryl nitrile when material will be used for evaluating the metabolism of a new drug candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Cathy Muste
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Jeremy Zhong
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Gregory S Walker
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - R Scott Obach
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
| | - Christopher L Shaffer
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics (C.G., J.H., C.M.), External Innovation Unit (C.L.S.), and Physical Biochemistry (J.Z.), Biogen, Inc., Cambridge, Massachusetts and Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Groton, Connecticut (G.S.W., R.S.O.)
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Tusiewicz K, Wachełko O, Zawadzki M, Szpot P. The stability of cyanide in human biological samples. A systematic review, meta-analysis and determination of cyanide (GC-QqQ-MS/MS) in an authentic casework 7 years after fatal intoxication. Toxicol Mech Methods 2024; 34:271-282. [PMID: 38014466 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2280212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
A 30 year old man was found with no signs of life in front of the house. The cyanide concentration in blood and urine was determined five years after the man's death. What is more, a stability study was conducted for 730 days in an authentic casework blood sample. Sample preparation procedure included precipitation with methanol:water mixture, solid phase extraction (SPE) and derivatization with the use of PFB-Br (pentafluorobenzyl bromide). The sample was analyzed using GC-QqQ-MS/MS (gas chromatopraphy coupled with tandem mass spectrometry) isotope dilution method. Separation was done using a SH-RXI-5MS column (30 m x 0.25 mm, 0.25 µm). Detection of PFB-CN and PFB-13CN was achieved using a triple-quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electron ionization (EI) ion source in multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) mode. After 5 years from the man's death, cyanide concentration was: 1900 ng/mL in blood and 500 ng/mL in urine. Stability study performed in an authentic blood sample 6 and 7 years after the man's death revealed cyanide concentrations of 1898.2 ng/mL and 1618.7 ng/mL, respectively. While spectrophotometric and colorimetric methods recorded both decrease and increase in cyanide concentration over time, newer chromatographic methods mainly indicate a decrease. The studies presented in this paper seem to confirm this trend. However, in order to interpretate the results of cyanide concentration in biological material reliably, more research is still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaja Tusiewicz
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Marcin Zawadzki
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Social Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Wrocław, Poland
| | - Paweł Szpot
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
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Wang S, Ballard TE, Christopher LJ, Foti RS, Gu C, Khojasteh SC, Liu J, Ma S, Ma B, Obach RS, Schadt S, Zhang Z, Zhang D. The Importance of Tracking "Missing" Metabolites: How and Why? J Med Chem 2023; 66:15586-15612. [PMID: 37769129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
Technologies currently employed to find and identify drug metabolites in complex biological matrices generally yield results that offer a comprehensive picture of the drug metabolite profile. However, drug metabolites can be missed or are captured only late in the drug development process. This could be due to a variety of factors, such as metabolism that results in partial loss of the molecule, covalent bonding to macromolecules, the drug being metabolized in specific human tissues, or poor ionization in a mass spectrometer. These scenarios often draw a great deal of attention from chemistry, safety assessment, and pharmacology. This review will summarize scenarios of missing metabolites, why they are missing, and associated uncovering strategies from deeper investigations. Uncovering previously missed metabolites can have ramifications in drug development with toxicological and pharmacological consequences, and knowledge of these can help in the design of new drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - T Eric Ballard
- Takeda Development Center Americas, Inc., 35 Landsdowne St, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Lisa J Christopher
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Pharmacometrics, Disposition & Bioanalysis, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Route 206 & Province Line Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08543, United States
| | - Robert S Foti
- Preclinical Development, Merck & Co., Inc., 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Chungang Gu
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Biogen Inc., 225 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - S Cyrus Khojasteh
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Joyce Liu
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Shuguang Ma
- Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Pliant Therapeutics, 260 Littlefield Avenue, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - Bin Ma
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
| | - R Scott Obach
- Pharmacokinetics, Dynamics, and Metabolism, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Simone Schadt
- Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd., Grenzacher Strasse 124, 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Zhoupeng Zhang
- DMPK Oncology R&D, AstraZeneca, 35 Gatehouse Drive, Waltham, Massachusetts 02451, United States
| | - Donglu Zhang
- Department of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, Genentech, Inc., 1 DNA Way, South San Francisco, California 94080, United States
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6
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Alluhayb AH, Severance C, Hendry-Hofer T, Bebarta VS, Logue BA. Concurrent determination of cyanide and thiocyanate in human and swine antemortem and postmortem blood by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:6595-6609. [PMID: 37712953 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-023-04939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Cyanide (in the form of cyanide anion (CN-) or hydrogen cyanide (HCN), inclusively represented as CN) can be a rapidly acting and deadly poison, but it is also a common chemical component of a variety of natural and anthropogenic substances. The main mechanism of acute CN toxicity is based on blocking terminal electron transfer by inhibiting cytochrome c oxidase, resulting in cellular hypoxia, cytotoxic anoxia, and potential death. Due to the well-established link between blood CN concentrations and the manifestation of symptoms, the determination of blood concentration of CN, along with the major metabolite, thiocyanate (SCN-), is critical. Because currently there is no method of analysis available for the simultaneous detection of CN and SCN- from blood, a sensitive method for the simultaneous analysis of CN and SCN- from human ante- and postmortem blood via liquid chromatography-tandem MS analysis was developed. For this method, sample preparation for CN involved active microdiffusion with subsequent chemical modification using naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde (NDA) and taurine (i.e., the capture solution). Preparation for SCN- was accomplished via protein precipitation and monobromobimane (MBB) modification. The method produced good sensitivity for CN with antemortem limit of detection (LODs) of 219 nM and 605 nM for CN and SCN-, respectively, and postmortem LODs of 352 nM and 509 nM. The dynamic ranges of the method were 5-500 µM and 10-500 µM in ante- and postmortem blood, respectively. In addition, the method produced good accuracy (100 ± 15%) and precision (≤ 15.2% relative standard deviation). The method was able to detect elevated levels of CN and SCN- in both antemortem (N = 5) and postmortem (N = 4) blood samples from CN-exposed swine compared to nonexposed swine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah H Alluhayb
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA
| | - Carter Severance
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Tara Hendry-Hofer
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Vikhyat S Bebarta
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Center for COMBAT Research, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, 1055 Campanile Avenue, Box 2202, Brookings, SD, 57007, USA.
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Xie S, Wang H, Li N, Liu Y, Wu J, Xu Y, Xie J. A gold coating nanoporous anodized alumina oxide membrane as the substrate for rapid surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy detection of conjugated cyanide in fingertip blood. Microchem J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2022.108107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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8
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Bonanno JA, Breen NE, Tlusty MF, Andrade L, Rhyne AL. The determination of thiocyanate in the blood plasma and holding water of Amphiprion clarkii after exposure to cyanide. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12409. [PMID: 34963821 PMCID: PMC8663612 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The illegal practice of cyanide fishing continues throughout the Indo-Pacific. To combat this destructive fishing method, a reliable test to detect whether a fish has been captured using cyanide (CN) is needed. We report on the toxicokinetics of acute, pulsed CN exposure and chronic thiocyanate (SCN) exposure, the major metabolite of CN, in the clownfish species, Amphiprion clarkii. Fish were pulse exposed to 50 ppm CN for 20 or 45 s or chronically exposed to 100 ppm SCN for 12 days and blood plasma levels of SCN were measured. SCN blood plasma levels reached a maximum concentration (301–468 ppb) 0.13–0.17 days after exposure to CN and had a 0.1 to 1.2 day half-life. The half-life of blood plasma SCN after chronic exposure to SCN was found to be 0.13 days. Interestingly, we observed that when a fish, with no previous CN or SCN exposure, was placed in holding water spiked to 20 ppb SCN, there was a steady decrease in the SCN concentration in the holding water until it could no longer be detected at 24 hrs. Under chronic exposure conditions (100 ppm, 12 days), trace levels of SCN (∼40 ppb) were detected in the holding water during depuration but decreased to below detection within the first 24 hrs. Our holding water experiments demonstrate that low levels of SCN in the holding water of A. clarkii will not persist, but rather will quickly and steadily decrease to below detection limits refuting several publications. After CN exposure, A. clarkii exhibits a classic two compartment model where SCN is eliminated from the blood plasma and is likely distributed throughout the body. Similar studies of other species must be examined to continue to develop our understanding of CN metabolism in marine fish before a reliable cyanide detection test can be developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Alexander Bonanno
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America.,Current affiliation: Takara Bio USA, Inc., San Jose, CA, United States of America
| | - Nancy E Breen
- Department of Chemistry, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Michael F Tlusty
- School for the Environment, University of Massachusetts at Boston, Boston, MA, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Andrade
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Andrew L Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology, and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
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A colorimetric paper-based optode sensor for highly sensitive and selective determination of thiocyanate in urine sample using cobalt porphyrin derivative. Talanta 2021; 231:122371. [PMID: 33965036 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a highly sensitive colorimetric paper-based optode for the determination of thiocyanate in urine samples was developed for the first time. The cocktail solution of the optode was composed of 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-octyloxyphenyl)porphyrin cobalt(II) complex (L), tridodecylmethylammonium chloride (TDMACl), 2-nitrophenyl octyl ether, and polyvinyl chloride as an ionophore, an ion exchanger, a plasticizer, and a polymer, respectively. The paper-based optode responded to thiocyanate by increasing the blue component in the RGB index and a visible change, with the naked-eye, of the optode color from pink to green was observed. From the central composite design, the optimized conditions that yielded the highest sensitivity were 4.70 mmol/kg TDMACl and 13.75 mmol/kg L. The developed optode sensor was highly selective and responded to thiocyanate over other anions, with a working range of 0.001-5 mM and with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9915. The limits of detection using naked-eye and camera were determined to be 50.0 μM and 1.26 μM, respectively. In addition, the LOD and LOQ estimated from the standard deviation of the blank were 0.65 and 1.87 μM, respectively. Furthermore, this sensor was successfully applied to the detection of thiocyanate in urine samples from non-smokers and smokers. The results were in good agreement with the standard ion chromatography (IC) technique. This developed paper-based optode sensor was simple, low-cost, portable, and easy to use as a sensing device without any complicated instrument.
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Morikawa Y, Nishiwaki K, Suzuki S, Yasaka N, Okada Y, Nakanishi I. A new chemosensor for cyanide in blood based on the Pd complex of 2-(5-bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[ N-n-propyl- N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol. Analyst 2021; 145:7759-7764. [PMID: 33006340 DOI: 10.1039/d0an01554g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new indirect chemosensor for the detection of cyanide in blood is developed. 2-(5-Bromo-2-pyridylazo)-5-[N-n-propyl-N-(3-sulfopropyl)amino]phenol, a yellow dye, forms a blue-coloured complex with palladium ions. The yellow colour of this complex is regained upon reaction with cyanide ions. The complex shows high selectivity for the detection of cyanide over 16 other anions. The system was applied to two different methods for the detection of cyanide in human whole blood. As a quantitative absorbance method, blood samples were mixed with acid, and the resulting vaporised hydrogen cyanide was absorbed in an alkaline solution containing the complex in a Conway cell. The resulting absorbance response of the solution at 450 nm is linear over the range 4-40 μM (R2 = 1.000), and the limit of detection is 0.6 μM. Furthermore, the complex-soaked paper is applicable as a test strip for cyanide detection. When a test strip is used with 0.5 mL of blood, the limit of detection is 15 μM. The detection limits of these two methods are below the toxic blood cyanide concentration (19 μM). Therefore, both methods allow the quantification and screening of cyanide in blood samples. Furthermore, the test strip is low cost and enables on-site analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Morikawa
- Forensic Science Laboratory, Kyoto Prefectural Police H.Q., 85-3, 85-4, Yabunouchi-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan 602-8550.
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11
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Bai XR, Zhang L, Ren JQ, Shen AG, Hu JM. The small silver nanoparticle-assisted homogeneous sensing of thiocyanate ions with an ultra-wide window based on surface-enhanced Raman-extinction spectroscopy. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1049-1057. [PMID: 33565531 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay02221g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For the first time, we present an original sensing strategy with an ultra-wide detection window from 17 nM to 20 mM to detect SCN- ions. Initially, we investigated the clustering and optical properties of noble metal sol nanoparticles (NPs) due to the competitive interaction of thiocyanate ions (SCN-) and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) under weak acidic conditions, and found that different dimensions and scales of nanoclusters containing the alkyne-embedded Au@Ag NPs and relatively small Ag NPs could be achieved by the mediation of CTAB through electrostatic forces and hydrophobic interaction, in which SCN- could be covalently bonded with the silver surface of NPs to form a compact molecular layer (-Ag-S-C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N), and CTAB could only occupy remaining sites. In this process, we found that SCN- always runs counter to CTAB and tends to dissolve nanoclusters, so that they occupy the exposed surface of NPs in nanoclusters rather than the binding sites of one another. Remarkably, when the concentration of SCN- initially increased, two highly recognizable SERS emissions, which were assigned to alkyne reporter molecules (2208 cm-1) and C[triple bond, length as m-dash]N of SCN- (2110 cm-1), respectively, were rapidly detected, and their ratios (I2110/I2208) increased linearly proportional to the concentration of SCN- over a range of 17 nM to 172 μM, with a limit of detection (LOD) of 10 nM. With the further increase of SCN-, small Ag NPs started to desorb from the surface of individual Au@Ag NPs and dissociated in the solution but did not contribute to SERS signals. Instead, the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) peak of pure silver NPs at 385 nm increased gradually in the range from 0.5 to 20 mM with an LOD of 0.2 mM. Of particular significance, this simple sensor in conjunction with surface-enhanced Raman-extinction spectroscopy can be used for the rapid detection of extensive samples with an ultra-wide detection window, such as body fluids (saliva, urine, and serum) and food (milk powder and brassica vegetables), which is far superior to that of ion chromatography (IC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Ru Bai
- Institute of Environment and Safety, Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Science, Wuhan 430207, P. R. China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Fuwai Central China Cardiovascular Hospital, Zhengzhou 450003, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Qiang Ren
- National & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of High-throughput Drug Screening Technology, Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Biotechnology of Chinese Traditional Medicine, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, P. R. China.
| | - Ai-Guo Shen
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China. and School of Printing and Packaging, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Ji-Ming Hu
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, P. R. China.
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12
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Ma Z, Zhai Y, Chen Z, Yang H, Wang F. Preparation of QSS@AuNPs and Solvent Inducing Enhancement Strategy for Raman Determination of Salivary Thiocyanate. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:5966-5974. [PMID: 33502163 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c19650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Making the substrates form highly dense, homogeneous, and stable hotspots regions is important for the sensitive detection of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). A new strategy based on solvent-induced (SI) SERS substrate to form a stable interval of the hotspot for detection was explored and the enhancement factor (EF) of our SERS substrates could reach about 1.4 × 109. By preferential adsorption of alcohol solutions by Q-Sepharose microsphere (QSS) in mixed water and alcohol solutions, the size of QSS@AuNPs was dynamically adjusted and the spacing between gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) was adjusted to keep the substrate in the optimal hotspot mode for the sensitive detection of SERS in the liquid state. As a real application case, such a SI-SERS strategy was employed to determine SCN- in saliva and a limit of detection (LOD) of about 10-10 M could be achieved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Ma
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Yan Zhai
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Zhihong Chen
- College of Information, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Haifeng Yang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
| | - Feng Wang
- The Education Ministry Key Lab of Resource Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Functional Materials, Shanghai Municipal Education Committee Key Laboratory of Molecular Imaging Probes and Sensors, and Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Normal University, Shanghai 200234, P. R. China
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13
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Tomita R, Hayama T, Nishijo N, Fujioka T. Fluorous and Fluorogenic Derivatization for Selective Liquid Chromatographic Analysis of Cyanide in Human Plasma. ANAL SCI 2020; 36:1251-1254. [PMID: 32475896 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20p103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A liquid chromatographic (LC) method with fluorous derivatization for the determination of cyanide in human plasma is described. In this method, the cyanide was transformed to a fluorous and fluorogenic compound by derivatizing with 2,3-naphthalenedialdehyde and perfluoroalkylamine reagent under mild reaction conditions (a reaction time of 5 min at room temperature). The obtained derivative was successfully retained on the perfluoroalkyl-modified LC column with the use of a high concentration of organic solvent in the mobile phase, whereas non-fluorous derivative was hardly retained, followed by fluorometric detection at excitation and emission wavelengths of 420 and 490 nm, respectively. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection and the limit of quantification for cyanide in a 5-μL injection volume were 1.3 μg/L (S/N = 3) and 4.4 μg/L (S/N = 10), respectively. The recovery from spiked human plasma was achieved in the range of 54 - 90% within a relative standard deviation of 3.5%. The feasibility of this method was further evaluated by applying it to the analysis of human plasma samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Tomita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
| | | | - Nao Nishijo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuoka University
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14
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Murray JM, Bersuder P, Davis S, Losada S. Detecting illegal cyanide fishing: Establishing the evidence base for a reliable, post-collection test. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2020; 150:110770. [PMID: 31910523 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2019.110770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ornamental fish have been legally harvested since the 1930's but in the 60's, cyanide fishing was first documented. Target fish exposed to the chemical are temporarily paralysed making them easier to catch, but with high post-capture mortality and significant ecological impacts, its use is banned in most exporting countries. To differentiate illegally caught fish from those sustainably collected, efforts to develop a post-collection detection test began nearly 30 years ago. However, even the most promising approach has been questioned by other researchers as unrepeatable under different experimental conditions. In this paper we summarise the evidence-base for establishing a cyanide detection test for live fish by evaluating current approaches. We describe the key knowledge gaps which continue to limit our progress in implementing a screening programme and highlight some alternative solutions which may provide greater short to medium term opportunities to prevent the illegal practise before fish enter the supply chain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna M Murray
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK.
| | - Philippe Bersuder
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Scott Davis
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
| | - Sara Losada
- Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Pakefield Road, Lowestoft, Suffolk NR33 0HT, UK
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15
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Seetasang S, Kaneta T. Development of a miniaturized photometer with paired emitter-detector light-emitting diodes for investigating thiocyanate levels in the saliva of smokers and non-smokers. Talanta 2019; 204:586-591. [PMID: 31357338 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.06.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A simple, small and inexpensive photometer that uses a pair of light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and a simple operational amplifier was developed for investigating thiocyanate levels in saliva obtained from smokers and non-smokers. The photometer is based on paired emitter-detector diodes (PEDDs), and the entire system can be purchased for less than a hundred US dollars. The PEDD-based photometer can measure the transmittance of a solution in a 1-cm disposable polystyrene cuvette using only rechargeable dry-cell batteries, which makes it suitable for analysis outside of equipped laboratories. The metal complex formation between Fe (III) and thiocyanate ions in an acidic condition permits colorimetric detection of thiocyanate ions using LEDs emitting at 465 nm, because the complex shows maximum absorption at 457 nm. The developed photometer exhibits excellent performance with linearity ranging from 0.05 mmol L-1 to 0.75 mmol L-1 and a correlation coefficient (r2) > 0.999. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.01 mmol L-1 and 0.05 mmol L-1, respectively. Both intra- and inter-day precision were obtained with relative standard deviations (RSD) of less than 1% in the determination of thiocyanate. The proposed method is simple, facile, and sensitive enough to investigate the levels of thiocyanate in the saliva samples of smokers and non-smokers with centrifugation being the only special treatment for samples. The results showed that the concentrations of thiocyanate were approximately 5-fold higher in smokers than in non-smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sasikarn Seetasang
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takashi Kaneta
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Natural Science and Technology, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan.
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16
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Ran M, Wang T, Shao M, Chen Z, Liu H, Xia Y, Xun L. Sensitive Method for Reliable Quantification of Sulfane Sulfur in Biological Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:11981-11986. [PMID: 31436086 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Sulfane sulfur has been recognized as a common cellular component, participating in regulating enzyme activities and signaling pathways. However, the quantification of total sulfane sulfur in biological samples is still a challenge. Here, we developed a method to address the need. All tested sulfane sulfur reacted with sulfite and quantitatively converted to thiosulfate when heated at 95 °C in a solution of pH 9.5 for 10 min. The assay condition was also sufficient to convert total sulfane sulfur in biological samples to thiosulfate for further derivatization and quantification. We applied the method to detect sulfane sulfur contents at different growth phases of bacteria, yeast, mammalian cells, and zebrafish. Total sulfane sulfur contents in all of them increased in the early stage, kept at a steady state for a period, and declined sharply in the late stage of the growth. Sulfane sulfur contents varied in different species. For Escherichia coli, growth media also affected the sulfane sulfur contents. Total sulfane sulfur contents from different organs of mouse and shrimp were also detected, varying from 1 to 10 nmol/(mg of protein). Thus, the new method is suitable for the quantification of total sulfane sulfur in biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxue Ran
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China.,Institute of Marine Science and Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Tianqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Shao
- School of Life Science , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Zhigang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiwei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Yongzhen Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China
| | - Luying Xun
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology , Shandong University , Qingdao 266237 , People's Republic of China.,School of Molecular Biosciences , Washington State University , Pullman , Washington 99164-7520 , United States
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17
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Gyamfi OA, Bortey-Sam N, Mahon SB, Brenner M, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Metabolism of Cyanide by Glutathione To Produce the Novel Cyanide Metabolite 2-Aminothiazoline-4-oxoaminoethanoic Acid. Chem Res Toxicol 2019; 32:718-726. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.8b00384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Obed A. Gyamfi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Nesta Bortey-Sam
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
| | - Sari B. Mahon
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Matthew Brenner
- Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, University of California, Irvine, California 92612, United States
| | - Gary A. Rockwood
- Analytical Toxicology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Chemical Defense, 3100 Ricketts Point Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Brian A. Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Box 2202, Brookings, South Dakota 57007, United States
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18
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Ultrasensitive and recyclable superstructure of Au SiO2@Ag wire for surface-enhanced Raman scattering detection of thiocyanate in urine and human serum. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1049:179-187. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2018.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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19
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Logue BA, Zhang Z, Manandhar E, Pay AL, Croutch CR, Peters E, Sosna W, Rioux JS, Veress LA, White CW. Determination of methyl isopropyl hydantoin from rat erythrocytes by gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry to determine methyl isocyanate dose following inhalation exposure. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1093-1094:119-127. [PMID: 30015309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Methyl isocyanate (MIC) is an important precursor for industrial synthesis, but it is highly toxic. MIC causes irritation and damage to the eyes, respiratory tract, and skin. While current treatment is limited to supportive care and counteracting symptoms, promising countermeasures are being evaluated. Our work focuses on understanding the inhalation toxicity of MIC to develop effective therapeutic interventions. However, in-vivo inhalation exposure studies are limited by challenges in estimating the actual respiratory dose, due to animal-to-animal variability in breathing rate, depth, etc. Therefore, a method was developed to estimate the inhaled MIC dose based on analysis of an N-terminal valine hemoglobin adduct. The method features a simple sample preparation scheme, including rapid isolation of hemoglobin, hydrolysis of the hemoglobin adduct with immediate conversion to methyl isopropyl hydantoin (MIH), rapid liquid-liquid extraction, and gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry analysis. The method produced a limit of detection of 0.05 mg MIH/kg RBC precipitate with a dynamic range from 0.05-25 mg MIH/kg. The precision, as measured by percent relative standard deviation, was <8.5%, and the accuracy was within 8% of the nominal concentration. The method was used to evaluate a potential correlation between MIH and MIC internal dose and proved promising. If successful, this method may be used to quantify the true internal dose of MIC from inhalation studies to help determine the effectiveness of MIC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America.
| | - Zhiling Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - Erica Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - Adam L Pay
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, United States of America
| | - Claire R Croutch
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110-2241, United States of America
| | - Eric Peters
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110-2241, United States of America
| | - William Sosna
- MRIGlobal, 425 Volker Boulevard, Kansas City, MO 64110-2241, United States of America
| | - Jacqueline S Rioux
- Pediatrics-Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Livia A Veress
- Pediatrics-Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, 80045, United States of America
| | - Carl W White
- Pediatrics-Pulmonary Medicine, University of Colorado-Denver, Denver, CO, 80045, United States of America
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20
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Logue BA, Manandhar E. Percent residual accuracy for quantifying goodness-of-fit of linear calibration curves. Talanta 2018; 189:527-533. [PMID: 30086955 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Linear models for calibration curves are overwhelmingly created based on minimization of least squares error, with their goodness-of-fit (GOF) quantified using the square of the correlation coefficient (R2). Yet, R2 has well-known disadvantages when used to quantify GOF of calibration curves stemming from its calculation based on the absolute error of the signal (i.e., calculated vs. experimental). These disadvantages are exacerbated when using a geometric series of concentrations for calibration standards (e.g., 1, 2, 5, 10, etc.) and when calibration curves span 2-3 orders of magnitude, which is typical for modern analytical techniques. While there are multiple alternative GOF measures, R2 overwhelmingly persists in the field of Analytical Chemistry as the most reported measure of GOF. We evaluated R2, alternative GOF measures, and multiple quantitative bias parameters, along with residual analysis, for over 60 experimental calibration curves. R2 did a poor job of consistently and accurately quantifying the GOF over the entire calibration curve. This was especially true for situations where the low concentration calibrators were not accurately described by the calibration equation. While other GOF parameters, including the sum of the absolute percent error, mean absolute percent error, and quality coefficient, did a better job of describing GOF of calibration curves, each had significant theoretical and/or practical disadvantages. Therefore, we introduce a descriptive GOF parameter called Percent Residual Accuracy (%RA or PRA) which equally weights the accuracy of all calibrators into a single value, generally falling between 0% and 100%, with 100% representing a perfect fit and a "good" fit for calibration data producing a %RA of 90-100%. The %RA much more effectively described the GOF for the entire calibration range than R2, and it similarly quantified GOF as compared to the other GOF parameters tested. With the performance and practical advantages of %RA, we conclude that it is the most advantageous GOF parameter and that it should be reported as a standard GOF measure for calibration curves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian A Logue
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, USA.
| | - Erica Manandhar
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Avera Health and Science, Box 2202, Brookings, SD 57007, USA
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21
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Breen NE, Lowenstein J, Metivier R, Andrade L, Rhyne AL. Can excreted thiocyanate be used to detect cyanide exposure in live reef fish? PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196841. [PMID: 29847597 PMCID: PMC5976154 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanide fishing, where a solution of sodium or potassium cyanide is used to stun reef fish for easy capture for the marine aquarium and live fish food trades, continues to be pervasive despite being illegal in many countries and destructive to coral reef ecosystems. Currently, there is no easy, reliable and universally accepted method to detect if a fish has been exposed to cyanide during the capture process. A promising non-invasive technique for detecting thiocyanate ions, the metabolic byproduct excreted by exposed fish, has been reported in the literature. In an effort to validate this method, four cyanide exposure studies on Amphiprion ocellaris (common clownfish) were carried out over three years. Fish were either exposed to the same (25 ppm) or twice the concentration (50 ppm) as the previsouly published method. Over 100 water samples of fish exposed to cyanide were analyzed by reverse phase HPLC with a C30 column treated with polyethylene glycol and UV detector operating at 220 nm. No thiocyanate was detected beyond the analytical standards and positive controls prepared in seawater. As an alternate means of detecting thiocyanate, water samples and thiocyanate standards from these exposures were derivatized with monobromobimane (MBB) for LC-MS/MS analysis. Thiocyanate was detected in standards with concentrations as low as 0.6 μg/L and quantified to 1 μg/L, but thiocyanate could not be detected in any of the water samples from fish exposed to cyanide with this method either, confirming the HPLC results. Further, we calculated both the mass balance of thiocyanate and the resultant plausible dosage of cyanide from the data reported in the previously published method. These calculations, along with the known lethal dosage of cyanide, further suggests that the detection of thiocyanate in aquarium water is not a viable method for assessing fish exposure to cyanide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy E. Breen
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Julie Lowenstein
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Rebecca Metivier
- Department of Chemistry and Physics, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
| | - Lawrence Andrade
- Dominion Diagnostics, North Kingstown, RI, United States of America
| | - Andrew L. Rhyne
- Department of Biology, Marine Biology and Environmental Science, Roger Williams University, Bristol, RI, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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22
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Chen J, Liu L, Li M, Yu X, Zhang R. An Improved Method for Determination of Cyanide Content in Bitter Almond Oil. J Oleo Sci 2018; 67:289-294. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess17202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University
| | - Lei Liu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University
| | - Mengjun Li
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University
| | - Xiuzhu Yu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University
| | - Rui Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Northwest A&F University
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23
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Kudo K, Usumoto Y, Sameshima N, Okumura M, Tsuji A, Ikeda N. Reliable determination of cyanide, thiocyanate and azide in human whole blood by GC–MS, and its application in NAGINATA–GC–MS screening. Forensic Toxicol 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11419-017-0397-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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24
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Jackson R, Logue BA. A review of rapid and field-portable analytical techniques for the diagnosis of cyanide exposure. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 960:18-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2016.12.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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25
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Manandhar E, Maslamani N, Petrikovics I, Rockwood GA, Logue BA. Determination of dimethyl trisulfide in rabbit blood using stir bar sorptive extraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1461:10-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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26
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Ammazzini S, Onor M, Pagliano E, Mester Z, Campanella B, Pitzalis E, Bramanti E, D’Ulivo A. Determination of thiocyanate in saliva by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, following a single-step aqueous derivatization with triethyloxonium tetrafluoroborate. J Chromatogr A 2015; 1400:124-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2015.04.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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27
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Lu Q, Liu Y, Hou Y, Wang H, Zhang Y, Yao S. Detection of thiocyanate through limiting growth of AuNPs with C-dots acting as reductant. Analyst 2015; 140:7645-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c5an01605c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We have found that hydroxyl-rich carbon dots (C-dots) have the ability to reduce Au3+to form gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) which can be used as an optical sensor to detect SCN−in raw milk with satisfactory results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiujun Lu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
| | - Yalan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
| | - Yuxin Hou
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
| | - Youyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
| | - Shouzhuo Yao
- Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Traditional Chinese Medicine Research (Ministry of Education)
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering
- Hunan Normal University
- Changsha 410081
- PR China
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28
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Rapid and reproducible analysis of thiocyanate in real human serum and saliva using a droplet SERS-microfluidic chip. Biosens Bioelectron 2014; 62:13-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2014.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 06/03/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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29
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Kang HI, Shin HS. Ultra-sensitive determination of cyanide in surface water by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry after derivatization with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol. Anal Chim Acta 2014; 852:168-73. [PMID: 25441894 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2014.09.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometric (GC-MS/MS) method has been established for the determination of cyanide in surface water. This method is based on the derivatization of cyanide with 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol in surface water. The following optimum reaction conditions were established: reagent dosage, 0.7 g L(-1) of 2-(dimethylamino)ethanethiol; pH 6; reaction carried out for 20 min at 60°C. The organic derivative was extracted with 3 mL of ethyl acetate, and then measured by using GC-MS/MS. Under the established conditions, the detection and quantification limits were 0.02 μg L(-1) and 0.07 μg L(-1) in 10-mL of surface water, respectively. The calibration curve had a linear relationship relationship with y=0.7140x+0.1997 and r(2)=0.9963 (for a working range of 0.07-10 μg L(-1)) and the accuracy was in a range of 98-102%; the precision of the assay was less than 7% in surface water. The common ions Cl(-), F(-), Br(-), NO3(-), SO4(2-), PO4(3-), K(+), Na(+), NH4(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), Ba(2+), Mn(4+), Mn(2+), Fe(3+), Fe(2+) and sea water did not interfere in cyanide detection, even when present in 1000-fold excess over the species. Cyanide was detected in a concentration range of 0.07-0.11 μg L(-1) in 6 of 10 surface water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye-In Kang
- Department of Environmental Science, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Sang Shin
- Department of Environmental Education, Kongju National University, Kongju 314-701, Republic of Korea.
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