1
|
Zhang Y, Wang G. A hydroxyl-rich covalent organic framework for the precisely selective fluorescence sensing of explosives with high sensitivity. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2024; 318:124483. [PMID: 38788503 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2024.124483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Revised: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Covalent organic Frameworks (COFs) have become a new platform for functional research and material design. A novel covalent organic skeleton (DHB-TFP COF) was synthesized from 2-hydroxybenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde and 3,3'-dihydroxybenzidine using Schiff base reaction. DHB-TFP COF is a highly stable porous crystalline material and exhibits exceptional thermal and chemical resistance. DHB-TFP COF exhibited a selective and sensitive "turn-off" fluorescence response to 4-NP in ethanol, and TNP not only significantly quenched the fluorescence of DHB-TFP COF but also caused the obvious red-shift. The fluorescence intensity of DHB-TFP COF exhibited a linear correlation with the concentration of 4-NP with a detection limit of 0.40 μM. Furthermore, the maximum fluorescence peak observed for DHB-TFP COF demonstrated a linear relationship with TNP concentration with a detection limit of 11.15 μM. DHB-TFP COF exhibited satisfactory recovery in the detection of 4-NP and TNP in actual water sample indicating its practical application potential. The O atoms of rich hydroxyl and N atoms of C = N present on the surface of DHB-TFP COF scaffold can establish strong hydrogen bonds with 4-NP and TNP, facilitating their mutual interaction. The spectra studies indicated that the fluorescence quenching mechanism can be attributed to the absorption competitive quenching (ACQ) and fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) mechanism. This study not only proposed the approach for synthesizing novel structured organic frameworks, but also developed a highly selective and sensitive fluorescence chemical sensor for identifying and detecting 4-NP and TNP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China
| | - Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130024, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Sharma B, Gadi R. Analytical Tools and Methods for Explosive Analysis in Forensics: A Critical Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2023:1-27. [PMID: 37934616 DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2023.2274927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes (i) compositions and types of improvised explosive devices; (ii) the process of collection, extraction and analysis of explosive evidence encountered in explosive and related cases; (iii) inter-comparison of analytical techniques; (iv) the challenges and prospects of explosive detection technology. The highlights of this study include extensive information regarding the National & International standards specified by USEPA, ASTM, and so on, for explosives detection. The holistic development of analytical tools for explosive analysis ranging from conventional methods to advanced analytical tools is also covered in this article. The most important aspect of this review is to make forensic scientists familiar with the challenges during explosive analysis and the steps to avoid them. The problems during analysis can be analyte-based, that is, interferences due to matrix or added molding/stabilizing agents, trace amount of parent explosives in post-blast samples and many more. Others are techniques-based challenges viz. specificity, selectivity, and sensitivity of the technique. Thus, it has become a primary concern to adopt rapid, field deployable, and highly sensitive techniques.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bhumika Sharma
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Department of Applied Sciences & Humanities, Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, Delhi, India
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren Y, Ma Z, Gao T, Liang Y. Advance Progress on Luminescent Sensing of Nitroaromatics by Crystalline Lanthanide-Organic Complexes. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114481. [PMID: 37298958 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Water environment pollution is becoming an increasingly serious issue due to industrial pollutants with the rapid development of modern industry. Among many pollutants, the toxic and explosive nitroaromatics are used extensively in the chemical industry, resulting in environmental pollution of soil and groundwater. Therefore, the detection of nitroaromatics is of great significance to environmental monitoring, citizen life and homeland security. Lanthanide-organic complexes with controllable structural features and excellent optical performance have been rationally designed and successfully prepared and used as lanthanide-based sensors for the detection of nitroaromatics. This review will focus on crystalline luminescent lanthanide-organic sensing materials with different dimensional structures, including the 0D discrete structure, 1D and 2D coordination polymers and the 3D framework. Large numbers of studies have shown that several nitroaromatics could be detected by crystalline lanthanide-organic-complex-based sensors, for instance, nitrobenzene (NB), nitrophenol (4-NP or 2-NP), trinitrophenol (TNP) and so on. The various fluorescence detection mechanisms were summarized and sorted out in the review, which might help researchers or readers to comprehensively understand the mechanism of the fluorescence detection of nitroaromatics and provide a theoretical basis for the rational design of new crystalline lanthanide-organic complex-based sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yixia Ren
- Laboratory of New Energy and New Function Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Zhihu Ma
- Laboratory of New Energy and New Function Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Ting Gao
- Laboratory of New Energy and New Function Materials, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Chemical Reaction Engineering, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yan'an University, Yan'an 716000, China
| | - Yucang Liang
- Institut für Anorganische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-Based sensing for detection of explosives: Current perspectives and future applications. Trends Analyt Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2022.116694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
5
|
Qi P, Qian W, Guo L, Xue J, Zhang N, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Zhang Z, Lin L, Sun C, Zhu L, Liu W. Sensing with Femtosecond Laser Filamentation. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:s22187076. [PMID: 36146424 PMCID: PMC9504994 DOI: 10.3390/s22187076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Femtosecond laser filamentation is a unique nonlinear optical phenomenon when high-power ultrafast laser propagation in all transparent optical media. During filamentation in the atmosphere, the ultrastrong field of 1013-1014 W/cm2 with a large distance ranging from meter to kilometers can effectively ionize, break, and excite the molecules and fragments, resulting in characteristic fingerprint emissions, which provide a great opportunity for investigating strong-field molecules interaction in complicated environments, especially remote sensing. Additionally, the ultrastrong intensity inside the filament can damage almost all the detectors and ignite various intricate higher order nonlinear optical effects. These extreme physical conditions and complicated phenomena make the sensing and controlling of filamentation challenging. This paper mainly focuses on recent research advances in sensing with femtosecond laser filamentation, including fundamental physics, sensing and manipulating methods, typical filament-based sensing techniques and application scenarios, opportunities, and challenges toward the filament-based remote sensing under different complicated conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Qi
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Wenqi Qian
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lanjun Guo
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiayun Xue
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yuezheng Wang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Zeliang Zhang
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lie Lin
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Changlin Sun
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Micro-Scale Optical Information Science and Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Liguo Zhu
- National Key Laboratory of Shock Wave and Detonation Physics, Institute of Fluid Physics, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang 621900, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Institute of Modern Optics, Eye Institute, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Sensor and Sensing Network Technology, Tianjin 300350, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Thippeswamy M, Naik L, Maridevarmath C, Savanur HM, Malimath G. Studies on the characterisation of thiophene substituted 1,3,4-oxadiazole derivative for the highly selective and sensitive detection of picric acid. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
7
|
Asad M, Wang YJ, Wang S, Dong QG, Li LK, Majeed S, Wang QY, Zang SQ. Hydrazone connected stable luminescent covalent-organic polymer for ultrafast detection of nitro-explosives. RSC Adv 2021; 11:39270-39277. [PMID: 35492474 PMCID: PMC9044423 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08009a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Developing promising luminescent probes for the selective sensing of nitro-explosives remains a challenging issue. Porous luminescent covalent–organic polymers are one of the excellent sensing probes for trace hazardous materials. Herein, fluorescent monomers 1,1,2,2-tetrakis(4-formyl-(1,1′-biphenyl))ethane (TFBE) and 1,3,5-benzenetricarboxylic acid trihydrazide (BTCH) were selected to build a novel hydrazone connected stable luminescent covalent–organic polymer (H-COP) of high stability by typical Schiff-base reaction. The N2 sorption study, BET surface area analysis, and TGA profile indicate the porosity and stability of this H-COP material. Such properties of the H-COP material enable a unique sensing platform for nitro-explosives with great sensitivity (Ksv ∼ 106 M) and selectivity up to μM. This polymer material shows attractive selectivity and sensitivity towards phenolic nitro-explosives and other common explosives among earlier reported COP-based sensors. A novel H-COP was synthesized through Schiff-base condensation reaction, which shows high sensitivity (Ksv ∼ 106 M−1) and selectivity (μM level) towards nitro-explosives.![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Asad
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Ya-Jie Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shan Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Qing-Guo Dong
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Lin-Ke Li
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Saadat Majeed
- Institute of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan
| | - Qian-You Wang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| | - Shuang-Quan Zang
- Henan Key Laboratory of Crystalline Molecular Functional Materials, Henan International Joint Laboratory of Tumor Theranostical Cluster Materials, Green Catalysis Center, College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University Zhengzhou 450001 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kottapalli K, Novosselov IV. Aerodynamic resuspension and contact removal of energetic particles from smooth, rough, and fibrous surfaces. Talanta 2021; 231:122356. [PMID: 33965023 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2021.122356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Surface sampling for trace explosives residues is a critical step in the security screening in which microparticles are collected for subsequent chemical analysis. The current surface swabbing approach suffers from limited sampling area coverage, uncertainty in harvesting efficiencies, and user bias. Non-contact sampling has received interest due to its ability to interrogate large surface areas without the redeposition of the collected sample. However, the aerodynamic liberation of energetic particles from different types of substrates has not been parameterized or directly compared with the contact sampling methods. Here, we report aerodynamic resuspension rates of TNT, RDX, and HMX microparticles from smooth, rough, and fibrous surfaces. The resuspension thresholds are correlated to the boundary layer properties, i.e., wall shear stresses (τw = 50-500Pa). These rates are then compared to contact sampling for five commercial swabs using a standardized swabbing method. LC-MS analysis is used for the quantification of particle removal efficiencies. Contact sampling has an advantage over the low shear stress cases for particle liberation from the smooth surfaces. Aerodynamic particle resuspension rates increase with the wall shear stress. It shows better results for rough and fibrous surfaces than contact removal for tested analytes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kalyan Kottapalli
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Washington, 4000 15th Ave NE, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
| | - Igor V Novosselov
- MEB 309, Department of Mechanical Engineering, 3900 E Stevens Way NE, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Sacco MA, Ricci P, Gratteri S, Scalise C, Aquila I. The forensic analysis of homemade explosive suicides: Case report and systematic review of the literature. J Forensic Sci 2021; 66:2013-2019. [PMID: 34042187 DOI: 10.1111/1556-4029.14757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The illegal construction of explosive devices for recreational purposes has become increasingly widespread in recent years. This phenomenon is spurred on by numerous websites that explain how to build a self-made device. The correlation between the use of firearms and suicide is known in the literature, but the use of explosive devices and self-harm is little studied. Unfortunately, the risk associated with the manufacture of homemade explosives is poorly known. For this purpose, we describe a rare suicide carried out by a man suffering from depressive disorder with psychotic and delusional features. The forensic investigations at the scene showed that the man had designed a homemade device, and disseminated numerous suicide notes in his home, transcribed in the previous weeks in which he revealed his suicidal motivation. Crime scene investigation showed on the body and on the road in front of the explosion point: multiple fragments of glass (zone 1), a lighter with blood stains (zone 2), and shreds of clothing scattered along the road (zone 3). Autopsy revealed that the cause of death was extensive blunt injury to head and trunk due to barotrauma due to the explosion of a homemade device. The case is compared with data from a systematic review of the forensic literature on suicides involving explosives. The study proposes the analysis of planimetric areas in these crime scene investigations and active surveillance in these subjects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Antonio Sacco
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Pietrantonio Ricci
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Santo Gratteri
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Scalise
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Isabella Aquila
- Department of Surgical and Medical Sciences, Institute of Legal Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Paper spray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (PSI-HRMS) of peroxide explosives in biological matrices. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:3069-3079. [PMID: 33723626 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03244-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitigation of the peroxide explosive threat, specifically triacetone triperoxide (TATP) and hexamethylene triperoxide diamine (HMTD), is a priority among the law enforcement community, as scientists and canine (K9) units are constantly working to improve detection. We propose the use of paper spray ionization-high-resolution mass spectrometry (PSI-HRMS) for detection of peroxide explosives in biological matrices. Occurrence of peroxide explosives and/or their metabolites in biological samples, obtained from urine or blood tests, give scientific evidence of peroxide explosives exposure. PSI-HRMS promote analysis of samples in situ by eliminating laborious sample preparation steps. However, it increases matrix background issues, which were overcome by the formation of multiple alkali metal adducts with the peroxide explosives. Multiple ion formation increases confidence when identifying these peroxide explosives in direct sample analysis. Our previous work examined aspects of TATP metabolism. Herein, we investigate the excretion of a TATP glucuronide conjugate in the urine of bomb-sniffing dogs and demonstrate its detection using PSI from the in vivo sample.
Collapse
|
11
|
Nawaz MAH, Meng L, Zhou H, Ren J, Shahzad SA, Hayat A, Yu C. Tetraphenylethene probe based fluorescent silica nanoparticles for the selective detection of nitroaromatic explosives. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:825-831. [PMID: 33502411 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01945c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A simple and sensitive fluorometric method is developed utilizing aggregation-induced emission probe based silica nanoparticles for the detection of nitroaromatic explosives. A positively charged tetraphenylethene based probe (TPE-C2-2+) is doped into silica nanoparticles exploiting electrostatic interactions to produce TPE-SiO2 nanoparticles with a uniform particle size. The TPE-SiO2 nanoparticles exhibit strong fluorescence emission due to the aggregation-induced emission (AIE) effect of the doped TPE probe. The fluorescence emission of TPE-SiO2 offers quantitative and sensitive response to picric acid (PA), 2,4-dinitrotoluene (DNT) and 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) which are used as model examples of nitroaromatic compounds. The fluorescence spectroscopy results show that the fluorescence emission of TPE-SiO2 was greatly quenched in the presence of the electron-poor nitroaromatic compounds due to the inner filter effect (IFE) and possibly the contact quenching mechanism. TPE-SiO2 nanoparticles show better sensitivity towards PA and could detect PA down to 0.01 μM with a linear detection range of 0.1-50 μM. The increased chemical stability, efficient high sensitivity and simple synthesis of the TPE-SiO2 nanoparticles demonstrate that they can be used as an excellent fluorescent probe for a wide range of electron-poor compounds, i.e. nitroaromatic compounds. Interference studies show that common interfering species with nitroexplosives such as acids, bases, volatile organic compounds, and salt solutions have a negligible effect during the sensing process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Azhar Hayat Nawaz
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, PR China.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
To KC, Ben-Jaber S, Parkin IP. Recent Developments in the Field of Explosive Trace Detection. ACS NANO 2020; 14:10804-10833. [PMID: 32790331 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c01579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Explosive trace detection (ETD) technologies play a vital role in maintaining national security. ETD remains an active research area with many analytical techniques in operational use. This review details the latest advances in animal olfactory, ion mobility spectrometry (IMS), and Raman and colorimetric detection methods. Developments in optical, biological, electrochemical, mass, and thermal sensors are also covered in addition to the use of nanomaterials technology. Commercially available systems are presented as examples of current detection capabilities and as benchmarks for improvement. Attention is also drawn to recent collaborative projects involving government, academia, and industry to highlight the emergence of multimodal screening approaches and applications. The objective of the review is to provide a comprehensive overview of ETD by highlighting challenges in ETD and providing an understanding of the principles, advantages, and limitations of each technology and relating this to current systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ka Chuen To
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| | - Sultan Ben-Jaber
- Department of Science and Forensics, King Fahad Security College, Riyadh 13232, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ivan P Parkin
- Department of Chemistry, University College London, 20 Gordon Street, Bloomsbury, London WC1H 0AJ, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cole-Filipiak NC, Knepper R, Wood M, Ramasesha K. Sub-picosecond to Sub-nanosecond Vibrational Energy Transfer Dynamics in Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6664-6669. [PMID: 32787226 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The time scale associated with shock-induced detonation is a key property of energetic materials that remains poorly understood. Herein, we test aspects of one potential mechanism, the phonon up-pumping mechanism, where shock compression excites lattice phonon modes, transferring energy to intramolecular vibrations leading to chemical bond cleavage and reaction. Using ultrafast infrared pump-probe spectroscopy on pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), we reveal sub-picosecond vibrational energy transfer (VET) from the photoexcited band at 1660 cm-1 into every other infrared-active mode in the probed frequency range 800-1800 cm-1. Energy transfer processes remain incomplete at 150 ps. Computational predictions from density functional theory are used in tandem to elucidate VET pathways in PETN.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Neil C Cole-Filipiak
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| | - Robert Knepper
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Mitchell Wood
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Krupa Ramasesha
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, California 94551, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Fast Detection of 2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene (TNT) at ppt Level by a Laser-Induced Immunofluorometric Biosensor. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10080089. [PMID: 32764236 PMCID: PMC7460505 DOI: 10.3390/bios10080089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The illegal use of explosives by terrorists and other criminals is an increasing issue in public spaces, such as airports, railway stations, highways, sports venues, theaters, and other large buildings. Security in these environments can be achieved by different means, including the installation of scanners and other analytical devices to detect ultra-small traces of explosives in a very short time-frame to be able to take action as early as possible to prevent the detonation of such devices. Unfortunately, an ideal explosive detection system still does not exist, which means that a compromise is needed in practice. Most detection devices lack the extreme analytical sensitivity, which is nevertheless necessary due to the low vapor pressure of nearly all explosives. In addition, the rate of false positives needs to be virtually zero, which is also very difficult to achieve. Here we present an immunosensor system based on kinetic competition, which is known to be very fast and may even overcome affinity limitation, which impairs the performance of many traditional competitive assays. This immunosensor consists of a monolithic glass column with a vast excess of immobilized hapten, which traps the fluorescently labeled antibody as long as no explosive is present. In the case of the explosive 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), some binding sites of the antibody will be blocked, which leads to an immediate breakthrough of the labeled protein, detectable by highly sensitive laser-induced fluorescence with the help of a Peltier-cooled complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) camera. Liquid handling is performed with high-precision syringe pumps and chip-based mixing-devices and flow-cells. The system achieved limits of detection of 1 pM (1 ppt) of the fluorescent label and around 100 pM (20 ppt) of TNT. The total assay time is less than 8 min. A cross-reactivity test with 5000 pM solutions showed no signal by pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), 1,3,5-trinitroperhydro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX), and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX). This immunosensor belongs to the most sensitive and fastest detectors for TNT with no significant cross-reactivity by non-related compounds. The consumption of the labeled antibody is surprisingly low: 1 mg of the reagent would be sufficient for more than one year of continuous biosensor operation.
Collapse
|
15
|
Klapec DJ, Czarnopys G, Pannuto J. Interpol review of detection and characterization of explosives and explosives residues 2016-2019. Forensic Sci Int Synerg 2020; 2:670-700. [PMID: 33385149 PMCID: PMC7770463 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsisyn.2020.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This review paper covers the forensic-relevant literature for the analysis and detection of explosives and explosives residues from 2016-2019 as a part of the 19th Interpol International Forensic Science Managers Symposium. The review papers are also available at the Interpol website at: https://www.interpol.int/Resources/Documents#Publications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas J. Klapec
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Greg Czarnopys
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| | - Julie Pannuto
- United States Department of Justice, Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives, Forensic Science Laboratory, 6000 Ammendale Road, Ammendale, MD, 20705, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wu J, Zhang L, Huang F, Ji X, Dai H, Wu W. Surface enhanced Raman scattering substrate for the detection of explosives: Construction strategy and dimensional effect. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 387:121714. [PMID: 31818672 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) technology has been reported to be able to quickly and non-destructively identify target analytes. SERS substrate with high sensitivity and selectivity gave SERS technology a broad application prospect. This contribution aims to provide a detailed and systematic review of the current state of research on SERS-based explosive sensors, with particular attention to current research advances. This review mainly focuses on the strategies for improving SERS performance and the SERS substrates with different dimensions including zero-dimensional (0D) nanocolloids, one-dimensional (1D) nanowires and nanorods, two-dimensional (2D) arrays, and three-dimensional (3D) networks. The effects of elemental composition, the shape and size of metal nanoparticles, hot-spot structure and surface modification on the performance of explosive detection are also reviewed. In addition, the future development tendency and application of SERS-based explosive sensors are prospected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Organic Electronics and Information, National Jiangsu Synergetic Innovation Center for Advanced Materials (SICAM), Nanjing University of Posts & Telecommunications, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Fang Huang
- College of Materials Engineering, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Xingxiang Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Hongqi Dai
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Weibing Wu
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, College of Light Industry and Food Engineering, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China; State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Identification and differentiation of commercial and military explosives via high performance liquid chromatography – high resolution mass spectrometry (HPLC-HRMS), X-ray diffractometry (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF): Towards a forensic substance database on explosives. Forensic Sci Int 2020; 308:110180. [DOI: 10.1016/j.forsciint.2020.110180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
|
18
|
Wang Q, Teng G, Li C, Zhao Y, Peng Z. Identification and classification of explosives using semi-supervised learning and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 369:423-429. [PMID: 30784972 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2018] [Revised: 02/02/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Public places are often under threat from explosion events, which pose health and safety risks to the public. Therefore, the detection of explosive materials has become an important concern in the fields of antiterrorism and security. Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) has been demonstrated to be useful in identifying explosives but has limitations. This study focuses on using semi-supervised learning combined with LIBS for explosive identification. Labeled data were utilized for the construction of a semi-supervised model for distinguishing explosive clusters and improving the accuracy of the K-nearest neighbor algorithm. The method requires only minimal prior information, and the time for obtaining a large amount of labeled data can be saved. The results of our investigation demonstrated that semi-supervised learning with LIBS can be used to discriminate explosives from interfering substances (plastics) containing similar components. The algorithm exhibits good robustness and practicability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Wang
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Geer Teng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Chenyu Li
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Yu Zhao
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China; School of Information and Communication Engineering, North University of China, Taiyuan, 030051, China
| | - Zhong Peng
- School of Optics and Photonics, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gilbert-López B, Lara-Ortega FJ, Robles-Molina J, Brandt S, Schütz A, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Franzke J. Detection of multiclass explosives and related compounds in soil and water by liquid chromatography-dielectric barrier discharge ionization-mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 411:4785-4796. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-01627-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
20
|
|
21
|
|
22
|
Shaik AK, Soma VR. Discrimination of bimetallic alloy targets using femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy in standoff mode. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3465-3468. [PMID: 30067686 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The femtosecond filament-induced breakdown spectroscopy (FIBS) technique coupled with principal component analysis (PCA) is demonstrated for standoff (ST) analysis of metals, alloys (Al, Cu, brass, stainless steel), and bimetallic strips (Ag@Cu, Ag@Au with varying weight percentages). The experiments were performed by analyzing the filament-produced plasma at ∼6.5 m from the laser. The plasma emissions were collected using a Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope (6″ f/10) at ∼8 m away. The variations in intensities of persistent atomic transitions in the FIBS spectra clearly reflected the varying weight percentage in bimetallic strips. Furthermore, PCA was successfully utilized to discriminate the metals, alloys, and bimetallic strips batch wise and altogether. Our results demonstrate the capability of femtosecond ST-FIBS for ST analytical applications.
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Ambient mass spectrometry has evolved rapidly over the past decade, yielding a plethora of platforms and demonstrating scientific advancements across a range of fields from biological imaging to rapid quality control. These techniques have enabled real-time detection of target analytes in an open environment with no sample preparation and can be coupled to any mass analyzer with an atmospheric pressure interface; capabilities of clear interest to the defense, customs and border control, transportation security, and forensic science communities. This review aims to showcase and critically discuss advances in ambient mass spectrometry for the trace detection of explosives.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Forbes
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Materials Measurement Science Division, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Shaik AK, Epuru NR, Syed H, Byram C, Soma VR. Femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy based standoff detection of explosives and discrimination using principal component analysis. OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 26:8069-8083. [PMID: 29715780 DOI: 10.1364/oe.26.008069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We report the standoff (up to ~2 m) and remote (~8.5 m) detection of novel high energy materials/explosive molecules (Nitroimidazoles and Nitropyrazoles) using the technique of femtosecond laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). We utilized two different collection systems (a) ME-OCT-0007 (commercially available) and (b) Schmidt-Cassegrain telescope for these experiments. In conjunction with LIBS data, principal component analysis was employed to discriminate/classify the explosives and the obtained results in both configurations are compared. Different aspects influencing the LIBS signal strength at far distances such as fluence at target, efficiency of collection system etc. are discussed.
Collapse
|
25
|
Kielmann M, Prior C, Senge MO. Porphyrins in troubled times: a spotlight on porphyrins and their metal complexes for explosives testing and CBRN defense. NEW J CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj04679k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A critical perspective on (metallo)porphyrins in security-related applications: the past, present and future of explosives detection, CBRN defense, and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marc Kielmann
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Caroline Prior
- School of Chemistry
- SFI Tetrapyrrole Laboratory
- Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| | - Mathias O. Senge
- Medicinal Chemistry
- Trinity Translational Medicine Institute
- Trinity Centre for Health Sciences
- Trinity College Dublin
- The University of Dublin
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Verbitskiy EV, Baranova AA, Lugovik KI, Khokhlov KO, Chuvashov RD, Dinastiya EM, Rusinov GL, Chupakhin ON, Charushin VN. Linear and V-shaped push–pull systems on a base of pyrimidine scaffold with a pyrene-donative fragment for detection of nitroaromatic compounds. JOURNAL OF THE IRANIAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s13738-017-1278-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
|
27
|
New 2 H -[1,2,3]triazolo[4,5- e ][1,2,4]triazolo[1,5- a ]pyrimidine derivatives as luminescent fluorophores for detection of nitroaromatic explosives. Tetrahedron 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2016.06.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
28
|
Giannoukos S, Brkić B, Taylor S, Marshall A, Verbeck GF. Chemical Sniffing Instrumentation for Security Applications. Chem Rev 2016; 116:8146-72. [PMID: 27388215 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.6b00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Border control for homeland security faces major challenges worldwide due to chemical threats from national and/or international terrorism as well as organized crime. A wide range of technologies and systems with threat detection and monitoring capabilities has emerged to identify the chemical footprint associated with these illegal activities. This review paper investigates artificial sniffing technologies used as chemical sensors for point-of-use chemical analysis, especially during border security applications. This article presents an overview of (a) the existing available technologies reported in the scientific literature for threat screening, (b) commercially available, portable (hand-held and stand-off) chemical detection systems, and (c) their underlying functional and operational principles. Emphasis is given to technologies that have been developed for in-field security operations, but laboratory developed techniques are also summarized as emerging technologies. The chemical analytes of interest in this review are (a) volatile organic compounds (VOCs) associated with security applications (e.g., illegal, hazardous, and terrorist events), (b) chemical "signatures" associated with human presence, and
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stamatios Giannoukos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Boris Brkić
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Stephen Taylor
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K.,Q-Technologies Ltd., 100 Childwall Road, Liverpool, L15 6UX, U.K
| | - Alan Marshall
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Electronics, University of Liverpool , Liverpool, L69 3GJ, U.K
| | - Guido F Verbeck
- Department of Chemistry, University of North Texas , Denton, Texas 76201, United States
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Hernández-Adame PL, Medina-Castro D, Rodriguez-Ibarra JL, Salas-Luevano MA, Vega-Carrillo HR. Design of an explosive detection system using Monte Carlo method. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 117:27-31. [PMID: 27102306 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2016.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 04/03/2016] [Accepted: 04/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Regardless the motivation terrorism is the most important risk for the national security in many countries. Attacks with explosives are the most common method used by terrorists. Therefore several procedures to detect explosives are utilized; among these methods are the use of neutrons and photons. In this study the Monte Carlo method an explosive detection system using a 241AmBe neutron source was designed. In the design light water, paraffin, polyethylene, and graphite were used as moderators. In the work the explosive RDX was used and the induced gamma rays due to neutron capture in the explosive was estimated using NaI(Tl) and HPGe detectors. When light water is used as moderator and HPGe as the detector the system has the best performance allowing distinguishing between the explosive and urea. For the final design the Ambient dose equivalent for neutrons and photons were estimated along the radial and axial axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Luis Hernández-Adame
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico.
| | - Diego Medina-Castro
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | | | - Miguel Angel Salas-Luevano
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| | - Hector Rene Vega-Carrillo
- Unidad Académica de Estudios Nucleares, Universidad Autonoma de Zacatecas, C. Ciprés, 10, 98068 Zacatecas, Zac., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Detection of nitroaromatic explosives by new D–π–A sensing fluorophores on the basis of the pyrimidine scaffold. Anal Bioanal Chem 2016; 408:4093-101. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-016-9501-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
|
31
|
Advances in explosives analysis--part II: photon and neutron methods. Anal Bioanal Chem 2015; 408:49-65. [PMID: 26446898 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-015-9043-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The number and capability of explosives detection and analysis methods have increased dramatically since publication of the Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry special issue devoted to Explosives Analysis [Moore DS, Goodpaster JV, Anal Bioanal Chem 395:245-246, 2009]. Here we review and critically evaluate the latest (the past five years) important advances in explosives detection, with details of the improvements over previous methods, and suggest possible avenues towards further advances in, e.g., stand-off distance, detection limit, selectivity, and penetration through camouflage or packaging. The review consists of two parts. Part I discussed methods based on animals, chemicals (including colorimetry, molecularly imprinted polymers, electrochemistry, and immunochemistry), ions (both ion-mobility spectrometry and mass spectrometry), and mechanical devices. This part, Part II, will review methods based on photons, from very energetic photons including X-rays and gamma rays down to the terahertz range, and neutrons.
Collapse
|