1
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Wang Y, Cao J, Zhang L, Liu Y, Liu Z, Chen H. 2D MOF-enhanced SPR detector based on tunable supramolecular probes for direct and sensitive detection of DOX in serum. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:154. [PMID: 38396164 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06226-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic drug monitoring of doxorubicin (DOX) is important to study pharmacokinetics in patients undergoing chemotherapy for reduction of side effects and improve patient survival by rationally controlling the dose of DOX. A fast and ultra-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (SPR) detector without sample pre-handling was developed for DOX monitoring. First, the two-dimensional metal-organic framework was modified on the Au film to enhance SPR, and then, the supramolecular probes with tunable cavity structure were self-assembled at the sensing interface for direct detection of DOX through specific host-guest interactions with a low detection limit of 60.24 pM. The precise monitoring of DOX in serum proved the possibility of clinical application with recoveries in the range 102.86-109.47%. The mechanisms of host-guest interactions between supramolecular and small-molecule drugs were explored in depth through first-principles calculations combined with SPR experiments. The study paves the way for designing facile and sensitive detectors and provides theoretical support and a new methodology for the specific detection of small molecules through calixarene cavity modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yindian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China
- School of Medicine, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiarong Cao
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Lalia Zhang
- Uptown International School, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yixuan Liu
- Qianweichang College, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenmin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Dairy Biotechnology, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Dairy Biotechnology, Dairy Research Institute, Bright Dairy & Food Co., Ltd., Shanghai, 200436, China.
| | - Hongxia Chen
- School of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Ou D, Yan H, Chen Z. An impedance labeling free electrochemical aptamer sensor based on tetrahedral DNA nanostructures for doxorubicin determination. Mikrochim Acta 2024; 191:94. [PMID: 38217713 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-024-06176-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
Based on the electrochemical impedance method, a marker-free biosensor with aptamer as a biometric element was developed for the determination of doxorubicin (DOX). By combining aptamer with rigid tetrahedral DNA nanostructures (TDNs) and fixing them on the surface of gold electrode (GE) as biometric elements, the density and directivity of surface nanoprobes improved, and DOX was captured with high sensitivity and specificity. DOX was captured by immobilized aptamers on the GE, which inhibited electron transfer between the GE and [Fe(CN)6]3-/4- in solution, resulting in a change in electrochemical impedance. When the DOX concentration was between 10.0 and 100.0 nM, the aptasensor showed a linear relationship with charge transfer resistance, the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 3.6 to 5.9%, and the detection limit (LOD) was 3.0 nM. This technique offered a successful performance for the determination of the target analyte in serum samples with recovery in the range 97.0 to 99.6% and RSD ranged from 4.8 to 6.5%. This method displayed the advantages of fast response speed, good selectivity, and simple sensor structure and showed potential application in therapeutic drug monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Ou
- Department of Pharmacy, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530007, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Huixian Yan
- Department of Interventional Radiology, Guangxi Academy of Medical Science, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530016, China
| | - Zuanguang Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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3
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Binder P, Oberhaus FV. Straightforward fabrication of electrochemical aptasensors with outstanding antifouling performance. Anal Chim Acta 2023; 1274:341575. [PMID: 37455085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2023.341575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) are popular tools for many different applications - SAMs of commercially available chemicals that convincingly inhibit unspecific binding for electrochemical sensors, however, have yet to be developed. While adsorption of foulants prohibits the reliable analysis of biological samples, unspecific binding of the analyte similarly impedes the investigation of binding characteristics from buffer solutions. In this communication, diglycolamine is introduced for the modification of electrodes with outstanding antifouling performance. The presented sensor design, solely consisting of diglycolamine and an aptamer of choice, convinces with its ease of preparation, low cost, and, most importantly, an exceptional specificity. The latter was found to rely on a gentle but potent cleaning of the electrodes, as only our optimized cleaning procedure granted the diglycolamine layer its excellent fouling minimization performance, while literature standard protocols failed to do so. Each step of the sensor fabrication protocol was optimized by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, while square-wave voltammetry, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurement were performed for further characterization. The presented approach of surface modification with diglycolamine is a versatile method applicable not just to electrochemical measurements, but to a variety of other detection techniques, too, and has the potential to change the way we investigate binding characteristics and fabricate sensors for the analysis of complex biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Binder
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad, Heiligenstadt, Germany
| | - Franziska V Oberhaus
- Institute for Bioprocessing and Analytical Measurement Techniques, Rosenhof, 37308, Heilbad, Heiligenstadt, Germany.
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4
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Kong F, Luo J, Jing L, Wang Y, Shen H, Yu R, Sun S, Xing Y, Ming T, Liu M, Jin H, Cai X. Reduced Graphene Oxide and Gold Nanoparticles-Modified Electrochemical Aptasensor for Highly Sensitive Detection of Doxorubicin. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:1223. [PMID: 37049316 PMCID: PMC10096947 DOI: 10.3390/nano13071223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Doxorubicin (DOX) is the most clinically important antibiotic in cancer treatment, but its severe cardiotoxicity and other side effects limit its clinical use. Therefore, monitoring DOX concentrations during therapy is essential to improve efficacy and reduce adverse effects. Here, we fabricated a sensitive electrochemical aptasensor for DOX detection. The sensor used gold wire as the working electrode and was modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) to improve the sensitivity. An aptamer was used as the recognition element for the DOX. The 5' end of the aptamer was modified with a thiol group, and thus immobilized to the AuNPs, and the 3' end was modified with methylene blue, which acts as the electron mediator. The combination between the aptamer and DOX would produce a binding-induced conformation, which changes the electron transfer rate, yielding a current change that correlates with the concentration of DOX. The aptasensor exhibited good linearity in the DOX concentration range of 0.3 μM to 6 μM, with a detection limit of 0.1 μM. In addition, the aptasensor was used for DOX detection in real samples and results, and showed good recovery. The proposed electrochemical aptasensor will provide a sensitive, fast, simple, and reliable new platform for detecting DOX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanli Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinping Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Luyi Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yiding Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huayu Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Rong Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Shuai Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yu Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Ming
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Meiting Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hongyan Jin
- Obstetrics and Gynecology Department, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing 100034, China
| | - Xinxia Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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5
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Özyurt C, Uludağ İ, Sezgintürk MK. An ultrasensitive and disposable electrochemical aptasensor for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection in real serum samples. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:1123-1136. [PMID: 36155829 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04309-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we constructed a disposable indium tin oxide polyethylene terephthalate film (ITO-PET)-based electrochemical aptasensor for analyzing prostate-specific antigen (PSA), one of the most important biomarkers of prostate cancer. Because of their clinical importance, building PSA biosensing systems with high sensitivity and stability is essential. However, it still presents significant difficulties, such as low detection limits. We designed a platform to covalently bind the amino-terminated aptamer by modifying the ITO-PET surface with carboxyethylsilanetriol (CTES) to obtain a self-assembled monolayer (SAM). We also evaluated the potential for use in real human serum samples by investigating the optimal operating conditions and analytical performance characteristics of the developed biosensor. The design we present here exhibits excellent precision, with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 8.74 fg/mL PSA. The broad linear detection range of the biosensor under optimal conditions was determined as 1.0-1500 fg/mL. The dissociation constant (Kd) for the aptamer was also calculated as 46.28 ± 5.63 nM by evaluating the impedimetric response as a function of PSA concentration. The aptasensor displayed considerable repeatability (1.3% RSD) and reproducibility (7.51% RSD) and good storage stability (98.34% of the initial activity for 8 weeks). Additionally, we demonstrated that the technique we developed was quite efficient in estimating the kinetics of aptamer-analyte interactions by determining the Kd and single-frequency impedance (SFI) data. In conclusion, we proposed a selective and sensitive biosensor with the potential for clinical application and superior performance in real serum samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Özyurt
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Processing Technologies, Lapseki Vocational School, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - İnci Uludağ
- Bioengineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Kemal Sezgintürk
- Bioengineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart University, Çanakkale, Turkey.
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6
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Robotic APTamer-Enabled Electrochemical Reader (RAPTER) System for Automated Aptamer-Mediated Electrochemical Analysis. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2570:271-280. [PMID: 36156789 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2695-5_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensors using conformational change-induced electron transfer kinetics are sensitive, reagent-less, and cost-effective tools for molecular sensing. Current advances in this technology can allow continuous drug pharmacokinetic monitoring in living animals (Dauphin-Ducharme et al., ACS Sens 4(10):2832-2837, 2019; Idili et al., Chem Sci 10(35):8164-8170, 2019), as well as automated analysis of hormone pulsatility (Liang et al., Nat Commun 10(1):852, 2019). In this chapter, we provide the methodology for an automated E-AB conformational change-based robotic sensing platform. By using an open-source programmable robotic system, this method can be adapted to a wide range of experimental scenarios.
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7
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Mehmandoust M, Khoshnavaz Y, Karimi F, Çakar S, Özacar M, Erk N. A novel 2-dimensional nanocomposite as a mediator for the determination of doxorubicin in biological samples. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 213:113590. [PMID: 35690088 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In our study, the electrochemical properties of a novel activated nanocomposite were studied with 2-dimensional graphitic carbon nitride/sodium dodecyl sulfate/graphene nanoplatelets on the screen-printed electrodes (2D-g-C3N4/SDS/GNPs/SPE). The as-fabricated sensor exhibited excellent electrochemical performance, including wide dynamic ranges from 0.03 to 1.0 and 1.0-13.5 μM with a low limit of detection (LOD) of 10.0 nM. The fabricated 2D-g-C3N4/SDS/GNPs/SPE electrode exhibited high sensitivity, stability, good reproducibility, reusability, and repeatability towards DOX sensing. It can be utilized in real samples, including human plasma and urine, with excellent correlations and coefficients of variation below 6.0%. Therefore, this study presents potential application values in sensing DOX with efficient performance. Finally, the accuracy was attested by comparison with high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) as the reference method, signalizing a good agreement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Mehmandoust
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, And Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Yasamin Khoshnavaz
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fatemeh Karimi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Laboratory of Nanotechnology, Quchan University of Technology, Quchan, Iran.
| | - Soner Çakar
- Zonguldak Bülent Ecevit University, Science and Arts Faculty, Chemistry Department, Zonguldak, 67100, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, And Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Mahmut Özacar
- Sakarya University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Chemistry, 54187, Sakarya, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, And Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Nevin Erk
- Ankara University, Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Ankara, Turkey; Sakarya University, Biomaterials, Energy, Photocatalysis, Enzyme Technology, Nano & Advanced Materials, Additive Manufacturing, Environmental Applications, And Sustainability Research & Development Group (BIOENAMS R&D Group), 54187, Sakarya, Turkey.
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8
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A highly sensitive strategy for glypican-3 detection based on aptamer/gold carbon dots/magnetic graphene oxide nanosheets as fluorescent biosensor. Anal Bioanal Chem 2022; 414:6441-6453. [PMID: 35788872 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04201-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in China. Glypican-3 (GPC3) is a specific antigen related to HCC, which is widely used in clinical detection as a reliable marker of HCC. In this paper, a highly sensitive homogeneous apatasensor was designed for GPC3 detection based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET) where the GPC3 aptamer labelled gold carbon dots (AuCDs-GPC3Apt) are used as a donor and magnetic graphene oxide (Fe3O4/GO) nanosheets are used as an acceptor. A one-step hydrothermal method was used to synthesize AuCDs to provide sufficient fluorescence. The FRET phenomenon exists between AuCDs-GPC3Apt and Fe3O4/GO, which weakens the fluorescence intensity of the whole system. When the target GPC3 is added to the FRET system, the fluorescent AuCDs-GPC3Apt binds to the GPC3 and forms a folded structure, which leads to AuCDs-GPC3Apt separation from Fe3O4/GO nanosheets. The Fe3O4/GO is then magnetically separated so that the fluorescence of free labelled AuCDs-GPC3Apt is restored. Under the optimum conditions, the fluorescence recovery rate is linearly correlated with the concentration of GPC3 (5-100 ng·mL-1) and the detection limit is 3.01 ng·mL-1 (S/N = 3). This strategy shows recoveries from 98.76 to 101.29% in real human serum samples and provides an immediate and effective detection method for the quantification of GPC3 with great potential applications for early diagnosis of HCC. A sensitive homogeneous FRET-based apatasensor was designed for GPC3 detection where the AuCDs-GPC3Apt is a donor and Fe3O4/GO nanosheets are an acceptor. The GPC3 fluorescent aptasensor combines wider output range with low cost, high specificity, and good anti-interference.
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9
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An ultrasensitive label-free photoelectrochemical aptasensor based on terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase amplification and catalytic reaction of G-quadruplex/hemin. Anal Chim Acta 2022; 1211:339912. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2022.339912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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A Methodical Review on the Applications and Potentialities of Using Nanobiosensors for Disease Diagnosis. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 2022:1682502. [PMID: 35103234 PMCID: PMC8799955 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1682502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Presently, with the introduction of nanotechnology, the evolutions and applications of biosensors and/or nanobiosensors are becoming prevalent in various scientific domains such as environmental and agricultural sciences as well as biomedical, clinical, and healthcare sciences. Trends in these aspects have led to the discovery of various biosensors/nanobiosensors with their tremendous benefits to mankind. The characteristics of the various biosensors/nanobiosensors are primarily based on the nature of nanomaterials/nanoparticles employed in the sensing mechanisms. In the last few years, the identification, as well as the detection of biological markers linked with any form of diseases (communicable or noncommunicable), has been accomplished by several sensing procedures using nanotechnology vis-à-vis biosensors/nanobiosensors. Hence, this study employs a systematic approach in reviewing some contemporary developed exceedingly sensitive nanobiosensors alongside their biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications as well as their potentialities, specifically for the detection of some deadly diseases drawn from some of the recent publications. Ways forward in the form of future trends that will advance creative innovations of the potentialities of nanobiosensors for biomedical, clinical, or/and healthcare applications particularly for disease diagnosis are also highlighted.
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11
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Diao M, Lang L, Feng J, Li R. Molecular detections of coronavirus: current and emerging methodologies. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2021; 20:199-210. [PMID: 34225540 DOI: 10.1080/14787210.2021.1949986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Seven coronavirus species have been identified that can infect humans. While human coronavirus infections had been historically associated with only mild respiratory symptoms similar to the common cold, three coronaviruses identified since 2003, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV), and SARS-CoV-2, cause life-threatening severe respiratory syndromes. The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 has triggered a worldwide health emergency. Due to the lack of effective drugs and vaccination, rapid and reliable detection is of vital importance to control coronavirus epidemics/pandemics.Area covered: A literature search was performed in Pubmed covering the detections and diagnostics of SARS, MERS and SARS-CoV-2. This review summarized the current knowledge of established and emerging methods for coronavirus detection. The characteristics of different diagnostic approaches were described, and the strengths and weaknesses of each method were analyzed and compared. In addition, future trends in the field of coronavirus detection were also discussed.Expert opinion: Nucleic acid-based RT-PCR is the current golden-standard of coronavirus detection, while immunoassays provide history of coronavirus infection besides diagnostic information. Integrated high-throughput system holds the great potential and is the trend of future detection and diagnosis of virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingkun Diao
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lang Lang
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Juan Feng
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Rongsong Li
- College of Health Science and Environmental Engineering, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China
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12
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Qian L, Durairaj S, Prins S, Chen A. Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds. Biosens Bioelectron 2020; 175:112836. [PMID: 33272868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2020.112836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The surging growth of the pharmaceutical industry is a result of the rapidly increasing human population, which has inevitably led to new biomedical and environmental issues. Aside from the quality control of pharmaceutical production and drug delivery, there is an urgent need for precise, sensitive, portable, and cost-effective technologies to track patient overdosing and to monitor ambient water sources and wastewater for pharmaceutical pollutants. The development of advanced nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection of pharmaceutical compounds has garnered immense attention due to their advantages, such as high sensitivity and selectivity, real-time monitoring, and ease of use. This review article surveys state-of-the-art nanomaterials-based electrochemical sensors and biosensors for the detection and quantification of six classes of significant pharmaceutical compounds, including anti-inflammatory, anti-depressant, anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, and anti-cancer drugs. Important factors such as sensor/analyte interactions, design rationale, fabrication, characterization, sensitivity, and selectivity are discussed. Strategies for the development of high-performance electrochemical sensors and biosensors tailored toward specific pharmaceuticals are highlighted to provide readers and scientists with an extensive toolbox for the detection of a wide range of pharmaceuticals. Our aims are two-fold: (i) to inspire readers by further elucidating the properties and functionalities of existing nanomaterials for the detection of pharmaceuticals; and (ii) to provide examples of the potential opportunities that these devices have for the advanced sensing of pharmaceutical compounds toward safeguarding human health and ecosystems on a global scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanting Qian
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Sharmila Durairaj
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Scott Prins
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada
| | - Aicheng Chen
- Electrochemical Technology Centre, Department of Chemistry, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Road East, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 21, Canada.
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13
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Nur Topkaya S, Cetin AE. Electrochemical Aptasensors for Biological and Chemical Analyte Detection. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seda Nur Topkaya
- Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Analytical Chemistry 35620, Cigli Izmir TURKEY
| | - Arif E. Cetin
- Izmir Biomedicine and Genome Center 35330, Balcova Izmir TURKEY
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14
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A review on various analytical methods for determination of anthracyclines and their metabolites as anti–cancer chemotherapy drugs in different matrices over the last four decades. Trends Analyt Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2020.115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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15
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Impedimetric Aptamer-Based Biosensors: Applications. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 174:43-91. [PMID: 32313965 DOI: 10.1007/10_2020_125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Impedimetric aptamer-based biosensors show high potential for handheld devices and point-of-care tests. In this review, we report on recent advances in aptamer-based impedimetric biosensors for applications in biotechnology. We detail on analytes relevant in medical and environmental biotechnology as well as food control, for which aptamer-based impedimetric biosensors were developed. The reviewed biosensors are examined for their performance, including sensitivity, selectivity, response time, and real sample validation. Additionally, the benefits and challenges of impedimetric aptasensors are summarized.
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16
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Soleimani S, Arkan E, Farshadnia T, Mahnam Z, Jalili F, Goicoechea HC, Jalalvand AR. The first attempt on fabrication of a nano-biosensing platform and exploiting first-order advantage from impedimetric data: Application to simultaneous biosensing of doxorubicin, daunorubicin and idarubicin. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2020.100366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
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McConnell EM, Nguyen J, Li Y. Aptamer-Based Biosensors for Environmental Monitoring. Front Chem 2020; 8:434. [PMID: 32548090 PMCID: PMC7272472 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their relative synthetic and chemical simplicity compared to antibodies, aptamers afford enhanced stability and functionality for the detection of environmental contaminants and for use in environmental monitoring. Furthermore, nucleic acid aptamers can be selected for toxic targets which may prove difficult for antibody development. Of particular relevance, aptamers have been selected and used to develop biosensors for environmental contaminants such as heavy metals, small-molecule agricultural toxins, and water-borne bacterial pathogens. This review will focus on recent aptamer-based developments for the detection of diverse environmental contaminants. Within this domain, aptamers have been combined with other technologies to develop biosensors with various signal outputs. The goal of much of this work is to develop cost-effective, user-friendly detection methods that can complement or replace traditional environmental monitoring strategies. This review will highlight recent examples in this area. Additionally, with innovative developments such as wearable devices, sentinel materials, and lab-on-a-chip designs, there exists significant potential for the development of multifunctional aptamer-based biosensors for environmental monitoring. Examples of these technologies will also be highlighted. Finally, a critical perspective on the field, and thoughts on future research directions will be offered.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yingfu Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
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18
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Li Z, Qian W, Guo H, Jin R, Taoliu J, Zheng J. Sensitive electrochemical sensing platform for selective determination of dopamine based on amorphous cobalt hydroxide/polyaniline nanofibers composites. NANOTECHNOLOGY 2020; 31:275501. [PMID: 32224515 DOI: 10.1088/1361-6528/ab84a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, amorphous cobalt hydroxide/polyaniline nanofibers (Co(OH)2/PANINF) composites were successfully prepared. The formation of amorphous Co(OH)2 with irregular surface structure was confirmed by x-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and selected-area electron diffraction. The non-enzymatic electrochemical sensor for the selective and sensitive determination of dopamine (DA) has been constructed by using Co(OH)2/PANINF composites modified glassy carbon electrode (Co(OH)2/PANINF/GCE), which exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity toward DA, in a large part owing to the advantages of large surface area of amorphous Co(OH)2 and the synergetic effect between Co(OH)2 and PANINF. The electrochemical kinetics reveal that the DA oxidation involves two electrons and two protons in a quasi-reversible electrode reaction. Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) studies show remarkable sensing performance for the determination of DA, with a low detection limit of 0.03 μM, and a wide linear range from 0.1 to 200 μM. From a broader perspective, the present study demonstrates that Co(OH)2/PANINF composites would be promising supporting materials for novel sensing platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Li
- College of Pharmacy, Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Basic and New Herbal Medicament Research, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, XianYang 712046, People's Republic of China
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Sass S, Stöcklein WFM, Klevesath A, Hurpin J, Menger M, Hille C. Binding affinity data of DNA aptamers for therapeutic anthracyclines from microscale thermophoresis and surface plasmon resonance spectroscopy. Analyst 2019; 144:6064-6073. [PMID: 31528891 DOI: 10.1039/c9an01247h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines like daunorubicin (DRN) and doxorubicin (DOX) play an undisputed key role in cancer treatment, but their chronic administration can cause severe side effects. For precise anthracycline analytical systems, aptamers are preferable recognition elements. Here, we describe the detailed characterisation of a single-stranded DNA aptamer DRN-10 and its truncated versions for DOX and DRN detection. Binding affinities were determined from surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and microscale thermophoresis (MST) and combined with conformational data from circular dichroism (CD). Both aptamers displayed similar nanomolar binding affinities to DRN and DOX, even though their rate constants differed as shown by SPR recordings. SPR kinetic data unravelled a two-state reaction model including a 1 : 1 binding and a subsequent conformational change of the binding complex. This model was supported by CD spectra. In addition, the dissociation constants determined with MST were always lower than that from SPR, and especially for the truncated aptamer they differed by two orders of magnitude. This most probably reflects the methodological difference, namely labelling for MST vs. immobilisation for SPR. From CD recordings, we suggested a specific G-quadruplex as structural basis for anthracycline binding. We concluded that the aptamer DRN-10 is a promising recognition element for anthracycline detection systems and further selected aptamers can be also characterised with the combined methodological approach presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Sass
- Physical Chemistry/ALS ComBi, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Walter F M Stöcklein
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Anja Klevesath
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Jeanne Hurpin
- Physical Chemistry/ALS ComBi, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marcus Menger
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, Branch Bioanalysis and Bioprocesses (IZI-BB), 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Carsten Hille
- Physical Chemistry/ALS ComBi, Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.,Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau, 15745 Wildau, Germany.
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In-situ growth of NiWO4 saw-blade-like nanostructures and their application in photo-electrochemical (PEC) immunosensor system designed for the detection of neuron-specific enolase. Biosens Bioelectron 2019; 141:111331. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2019.111331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Porfireva A, Vorobev V, Babkina S, Evtugyn G. Electrochemical Sensor Based on Poly(Azure B)-DNA Composite for Doxorubicin Determination. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 19:E2085. [PMID: 31060322 PMCID: PMC6539792 DOI: 10.3390/s19092085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A new voltammetric DNA sensor has been developed for doxorubicin determination on the platform of a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) covered with electropolymerized Azure B film and physically adsorbed native DNA. The redox properties of polymeric Azure B were monitored at various pH and scan rates. DNA application decreased the peak currents related to polymeric and monomeric forms of the dye, whereas incubation in doxorubicin solution partially restored the peaks in accordance with the drug and DNA concentration. The relative shift of the cathodic peak current caused by doxorubicin depended on the nominal DNA concentration and its application mode. In optimal conditions, the DNA sensor makes it possible to determine between 0.1 μM to 0.1 nM doxorubicin (limit of detection 7×10-11 M). The DNA sensor was tested on commercial doxorubicin formulations and on artificial samples the mimicked electrolyte content of human serum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Porfireva
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Vyatseslav Vorobev
- Interdisciplinary Center of Analytical Microscopy of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
| | - Sofya Babkina
- Analytical Chemistry Department of the Lomonosov' Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, MIREA - Russian Technological University, 86 Vernadsky Prospect, Moscow 119571, Russia.
| | - Gennady Evtugyn
- A.M. Butlerov' Chemistry Institute of Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlevskaya Street, Kazan 420008, Russia.
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22
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Design of a facile and label-free electrochemical aptasensor for detection of atrazine. Talanta 2019; 201:156-164. [PMID: 31122406 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A facile and label-free electrochemical aptasensor for detection of atrazine (ATZ) was designed based on nickel hexacyanoferrate nanoparticles (NiHCF NPs) and electrochemically reduced graphene oxide (ERGO). Because of ERGO perfect electrochemical conductivity and large surface area, it was first modified on glassy carbon electrode (GCE) surface by electrochemical reduction. NiHCF NPs were immobilized on ERGO/GCE as a signal probe with well-defined peaks and good stability. Subsequently, gold nanoparticles (Au NPs) were electrodeposited on NiHCF NPs/ERGO to anchored aptamer and increase the conductivity and stability of the electrode. When ATZ was added, ATZ-aptamer complexes generated with poor conductivity on the sensor surface increased the hindrance of electron transfer, leading to electrochemical signal decrease. The signal change was used to detect ATZ quantitatively. The designed aptasensor exhibited good analytical performance for determining ATZ. A linear curve was obtained in the range of 0.25-250 pM with a low detection limit of 0.1 pM, and it showed perfect selectivity for ATZ in the presence of diverse interferents. Meanwhile, the electrochemical aptasensor was employed to evaluate ATZ content in the samples.
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Selective Detection of Human Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells Based on the Aptamer-Conjugated Self-Assembled Monolayer of Gold Nanoparticles. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:mi10030195. [PMID: 30893795 PMCID: PMC6470481 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This study established a microfluidic chip for the capture of A549 human lung circulating tumor cells via the aptamer-conjugated self-assembled monolayer (SAM) of gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in the channel. AuNPs are among the most attractive nanomaterials for the signal enhancement of biosensors owing to their unique chemical, physical, and mechanical properties. The microchip was fabricated using soft photolithography and casting and molding techniques. A self-assembly method was designed to attach AuNPs, cell-specific aptamers, and target cells onto the desired area (i.e., SAM area). In this study, the gold microelectrode configuration was characterized by fluorescence microscopy and impedance measurements to confirm the important modification steps. Subsequently, several investigations with the proposed assay were conducted with different cell samples to determine the specific binding ability of the device for A549 adenocarcinoma cancer cells. This work has ensured a simple, convenient, selective, and sensitive approach for the development of biosensors for lung cancer detection during the early stages.
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Citartan M, Tang TH. Recent developments of aptasensors expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Talanta 2019; 199:556-566. [PMID: 30952298 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aptamers are nucleic acid-based molecular recognition elements that are specific and have high binding affinity against their respective targets. On account of their target recognition capacity, aptamers are widely utilized in a number of applications including diagnostics. This review aims to highlight the recent developments of aptasensors expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Significant focus is given on the primary assay formats of aptamers such as fluorescence, electrochemical, surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and colorimetric assays. A potpourri of platforms such as paper-based device, lateral flow assay, portable electrodes, portable SPR and smart phones expedient for point-of-care (POC) diagnostics are discussed. Emphasis is also given on the technicalities and assay configurations associated with the sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marimuthu Citartan
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia.
| | - Thean-Hock Tang
- Advanced Medical and Dental Institute, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kepala Batas, Penang 13200, Malaysia
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Congur G, Eksin E, Erdem A. Chitosan modified graphite electrodes developed for electrochemical monitoring of interaction between daunorubicin and DNA. SENSING AND BIO-SENSING RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbsr.2018.100255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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26
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Microfluidic amperometry with two symmetric Au microelectrodes under one-way and shuttle flow conditions. Electrochim Acta 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2018.11.128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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An Aptamer-Based Capacitive Sensing Platform for Specific Detection of Lung Carcinoma Cells in the Microfluidic Chip. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2018; 8:bios8040098. [PMID: 30347814 PMCID: PMC6316635 DOI: 10.3390/bios8040098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Improvement of methods for reliable and early diagnosis of the cellular diseases is necessary. A biological selectivity probe, such as an aptamer, is one of the candidate recognition layers that can be used to detect important biomolecules. Lung cancer is currently a typical cause of cancer-related deaths. In this work, an electrical sensing platform is built based on amine-terminated aptamer modified-gold electrodes for the specific, label-free detection of a human lung carcinoma cell line (A549). The microdevice, that includes a coplanar electrodes configuration and a simple microfluidic channel on a glass substrate, is fabricated using standard photolithography and cast molding techniques. A procedure of self-assembly onto the gold surface is proposed. Optical microscope observations and electrical impedance spectroscopy measurements confirm that the fabricated microchip can specifically and effectively identify A549 cells. In the experiments, the capacitance element that is dominant in the change of the impedance is calculated at the appropriate frequency for evaluation of the sensitivity of the biosensor. Therefore, a simple, inexpensive, biocompatible, and selective biosensor that has the potential to detect early-stage lung cancer would be developed.
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Tenaglia E, Ferretti A, Decosterd LA, Werner D, Mercier T, Widmer N, Buclin T, Guiducci C. Comparison against current standards of a DNA aptamer for the label-free quantification of tobramycin in human sera employed for therapeutic drug monitoring. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 159:341-347. [PMID: 30025299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.06.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The use of DNA aptamers in biosensors for the quantification of pharmaceuticals in the clinics would help to overcome the limitations of antibody-based detection for small molecules. The interest for such systems is proven by the ever-increasing number of aptamer-based solutions for analytics proposed in the literature as proof-of-concept demonstrators. Despite such diversity, these platforms often lack a comparative assessment of their performances against the current standard of practice in the clinics when using real samples. We employed an aptamer against tobramycin discovered in our laboratory to quantify through surface plasmon resonance the concentration of the antibiotic in clinical samples obtained from patients treated with tobramycin and undergoing therapeutic drug monitoring. We then compared the performances of our detection strategy against the current standard of practice. Our results show how, using adequate calibration and matrix complexity reduction, DNA aptamer-based direct assays can assess clinically relevant concentrations of small molecules in patient serum and with good correlation to current standards used in the clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tenaglia
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Ferretti
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent A Decosterd
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Dominique Werner
- Clinical Chemistry Laboratory, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Mercier
- Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology, Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Widmer
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland; Pharmacy of Eastern Vaud Hospitals, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Thierry Buclin
- Service of Clinical Pharmacology, Lausanne University Hospital, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Carlotta Guiducci
- Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Institute of Bioengineering, Station 17, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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