1
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Wang K, Chen XY, Zhang RWY, Yue Y, Wen XL, Yang YS, Han CY, Ma Y, Liu HJ, Zhu HL. Multifunctional fluorescence/photoacoustic bimodal imaging of γ-glutamyltranspeptidase in liver disorders under different triggering conditions. Biomaterials 2024; 310:122635. [PMID: 38810386 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2024.122635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) seriously threatens the human health. Previous investigations revealed that γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) was tightly associated with the chronic injury, hepatic fibrosis, and the development of HCC, therefore might act as a potential indicator for monitoring the HCC-related processes. Herein, with the contribution of a structurally optimized probe ETYZE-GGT, the bimodal imaging in both far red fluorescence (FL) and photoacoustic (PA) modes has been achieved in multiple HCC-related models. To our knowledge, this work covered the most comprehensive models including the fibrosis and developed HCC processes as well as the premonitory induction stages (autoimmune hepatitis, drug-induced liver injury, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease). ETYZE-GGT exhibited steady and practical monitoring performances on reporting the HCC stages via visualizing the GGT dynamics. The two modes exhibited working consistency and complementarity with high spatial resolution, precise apparatus and desirable biocompatibility. In cooperation with the existing techniques including testing serum indexes and conducting pathological staining, ETYZE-GGT basically realized the universal application for the accurate pre-clinical diagnosis of as many HCC stages as possible. By deeply exploring the mechanically correlation between GGT and the HCC process, especially during the premonitory induction stages, we may further raise the efficacy for the early diagnosis and treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu-Yang Chen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China; State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Ren-Wei-Yang Zhang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214023, China
| | - Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chen-Yang Han
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Yuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Hong-Ji Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemo/Biosensing and Chemometrics, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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2
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Jin C, Cao Z, Zhu HL, Li Z. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase fluorescence lifetime response probe for precision tumor detection unveiling A549 cancer cell specificity. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 261:116484. [PMID: 38878698 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 05/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (γ-GGT), as a key enzyme, exhibits markedly higher expression levels in tumor cells compared to normal cells. Under normal conditions, γ-GGT activity on the cell membrane is relatively low, but it undergoes a significant upregulation in cancer cells, making it a potential cancer biomarker. Particularly in A549 cells, a prominent cancer cell line, the pronounced upregulation of γ-GGT expression emphasizes its potential as a unique recognition target and a robust marker for A549 cells. This study successfully synthesized a highly selective γ-GGT fluorescent probe, the exhibits commendable sensitivity (LOD = 0.0021U/mL) and selectivity, achieving efficient detection at the cellular level and providing accurate insights into differential expression between normal and cancer cells. The alterations in fluorescence lifetime observed before and after the probe's reaction with γ-GGT serve as a crucial foundation for fluorescence lifetime imaging on living cells. The probe has become a powerful tool for precise localization of tumor cells, particularly demonstrating its capability for specific recognition in A549 cells. Overall, this research highlights the potential of γ-GGT as a target for fluorescent probes, emphasizing its prospects in specific recognition, particularly in A549 cells, with profound implications for advancing early cancer diagnosis and treatment methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Jin
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhijia Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Zhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, No.163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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3
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Saleem M, Hanif M, Rafiq M, Raza H, Ja KS, Lu C. γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) Sensitive Fluorescence Probes for Cancer Diagnosis; Brief Review. J Fluoresc 2024; 34:977-1006. [PMID: 37505365 DOI: 10.1007/s10895-023-03353-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Millions of deaths occur each year due to the late diagnosis of abnormal cellular growth within the body. However, the devastating impact of this can be significantly reduced if cancer metastasis is detected early through the use of enzymatic biomarkers. Among several biomarkers, γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) stands out as a member of the aminopeptidase family. It is primarily found on the surface of cancer cells such as glioma, ovarian, lung, and prostate cancer, without being overexpressed in normal cells or tissues. Recent years have witnessed significant progress in the field of cancer monitoring and imaging. Fluorescence sensing techniques have been employed, utilizing organic small molecular probes with enzyme-specific recognition sites. These probes emit a fluorescent signal upon interacting with GGT, enabling the imaging, identification, and differentiation of normal and cancerous cells, tissues, and organs. This review article presents a concise overview of recent progress in fluorescent probes developed for the selective detection of GGT, focusing on their applications in cancer imaging. It highlights the observed alterations in the fluorescence and absorption spectra of the probes before and after interaction with GGT. Additionally, the study investigates the changes in the probe molecule's structure following enzyme treatment, evaluates the sensor's detection limit, and consolidated imaging studies conducted using confocal fluorescence analysis. This comprehensive survey is expected to contribute to the advancement of sensing techniques for biomarker detection and cancer imaging, providing valuable insights for refining methodologies and inspiring future developments in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saleem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan.
- Department of Chemistry, Thal University Bhakkar, Bhakkar, 30000, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Hanif
- Department of Chemistry, GC University Faisalabad, Sub Campus, Layyah, 31200, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Bahawalpur, 6300, Pakistan
| | - Hussain Raza
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongu National University, Kongju Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kim Song Ja
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kongu National University, Kongju Chungnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Changrui Lu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textiles, Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
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4
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Wang K, Yue Y, Chen XY, Wen XL, Yang B, Ren SZ, Yang YS, Jiang HX. In Vivo Imaging of γ-Glutamyl Transferase in Cardiovascular Diseases with a Photoacoustic Probe. ACS Sens 2024; 9:962-970. [PMID: 38293708 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.3c02480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
In this work, a photoacoustic (PA) probe, HDS-GGT, was developed for the in vivo imaging of cardiovascular diseases by monitoring the γ-glutamyl transferase (GGT) dynamics. HDS-GGT exhibited a stable PA signal with auxiliary absorbance and NIRF variation after the trigger by GGT. In all three modalities of absorbance, NIRF, and PA, HDS-GGT could quantitatively reflect the GGT level. In PA modality, HDS-GGT indicated the practical advantages including high sensitivity, high stability, and high specificity. In living oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced RAW264.7 cells, HDS-GGT indicated proper capability for imaging the plaques by visualizing the GGT dynamics. Moreover, during imaging in living model mice, HDS-GGT was achieved to distinguish the plaques from healthy blood vessels via a multiview PA presentation. HDS-GGT could also suggest the severity of plaques in the extracted aorta from the model mice, which was consistent with the histological staining results. The information herein might be useful for future investigations on cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ying Yue
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Xu-Yang Chen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Wen
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
| | - Bing Yang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Shen-Zhen Ren
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of Hebei Province, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Sciences & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
| | - Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua 321019, China
| | - Hao-Xiang Jiang
- Affiliated Children's Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214023, China
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5
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Zhang Y, Zhang Z, Wu M, Zhang R. Advances and Perspectives of Responsive Probes for Measuring γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase. ACS MEASUREMENT SCIENCE AU 2024; 4:54-75. [PMID: 38404494 PMCID: PMC10885334 DOI: 10.1021/acsmeasuresciau.3c00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is a plasma-membrane-bound enzyme that is involved in the γ-glutamyl cycle, like metabolism of glutathione (GSH). This enzyme plays an important role in protecting cells from oxidative stress, thus being tested as a key biomarker for several medical conditions, such as liver injury, carcinogenesis, and tumor progression. For measuring GGT activity, a number of bioanalytical methods have emerged, such as chromatography, colorimetric, electrochemical, and luminescence analyses. Among these approaches, probes that can specifically respond to GGT are contributing significantly to measuring its activity in vitro and in vivo. This review thus aims to highlight the recent advances in the development of responsive probes for GGT measurement and their practical applications. Responsive probes for fluorescence analysis, including "off-on", near-infrared (NIR), two-photon, and ratiometric fluorescence response probes, are initially summarized, followed by discussing the advances in the development of other probes, such as bioluminescence, chemiluminescence, photoacoustic, Raman, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and positron emission tomography (PET). The practical applications of the responsive probes in cancer diagnosis and treatment monitoring and GGT inhibitor screening are then highlighted. Based on this information, the advantages, challenges, and prospects of responsive probe technology for GGT measurement are analyzed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Zhang
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Zexi Zhang
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Miaomiao Wu
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Run Zhang
- Australian Institute for
Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University
of Queensland, St. Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia
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Jiang R, Zeng J, Liu Q, Li S, He L, Cheng D. Engineering a near-infrared LAP fluorescent probe with high sensitivity and selectivity for surgical resection of liver cancer. J Mater Chem B 2023; 11:9459-9466. [PMID: 37728020 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb01627g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a type of cancer associated with a high rate of mortality and morbidity. In order to achieve precise HCC theranostics, it is important to develop excellent fluorescent probes. However, the existing probes are not sensitive or specific enough to accurately identify HCC margins and contours. For diagnosing HCC and identifying tumors during surgery, it is urgent to engineer highly sensitive and selective fluorescent probes. Liver tumor progression is closely associated with leucine aminopeptidase (LAP) overexpression, a biomarker of liver cancer. Herein, we have rationally designed a NIR fluorescent probe, NLAP, which is specially activated by LAP. The probe exhibited high sensitivity (detection limit = 6.8 mU L-1) and superior affinity (Km = 2.98 μM) for LAP. With this probe, we distinguished cancer cells overexpressing LAP from normal cells and applied it intraoperatively to guide liver tumor excisions. Furthermore, NLAP was employed to successfully detect the LAP of intestinal and splenic metastatic tumors in orthotopic liver tumor mice by "in situ spraying" and good performances were demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfeng Jiang
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Jiayu Zeng
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Qian Liu
- Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Songjiao Li
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Longwei He
- Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
| | - Dan Cheng
- Clinical Research Institute, the Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China.
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7
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Rainu SK, Ramachandran RG, Parameswaran S, Krishnakumar S, Singh N. Advancements in Intraoperative Near-Infrared Fluorescence Imaging for Accurate Tumor Resection: A Promising Technique for Improved Surgical Outcomes and Patient Survival. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2023; 9:5504-5526. [PMID: 37661342 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.3c00828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Clear surgical margins for solid tumor resection are essential for preventing cancer recurrence and improving overall patient survival. Complete resection of tumors is often limited by a surgeon's ability to accurately locate malignant tissues and differentiate them from healthy tissue. Therefore, techniques or imaging modalities are required that would ease the identification and resection of tumors by real-time intraoperative visualization of tumors. Although conventional imaging techniques such as positron emission tomography (PET), computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), or radiography play an essential role in preoperative diagnostics, these cannot be utilized in intraoperative tumor detection due to their large size, high cost, long imaging time, and lack of cancer specificity. The inception of several imaging techniques has paved the way to intraoperative tumor margin detection with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Particularly, molecular imaging using near-infrared fluorescence (NIRF) based nanoprobes provides superior imaging quality due to high signal-to-noise ratio, deep penetration to tissues, and low autofluorescence, enabling accurate tumor resection and improved survival rates. In this review, we discuss the recent developments in imaging technologies, specifically focusing on NIRF nanoprobes that aid in highly specific intraoperative surgeries with real-time recognition of tumor margins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simran Kaur Rainu
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Remya Girija Ramachandran
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Sowmya Parameswaran
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Subramanian Krishnakumar
- L&T Ocular Pathology Department, Vision Research Foundation, Kamalnayan Bajaj Institute for Research in Vision and Ophthalmology, Chennai 600006, India
| | - Neetu Singh
- Center for Biomedical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, Hauz Khas, New Delhi 110016, India
- Biomedical Engineering Unit, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi 110029, India
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8
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Fu J, Lu L, Li M, Guo Y, Han M, Guo Y, Wang X. A γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase (GGT)-Triggered Charge Reversal Drug-Delivery System for Cervical Cancer Treatment: In Vitro and In Vivo Investigation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:pharmaceutics15051335. [PMID: 37242579 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15051335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neutral/negatively charged nanoparticles are beneficial to reduce plasma protein adsorption and prolong their blood circulation time, while positively charged nanoparticles easily transverse the blood vessel endothelium into a tumor and easily penetrate the depth of the tumor via transcytosis. Γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) is overexpressed on the external surface of endothelial cells of tumor blood vessels and metabolically active tumor cells. Nanocarriers modified by molecules containing γ-glutamyl moieties (such as glutathione, G-SH) can maintain a neutral/negative charge in the blood, as well as can be easily hydrolyzed by the GGT enzymes to expose the cationic surface at the tumor site, thus achieving good tumor accumulation via charge reversal. In this study, DSPE-PEG2000-GSH (DPG) was synthesized and used as a stabilizer to generate paclitaxel (PTX) nanosuspensions for the treatment of Hela cervical cancer (GGT-positive). The obtained drug-delivery system (PTX-DPG nanoparticles) was 164.6 ± 3.1 nm in diameter with a zeta potential of -9.85 ± 1.03 mV and a high drug-loaded content of 41.45 ± 0.7%. PTX-DPG NPs maintained their negative surface charge in a low concentration of GGT enzyme (0.05 U/mL), whereas they showed a significant charge-reversal property in the high-concentration solution of GGT enzyme (10 U/mL). After intravenous administration, PTX-DPG NPs mainly accumulated more in the tumor than in the liver, achieved good tumor-targetability, and significantly improved anti-tumor efficacy (68.48% vs. 24.07%, tumor inhibition rate, p < 0.05 in contrast to free PTX). This kind of GGT-triggered charge-reversal nanoparticle is promising to be a novel anti-tumor agent for the effective treatment of such GGT-positive cancers as cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Fu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Likang Lu
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Manzhen Li
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yaoyao Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
- School of Traditional Chinese Materia Medica, Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Meihua Han
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yifei Guo
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangtao Wang
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
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9
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Wang K, Wang W, Chen XY, Yang YS, Zhu HL. Constructing a novel fluorescence detection method for γ-glutamyltranspeptidase and application on visualizing liver injury. Biosens Bioelectron 2023; 219:114767. [PMID: 36265249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Liver injury is a serious threat to human health, and γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is proven to be one of the clinical biomarkers of liver injury. The conventional detection method of GGT activity in serum suffers from the complex operation, expensive equipment, and incapability of dynamically monitoring in biological samples. Herein, in consideration of the excellent characteristics of fluorescent probes, such as simple operation, high sensitivity, low cost, and good biocompatibility, a novel fluorescence detection method for GGT based on the combination of probe Rho-GGT and glutamic acid 5-hydrazide (glutamlhydrine) was designed. This method was applied to liver injury model mice to construct the relationship between the fluorescence signal, GGT activity, and the occurrence or development stage of liver injury. The fluorescence detection method combined with clinical indexes could more accurately characterize the situation of liver fibrosis, and evaluate the efficacy of liver fibrosis drugs, which could help provide important information for accurate diagnosis and early treatment of liver injury. The successful implementation of this project would promote the accurate in situ detection of GGT in liver injury, which was expected to guide pre-clinical diagnosis and clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
| | - Wei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Xu-Yang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yu-Shun Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Jinhua Advanced Research Institute, Jinhua, 321019, China.
| | - Hai-Liang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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10
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Liu Q, Huang J, He L, Yang X, Yuan L, Cheng D. Molecular fluorescent probes for liver tumor imaging. Chem Asian J 2022; 17:e202200091. [PMID: 35234359 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202200091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Liver cancer is a malignant tumor with both high morbidity and mortality. Traditional treatment method is mainly based on hepatectomy for liver tumor. However, it is difficult to accurately distinguish the tumor tissue and its boundary with the naked eye and palpation, leading to an ambiguous resection result, finally causes high recurrence of liver cancer. Molecular fluorescent probes possess lots of advantages, such as non-invasive, high sensitivity, and real-time imaging have been extensively studied in liver cancer imaging and therapy. In this minireview, we briefly introduce the recent developments of always on and activatable fluorescent probes in the liver cancer image and therapy. Future potential challenges of the fluorescent probes for liver tumor are also discussed. We expect that this minireview would improve the fluorescent probes development for real clinical application of liver cancer disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, CHINA
| | - Jia Huang
- University of South China, Hengyang Medical School, CHINA
| | - Longwei He
- University of South China, Department of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, CHINA
| | - Xuefeng Yang
- University of South China Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, CHINA
| | - Lin Yuan
- Hunan University, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, CHINA
| | - Dan Cheng
- University of South China Affiliated Nanhua Hospital, Hengyang Medical School, Hengyang 421002, Hunan, China, 421002, Hengyang, CHINA
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11
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Li L, Ding L, Zhang X, Wen D, Zhang M, Liu W, Wang H, Wang B, Yan L, Guo L, Diao H. A nitroreductase-responsive near-infrared phototheranostic probe for in vivo imaging of tiny tumor and photodynamic therapy. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2022; 267:120579. [PMID: 34776373 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxia-activated and nitroreductase-responsive phototheranostic probe has been developed by incorporating a nitro group into a hemicyanine fluorophore. The probe displays extremely sensitive and selective near-infrared fluorescence enhancement to nitroreductase with the detection limit of 2.10 ng/mL. The detection mechanism relies on the nitroreductase-catalyzed reduction of the nitro group to an amino group, along with the generation of the fluorophore. The availability of the probe in fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy was demonstrated at cellular level and in vivo. The probe can image endogenous nitroreductase and the hypoxia status of living cells. The probe also exhibits significant phototoxicity to hypoxia tumor cells under the 660 nm laser irradiation. More importantly, the probe has been successfully utilized in imaging tiny tumor (about 6 mm3) and tumor photodynamic therapy in vivo. The proposed probe integrates accurate near-infrared fluorescence imaging and photodynamic therapy into the same molecule, which probably become a promising agent in the early diagnosis and therapy of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Lei Ding
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Xueyun Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Danning Wen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Wen Liu
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
| | - Haojiang Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Bin Wang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lili Yan
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Lixia Guo
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China
| | - Haipeng Diao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China; Key Laboratory of Cellular Physiology (Shanxi Medical University), Ministry of Education, PR China; College of Basic Medical Sciences, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, PR China.
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12
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Lu B, Yin J, Liu C, Lin W. Lipid droplet polarity decreases during the pathology of muscle injury as revealed by a polarity sensitive sensor. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 262:120149. [PMID: 34252741 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2021.120149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Revealing the relationship between lipid droplets (LDs)polarity and disease is indispensable in clinicopathological diagnosis. So far, muscle injury is often ignored as it is not life-threatening as cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, making the exploration of the internal relationship between muscle injury and LDs polarity a gray area. Herein, a fluorescent probe (CCB) with powerful polar-sensitive as well as precise LDs targeting was designed for visualizing the LDs polarity in the pathology of muscle injury. By means of the probe CCB, the identification of cancer cells and the monitoring of LDs polarity changes in dysfunctional cells were successfully realized. Furthermore, the penetration ability of CCB in tissues of mice was tested to verify the applicability of the probe in organisms. Importantly, by CCB, the relationship between muscle damage and LDs polarity was explored, revealing that muscle damage caused a significant decrease in LDs polarity accompanied by a significant increase in fluorescence. Most importantly, it is the first time to reveal the relationship between muscle damage and LDs polarity. Therefore, the probe CCB will be a powerful monitoring platform for diagnosing related diseases caused by abnormal LDs polarity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingli Lu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Junling Yin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Cong Liu
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China
| | - Weiying Lin
- Institute of Fluorescent Probes for Biological Imaging, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Jinan, Jinan, Shandong 250022, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Electrochemical Energy Materials, Institute of Optical Materials and Chemical Biology, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, PR China.
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13
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Periyathambi P, Balian A, Hu Z, Padro D, Hernandez LI, Uvdal K, Duarte J, Hernandez FJ. Activatable MRI probes for the specific detection of bacteria. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:7353-7362. [PMID: 34704109 PMCID: PMC8626403 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03710-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activatable fluorescent probes have been successfully used as molecular tools for biomedical research in the last decades. Fluorescent probes allow the detection of molecular events, providing an extraordinary platform for protein and cellular research. Nevertheless, most of the fluorescent probes reported are susceptible to interferences from endogenous fluorescence (background signal) and limited tissue penetration is expected. These drawbacks prevent the use of fluorescent tracers in the clinical setting. To overcome the limitation of fluorescent probes, we and others have developed activatable magnetic resonance probes. Herein, we report for the first time, an oligonucleotide-based probe with the capability to detect bacteria using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The activatable MRI probe consists of a specific oligonucleotide that targets micrococcal nuclease (MN), a nuclease derived from Staphylococcus aureus. The oligonucleotide is flanked by a superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle (SPION) at one end, and by a dendron functionalized with several gadolinium complexes as enhancers, at the other end. Therefore, only upon recognition of the MRI probe by the specific bacteria is the probe activated and the MRI signal can be detected. This approach may be widely applied to detect bacterial infections or other human conditions with the potential to be translated into the clinic as an activatable contrast agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prabu Periyathambi
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkӧping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Alien Balian
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkӧping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden.,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Zhangjun Hu
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkӧping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Daniel Padro
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014, Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Luiza I Hernandez
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linkӧping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Kajsa Uvdal
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkӧping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Joao Duarte
- Department of Experimental Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Lund University, 22181, Lund, Sweden.,Wallenberg Center for Molecular Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Frank J Hernandez
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linkӧping University, 58185, Linköping, Sweden. .,Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
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14
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Scott J, Deng Q, Vendrell M. Near-Infrared Fluorescent Probes for the Detection of Cancer-Associated Proteases. ACS Chem Biol 2021; 16:1304-1317. [PMID: 34315210 PMCID: PMC8383269 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.1c00223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Proteases are enzymes capable of catalyzing protein breakdown, which is critical across many biological processes. There are several families of proteases, each of which perform key functions through the degradation of specific proteins. As our understanding of cancer improves, it has been demonstrated that several proteases can be overactivated during the progression of cancer and contribute to malignancy. Optical imaging systems that employ near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent probes to detect protease activity offer clinical promise, both for early detection of cancer as well as for the assessment of personalized therapy. In this Review, we review the design of NIR probes and their successful application for the detection of different cancer-associated proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie
I. Scott
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Qinyi Deng
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc Vendrell
- Centre
for Inflammation Research, The University
of Edinburgh, EH16 4TJ Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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15
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Zeng Z, Liew SS, Wei X, Pu K. Hemicyanine‐Based Near‐Infrared Activatable Probes for Imaging and Diagnosis of Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Nanyang Technological University 70 Nanyang Drive Singapore 637457 Singapore
- School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Nanyang Technological University 21 Nanyang Link Singapore 637371 Singapore
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16
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Zeng Z, Liew SS, Wei X, Pu K. Hemicyanine-Based Near-Infrared Activatable Probes for Imaging and Diagnosis of Diseases. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2021; 60:26454-26475. [PMID: 34263981 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202107877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Molecular activatable probes with near-infrared (NIR) fluorescence play a critical role in in vivo imaging of biomarkers for drug screening and disease diagnosis. With structural diversity and high fluorescence quantum yields, hemicyanine dyes have emerged as a versatile scaffold for the construction of activatable optical probes. This Review presents a survey of hemicyanine-based NIR activatable probes (HNAPs) for in vivo imaging and early diagnosis of diseases. The molecular design principles of HNAPs towards activatable optical signaling against various biomarkers are discussed with a focus on their broad applications in the detection of diseases including inflammation, acute organ failure, skin diseases, intestinal diseases, and cancer. This progress not only proves the unique value of HNAPs in preclinical research but also highlights their high translational potential in clinical diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziling Zeng
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Si Si Liew
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Xin Wei
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore
| | - Kanyi Pu
- School of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 70 Nanyang Drive, Singapore, 637457, Singapore.,School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
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17
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Rajapaksha AA, Fu YX, Guo WY, Liu SY, Li ZW, Xiong CQ, Yang WC, Yang GF. Review on the recent progress in the development of fluorescent probes targeting enzymes. Methods Appl Fluoresc 2021; 9. [PMID: 33873170 DOI: 10.1088/2050-6120/abf988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Enzymes are very important for biological processes in a living being, performing similar or multiple tasks in and out of cells, tissues and other organisms at a particular location. The abnormal activity of particular enzyme usually caused serious diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, cancers, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, arthritis etc. Hence, nondestructive and real-time visualization for certain enzyme is very important for understanding the biological issues, as well as the drug administration and drug metabolism. Fluorescent cellular probe-based enzyme detectionin vitroandin vivohas become broad interest for human disease diagnostics and therapeutics. This review highlights the recent findings and designs of highly sensitive and selective fluorescent cellular probes targeting enzymes for quantitative analysis and bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asanka Amith Rajapaksha
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nano Science Technology, Faculty of Technology, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Kuliyapitiya, Sri Lanka
| | - Yi-Xuan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Wu Yingzheng Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Shi-Yu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Wen Li
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Cui-Qin Xiong
- Department of Interventional Medicine, Wuhan Third Hospital-Tongren Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan 430070, People's Republic of China
| | - Wen-Chao Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
| | - Guang-Fu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, International Joint Research Center for Intelligent Biosensor Technology and Health, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, People's Republic of China
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18
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Usama SM, Inagaki F, Kobayashi H, Schnermann MJ. Norcyanine-Carbamates Are Versatile Near-Infrared Fluorogenic Probes. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:5674-5679. [PMID: 33844539 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Fluorogenic probes in the near-infrared (NIR) region have the potential to provide stimuli-dependent information in living organisms. Here, we describe a new class of fluorogenic probes based on the heptamethine cyanine scaffold, the most broadly used NIR chromophore. These compounds result from modification of heptamethine norcyanines with stimuli-responsive carbamate linkers. The resulting cyanine carbamates (CyBams) exhibit exceptional turn-ON ratios (∼170×) due to dual requirements for NIR emission: carbamate cleavage through 1,6-elimination and chromophore protonation. Illustrating their utility in complex in vivo settings, a γ-glutamate substituted CyBam was applied to imaging γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activity in a metastatic model of ovarian cancer. Overall, CyBams have significant potential to extend the reach of fluorogenic strategies to intact tissue and live animal imaging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Muhammad Usama
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
| | - Fuyuki Inagaki
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Hisataka Kobayashi
- Molecular Imaging Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, United States
| | - Martin J Schnermann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, Maryland 21702, United States
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19
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Huang Z, An R, Wei S, Wang J, Ye D. Noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of γ-glutamyltransferase activity using an activatable probe. Analyst 2021; 146:1865-1871. [PMID: 33480367 DOI: 10.1039/d0an02232b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT) is an important aminopeptidase overexpressed in many malignant tumors, and accurate detection of its activity is useful for the diagnosis and treatment of tumors. Herein, we report a GGT-activatable ratiometric fluorescent probe (1) constructed by covalently linking an 'always-on' BODIPY fluorophore with a GGT-activatable near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent substrate. Upon interaction with GGT, the NIR fluorescence at 735 nm in probe 1 is significantly enhanced, while the fluorescence of BODIPY at 517 nm remains unchanged. Using BODIPY fluorescence as an internal standard, significantly enhanced ratiometric fluorescence between 735 nm and 517 nm could be achieved, allowing accurate detection of the activity of GGT in living subjects independent of probe concentration. We demonstrate that probe 1 is feasible for the evaluation of GGT levels in different tumor cells and differentiation of GGT-positive tumor cells from GGT-negative normal tissue cells. Moreover, probe 1 is further applied for the visualization of tumor via noninvasive ratiometric fluorescence imaging of GGT activity, which could facilitate the detection of GGT-positive tumor tissues and study of GGT-related pathological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
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20
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Wang Z, Meng Q, Li S. The Role of NIR Fluorescence in MDR Cancer Treatment: From Targeted Imaging to Phototherapy. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:5510-5529. [PMID: 31244415 DOI: 10.2174/0929867326666190627123719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multidrug Resistance (MDR) is defined as a cross-resistance of cancer cells to various chemotherapeutics and has been demonstrated to correlate with drug efflux pumps. Visualization of drug efflux pumps is useful to pre-select patients who may be insensitive to chemotherapy, thus preventing patients from unnecessary treatment. Near-Infrared (NIR) imaging is an attractive approach to monitoring MDR due to its low tissue autofluorescence and deep tissue penetration. Molecular NIR imaging of MDR cancers requires stable probes targeting biomarkers with high specificity and affinity. OBJECTIVE This article aims to provide a concise review of novel NIR probes and their applications in MDR cancer treatment. RESULTS Recently, extensive research has been performed to develop novel NIR probes and several strategies display great promise. These strategies include chemical conjugation between NIR dyes and ligands targeting MDR-associated biomarkers, native NIR dyes with inherent targeting ability, activatable NIR probes as well as NIR dyes loaded nanoparticles. Moreover, NIR probes have been widely employed for photothermal and photodynamic therapy in cancer treatment, which combine with other modalities to overcome MDR. With the rapid advancing of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles are incorporated with NIR dyes to provide multifunctional platforms for controlled drug delivery and combined therapy to combat MDR. The construction of these probes for MDR cancers targeted NIR imaging and phototherapy will be discussed. Multimodal nanoscale platform which integrates MDR monitoring and combined therapy will also be encompassed. CONCLUSION We believe these NIR probes project a promising approach for diagnosis and therapy of MDR cancers, thus holding great potential to reach clinical settings in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengtao Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Qingqing Meng
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Shaoshun Li
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
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21
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Li Y, Xue C, Fang Z, Xu W, Xie H. In Vivo Visualization of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity with an Activatable Self-Immobilizing Near-Infrared Probe. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15017-15024. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Chenghong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zhijun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weipan Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Hexin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design, Frontiers Science Center for Materiobiology and Dynamic Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
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22
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Li Y, Song H, Xue C, Fang Z, Xiong L, Xie H. A self-immobilizing near-infrared fluorogenic probe for sensitive imaging of extracellular enzyme activity in vivo. Chem Sci 2020; 11:5889-5894. [PMID: 32874510 PMCID: PMC7449546 DOI: 10.1039/d0sc01273d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Reported herein is a self-immobilizing near-infrared fluorogenic probe that can be used to image extracellular enzyme activity in vivo. Using a fluorophore as a quinone methide precursor, this probe covalently anchors at sites of activation and greatly enhances the fluorescence intensity at 710 nm upon enzymatic stimulus, significantly boosting detection sensitivity in a highly dynamic in vivo system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Heng Song
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Chenghong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Zhijun Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China .
| | - Liqin Xiong
- Shanghai Med-X Engineering Center for Medical Equipment and Technology , School of Biomedical Engineering , Shanghai Jiao Tong University , Shanghai 200030 , P. R. China
| | - Hexin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering , Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , Shanghai 200237 , P. R. China .
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23
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Abstract
The mercapturic acid pathway is a major route for the biotransformation of xenobiotic and endobiotic electrophilic compounds and their metabolites. Mercapturic acids (N-acetyl-l-cysteine S-conjugates) are formed by the sequential action of the glutathione transferases, γ-glutamyltransferases, dipeptidases, and cysteine S-conjugate N-acetyltransferase to yield glutathione S-conjugates, l-cysteinylglycine S-conjugates, l-cysteine S-conjugates, and mercapturic acids; these metabolites constitute a "mercapturomic" profile. Aminoacylases catalyze the hydrolysis of mercapturic acids to form cysteine S-conjugates. Several renal transport systems facilitate the urinary elimination of mercapturic acids; urinary mercapturic acids may serve as biomarkers for exposure to chemicals. Although mercapturic acid formation and elimination is a detoxication reaction, l-cysteine S-conjugates may undergo bioactivation by cysteine S-conjugate β-lyase. Moreover, some l-cysteine S-conjugates, particularly l-cysteinyl-leukotrienes, exert significant pathophysiological effects. Finally, some enzymes of the mercapturic acid pathway are described as the so-called "moonlighting proteins," catalytic proteins that exert multiple biochemical or biophysical functions apart from catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick E Hanna
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - M W Anders
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, USA
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24
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Liu Y, Feng B, Cao X, Tang G, Liu H, Chen F, Liu M, Chen Q, Yuan K, Gu Y, Feng X, Zeng W. A novel "AIE + ESIPT" near-infrared nanoprobe for the imaging of γ-glutamyl transpeptidase in living cells and the application in precision medicine. Analyst 2019; 144:5136-5142. [PMID: 31338492 DOI: 10.1039/c9an00773c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) has been reported as a biomarker of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and its imaging is of great benefit for early detection in precise medicine as well as intraoperative navigation. Herein, we have designed and synthesized a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe coupled aggregation-induced emission (AIE) and excited-state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) effect for the detection of GGT. Thanks to conjugated glutamate acid, this probe could be dispersed in aqueous solution and showed barely any fluorescence emission. Through a GGT-mediated enzymatic reaction, the aggregation state of the probe in aqueous solution was changed and an intramolecular hydrogen bond was formed, resulting in an enhanced fluorescence emission. An excellent linear relationship was observed and the concentration of GGT measured was in the range of 10-90 U L-1 with a limit of detection calculated at 2.9 U L-1. Its feasibility has been confirmed by detecting GGT in HepG2 cells with high specificity and long-term sustainability, satisfying clinical need. Moreover, this nanoprobe showed great potential for precise medicine guided surgery by realizing fluorescence imaging in human liver tumour tissue and distinguishing it from normal tissue. Thus, we supposed that our AIE coupled ESIPT fluorescent nanoprobe has great potential in the early detection of HCC, the selective fluorescence imaging of GGT positive cells during surgery and application in precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Xiangya School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, PR China.
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25
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An R, Wei S, Huang Z, Liu F, Ye D. An Activatable Chemiluminescent Probe for Sensitive Detection of γ-Glutamyl Transpeptidase Activity in Vivo. Anal Chem 2019; 91:13639-13646. [PMID: 31560193 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Activatable chemiluminescent probes that show enhanced chemiluminescence upon interaction with a molecular target of interest have offered promising tools for sensing and bioimaging in terms of low background, high sensitivity, and improved penetration depth in biological tissues. Here, we reported a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) activatable chemiluminescent probe for real-time detection of GGT activity in vitro and in living mice. The probe was designed by caging an electron-withdrawing acrylic group-substituted Schaap's phenoxy-dioxetane with a GGT-recognitive substrate (γ-Glu) and a self-immolative linker (p-aminobenzyl alcohol), which was initially chemiluminescence off. Upon interaction with GGT, strong chemiluminescence with a more than 800-fold turn-on ratio could be achieved in aqueous solution, allowing to specifically detect GGT activity with ultrahigh signal-to-background ratio and sensitivity in vitro and in live cells. We demonstrated that the probe was reliable to quantify the GGT in serum, permitting to accurately report the elevated levels of GGT in lipopolysaccharide-treated mouse serum. Moreover, through real-time chemiluminescence imaging of GGT activity, the designed probe was feasible to detect GGT-positive tumors in living mice after intravenous systemic administration. This study demonstrates the high potential of GGT-activatable chemiluminescent probe for serum assays and molecular imaging, which might find wide applications in diagnosis of GGT-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibing An
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Shixuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Zheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Fei Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
| | - Deju Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Sciences, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023 , China
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26
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Sun N, Wang D, Yao G, Li X, Mei T, Zhou X, Wong KY, Jiang B, Fang Z. pH-dependent and cathepsin B activable CaCO 3 nanoprobe for targeted in vivo tumor imaging. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:4309-4317. [PMID: 31354262 PMCID: PMC6581754 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s201722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The intraoperative visualization of tumor cells is a powerful modality for surgical treatment of solid tumors. Since the completeness of tumor excision is closely correlated with the survival of patients, probes that can assist in distinguishing tumor cells are highly demanded. Purpose: In the present study, a fluorescent probe JF1 was synthesized for imaging of tumor cells by conjugating a substrate of cathepsin B (quenching moiety) to Oregon Green derivative JF2 using a self-immolative linker. Methods: JF1 was then loaded into the folate-PEG modified CaCO3 nanoparticles. The folate receptor-targeted, pH-dependent, and cathepsin B activable CaCO3 nanoprobe was test in vitro and in vivo for tumor imaging. Results: CaCO3 nanoprobe demonstrated good stability and fast lighting ability in tumors under low pH conditions. It also showed lower fluorescence background than the single cathepsin B dependent fluorescent probe. The pH-dependent and cathepsin B controlled “turn-on” property enables precise and fast indication of tumor in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: This strategy of controlled drug delivery enables in vivo imaging of tumor nodules with a high signal-to-noise ratio, which has great potential in surgical tumor treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Sun
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, People's Republic of China.,State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Dou Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen 518020, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Yao
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaomei Li
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Mei
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinke Zhou
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, People's Republic of China
| | - Kwok-Yin Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Drug Discovery, and Department of Applied Biology and Chemical Technology, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Baishan Jiang
- Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510530, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyuan Fang
- The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510500, People's Republic of China
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Romieu A, Dejouy G, Valverde IE. Quest for novel fluorogenic xanthene dyes: Synthesis, spectral properties and stability of 3-imino-3H-xanthen-6-amine (pyronin) and its silicon analog. Tetrahedron Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2018.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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