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Tiusanen A, Ruiz-Jimenez J, Hartonen K, Wiedmer SK. Analytical methodologies for oxidized organic compounds in the atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1263-1287. [PMID: 37491999 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00163f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxidized compounds in the atmosphere can occur as emitted primary compounds or as secondary products when volatile emitted precursors react with various oxidants. Due to the presence of polar functional groups, their vapor pressures decrease, and they condense onto small particles. Thereby, they have an effect on climate change by the formation of clouds and scattering solar radiation. The particles and oxidized compounds themselves can cause serious health problems when inhaled. Therefore, it is of utmost importance to study oxidized compounds in the atmosphere. Much ongoing research is focused on the discovery of new oxidized substances and on the evaluation of their sources and factors influencing their formation. Monitoring biogenic and anthropogenic primary oxidized compounds or secondary oxidized products in chamber experiments or field campaigns is common. New discoveries have been reported, including various oxidized compounds and a new group of compounds called highly oxidized organic molecules (HOMs). Analytics of HOMs are mainly focused on chromatography and high-resolution mass spectrometry employing chemical ionization for identifying and quantifying compounds at low concentrations. Oxidized compounds can also be monitored by spectrophotometric methods in which the determinations of total amounts are based on functional groups. This review highlights recent findings on oxidized organic compounds in the atmosphere and analytical methodologies used for their detection and quantification. The discussion includes gas and liquid chromatographic methods, sampling, extraction, concentration, and derivatization procedures involved, as well as mass spectrometric and spectrophotometric methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksi Tiusanen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Jose Ruiz-Jimenez
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kari Hartonen
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Susanne K Wiedmer
- Department of Chemistry, P.O. Box 55, FI-00014 University of Helsinki, Finland.
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2
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Beschnitt A, Schwikowski M, Hoffmann T. Towards comprehensive non-target screening using heart-cut two-dimensional liquid chromatography for the analysis of organic atmospheric tracers in ice cores. J Chromatogr A 2021; 1661:462706. [PMID: 34864235 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2021.462706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-target screening of secondary organic aerosol compounds in ice cores is used to reconstruct atmospheric conditions and sources and is a valuable tool to elucidate the chemical profiles of samples with the aim to obtain as much information as possible from one mass spectrometric measurement. The coupling of mass spectrometry to chromatography limits the results of a non-target screening to signals of compounds within a certain polarity range based on the utilized stationary phases of the columns. Comprehensive two-dimensional liquid chromatography (LCxLC) introduces a second column of different functionality to enable the analysis of a broader range of analytes. Conventional LCxLC requires complex instrumental setups and is difficult to implement for most laboratories. In this work we demonstrate an approach to approximate a comprehensive non-target screening using a simple instrumental setup employing two columns of orthogonal functionalities (HILIC and reversed-phase), an additional pump, and an additional six-port valve. The void volume of the first dimension is transferred to the reversed-phase column to analyze low-polarity compounds during the re-equilibration of the HILIC. Method validation showed adequate repeatability and detection limits for two selected void volume markers and application to snow samples collected at the high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch yielded a total of 270 signals. Comparison to the one-dimensional HILIC approach revealed 175 signals exclusively detected in the two-dimensional method, of which 23 were detected in the second dimension. Detailed analysis of the chemical composition showed consistency with expected compounds in snow samples like lignin or cellulose combustion products from biomass burning or secondary organic aerosol constituents. The results confirmed that one-dimensional chromatography was not sufficient to cover the entire range of compounds and the developed two-dimensional approach will improve the information content from non-target screening while maintaining time of analysis and a simple instrumental setup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Beschnitt
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland
| | - Thorsten Hoffmann
- Department of Chemistry, Johannes-Gutenberg University, Duesbergweg 10-14, Mainz 55128, Germany.
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3
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Cao X, Fang M, Dong D, Ye B, Xu J, Ye X, Mo W. Dispersive liquid-liquid extraction based on magnetic Pickering emulsion followed by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the simultaneous determination of aldehydes in environmental water samples. J Sep Sci 2020; 43:2401-2408. [PMID: 32160648 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201901150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A dispersive liquid-liquid extraction based on Pickering emulsion stabilized with ferroferric oxide grafted nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon black has been developed to simultaneously determine seven aldehydes in environmental water samples, in combination with pentafluorobenzyl hydroxylamine precolumn derivatization gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The nitrogen-doped graphitized carbon was prepared from dicyandiamide waste residue with a simple acid wash process. The effects of magnetic emulsifier amount, extraction time, solution pH, and oil/water volume ratio on the formation of magnetically responsive Pickering emulsion and the extraction efficiency of the proposed dispersive liquid-liquid extraction were also investigated. Under the optimized conditions, satisfactory linearities were obtained for all aldehydes with correlation coefficients larger than 0.9984. The limits of detection and quantitation of seven aldehydes were in the range of 17.3-30.1 ng/L and 54.3-103.4 ng/L, respectively, with intra- and interday relative standard deviations less than 8.6%. The mean recoveries at three spiked levels ranged from 70.0 to 101.4%. With the Pickering emulsion as a "minimized extractor", the extraction was accomplished within 5 min. After extraction, the magnetic disperser could be recovered for reuse at least five times by an external magnetic field. The proposed method was demonstrated to be feasible, simple, and economic for the trace analysis of the aldehydes in environmental water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoji Cao
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Mei Fang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Danqi Dong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Beibei Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Jiahui Xu
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Xuemin Ye
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
| | - Weimin Mo
- Research Center of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, P. R. China
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4
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Vogel AL, Lauer A, Fang L, Arturi K, Bachmeier F, Daellenbach KR, Käser T, Vlachou A, Pospisilova V, Baltensperger U, Haddad IE, Schwikowski M, Bjelić S. A Comprehensive Nontarget Analysis for the Molecular Reconstruction of Organic Aerosol Composition from Glacier Ice Cores. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:12565-12575. [PMID: 31566955 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b03091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ice cores are climate archives suitable for the reconstruction of past atmospheric composition changes. Ice core analysis provides valuable insight into the chemical nature of aerosols and enables constraining emission inventories of primary emissions and of gas-phase precursors. Changes in the emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can affect formation rates and mechanisms as well as chemical composition of aerosols during the preindustrial era, key information for understanding aerosol climate effects. Here, we present an analytical method for the reconstruction of organic aerosol composition preserved in glacier ice cores. A solid-phase-extraction method, optimized toward oxidation products of biogenic VOCs, provides an enrichment factor of ∼200 and quantitative recovery for compounds of interest. We applied the preconcentration method on ice core samples from the high-alpine Fiescherhorn glacier (Swiss Alps), and used high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry as a sensitive detection method. We describe a nontarget analysis that screens for organic molecules in the ice core samples. We evaluate the atmospheric origin of the detected compounds in the ice by molecular-resolved comparison with airborne particulate matter samples from the nearby high-alpine research station Jungfraujoch. The presented method is able to shed light upon the history of the evolution of organic aerosol composition in the anthropocene, a research field in paleoclimatology with considerable potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander L Vogel
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Anja Lauer
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Ling Fang
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Arturi
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Franziska Bachmeier
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences , Goethe-University Frankfurt , 60438 Frankfurt am Main , Germany
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Timon Käser
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Athanasia Vlachou
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
| | - Saša Bjelić
- Bioenergy and Catalysis Laboratory , Paul Scherrer Institute , 5232 Villigen , Switzerland
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5
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King ACF, Giorio C, Wolff E, Thomas E, Roverso M, Schwikowski M, Tapparo A, Bogialli S, Kalberer M. Direct Injection Liquid Chromatography High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for Determination of Primary and Secondary Terrestrial and Marine Biomarkers in Ice Cores. Anal Chem 2019; 91:5051-5057. [PMID: 30893554 PMCID: PMC6536135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b05224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Many atmospheric
organic compounds are long-lived enough to be
transported from their sources to polar regions and high mountain
environments where they can be trapped in ice archives. While inorganic
components in ice archives have been studied extensively to identify
past climate changes, organic compounds have rarely been used to assess
paleo-environmental changes, mainly due to the lack of suitable analytical
methods. This study presents a new method of direct injection high
performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) analysis,
without the need of preconcentrating the melted ice, for the determination
of a series of novel biomarkers in ice core samples indicative of
primary and secondary terrestrial and marine organic aerosol sources.
Eliminating a preconcentration step reduces contamination potential
and decreases the required sample volume thus allowing a higher time
resolution in the archives. The method is characterized by limits
of detection (LODs) in the range of 0.01–15 ppb, depending
on the analyte, and accuracy evaluated through an interlaboratory
comparison. We find that many components in secondary organic aerosols
(SOAs) are clearly detectable at concentrations comparable to those
previously observed in replicate preconcentrated ice samples from
the Belukha glacier, Russian Altai Mountains. Some compounds with
low recoveries in the preconcentration steps are now detectable in
samples with this new direct injection method significantly increasing
the range of environmental processes and sources that become accessible
for paleo-climate studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C F King
- British Antarctic Survey , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ET , United Kingdom.,Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
| | - Eric Wolff
- Department of Earth Sciences , University of Cambridge , Downing Street , Cambridge CB2 3EQ , United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- British Antarctic Survey , High Cross, Madingley Road , Cambridge CB3 0ET , United Kingdom
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
| | | | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
| | - Sara Bogialli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche , Università degli Studi di Padova , Via Marzolo 1 , Padova 35131 , Italy
| | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cambridge , Lensfield Road , Cambridge CB2 1EW , United Kingdom.,Department of Environmental Sciences , University of Basel , Klingelbergstrasse 27 , Basel 4056 , Switzerland
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6
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King ACF, Giorio C, Wolff E, Thomas E, Karroca O, Roverso M, Schwikowski M, Tapparo A, Gambaro A, Kalberer M. A new method for the determination of primary and secondary terrestrial and marine biomarkers in ice cores using liquid chromatography high-resolution mass spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 194:233-242. [PMID: 30609525 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The majority of atmospheric compounds measured in ice cores are inorganic, while analysis of their organic counterparts is a less well developed field. In recent years, understanding of formation, transport pathways and preservation of these compounds in ice and snow has improved, showing great potential for their use as biomarkers in ice cores. This study presents an optimised analytical technique for quantification of terrestrial and marine biosphere emissions of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) components and fatty acids in ice using HPLC-MS analysis. Concentrations of organic compounds in snow and ice are extremely low (typically ppb or ppt levels) and thus pre-concentration is required prior to analysis. Stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) showed potential for fatty acid compounds, but failed to recover SOA compounds. Solid phase extraction (SPE) recovered compounds across both organic groups but methods improving some recoveries came at the expense of others, and background contamination of fatty acids was high. Rotary evaporation was by far the best performing method across both SOA and fatty acid compounds, with average recoveries of 80%. The optimised preconcentration - HPLC-MS method achieved repeatability of 9% averaged for all compounds. In environmental samples, both concentrations and seasonal trends were observed to be reproducible when analysed in two different laboratories using the same method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy C F King
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom; Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Chiara Giorio
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
| | - Eric Wolff
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EQ, United Kingdom.
| | - Elizabeth Thomas
- British Antarctic Survey, High Cross, Madingley Road, Cambridge CB3 0ET, United Kingdom.
| | - Ornela Karroca
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom; Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Venice, Italy.
| | - Marco Roverso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | - Margit Schwikowski
- Paul Scherrer Institut, Forschungsstrasse 111, Villigen PSI 5232, Switzerland.
| | - Andrea Tapparo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Chimiche, Università degli Studi di Padova, Via Marzolo 1, Padova 35131, Italy.
| | | | - Markus Kalberer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom.
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7
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Naing NN, Lee HK. Determination of glyoxal and methylglyoxal in atmospheric fine particulate matter by vortex-assisted micro-solid phase extraction and liquid chromatography-diode array detection. J Chromatogr A 2018; 1573:42-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2018.08.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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8
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Houdier S, Lévêque J, Sabatier T, Jacob V, Jaffrezo JL. Aniline-based catalysts as promising tools to improve analysis of carbonyl compounds through derivatization techniques: preliminary results using dansylacetamidooxyamine derivatization and LC-fluorescence. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7031-7042. [PMID: 30094788 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1304-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stéphan Houdier
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France.
| | - Justine Lévêque
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Tiphaine Sabatier
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
- CNRM, UMR3589, METEO-FRANCE & CNRS, 42 Avenue G. Coriolis, 31057, Toulouse Cedex 01, France
| | - Véronique Jacob
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Luc Jaffrezo
- CNRS, IRD, Grenoble INP, IGE, Univ. Grenoble Alpes, 38000, Grenoble, France
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9
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Pang X, Lewis AC, Shaw MD. Analysis of biogenic carbonyl compounds in rainwater by stir bar sorptive extraction technique with chemical derivatization and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2016; 40:753-766. [PMID: 27928898 PMCID: PMC5396284 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201600561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Revised: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Stir bar sorptive extraction is a powerful technique for the extraction and analysis of organic compounds in aqueous matrices. Carbonyl compounds are ubiquitous components in rainwater, however, it is a major challenge to accurately identify and sensitively quantify carbonyls from rainwater due to the complex matrix. A stir bar sorptive extraction technique was developed to efficiently extract carbonyls from aqueous samples following chemical derivatization by O‐(2,3,4,5,6‐pentafluorobenzyl) hydroxylamine hydrochloride. Several commercial stir bars in two sizes were used to simultaneously measure 29 carbonyls in aqueous samples with detection by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry. A 100 mL aqueous sample was extracted by stir bars and the analytes on stir bars were desorbed into a 2 mL solvent solution in an ultrasonic bath. The preconcentration Coefficient for different carbonyls varied between 30 and 45 times. The limits of detection of stir bar sorptive extraction with gas chromatography mass spectrometry for carbonyls (10–30 ng/L) were improved by ten times compared with other methods such as gas chromatography with electron capture detection and stir bar sorptive extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. The technique was used to determine carbonyls in rainwater samples collected in York, UK, and 20 carbonyl species were quantified including glyoxal, methylglyoxal, isobutenal, 2‐hydroxy ethanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Pang
- Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, China.,Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK
| | - Alastair C Lewis
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, UK
| | - Marvin D Shaw
- Wolfson Atmospheric Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, University of York, York, UK.,National Centre for Atmospheric Science, University of York, York, UK
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10
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Kampf CJ, Filippi A, Zuth C, Hoffmann T, Opatz T. Secondary brown carbon formation via the dicarbonyl imine pathway: nitrogen heterocycle formation and synergistic effects. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:18353-64. [DOI: 10.1039/c6cp03029g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observe nitrogen heterocycles to be common secondary brown carbon chromophores formed by dicarbonylsviathe imine pathway, and synergistic effects in mixed dicarbonyl reaction systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. J. Kampf
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Abteilung für Multiphasenchemie
| | - A. Filippi
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
- Abteilung für Multiphasenchemie
| | - C. Zuth
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - T. Hoffmann
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
| | - T. Opatz
- Institut für Organische Chemie
- Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz
- 55128 Mainz
- Germany
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