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Nguyen TTH, Nguyen CM, Huynh MA, Vu HH, Nguyen TK, Nguyen NT. Field effect transistor based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. J Nanobiotechnology 2023; 21:411. [PMID: 37936115 PMCID: PMC10629051 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-023-02153-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid advancement of wearable biosensors has revolutionized healthcare monitoring by screening in a non-invasive and continuous manner. Among various sensing techniques, field-effect transistor (FET)-based wearable biosensors attract increasing attention due to their advantages such as label-free detection, fast response, easy operation, and capability of integration. This review explores the innovative developments and applications of FET-based wearable biosensors for healthcare monitoring. Beginning with an introduction to the significance of wearable biosensors, the paper gives an overview of structural and operational principles of FETs, providing insights into their diverse classifications. Next, the paper discusses the fabrication methods, semiconductor surface modification techniques and gate surface functionalization strategies. This background lays the foundation for exploring specific FET-based biosensor designs, including enzyme, antibody and nanobody, aptamer, as well as ion-sensitive membrane sensors. Subsequently, the paper investigates the incorporation of FET-based biosensors in monitoring biomarkers present in physiological fluids such as sweat, tears, saliva, and skin interstitial fluid (ISF). Finally, we address challenges, technical issues, and opportunities related to FET-based biosensor applications. This comprehensive review underscores the transformative potential of FET-based wearable biosensors in healthcare monitoring. By offering a multidimensional perspective on device design, fabrication, functionalization and applications, this paper aims to serve as a valuable resource for researchers in the field of biosensing technology and personalized healthcare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Thanh-Ha Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Cong Minh Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Environment and Science (ESC), Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Minh Anh Huynh
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Hoang Huy Vu
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
- School of Engineering and Built Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Tuan-Khoa Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia
| | - Nam-Trung Nguyen
- Queensland Micro- and Nanotechnology Centre, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD, 4111, Australia.
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Rapid chloride and bicarbonate determination by capillary electrophoresis for confirmatory testing of cystic fibrosis infants with volume-limited sweat specimens. J Cyst Fibros 2023; 22:66-72. [PMID: 35577746 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcf.2022.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a debilitating genetic disorder that benefits from early detection. CF diagnosis relies on measuring elevated sweat chloride that is difficult in neonates with low sweat rates. We introduce a new method for sweat chloride determination from volume-limited specimens, and explore the potential utility of sweat bicarbonate in neonatal CF screening. Methods A rapid assay (< 5 min) was developed to analyze chloride and bicarbonate using capillary electrophoresis with indirect UV detection (CE-iUV). Pilocarpine-stimulated sweat samples from screen-positive CF infants were collected at two hospital sites, including confirmed CF (n = 12), CF screen-positive inconclusive diagnosis (n = 4), and unaffected non-CF cases (n = 37). All sweat chloride samples were analyzed by a coulometric titrator and CE-iUV, and the viability to measure acid-labile bicarbonate was also evaluated. Results Stability studies revealed that bicarbonate can be reliably assessed in sweat if acidification and heating were avoided. Method validation demonstrated that sweat chloride and bicarbonate were quantified with acceptable accuracy (recovery of 102%), precision (CV = 3.7%) and detection limits (∼ 0.1 mM). An inter-laboratory comparison confirmed a mean bias of 6.5% (n = 53) for sweat chloride determination by CE-iUV relative to a commercial chloridometer. However, sweat bicarbonate did not discriminate between CF and non-CF infants (AUC = 0.623, p = 0.215) unlike chloride (AUC = 1.00, p = 3.00 × 10-7). Conclusions CE-iUV offers a robust method for sweat chloride testing from presumptive CF infants that may reduce testing failure rates. However, sweat bicarbonate does not have clinical value in newborn CF diagnosis.
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Tůma P. Monitoring of biologically active substances in clinical samples by capillary and microchip electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1225:340161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.340161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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3D Printed Skin-Wash Sampler for Sweat Sampling in Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis Using Capillary Electrophoretic Ion Ratio Analysis. SEPARATIONS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/separations8120234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sweat chloride analysis is one of the important approaches in cystic fibrosis diagnosis. The commonly used Macroduct method to acquire sweat samples is semi-invasive, time consuming and expensive. Furthermore, this method often fails to collect a sufficient amount of sweat in newborns due to the insufficient sweating rate. In this work, we present a novel, simple, 3D-printed sampling device that is used to collect sweat specimens completely noninvasively in less than one minute. The device has a flow-through channel adjacent to the skin surface, through which 500 µL of deionized water is flushed and the spontaneously formed sweat on the skin in the channel area is washed into a plastic vial. The developed skin-wash procedure is a single step operation, is completely noninvasive and it always produces a sweat specimen. The ions from the skin-wash are subsequently analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and selected ion ratio (Cl−/K+) or ((Cl− + Na+)/K+) is used as a cut-off value to diagnose cystic fibrosis patients with sensitivity and specificity comparable to the conventional Macroduct method.
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Treggiari D, Tridello G, Menin L, Borruso A, Pintani E, Iansa P, Cipolli M, Melotti P. Role of sweat ion ratios in diagnosing cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2021; 56:2023-2028. [PMID: 33822490 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.25395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Sweat chloride (Cl- ) concentration is the gold standard for diagnosing cystic fibrosis (CF). This is, however, challenging among patients with borderline values. Previous studies have reported that the sweat Cl- /Na+ ratio may be useful for diagnosing CF; however, little is known about Cl- /K+ and (Cl- + Na+ )/K+ ratios. This study aimed to retrospectively define the most appropriate outcome of the sweat test. Samples of sweat were collected using the Gibson and Cooke method. Cl- , Na+ , and K+ were further quantified in 2084 participants-1283 CF and 801 non-CF-based on clinical diagnosis. Among those with borderline sweat Cl- values (n = 502), 34.8% had CF. In the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the area under the curve was calculated to evaluate the diagnostic value of the ion ratios. In the overall population, all the ratios significantly discriminated CF from non-CF, whereas in the borderline group, only Cl- /Na+ significantly discriminated CF and non-CF subjects, regardless of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davide Treggiari
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gloria Tridello
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Laura Menin
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Antonella Borruso
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Emily Pintani
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Patrizia Iansa
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Marco Cipolli
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Paola Melotti
- Centro Fibrosi Cistica, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata Verona, Verona, Italy
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Sweat metabolome and proteome: Recent trends in analytical advances and potential biological functions. J Proteomics 2021; 246:104310. [PMID: 34198014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Metabolome and proteome profiling of biofluids, e.g., urine, plasma, has generated vast and ever-increasing amounts of knowledge over the last few decades. Paradoxically, omics analyses of sweat, one of the most readily available human biofluids, have lagged behind. This review capitalizes on the current knowledge and state of the art analytical advances of sweat metabolomics and proteomics. Moreover, current applications of sweat omics such as the discovery of disease biomarkers and monitoring athletic performance are also presented in this review. Another area of emerging knowledge that has been highlighted herein lies in the role of skin host-microbiome interactions in shaping the sweat metabolite-protein profiles. Discussion of future research directions describes the need to have a better grasp of sweat chemicals and to better understand how they function as aided by advances in omics tools. Overall, the role of sweat as an information-rich biofluid that could complement the exploration of the skin metabolome/proteome is emphasized.
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Graf HG, Rudisch BM, Manegold J, Huhn C. Advancements in capacitance-to-digital converter-based C 4 D technology for detection in capillary electrophoresis using amplified excitation voltages and comparison to classical and open-source C 4 Ds. Electrophoresis 2021; 42:1306-1316. [PMID: 33710630 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202000394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This work introduces new hardware configurations for a capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4 D) based on capacitance-to-digital conversion (CDC) technology for CE. The aim was to improve sensitivity, handling, price, and portability of CDC-based C4 D detectors (CDCD) to reach LODs similar to classic C4 Ds with more sophisticated electric circuits. To achieve this, a systematic study on the CDCDs was carried out including a direct comparison to already established C4 D setups. Instrumental setups differing in electrode lengths, measurement modes, and amplification of excitation voltages were investigated to achieve LODs for alkali metal ions of 4 to 12 μM, similar to LODs obtained by classic C4 D setups. Lowest LODs were achieved for a setup with two 10 mm electrodes at a distance of 0.2 mm and an excitation voltage of 24 V. The detection head was exceptionally lightweight with only 2.6 g and covered only 20 mm of the capillary on total. This allowed the use of multiple detectors along the separation path to enable spatial tracking of analytes during separation. The entirely battery-powered detector assembly weighs less than 200 g, and the data are transmitted wirelessly for possible portable applications. The freely accessible hardware and software were optimized for fully automated measurements with real time data plotting and allowed handling multidetector setups. The new developments were applied to quantify the potassium salt of glyphosate in its herbicide formulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannes Georg Graf
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Johanna Manegold
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Carolin Huhn
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
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Hauke A, Oertel S, Knoke L, Fein V, Maier C, Brinkmann F, Jank MPM. Screen-Printed Sensor for Low-Cost Chloride Analysis in Sweat for Rapid Diagnosis and Monitoring of Cystic Fibrosis. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2020; 10:bios10090123. [PMID: 32933070 PMCID: PMC7558764 DOI: 10.3390/bios10090123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of sweat chloride levels in cystic fibrosis (CF) patients is essential not only for diagnosis but also for the monitoring of therapeutic responses to new drugs, such as cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) modulators and potentiators. Using iontophoresis as the gold standard can cause complications like burns, is uncomfortable, and requires repetitive hospital visits, which can be particularly problematic during a pandemic, where distancing and hygiene requirements are increased; therefore, it is necessary to develop fast and simple measures for the diagnosis and monitoring of CF. A screen-printed, low-cost chloride sensor was developed to remotely monitor CF patients. Using potentiometric measurements, the performance of the sensor was tested. It showed good sensitivity and a detection limit of 2.7 × 10-5 mol/L, which covered more than the complete concentration range of interest for CF diagnosis. Due to its fast response of 30 s, it competes well with standard sensor systems. It also offers significantly reduced costs and can be used as a portable device. The analysis of real sweat samples from healthy subjects, as well as CF patients, demonstrates a proper distinction using the screen-printed sensor. This approach presents an attractive remote measurement alternative for fast, simple, and low-cost CF diagnosis and monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia Hauke
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.O.); (M.P.M.J.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Susanne Oertel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.O.); (M.P.M.J.)
| | - Leona Knoke
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (L.K.); (V.F.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Vanessa Fein
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (L.K.); (V.F.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Christoph Maier
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (L.K.); (V.F.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Folke Brinkmann
- Department of Paediatric Pneumology, University Children’s Hospital, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44791 Bochum, Germany; (L.K.); (V.F.); (C.M.); (F.B.)
| | - Michael P. M. Jank
- Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology, 91058 Erlangen, Germany; (S.O.); (M.P.M.J.)
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Ďurč P, Foret F, Homola L, Malá M, Pokojová E, Vinohradská H, Dastych M, Krausová D, Nagy D, Bede O, Dřevínek P, Skalická V, Kubáň P. Skin wipe test: A simple, inexpensive, and fast approach in the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. Pediatr Pulmonol 2020; 55:1653-1660. [PMID: 32250037 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.24758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the performance of a newly developed skin wipe test (SWT) for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF). STUDY DESIGN Spontaneously formed sweat from the forearm was wiped by a cotton swab moistened with 100 µL of deionized (DI) water and extracted into 400 µL of DI water (SWT). The conventional Macroduct sweat test (ST) was performed simultaneously. SWT samples of 114 CF patients, 76 healthy carriers, and 58 controls were analyzed by capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection and Cl- /K+ and (Cl- + Na+ )/K+ ion ratios were evaluated. Chloride concentrations from Macroduct ST were analyzed coulometrically. RESULTS Analysis of 248 SWT samples and simultaneous Macroduct ST samples showed comparable method performance. Two ion ratios, Cl- /K+ and (Cl- + Na+ )/K+ , from the SWT samples and Cl- values from the ST samples were evaluated to diagnose CF. Sensitivity of the SWT method using the Cl- /K+ ratio (cutoff value 3.9) was 93.9%, compared to 99.1% when using the (Cl- + Na+ )/K+ ratio (cutoff value 5.0) and 98.3% in using Macroduct Cl- (cutoff value higher or equal to 60 mmol/L). The methods' specificities were 97.8%, 94.0%, and 100.0%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS The developed SWT method with capillary electrophoretic analysis for CF diagnosis performs comparably to the conventional Macroduct ST. The SWT method is simple, fast, inexpensive, and completely noninvasive. Use of an ion ratio in obtained SWT samples is proposed as a new diagnostic parameter that shows significant promise in CF diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavol Ďurč
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic.,Department of Chemistry, Masaryk University Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Foret
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Homola
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam Malá
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Pokojová
- Department of Respiratory Diseases and TB, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Vinohradská
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Dastych
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dagmar Krausová
- Cystic Fibrosis Centre and Clinic of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, University Hospital Brno, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dóra Nagy
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Olga Bede
- Bács-Kiskun County Hospital and Teaching Hospital, University of Szeged, Kecskemét, Hungary
| | - Pavel Dřevínek
- Department of Medical Microbiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Skalická
- Department of Pediatrics, Charles University and Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kubáň
- Department of Bioanalytical Instrumentation, CEITEC Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kubáň P, Dvořák M, Kubáň P. Capillary electrophoresis of small ions and molecules in less conventional human body fluid samples: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1075:1-26. [PMID: 31196414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, advances in sensitive analytical techniques have encouraged the analysis of various compounds in biological fluids. While blood serum, blood plasma and urine still remain the golden standards in clinical, toxicological and forensic science, analyses of other body fluids, such as breast milk, exhaled breath condensate, sweat, saliva, amniotic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, or capillary blood in form of dried blood spots are becoming more popular. This review article focuses on capillary electrophoresis and microchip electrophoresis of small ions and molecules (e.g. inorganic cations/anions, basic/acidic drugs, small acids/bases, amino acids, peptides and other low molecular weight analytes) in various less conventional human body fluids and hopes to stimulate further interest in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miloš Dvořák
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Veveří 97, CZ-60200, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Garcia-Cordero E, Bellando F, Zhang J, Wildhaber F, Longo J, Guérin H, Ionescu AM. Three-Dimensional Integrated Ultra-Low-Volume Passive Microfluidics with Ion-Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors for Multiparameter Wearable Sweat Analyzers. ACS NANO 2018; 12:12646-12656. [PMID: 30543395 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b07413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Wearable systems could offer noninvasive and real-time solutions for monitoring of biomarkers in human sweat as an alternative to blood testing. Recent studies have demonstrated that the concentration of certain biomarkers in sweat can be directly correlated to their concentrations in blood, making sweat a trusted biofluid candidate for noninvasive diagnostics. We introduce a fully on-chip integrated wearable sweat sensing system to track biochemical information at the surface of the skin in real time. This system heterogeneously integrates, on a single silicon chip, state-of-the-art ultrathin body (UTB) fully depleted silicon-on-insulator (FD-SOI) ISFET sensors with a biocompatible microfluidic interface, to deliver a "lab-on-skin" sensing platform. A full process for the fabrication of this system is proposed in this work and is demonstrated by standard semiconductor fabrication procedures. The system is capable of collecting small volumes of sweat from the skin of a human and posteriorly passively driving the biofluid, by capillary action, to a set of functionalized ISFETs for analysis of pH level and Na+ and K+ concentrations. Drop-casted ion-sensing membranes on different sets of sensors on the same substrate enable multiparameter analysis on the same chip, with small and controlled cross-sensitivities, whereas a miniaturized quasireference electrodes set a stable analyte potential, avoiding the use of a cumbersome external reference electrode. The progress of lab-on-skin technology reported here can lead to autonomous wearable systems enabling real-time continuous monitoring of sweat composition, with applications ranging from medicine to lifestyle behavioral engineering and sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Garcia-Cordero
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Francesco Bellando
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Junrui Zhang
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | | | - Johan Longo
- Xsensio SA , Innovation Park , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Hoël Guérin
- Xsensio SA , Innovation Park , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
| | - Adrian M Ionescu
- Nanoelectronic Devices Laboratory , École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
- Xsensio SA , Innovation Park , Lausanne 1015 , Switzerland
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Dubot P, Liang J, Dubs J, Missiak Y, Sarazin C, Couderc F, Caussé E. Sweat chloride quantification using capillary electrophoresis. Pract Lab Med 2018; 13:e00114. [PMID: 30623007 PMCID: PMC6317274 DOI: 10.1016/j.plabm.2018.e00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cystic fibrosis (CF) is the less rare and severe genetic disease among the European population. Biochemical diagnosis of CF is based on the demonstration of increased chloride concentration in sweat samples, obtained during the sweat test (ST). WynSep developed a capillary electrophoresis with contactless conductivity detection (CE-C4D) able to measure sweat chloride with a low sample volume. We evaluated the clinical feasibility of this device in a cohort of patients suspected of CF, in comparison with the common coulometric method (ChloroChek chloridometer). Methods We determined sweat chloride concentration of 65 samples from patients referred to our institution to undergo a sweat test. Each sample was submitted to coulometric method first, then WynSep-CE, with or without internal standard (IS) subject to sufficient volume sample. Results A total of 53 samples were analysed by both coulometric and WynSep-CE (using IS) methods. The method validation showed comparable analytical performances for both methods; no false positive or false negative was recorded. The two methods showed a high correlation (r = 0.993, p < 0.001) and a close agreement was demonstrated by two different statistical tests (Bland-Altman and Passing-Bablok). Conclusions WynSep-CE is an accurate, fast, easy-to-use and an appropriate method for CF diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Dubot
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Hôpital Purpan, 330, av de Grande Bretagne TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Jing Liang
- WynSep SAS, Prologue 1, 815 La Pyrénéenne, 31670 Labège, France
| | - Jacobé Dubs
- WynSep SAS, Prologue 1, 815 La Pyrénéenne, 31670 Labège, France
| | - Yohann Missiak
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Hôpital Purpan, 330, av de Grande Bretagne TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Cédric Sarazin
- WynSep SAS, Prologue 1, 815 La Pyrénéenne, 31670 Labège, France
| | - François Couderc
- Laboratoire de Chimie Analytique et Spectrométrie de Masse, IMRCP, UMR, 5623 Toulouse, France
| | - Elizabeth Caussé
- Laboratoire de Biochimie, Institut Fédératif de Biologie, Hôpital Purpan, 330, av de Grande Bretagne TSA 40031, 31059 Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- Corresponding author.
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Kubáň P, Hauser PC. Contactless conductivity detection for analytical techniques: Developments from 2016 to 2018. Electrophoresis 2018; 40:124-139. [PMID: 30010203 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201800248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The publications concerning capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection for the 2-year period from mid-2016 to mid-2018 are covered in this update to the earlier reviews of the series. Relatively few reports on fundamental investigations or new designs have appeared in the literature in this time interval, but the development of new applications with the detection method has continued strongly. Most often, contactless conductivity measurements have been employed for the detection of inorganic or small organic ions in conventional capillary electrophoresis, less often in microchip electrophoresis. A number of other uses, such as detection in chromatography or the gauging of bubbles in streams have also been reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavel Kubáň
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Peter C Hauser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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Vallejos S, Hernando E, Trigo M, García FC, García-Valverde M, Iturbe D, Cabero MJ, Quesada R, García JM. Polymeric chemosensor for the detection and quantification of chloride in human sweat. Application to the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis. J Mater Chem B 2018; 6:3735-3741. [PMID: 32254835 DOI: 10.1039/c8tb00682b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a new extremely hydrophilic polymeric film suitable for the detection and quantification of chloride in human sweat directly on the skin. The film, or membrane, has chemically anchored 6-methoxyquinoline groups as chloride responsive fluorescent motifs. We have prepared the sensory material from a standard vinyl copolymer, by a convenient and easy solid-phase reaction. The sensory material has a water swelling percentage of 700%, facilitating an immediate detection of chloride, is reusable for at least 6 cycles and can be handled without care by unskilled persons. The initially high fluorescence of the material decreases in the presence of chloride, allowing the quantification of chloride concentration by using the colour definition of a digital picture or a fluorimeter. The suitability of the material to perform quantitative chloride analysis of human sweat by putting it in contact with the skin offers promise for its application in the sweat test used for the diagnosis of cystic fibrosis (CF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Vallejos
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Burgos, Plaza de Misael Bañuelos s/n, 09001 Burgos, Spain.
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15
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20th anniversary of axial capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detection in capillary electrophoresis. Trends Analyt Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2018.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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16
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Voeten RLC, Ventouri IK, Haselberg R, Somsen GW. Capillary Electrophoresis: Trends and Recent Advances. Anal Chem 2018; 90:1464-1481. [PMID: 29298038 PMCID: PMC5994730 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert L C Voeten
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Iro K Ventouri
- TI-COAST , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Analytical Chemistry Group, van't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam , Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rob Haselberg
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Govert W Somsen
- Division of BioAnalytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam , de Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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17
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Phillips TM. Recent advances in CE and microchip-CE in clinical applications: 2014 to mid-2017. Electrophoresis 2017; 39:126-135. [PMID: 28853177 DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
CE and microchip CE (ME) are powerful tools for the analysis of a number of different analytes and have been applied to a variety of clinical fields and human samples. This review will present an overview of the most recent applications of these techniques to different areas of clinical medicine during the period of 2014 to mid-2017. CE and ME have been applied to clinical chemistry, drug detection and monitoring, hematology, infectious diseases, oncology, endocrinology, neonatology, nephrology, and genetic screening. Samples examined range from serum, plasma, and urine to lest utilized materials such as tears, cerebral spinal fluid, sweat, saliva, condensed breath, single cells, and biopsy tissue. Examples of clinical applications will be given along with the various detection systems employed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry M Phillips
- Department of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
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