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Zhang J, Huang R, Feng Y, Yang T, Sun M, Kuang H, Xu C, Guo L. Development and validation of stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method for simultaneous quantification of four Alternaria toxins in 15 food commodities. Food Chem 2024; 457:140122. [PMID: 38908243 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2024.140122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
Alternaria toxins (ATs) are produced from Alternaria species that result in crop losses and harmful impacts on human health. A stable isotope dilution LC-MS/MS method was established to quantify four ATs in 15 food commodities: alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), and tenuazonic acid (TeA). Based on systematically optimization of detection conditions and pre-processing steps, the limits of detection and limits of quantification of the four ATs ranged from 0.1 to 10 μg/kg and 0.2 to 30 μg/kg, respectively. The results showed that the recoveries of the four ATs were 72.0%-119.1%. The intra-precision and inter-precision ranged from 0.7% to 11.1% and 1.1% to 13.1%, respectively. The method was successfully applied to the determination of four ATs in 35 food samples, suggesting that this method could provide meaningful occurrence data to support the assessment of emerging ATs in food commodities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Renzhi Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwei Feng
- Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center, 35-210 South Changjiang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214142, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Yang
- Wuxi Food Safety Inspection and Test Center, 35-210 South Changjiang Road, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province 214142, People's Republic of China
| | - Maozhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Hua Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuanlai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China; International Joint Research Laboratory for Biointerface and Biodetection, and School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, People's Republic of China.
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Fernandes C, Casadevall A, Gonçalves T. Mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in animals and plants. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2023; 47:fuad061. [PMID: 37884396 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuad061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria species are cosmopolitan fungi darkly pigmented by melanin that infect numerous plant species causing economically important agricultural spoilage of various food crops. Alternaria spp. also infect animals, being described as entomopathogenic fungi but also infecting warm-blooded animals, including humans. Their clinical importance in human health, as infection agents, lay in the growing number of immunocompromised patients. Moreover, Alternaria spp. are considered some of the most abundant and potent sources of airborne sensitizer allergens causing allergic respiratory diseases, as severe asthma. Among the numerous strategies deployed by Alternaria spp. to attack their hosts, the production of toxins, carrying critical concerns to public health as food contaminant, and the production of hydrolytic enzymes such as proteases, can be highlighted. Alternaria proteases also trigger allergic symptoms in individuals with fungal sensitization, acting as allergens and facilitating antigen access to the host subepithelium. Here, we review the current knowledge about the mechanisms of Alternaria pathogenesis in plants and animals, the strategies used by Alternaria to cope with the host defenses, and the involvement Alternaria allergens and mechanisms of sensitization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Fernandes
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Wolfe Street, Room E5132, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | - Teresa Gonçalves
- CNC-UC - Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
- FMUC - Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Rua Larga, 3004-504 Coimbra, Portugal
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Bacha SAS, Li Y, Nie J, Xu G, Han L, Farooq S. Comprehensive review on patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and derived products. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1139757. [PMID: 37077634 PMCID: PMC10108681 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1139757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by certain fungi, which can contaminate various food commodities, including fruits and their derived products. Patulin and Alternaria toxins are among the most commonly encountered mycotoxins in fruit and their derived products. In this review, the sources, toxicity, and regulations related to these mycotoxins, as well as their detection and mitigation strategies are widely discussed. Patulin is a mycotoxin produced mainly by the fungal genera Penicillium, Aspergillus, and Byssochlamys. Alternaria toxins, produced by fungi in the Alternaria genus, are another common group of mycotoxins found in fruits and fruit products. The most prevalent Alternaria toxins are alternariol (AOH) and alternariol monomethyl ether (AME). These mycotoxins are of concern due to their potential negative effects on human health. Ingesting fruits contaminated with these mycotoxins can cause acute and chronic health problems. Detection of patulin and Alternaria toxins in fruit and their derived products can be challenging due to their low concentrations and the complexity of the food matrices. Common analytical methods, good agricultural practices, and contamination monitoring of these mycotoxins are important for safe consumption of fruits and derived products. And Future research will continue to explore new methods for detecting and managing these mycotoxins, with the ultimate goal of ensuring the safety and quality of fruits and derived product supply.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Asim Shah Bacha
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Yinping Li
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Jiyun Nie
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
- *Correspondence: Jiyun Nie, ; Yinping Li,
| | - Guofeng Xu
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
| | - Lingxi Han
- College of Horticulture, Qingdao Agricultural University/Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit (Qingdao), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/National Technology Centre for Whole Process Quality Control of FSEN Horticultural Products (Qingdao)/Qingdao Key Lab of Modern Agriculture Quality and Safety Engineering, Qingdao, China
| | - Saqib Farooq
- Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Fruit, Research Institute of Pomology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xingcheng, Liaoning, China
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Evaluation of Alternaria toxins in fruits, vegetables and their derivatives marketed in China using a QuEChERS method coupled with ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry: Analytical methods and occurrence. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Weber N, Kouřimská L, Kulma M, Petříčková D, Seufert F, Rychlik M. Folate contents in insects as promising food components quantified by stable isotope dilution. Front Nutr 2022; 9:970255. [PMID: 36159461 PMCID: PMC9499261 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.970255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Concerning the increasing population, edible insects are of growing interest due to several advantages such as sustainable production and as a source of high-quality nutrients. One of the less studied nutrients are folates, in the context of insects is folates, which play an important role in human metabolism. In the article, we describe how six different insect species are reared and extracted for five common folate vitamers by high-performance liquid chromatography interfaced with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). For this purpose, house crickets (Acheta domesticus—adults), Jamaican field crickets (Gryllus assimilis—adults), discoid cockroaches (Blaberus discoidalis—nymphs), migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria—adults), mealworms (Tenebrio molitor), and lesser mealworms (Alphitobius diaperinus) were investigated. The total folate content differs between 59.1 ± 6.50 and 143 ± 11.1 μg/100 g. Also, the feed, which was adapted to the needs of the insects and differed for some species, was extracted for their total folate content. The four different feed compositions (rapeseed, chicken feed, bramble leaves, and a mix of chicken feed, wheat bran, and carrot/apples) showed a folate content of about 100 μg/100 g, except for hay, where the content was 300 μg/100 g. In general, the insect folate content is comparable to other food and seems to be a promising source of folates. However, the amount of consumption needed to meet the requirement must also be considered. Moreover, the effect of different influencing factors is not yet entirely clear and needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine Weber
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- *Correspondence: Nadine Weber,
| | - Lenka Kouřimská
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Martin Kulma
- Department of Zoology and Fisheries, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Dora Petříčková
- Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Praha-Suchdol, Czechia
| | - Franziska Seufert
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Research Department Life Science Engineering, TUM School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
- Centre for Nutrition and Food Sciences, Queensland Alliance for Agriculture and Food Innovation, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Lin H, Ni L, Chen H, Xu W. A simple and versatile strategy for sensitive SIDA-UHPLC-MS/MS analysis of Alternaria toxins in olive oil. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1232:340451. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Wang M, Asam S, Chen J, Rychlik M. Development of Stable Isotope Dilution Assays for the Analysis of Natural Forms of Vitamin B12 in Meat. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:10722-10730. [PMID: 34478287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.1c03803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The first multiple stable isotope dilution assay method was developed for the simultaneous determination of four cobalamins, namely, hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), and cyanocobalamin (CNCbl), in their native forms. The sample preparation was optimized with enzyme treatment and immunoaffinity purification. The analysis was performed by LC-MS/MS using respective 15N-labeled cobalamins as internal standards. Method validation resulted in limits of detection ranging from 0.19 to 0.58 ng/g and limits of quantification ranging from 0.68 to 1.73 ng/g. Recoveries at three levels were between 82 and 121%. Intra-day and inter-day precisions were below 6% and 11% RSD, respectively. The analysis of a reference material resulted in a variance of <1% from the certified value. The newly developed method demonstrated excellent sensitivity, recovery, accuracy, and reproducibility and was further applied to quantitate the four cobalamins in various meats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Wang
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jianqi Chen
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Wang M, Asam S, Chen J, Ehrmann M, Rychlik M. Production of Four 15N-Labelled Cobalamins via Biosynthesis Using Propionibacterium freudenreichii. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:713321. [PMID: 34484151 PMCID: PMC8414983 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.713321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cobalamins (vitamin B12) are required by humans for their essential roles as enzyme cofactors in diverse metabolic processes. The four most common cobalamin vitamers are hydroxocobalamin (OHCbl), adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl), methylcobalamin (MeCbl), and cyanocobalamin (CNCbl). Humans are not able to synthesise cobalamins de novo and thus must acquire them from external sources. Therefore, a reliable and robust analytical method to determine the cobalamins in dietary sources is highly required. For such a purpose, stable isotope dilution assays (SIDAs) with LC-MS/MS are most suited due to their superior sensitivity, specificity, and ability to compensate for matrix effects and analyte loss during sample work-up. However, a critical bottleneck for developing a SIDA method for cobalamins is the availability of stable isotope-labelled internal standards. In the present study, we harnessed the potential of Propionibacterium (P.) freudenreichii for the biosynthesis of 15N-labelled cobalamins. First, we developed a chemically defined medium (CDM) containing ammonium sulphate as a single nitrogen source except three essential vitamins that supported long-term stable growth of P. freudenreichii throughout continuous transfers. The CDM was further optimised for cobalamin production under different incubation schemes. With the optimised CDM and incubation scheme, fully 15N-labelled cobalamins were obtained in P. freudenreichii with a final yield of 312 ± 29 μg/L and 635 ± 102 μg/L, respectively, for [15N]-OHCbl and [15N]-AdoCbl. Additionally, an optimised incubation process under anaerobic conditions was successfully employed to produce specifically labelled [15N, 14N2]-cobalamins, with a yield of 96 ± 18 μg/L and 990 ± 210 μg/L, respectively, for [15N, 14N2]-OHCbl and [15N, 14N2]-AdoCbl. The labelled substances were isolated and purified by solid phase extraction and semi-preparative HPLC. Chemical modifications were carried out to produce [15N]-CNCbl and [15N]-MeCbl. Eventually, 15N-labelled compounds were obtained for the four cobalamin vitamers in high chromatographic and isotopic purity with desired 15N-enrichment and labelling patterns, which are perfectly suited for future use in SIDAs or other applications that require isotopologues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengle Wang
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Jianqi Chen
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Matthias Ehrmann
- Chair of Technical Microbiology, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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Gonçalves C, Tölgyesi Á, Bouten K, Robouch P, Emons H, Stroka J. Determination of Alternaria toxins in tomato, wheat and sunflower seeds by SPE and LC-MS/MS - a method validation through a collaborative trial. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:80-94. [PMID: 34293145 PMCID: PMC8824793 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Background Alternaria toxins are ubiquitous contaminants in highly consumed food products. Therefore, they are candidates to be regulated by EU legislation. In this context, the availability of reliable analytical methods is a keystone both for protecting the health of citizens and smooth functioning of the European market. Objective This paper describes an advanced LC-MS/MS method based on isotope dilution quantification suitable for the determination of altenuene, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin in tomato puree, wheat, and sunflower seeds. Methods The method has been validated in an interlaboratory study that included the analysis of both spiked and naturally contaminated food commodities. Twenty-three participants contributed with analytical data. Results The average recoveries and relative standard deviations for repeatability and reproducibility obtained across the tested matrixes were: 97, 8.0, and 23%, for altenuene, respectively; 95, 9.2, and 17% for alternariol, respectively; 98, 6.4, and 13% for alternariol monomethyl ether, respectively; 97, 4.2, and 9.3% for tenuazonic acid, respectively; and 102, 5.6, and 15% for tentoxin, respectively. The method enabled the determination of all tested Alternaria toxins close to or below 1 µg/kg. Conclusion Overall, the method showed a satisfactory trueness and precision, complying with the requirements for the monitoring of mycotoxins in food in the EU. It is currently under evaluation by the European Committee for Standardization for adoption as a standard method. Highlights Isotope dilution mass spectrometry method for the determination of Alternaria toxins in food.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ádam Tölgyesi
- Mertcontroll Ltd., Szabadság street 13, 2144 Kerepes, Hungary
| | - Katrien Bouten
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Piotr Robouch
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
| | - Hendrik Emons
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC), Geel, Belgium
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Xu W, Hu Y, Wu M, Miao E, Zhou H, Zhang X, Zhan J. Determination of phenolic compounds in estuary water and sediment by solid-phase isotope dansylation coupled with liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1404-1411. [PMID: 33666211 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00079a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
A method consisting of solid-phase isotope dansylation (derivatization with dansyl chloride) and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) was developed for the quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds (phenols) in environmental samples. A magnetic-HLB (hydrophilic lipophilic balanced) material was synthesized and applied as an adsorbent in magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) for the enrichment of the analytical targets. Furthermore, with the solid-phase isotope labeling, the desalting and removal of labeling residuals could be simplified over conventional in-solution labeling. In addition to overcoming the matrix effect by isotope dansylation, the sensitivity for the analysis of phenols by LC-HRMS was remarkably improved by over 100-fold. The method was systematically verified, and good accuracy (86.5-104.9%) and precision (<8.6% and <11.4% for intra- and inter-day, respectively) were achieved for the tested 15 phenols. The limits of detection (LODs) of this method were estimated to be 0.2-5 ng L-1 and 5-100 ng kg-1 in estuary water and sediment samples, respectively. With this method, samples collected from the Daliao River estuary (Panjin, China) were analyzed. It was found that all of the targeted phenols were detected at concentrations ranging from unquantifiable to 485 ng L-1 (the total concentration of analytes found in each sample were in the range 822-957 ng L-1) and unquantifiable to 1368 ng kg-1 (the total concentration of analytes found in each sample were in the range 2251-2992 ng kg-1) in water and sediment, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxue Xu
- School of Ocean Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Panjin, 124221, China.
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Alternaria alternata Toxins Synergistically Activate the Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Pathway In Vitro. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10071018. [PMID: 32659980 PMCID: PMC7407958 DOI: 10.3390/biom10071018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria molds simultaneously produce a large variety of mycotoxins, of which several were previously reported to induce enzymes of phase I metabolism through aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation. Thus, we investigated the potential of naturally occurring Alternaria toxin mixtures to induce Cytochrome P450 (CYP) 1A1/1A2/1B1 activity. Two variants of an extract from cultured Alternaria alternata, as well as the toxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), altertoxin I (ATX-I), and altertoxin II (ATX-II), were tested singularly and in binary mixtures applying the 7-ethoxy-resorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Sub-cytotoxic concentrations of the two toxin mixtures, as well as ATX-I, ATX-II and AOH, exhibited dose-dependent enhancements of CYP 1 activity. ATX-I and ATX-II interacted synergistically in this respect, demonstrating the two perylene quinones as major contributors to the extract’s potential. Binary mixtures between AOH and the two altertoxins respectively exhibited concentration-dependent antagonistic as well as synergistic combinatory effects. Notably, AME showed no efficacy towards EROD enzyme activity or impact on other toxins’ efficacy. Hence, this study provides insights into synergistic and other combinatory effects of Alternaria toxins in natural co-occurrence scenarios in the context of AhR signalling pathway activation in breast cancer cells.
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Determination of Alternaria Toxins in Sunflower Oil by Liquid Chromatography Isotope Dilution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25071685. [PMID: 32272657 PMCID: PMC7180471 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25071685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria toxins have gained attention as a potential health risk and can be classified as emerging mycotoxins. As a result, they are candidates to be regulated by the European Commission. This paper describes a liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometric (LC-MS/MS) method for analyzing five Alternaria toxins in sunflower oil, which is a rather different type of sample to those matrices investigated in earlier published papers. An optimal sample preparation condition was achieved when samples were dissolved in n-hexane and extracted with methanol/water mixture, followed by sample pre-concentration with solvent evaporation. This study is the first focusing only on this lipophilic matrix and in using all corresponding isotopically labeled internal standards (ISTD) to compensate the matrix effect that strongly influences the LC-MS/MS analysis of toxins. Target compounds were separated on Zorbax Extend C-18 column enabling the analysis at alkaline pH of 8.8 that was necessary to obtain appropriate peak shape of tenuazonic acid and to separate the analytes at baseline. The method was validated according to the EU 2002/657/EC Decision and all the analytical performance characteristics met the requirements. The recovery was between 74% and 122% in fortified sunflower oil samples and the precision varied from 9% to 22%. The method was successfully demonstrated for sunflower seed quality check (QC) samples. Finally, 16 different sunflower oil samples were measured; and tenuazonic acid and tentoxin toxins were detected at levels close to LOQ concentrations.
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Miao E, Zhang N, Lu S, Hu Y, Fu L, Zhou H, Zhan J, Wu M. Solid phase “on-situ” quadraplex isotope dimethyl labeling for the analysis of biogenic amines in beers by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1613:460712. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2019.460712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Sebald MA, Gebauer J, Sommerfeld T, Koch M. First Synthesis of (-)-Altenuene-D 3 Suitable as Internal Standard for Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24244563. [PMID: 31842521 PMCID: PMC6943508 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24244563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolites from Alternaria fungi exhibit a variety of biological properties such as phytotoxic, cytotoxic, or antimicrobial activity. Optimization of a literature procedure culminated in an efficient total synthesis of (-)-altenuene as well as a stable isotope-labeled derivative suitable for implementation in a LC-MS/MS method for mycotoxin analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael A. Sebald
- HPC Standards GmbH, Am Wieseneck 7, D-04451 Borsdorf, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)34291-337236
| | - Julian Gebauer
- AnalytiCon Discovery GmbH, Hermannswerder Haus 17, D-14473 Potsdam, Germany;
| | - Thomas Sommerfeld
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Abteilung Analytische Chemie, Referenzmaterialien, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.)
| | - Matthias Koch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und –prüfung, Abteilung Analytische Chemie, Referenzmaterialien, Richard-Willstätter-Strasse 11, D-12489 Berlin-Adlershof, Germany; (T.S.); (M.K.)
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Gotthardt M, Asam S, Gunkel K, Moghaddam AF, Baumann E, Kietz R, Rychlik M. Quantitation of Six Alternaria Toxins in Infant Foods Applying Stable Isotope Labeled Standards. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:109. [PMID: 30787913 PMCID: PMC6373459 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria fungi are widely distributed saprophytes and plant pathogens. As pathogens, Alternaria fungi infect crops and vegetables and cause losses in the fields and during postharvest storage. While farmers suffer from declining yields, consumers are endangered by the formation of secondary metabolites, because some of these exhibit a pronounced toxicological potential. The evaluation of the toxicological capabilities is still ongoing and will contribute to a valid risk assessment. Additionally, data on the incidence and the quantity of Alternaria mycotoxins found in food products is necessary for dietary exposure evaluations. A sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the determination of the Alternaria mycotoxins alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethylether (AME), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I (ATX I), alterperylenol (ALTP), and tenuazonic acid (TA) was developed. AOH, AME, and TA were quantified using stable-isotopically labeled standards. TEN, ATX I, and ALTP were determined using matrix matched calibration. The developed method was validated by using starch and fresh tomato matrix and resulted in limits of detection ranging from 0.05 to 1.25 μg/kg for starch (as a model for cereals) and from 0.01 to 1.36 μg/kg for fresh tomatoes. Limits of quantification were determined between 0.16 and 4.13 μg/kg for starch and between 0.02 and 5.56 μg/kg for tomatoes. Recoveries varied between 83 and 108% for starch and between 95 and 111% for tomatoes. Intra-day precisions were below 4% and inter-day precisions varied from 3 to 8% in both matrices. Various cereal based infant foods, jars containing vegetables and fruits as well as tomato products for infants were analyzed for Alternaria mycotoxin contamination (n = 25). TA was the most frequently determined mycotoxin and was detected in much higher contents than the other toxins. AME and TEN were quantified in many samples, but in low concentrations, whereas AOH, ATX I, and ALTP were determined rarely, among which AOH had higher concentration. Some infant food products were highly contaminated with Alternaria mycotoxins and the consumption of these individual products might pose a risk to the health of infants. However, when the mean or median is considered, no toxicological risk was obvious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Gotthardt
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Stefan Asam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Klara Gunkel
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Atefeh Fooladi Moghaddam
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.,National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Elisabeth Baumann
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Kietz
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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A novel hapten and monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for simultaneous analysis of alternariol and alternariol monomethyl ether in wheat. Food Control 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2018.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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17
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Development and Application of a QuEChERS-Based Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry Method to Quantitate Multi-Component Alternaria Toxins in Jujube. Toxins (Basel) 2018; 10:toxins10100382. [PMID: 30248926 PMCID: PMC6220753 DOI: 10.3390/toxins10100382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A simple, rapid and efficient methodology was developed and validated for the analysis of four Alternaria toxins in jujube: Tenuazonic acid, alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin. Under the optimized extraction procedure, chromatographic conditions, and instrumental parameters, the four toxins were effectively extracted via a quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe (QuEChERS) method, and quantified by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS). Matrix-matched calibrations ranging from 0.01 to 0.5 μg mL−1 were conducted for the quantification due to the matrix effect. A blank jujube sample was spiked at 40, 80 and 160 μg kg−1, obtaining recoveries in the range of 83.5–109.6%. Limits of detection and limits of quantification were in the range of 0.14–0.26 and 0.47–0.87 μg kg−1, respectively. Finally, the developed method was applied for the quantification of the four toxins in 14 jujube samples, including black spot-infected and uninfected samples. Results showed that the predominant toxin detected in all the samples was tenuazonic acid, the content of which was associated with the infection level; alternariol, alternariol monomethyl ether, and tentoxin were detected in all the infected samples and some of the uninfected samples with rather low contents.
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Simple Solvent Extraction Coupled with Liquid Chromatography-High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Pesticide Residues in Rice Bran Protein Powder. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1221-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Puntscher H, Kütt ML, Skrinjar P, Mikula H, Podlech J, Fröhlich J, Marko D, Warth B. Tracking emerging mycotoxins in food: development of an LC-MS/MS method for free and modified Alternaria toxins. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:4481-4494. [PMID: 29766221 PMCID: PMC6021461 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1105-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins produced by Alternaria fungi are ubiquitous food contaminants, but analytical methods for generating comprehensive exposure data are rare. We describe the development of an LC-MS/MS method covering 17 toxins for investigating the natural occurrence of free and modified Alternaria toxins in tomato sauce, sunflower seed oil, and wheat flour. Target analytes included alternariol (AOH), AOH-3-glucoside, AOH-9-glucoside, AOH-3-sulfate, alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), AME-3-glucoside, AME-3-sulfate, altenuene, isoaltenuene, tenuazonic acid (TeA), tentoxin (TEN), altertoxin I and II, alterperylenol, stemphyltoxin III, altenusin, and altenuic acid III. Extensive optimization resulted in a time- and cost-effective sample preparation protocol and a chromatographic baseline separation of included isomers. Overall, adequate limits of detection (0.03–9 ng/g) and quantitation (0.6–18 ng/g), intermediate precision (9–44%), and relative recovery values (75–100%) were achieved. However, stemphyltoxin III, AOH-3-sulfate, AME-3-sulfate, altenusin, and altenuic acid III showed recoveries in wheat flour below 70%, while their performance was stable and reproducible. Our pilot study with samples from the Austrian retail market demonstrated that tomato sauces (n = 12) contained AOH, AME, TeA, and TEN in concentrations up to 20, 4, 322, and 0.6 ng/g, while sunflower seed oil (n = 7) and wheat flour samples (n = 9) were contaminated at comparatively lower levels. Interestingly and of relevance for risk assessment, AOH-9-glucoside, discovered for the first time in naturally contaminated food items, and AME-3-sulfate were found in concentrations similar to their parent toxins. In conclusion, the established multi-analyte method proved to be fit for purpose for generating comprehensive Alternaria toxin occurrence data in different food matrices. ᅟ ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Puntscher
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mary-Liis Kütt
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Philipp Skrinjar
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hannes Mikula
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joachim Podlech
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Johannes Fröhlich
- Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien), Getreidemarkt 9, 1060, Vienna, Austria
| | - Doris Marko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Benedikt Warth
- Department of Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Vienna, Währingerstr. 38, 1090, Vienna, Austria.
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Pan TT, Sun DW, Pu H, Wei Q. Simple Approach for the Rapid Detection of Alternariol in Pear Fruit by Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering with Pyridine-Modified Silver Nanoparticles. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2018; 66:2180-2187. [PMID: 29443523 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b05664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A simple method based on surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was developed for the rapid determination of alternariol (AOH) in pear fruits using an easily prepared silver-nanoparticle (AgNP) substrate. The AgNP substrate was modified by pyridine to circumvent the weak affinity of the AOH molecules to the silver surface and to improve the sensitivity of detection. Quantitative analysis was performed in AOH solutions at concentrations ranging from 3.16 to 316.0 μg/L, and the limit of detection was 1.30 μg/L. The novel method was also applied to the detection of AOH residues in pear fruits purchased from the market and in pear fruits that were artificially inoculated with Alternaria alternata. AOH was not found in any of the fresh fruit, whereas it resided in the rotten and inoculated fruits. Finally, the SERS method was cross validated against HPLC. It was revealed that the SERS method has great potential utility in the rapid detection of AOH in pear fruits and other agricultural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Tiao Pan
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Da-Wen Sun
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Food Refrigeration and Computerized Food Technology (FRCFT), Agriculture and Food Science Centre , University College Dublin, National University of Ireland , Belfield , Dublin 4 , Ireland
| | - Hongbin Pu
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
| | - Qingyi Wei
- School of Food Science and Engineering , South China University of Technology , Guangzhou 510641 , China
- Academy of Contemporary Food Engineering , South China University of Technology, Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
- Engineering and Technological Research Centre of Guangdong Province on Intelligent Sensing and Process Control of Cold Chain Foods , Guangzhou Higher Education Mega Center , Guangzhou 510006 , China
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21
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Large-scale total synthesis of 13C3-labeled citrinin and its metabolite dihydrocitrinone. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:141-150. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-018-0308-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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22
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Rychlik M, Kanawati B, Schmitt-Kopplin P. Foodomics as a promising tool to investigate the mycobolome. Trends Analyt Chem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2017.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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23
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Berthiller F, Brera C, Iha M, Krska R, Lattanzio V, MacDonald S, Malone R, Maragos C, Solfrizzo M, Stranska-Zachariasova M, Stroka J, Tittlemier S. Developments in mycotoxin analysis: an update for 2015-2016. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2017. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2016.2138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This review summarises developments in the determination of mycotoxins over a period between mid-2015 and mid-2016. Analytical methods to determine aflatoxins, Alternaria toxins, ergot alkaloids, fumonisins, ochratoxins, patulin, trichothecenes and zearalenone are covered in individual sections. Advances in proper sampling strategies are discussed in a dedicated section, as are methods used to analyse botanicals and spices and newly developed liquid chromatography mass spectrometry based multi-mycotoxin methods. This critical review aims to briefly discuss the most important recent developments and trends in mycotoxin determination as well as to address limitations of presented methodologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- F. Berthiller
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - C. Brera
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety – GMO and Mycotoxins Unit, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - M.H. Iha
- Adolfo Lutz Institute of Ribeirão Preto, Nucleous of Chemistry and Bromatology Science, Rua Minas 866, Ribeirão Preto, SP 14085-410, Brazil
| | - R. Krska
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mycotoxin Metabolism and Center for Analytical Chemistry, Department of Agrobiotechnology (IFA-Tulln), University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Konrad Lorenz Str. 20, 3430 Tulln, Austria
| | - V.M.T. Lattanzio
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - S. MacDonald
- Fera Science Ltd., Sand Hutton, York YO41 1LZ, United Kingdom
| | - R.J. Malone
- Trilogy Analytical Laboratory, 870 Vossbrink Dr, Washington, MO 63090, USA
| | - C. Maragos
- USDA-ARS-NCAUR, Mycotoxin Prevention and Applied Microbiology Research Unit, 1815 N. University St, Peoria, IL 61604, USA
| | - M. Solfrizzo
- National Research Council, Institute of Sciences of Food Production, Via Amendola 122/o, 700126 Bari, Italy
| | - M. Stranska-Zachariasova
- Department of Food Analysis and Nutrition, Faculty of Food and Biochemical Technology, University of Chemistry and Technology, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - J. Stroka
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Retieseweg, 2440 Geel, Belgium
| | - S.A. Tittlemier
- Canadian Grain Commission, Grain Research Laboratory, 1404-303 Main St, Winnipeg, MB R3C 3G8, Canada
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24
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Abstract
Alternariais one of the major mycotoxigenic fungal genera with more than 70 reported metabolites.Alternariamycotoxins showed notably toxicity, such as mutagenicity, carcinogenicity, induction of DNA strand break, sphingolipid metabolism disruption, or inhibition of enzymes activity and photophosphorylation. This review reports on the toxicity, stability, metabolism, current analytical methods, and prevalence ofAlternariamycotoxins in food and feed through the most recent published research. Half of the publications were focused on fruits, vegetables, and derived products—mainly tomato and apples—while cereals and cereal by-products represented 38%. The most studied compounds were alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tentoxin, and tenuazonic acid, but altenuene, altertoxins (I, II, and III), and macrosporin have been gaining importance in recent years. Solid-liquid extraction (50%) with acetonitrile or ethyl acetate was the most common extraction methodology, followed by QuEChERS and dilution-direct injection (both 14%). High- and ultraperformance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was the predominant determination technique (80%). The highest levels of alternariol and alternariol methyl ether were found in lentils, oilseeds, tomatoes, carrots, juices, wines, and cereals. Tenuazonic acid highest levels were detected in cereals followed by beer, while alternariol, alternariol methyl ether, tenuazonic acid, and tentoxin were found in legumes, nuts, and oilseeds.
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Zwickel T, Kahl SM, Klaffke H, Rychlik M, Müller MEH. Spotlight on the Underdogs-An Analysis of Underrepresented Alternaria Mycotoxins Formed Depending on Varying Substrate, Time and Temperature Conditions. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8110344. [PMID: 27869760 PMCID: PMC5127140 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8110344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2016] [Revised: 11/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternaria (A.) is a genus of widespread fungi capable of producing numerous, possibly health-endangering Alternaria toxins (ATs), which are usually not the focus of attention. The formation of ATs depends on the species and complex interactions of various environmental factors and is not fully understood. In this study the influence of temperature (7 °C, 25 °C), substrate (rice, wheat kernels) and incubation time (4, 7, and 14 days) on the production of thirteen ATs and three sulfoconjugated ATs by three different Alternaria isolates from the species groups A. tenuissima and A. infectoria was determined. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry was used for quantification. Under nearly all conditions, tenuazonic acid was the most extensively produced toxin. At 25 °C and with increasing incubation time all toxins were formed in high amounts by the two A. tenuissima strains on both substrates with comparable mycotoxin profiles. However, for some of the toxins, stagnation or a decrease in production was observed from day 7 to 14. As opposed to the A. tenuissima strains, the A. infectoria strain only produced low amounts of ATs, but high concentrations of stemphyltoxin III. The results provide an essential insight into the quantitative in vitro AT formation under different environmental conditions, potentially transferable to different field and storage conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Zwickel
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany.
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Alte Akademie 10, Freising 85354, Germany.
| | - Sandra M Kahl
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg 15374, Germany.
- University of Potsdam, Maulbeerallee 1, Potsdam 14469, Germany.
| | - Horst Klaffke
- Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Max-Dohrn-Str 8-10, Berlin 10589, Germany.
| | - Michael Rychlik
- Technische Universität München, Chair of Analytical Food Chemistry, Alte Akademie 10, Freising 85354, Germany.
| | - Marina E H Müller
- Leibniz-Centre for Agricultural Landscape Research (ZALF), Institute of Landscape Biogeochemistry, Eberswalder Str. 84, Müncheberg 15374, Germany.
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27
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Risk evaluation of the Alternaria mycotoxin tenuazonic acid in foods for adults and infants and subsequent risk management. Food Control 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2016.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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28
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Ayrton ST, Cooks RG, Pugia M. Molecular labels for analysis of amines and diols by spray based ionization-mass spectrometry. Analyst 2016; 141:5398-403. [PMID: 27352128 DOI: 10.1039/c6an00907g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A family of imidazolium and pyridinium salts was synthesized for the purpose of labeling amines and 1,2-diols for highly sensitivite analysis by mass spectrometry. The chosen mass labels are shown to serve as effective reporters when bound to particles functionalized with amines or 1,2-diols and the binding is reversible. The straightforward synthetic route allows analogous internal standards to be generated quickly. Solvents amenable to electrospray ionization facilitate the rapid liberation of imidazolium and pyridinium mass labels from particles by hydrolysis in aqueous acid, while the acetal bond remains stable in anhydrous or buffered aqueous solution. Detection of the labels is demonstrated at 1 nM and quantitation of mass labels released from particles is also demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Ayrton
- Purdue University Department of Chemistry, 560 Oval Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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Development of a high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry based analysis for the simultaneous quantification of various Alternaria toxins in wine, vegetable juices and fruit juices. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1455:74-85. [PMID: 27283097 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.04.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 04/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
An analytical method based on high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) detection for the simultaneous quantification of 12 Alternaria toxins in wine, vegetable juices and fruit juices was developed. Excellent chromatographic performance was demonstrated for tenuazonic acid (TeA) in a multi-analyte method. This comprehensive study is also the first to report the determination of TeA, alternariol (AOH), alternariol monomethyl ether (AME), tentoxin (TEN) and altenuene (ALT), altertoxin I (ATX-I), altertoxin II (ATX-II), altenuisol (ATL), iso-altenuene (isoALT), altenuic acid III (AA-III) and the AAL toxins TB1 und TB2 in samples from the German market. Several types of HPLC columns were tested for the liquid chromatographic separation of the toxins of interest that widely differ in their polarities. The focus was on gaining suitable retention while avoiding derivatization steps especially for TeA and AA-III. Three atmospheric pressure ionization techniques used with liquid chromatography (electrospray, chemical and photo ionization) were tested to obtain the best selectivity and sensitivity. Samples were diluted with sodium hydrogen carbonate buffer and extracted on a diatomaceous earth solid phase extraction cartridge. Method validation was carried out by using tomato juice, citrus juice and white wine as blank matrices. Limits of detection ranged from 0.10 to 0.59μgL(-1) and limits of quantification ranged from 0.4-3.1μgL(-1) depending on the toxin and matrix. Recoveries were around 100±9% for all toxins except stemphyltoxin III (STTX-III) and altenusin (ALS) due to instability during sample clean up. Matrix-induced effects leading to ion suppression especially for ATX-I, ATX-II and AA-III were investigated. Relative standard deviations of repeatability (RSDr) and intermediate reproducibility (RSDR) were ≤9.3 and ≤17.1, respectively, for the toxins in different matrices at levels of 5 and 30μgL(-1). Finally, 103 commercially obtained wine and juice samples from the German market in 2015 were analysed. TeA was found most frequently (68% of all analysed samples) in concentrations of up to 60.0μgL(-1). AOH, AME and TEN were detected in fewer samples (37%, 16% and 30%) at lower concentrations of up to 8.2, 1.5 and 10.3μgL(-1), respectively. AA-III and ATL were detected for the first time in 3% and 17% of food all samples, in concentrations of up to 6.0μgL(-1) and 5.9μgL(-1), respectively.
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30
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Determination of Alternaria mycotoxins in wine and juice using ionic liquid modified countercurrent chromatography as a pretreatment method followed by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr A 2016; 1436:133-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2016.01.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 01/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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