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HUANG J, XIA L, XIAO X, LI G. [Advances in microchip electrophoresis for the separation and analysis of biological samples]. Se Pu 2023; 41:641-650. [PMID: 37534551 PMCID: PMC10398827 DOI: 10.3724/sp.j.1123.2022.12004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Microchip electrophoresis is a separation technology that involves fluid manipulation in a microchip; the advantages of this technique include high separation efficiency, low sample consumption, and fast and easy multistep integration. Microchip electrophoresis has been widely used to rapidly separate and analyze complex samples in biology and medicine. In this paper, we review the research progress on microchip electrophoresis, explore the fabrication and separation modes of microchip materials, and discuss their applications in the detection and analysis of biological samples. Research on microchip materials can be mainly categorized into chip materials, channel modifications, electrode materials, and electrode integration methods. Microchip materials research involves the development of silicon, glass, polydimethylsiloxane and polymethyl methacrylate-based, and paper electrophoretic materials. Microchannel modification research primarily focuses on the dynamic and static modification methods of microchannels. Although chip materials and fabrication technologies have improved over the years, problems such as high manufacturing costs, long processing time, and short service lives continue to persist. These problems hinder the industrialization of microchip electrophoresis. At present, few static methods for the surface modification of polymer channels are available, and most of them involve a combination of physical adsorption and polymers. Therefore, developing efficient surface modification methods for polymer channels remains a necessary undertaking. In addition, both dynamic and static modifications require the introduction of other chemicals, which may not be conducive to the expansion of subsequent experiments. The materials commonly used in the development of electrodes and processing methods for electrode-microchip integration include gold, platinum, and silver. Microchip electrophoresis can be divided into two modes according to the uniformity of the electric field: uniform and non-uniform. The uniform electric field electrophoresis mode mainly involves micro free-flow electrophoresis and micro zone electrophoresis, including micro isoelectric focusing electrophoresis, micro isovelocity electrophoresis, and micro density gradient electrophoresis. The non-uniform electric field electrophoresis mode involves micro dielectric electrophoresis. Microchip electrophoresis is typically used in conjunction with conventional laboratory methods, such as optical, electrochemical, and mass spectrometry, to achieve the rapid and efficient separation and analysis of complex samples. However, the labeling required for most widely used laser-induced fluorescence technologies often involves a cumbersome organic synthesis process, and not all samples can be labeled, which limits the application scenarios of laser-induced fluorescence. The applications of unlabeled microchip electrophoresis-chemiluminescence/dielectrophoresis are also limited, and simplification of the experimental process to achieve simple and rapid microchip electrophoresis remains challenging. Several new models and strategies for high throughput in situ detection based on these detection methods have been developed for microchip electrophoretic systems. However, high throughput analysis by microchip electrophoresis is often dependent on complex chip structures and relatively complicated detection methods; thus, simple high throughput analytical technologies must be further explored. This paper also reviews the progress on microchip electrophoresis for the separation and analysis of complex biological samples, such as biomacromolecules, biological small molecules, and bioparticles, and forecasts the development trend of microchip electrophoresis in the separation and analysis of biomolecules. Over 250 research papers on this field are published annually, and it is gradually becoming a research focus. Most previous research has focused on biomacromolecules, including proteins and nucleic acids; biological small molecules, including amino acids, metabolites, and ions; and bioparticles, including cells and pathogens. However, several problems remain unsolved in the field of microchip electrophoresis. Overall, microchip electrophoresis requires further study to increase its suitability for the separation and analysis of complex biological samples.
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2
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Holland LA, Casto-Boggess LD. Gels in Microscale Electrophoresis. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2023; 16:161-179. [PMID: 37314879 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-091522-080207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Gel matrices are fundamental to electrophoresis analyses of biopolymers in microscale channels. Both capillary gel and microchannel gel electrophoresis systems have produced fundamental advances in the scientific community. These analytical techniques remain as foundational tools in bioanalytical chemistry and are indispensable in the field of biotherapeutics. This review summarizes the current state of gels in microscale channels and provides a brief description of electrophoretic transport in gels. In addition to the discussion of traditional polymers, several nontraditional gels are introduced. Advances in gel matrices highlighted include selective polymers modified to contain added functionality as well as thermally responsive gels formed through self-assembly. This review discusses cutting-edge applications to challenging areas of discovery in DNA, RNA, protein, and glycan analyses. Finally, emerging techniques that result in multifunctional assays for real-time biochemical processing in capillary and three-dimensional channels are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa A Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA;
| | - Laura D Casto-Boggess
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA;
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3
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Bhimwal R, Rustandi RR, Payne A, Dawod M. Recent advances in capillary gel electrophoresis for the analysis of proteins. J Chromatogr A 2022; 1682:463453. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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4
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Li F. Single factor and enzymatic hydrolysis conditions of the protein in desalted salted egg white. APPLIED NANOSCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s13204-021-02193-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Nasrollahpour H, Khalilzadeh B, Naseri A, Sillanpää M, Chia CH. Homogeneous Electrochemiluminescence in the Sensors Game: What Have We Learned from Past Experiments? Anal Chem 2021; 94:349-365. [PMID: 34878242 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Nasrollahpour
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Balal Khalilzadeh
- Stem Cell Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Naseri
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Tabriz, Tabriz 51664-14766, Iran
| | - Mika Sillanpää
- Environmental Engineering and Management Research Group, Ton Duc Thang University, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.,Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, 70000 Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Chin Hua Chia
- Department of Applied Physics, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600 Bangi, Selangor Malaysia
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6
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Soltermann F, Struwe WB, Kukura P. Label-free methods for optical in vitro characterization of protein-protein interactions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:16488-16500. [PMID: 34342317 PMCID: PMC8359934 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01072g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Protein-protein interactions are involved in the regulation and function of the majority of cellular processes. As a result, much effort has been aimed at the development of methodologies capable of quantifying protein-protein interactions, with label-free methods being of particular interest due to the associated simplified workflows and minimisation of label-induced perturbations. Here, we review recent advances in optical technologies providing label-free in vitro measurements of affinities and kinetics. We provide an overview and comparison of existing techniques and their principles, discussing advantages, limitations, and recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Soltermann
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordUK
| | - Weston B. Struwe
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordUK
| | - Philipp Kukura
- Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, University of OxfordUK
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7
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Shi N, Mohibullah M, Easley CJ. Active Flow Control and Dynamic Analysis in Droplet Microfluidics. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY (PALO ALTO, CALIF.) 2021; 14:133-153. [PMID: 33979546 PMCID: PMC8956363 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-anchem-122120-042627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics has emerged as an important subfield within the microfluidic and general analytical communities. Indeed, several unique applications such as digital assay readout and single-cell sequencing now have commercial systems based on droplet microfluidics. Yet there remains room for this research area to grow. To date, most analytical readouts are optical in nature, relatively few studies have integrated sample preparation, and passive means for droplet formation and manipulation have dominated the field. Analytical scientists continue to expand capabilities by developing droplet-compatible method adaptations, for example, by interfacing to mass spectrometers or automating droplet sampling for temporally resolved analysis. In this review, we highlight recently developed fluidic control techniques and unique integrations of analytical methodology with droplet microfluidics-focusing on automation and the connections to analog/digital domains-and we conclude by offering a perspective on current challenges and future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Shi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA;
| | - Md Mohibullah
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA;
| | - Christopher J Easley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, USA;
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8
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra L. Crihfield
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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9
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Samarasinghe TN, Zeng Y, Johnson CK. Comparison of separation modes for microchip electrophoresis of proteins. J Sep Sci 2020; 44:744-751. [PMID: 33226183 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202000883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Separation of a set of model proteins was tested on a microchip electrophoresis analytical platform capable of sample injection by two different electrokinetic mechanisms. A range of separation modes-microchip capillary zone electrophoresis, microchip micellar electrokinetic chromatography, and nanoparticle-based sieving-was tested on glass and polydimethylsiloxane/glass microchips and with silica-nanoparticle colloidal arrays. The model proteins calmodulin (18 kiloDalton), bovine serum albumin (66 kDa), and concanavalin (106 kDa) were labeled with Alexa Fluor 647 for laser-induced fluorescence detection. The best separation and resolution were obtained in a silica-nanoparticle colloidal array chip.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yong Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
| | - Carey K Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas, USA
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Wang Y, Adeoye DI, Ogunkunle EO, Wei IA, Filla RT, Roper MG. Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis: A Critical Review of the Literature from 2018 to 2020. Anal Chem 2020; 93:295-310. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Damilola I. Adeoye
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Emmanuel O. Ogunkunle
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - I-An Wei
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Robert T. Filla
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
| | - Michael G. Roper
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida State University, 95 Chieftain Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32306, United States
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11
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Li D, Huang B, Cao Y, Han M, Wu X, Sun Q, Ma C, Zhao L, Liu P, Zheng C, Dong H, Wang X, Liu Y, Zhang Y. Confined interface vibration for femtoliter droplets generation and manipulation. NANO SELECT 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/nano.202000151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Dege Li
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Bingfang Huang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Yi Cao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Molong Han
- Centre of Micro‐photonics Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne Australia
| | - Xinlei Wu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Qiang Sun
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Chi Ma
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Lilong Zhao
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Peng Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Chao Zheng
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering University of Surrey Guildford UK
| | - Hang Dong
- School of Mechanical Engineering Xinjiang University Urumqi China
| | - Xiaolong Wang
- Dongying Science and Technology Bureau Dongying China
| | - Yonghong Liu
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
| | - Yanzhen Zhang
- College of Mechanical and Electronic Engineering China University of Petroleum (East China) Qingdao China
- Centre of Micro‐photonics Swinburne University of Technology Melbourne Australia
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12
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Liénard-Mayor T, Taverna M, Descroix S, Mai TD. Droplet-interfacing strategies in microscale electrophoresis for sample treatment, separation and quantification: A review. Anal Chim Acta 2020; 1143:281-297. [PMID: 33384124 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In this study, for the first time we report on a comprehensive overview of different strategies to hyphenate droplet-based sample handling and preparation with electrophoretic separation in different formats (i.e. microchip and capillary electrophoresis). Droplet-interfaced electrophoresis is an emerging technique in which micro/nanometric droplets are used as a bridge and carrier of target analytes between sample treatment and electrokinetic separation steps, thus being expected to overcome the challenges of working dimension mismatch and low degree of module integration. This review covers all works on this topic from 2006 (the year of the first communication) up to 2020, with focus being given to three principal interfacing strategies, including droplets in immiscible phases, digital microfluidics with electrowetting-on-dielectric principle and inkjet droplet generation. Different instrumental developments for such purpose, the viewpoints on pros and cons of these designs as well as application demonstrations of droplet-interfaced electrokinetic strategies are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Théo Liénard-Mayor
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France
| | - Myriam Taverna
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France; Institut Universitaire de France, France
| | - Stéphanie Descroix
- Laboratoire Physico Chimie Curie, Institut Curie, PSL Research University, CNRS UMR168, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Thanh Duc Mai
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut Galien Paris-Saclay, 92296, Châtenay-Malabry, France.
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13
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Arter WE, Levin A, Krainer G, Knowles TPJ. Microfluidic approaches for the analysis of protein-protein interactions in solution. Biophys Rev 2020; 12:575-585. [PMID: 32266673 PMCID: PMC7242286 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-020-00679-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Exploration and characterisation of the human proteome is a key objective enabling a heightened understanding of biological function, malfunction and pharmaceutical design. Since proteins typically exhibit their behaviour by binding to other proteins, the challenge of probing protein-protein interactions has been the focus of new and improved experimental approaches. Here, we review recently developed microfluidic techniques for the study and quantification of protein-protein interactions. We focus on methodologies that utilise the inherent strength of microfluidics for the control of mass transport on the micron scale, to facilitate surface and membrane-free interrogation and quantification of interacting proteins. Thus, the microfluidic tools described here provide the capability to yield insights on protein-protein interactions under physiological conditions. We first discuss the defining principles of microfluidics, and methods for the analysis of protein-protein interactions that utilise the diffusion-controlled mixing characteristic of fluids at the microscale. We then describe techniques that employ electrophoretic forces to manipulate and fractionate interacting protein systems for their biophysical characterisation, before discussing strategies that use microdroplet compartmentalisation for the analysis of protein interactions. We conclude by highlighting future directions for the field, such as the integration of microfluidic experiments into high-throughput workflows for the investigation of protein interaction networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- William E Arter
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK
| | - Aviad Levin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Georg Krainer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK
| | - Tuomas P J Knowles
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge, CB2 1EW, UK.
- Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, UK.
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14
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Kristoff CJ, Bwanali L, Veltri LM, Gautam GP, Rutto PK, Newton EO, Holland LA. Challenging Bioanalyses with Capillary Electrophoresis. Anal Chem 2020; 92:49-66. [PMID: 31698907 PMCID: PMC6995690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b04718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Courtney J. Kristoff
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lloyd Bwanali
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lindsay M. Veltri
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Gayatri P. Gautam
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Patrick K. Rutto
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Ebenezer O. Newton
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
| | - Lisa A. Holland
- C. Eugene Bennett Department of Chemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506, United States
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15
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Droplet-based optofluidic systems for measuring enzyme kinetics. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:3265-3283. [PMID: 31853606 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02294-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The study of enzyme kinetics is of high significance in understanding metabolic networks in living cells and using enzymes in industrial applications. To gain insight into the catalytic mechanisms of enzymes, it is necessary to screen an enormous number of reaction conditions, a process that is typically laborious, time-consuming, and costly when using conventional measurement techniques. In recent times, droplet-based microfluidic systems have proved themselves to be of great utility in large-scale biological experimentation, since they consume a minimal sample, operate at high analytical throughput, are characterized by efficient mass and heat transfer, and offer high levels of integration and automation. The primary goal of this review is the introduction of novel microfluidic tools and detection methods for use in high-throughput and sensitive analysis of enzyme kinetics. The first part of this review focuses on introducing basic concepts of enzyme kinetics and describing most common microfluidic approaches, with a particular focus on segmented flow. Herein, the key advantages include accurate control over the flow behavior, efficient mass and heat transfer, multiplexing, and high-level integration with detection modalities. The second part describes the current state-of-the-art platforms for high-throughput and sensitive analysis of enzyme kinetics. In addition to our categorization of recent advances in measuring enzyme kinetics, we have endeavored to critically assess the limitations of each of these detection approaches and propose strategies to improve measurements in droplet-based microfluidics. Graphical abstract.
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