1
|
Sun D, Gao G, Wen L, Xu Z. Synthesis of weak cation exchange/C 18 bifunctional magnetic polymers for pretreatment and determination of glufosinate and its two metabolites in plasma samples. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1725:464957. [PMID: 38703458 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
This study focuses on the purification and detection of glufosinate (GLUF) and its metabolites N-acetyl GLUF and MPP in plasma samples. A Dikma Polyamino HILIC column was used for the effective retention and separation of GLUF and its metabolites, and the innovative addition of a low concentration of ammonium fluoride solution to the mobile phase effectively improved the detection sensitivity of the target analytes. Monodisperse core-shell weak cation exchange (WCX)/C18 bifunctional magnetic polymer composites (Fe3O4@WCX/C18) were prepared in a controllable manner, and their morphology and composition were fully characterized. The Fe3O4@WCX/C18 microspheres were used as a magnetic solid-phase extraction (MSPE) adsorbent for the sample purification and detection of GLUF and its metabolites in plasma samples combined with liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The purification conditions of Fe3O4@WCX/C18 microspheres for GLUF and its metabolites in spiked plasma samples were optimized to achieve the best MSPE efficiency. The purification mechanisms of the target analytes in plasma samples include electrostatic attraction and hydrophobic interactions. Furthermore, the effect of the molar ratio of the two functional monomers 4-VBA and 1-octadecene in the adsorbent was optimized and it shows that the bifunctional components WCX/C18 have a synergistic effect on the determination of GLUF and its metabolites in plasma samples. In addition, the present study compared the purification performance of the Fe3O4@WCX/C18 microsphere-based MSPE method with that of the commercial Oasis WCX SPE method, and the results showed that the Fe3O4@WCX/C18 microsphere-based MSPE method established in this work had a stronger ability to remove matrix interferences. Under optimal purification conditions, the recoveries of GLUF and its metabolites in plasma were 87.6-111 % with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.2 % to 4.8 %. The limits of detection (LODs, S/N≥3) and limits of quantification (LOQs, S/N≥10) were 0.10-0.18 μg/L and 0.30-0.54 μg/L, respectively. The MSPE-LC-MS/MS method developed in this study is fast, simple, accurate and sensitive and can be used to confirm GLUF intoxication based not only on the detection of the GLUF prototype but also on the detection of its two metabolites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dier Sun
- Ningbo No, 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Guosheng Gao
- Ningbo No, 2 Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315010, China
| | - Lili Wen
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China
| | - Zemin Xu
- Department of Psychiatry, Affiliated Kangning Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China; Department of Psychiatry, Ningbo Kangning Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 315201, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Masci M, Caproni R, Nevigato T. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Glyphosate in Cereals Together with a Discussion of Its Occurrence, Accumulation, Fate, Degradation, and Regulatory Status. Methods Protoc 2024; 7:38. [PMID: 38804332 PMCID: PMC11130892 DOI: 10.3390/mps7030038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The European Union's recent decision to renew the authorization for the use of glyphosate until 15 December 2033 has stimulated scientific discussion all around the world regarding its toxicity or otherwise for humans. Glyphosate is a chemical of which millions of tons have been used in the last 50 years worldwide to dry out weeds in cultivated fields and greenhouses and on roadsides. Concern has been raised in many areas about its possible presence in the food chain and its consequent adverse effects on health. Both aspects that argue in favor of toxicity and those that instead may indicate limited toxicity of glyphosate are discussed here. The widespread debate that has been generated requires further investigations and field measurements to understand glyphosate's fate once dispersed in the environment and its concentration in the food chain. Hence, there is a need for validated analytical methods that are available to analysts in the field. In the present review, methods for the analytical determination of glyphosate and its main metabolite, AMPA, are discussed, with a specific focus on chromatographic techniques applied to cereal products. The experimental procedures are explained in detail, including the cleanup, derivatization, and instrumental conditions, to give the laboratories involved enough information to proceed with the implementation of this line of analysis. The prevalent chromatographic methods used are LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/SIM, and GC-MS/MS, but sufficient indications are also given to those laboratories that wish to use the better performing high-resolution MS or the simpler HPLC-FLD, HPLC-UV, GC-NPD, and GC-FPD techniques for screening purposes. The concentrations of glyphosate from the literature measured in wheat, corn, barley, rye, oats, soybean, and cereal-based foods are reported, together with its regulatory status in various parts of the world and its accumulation mechanism. As for its accumulation in cereals, the available data show that glyphosate tends to accumulate more in wholemeal flours than in refined ones, that its concentration in the product strictly depends on the treatment period (the closer it is to the time of harvesting, the higher the concentration), and that in cold climates, the herbicide tends to persist in the soil for a long time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maurizio Masci
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA), Research Centre for Food and Nutrition, via Ardeatina 546, 00178 Rome, Italy (T.N.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ji J, Zhang Y, Zou B, Dong L, Wang A, Wu X, Zhou H, Chen Z, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Rapid determination of glyphosate and glufosinate in human blood by probe electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2024; 1722:464846. [PMID: 38579612 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2024.464846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
In forensic science, glyphosate (GLYP) and glufosinate (GLUF), a class of non-selective broad-spectrum herbicides, have been frequently encountered in many fatal poisoning and suicide cases due to their widespread availability. Therefore, it is essential to develop an effective method for detecting these compounds. Some conventional methods, such as gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) or liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS), have been reported to detect these compounds. However, these methods are not ideal for their time-consuming and non-sensitive feature. Herein, probe electrospray ionization (PESI) tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), a fast and sensitive technique, was applied for the determination of GLYP and GLUF in human blood, which can obtain analytical results within 0.5 min without derivatization and chromatographic separation. After protein precipitation of blood samples, the supernatant was mixed with isopropanol and ultra-pure water (1:1 v/v). Then, 8 μL of the mixture was introduced into the plastic sample plate for PESI-MS/MS analysis. The limits of detection (LODs) of the method were 0.50 μg/mL and 0.25 μg/mL for two analytes, and the limits of quantitation (LOQs) were both 1.00 μg/mL, which are higher than the concentration of reported poisoning and fatal cases. In the linear range of 1-500 μg/mL, the regression coefficients (r2) for GLYP and GLUF were over 0.99. The matrix effects ranged from 94.8 % to 119.5 %, and the biases were below 4.3 %. The recoveries ranged between 84.8 % and 107.4 %, and the biases were below 7.6 %. Meanwhile, the method was effectively utilized to detect and quantify the blood, urine, and other samples. Consequently, the results suggest that PESI-MS/MS is a straightforward, fast, and sensitive method for detecting GLUF and GLYP in forensics. In the future, PESI-MS/MS will become an indispensable technique for polar substances in grassroots units of public security where rapid detection is essential.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Ji
- School of Criminal Investigation, People's Public Security University of China, Beijing 100038, China; Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Yunfeng Zhang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China; State Key Laboratory of Precision Measurement Technology and Instruments, Department of Precision Instrument, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bo Zou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Linpei Dong
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Aihua Wang
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Hong Zhou
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China
| | - Zhenhe Chen
- Shimadzu China Innovation Center, Shimadzu China, Beijing 100020, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Forensic Science Service of Beijing Public Security Bureau, Key Laboratory of Forensic Toxicology, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100192, China
| | - Yao Liu
- Institute of Forensic Science, Ministry of Public Security, Beijing 100038, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Brown AK, Farenhorst A. Quantitation of glyphosate, glufosinate, and AMPA in drinking water and surface waters using direct injection and charged-surface ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140924. [PMID: 38086452 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Herbicides glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl)glycine) and glufosinate (2-amino-4-(hydroxymethylphosphinyl)butanoic acid) and the main transformation product of glyphosate, aminomethanephosphonic acid (AMPA), are challenging to analyze for in environmental samples. The quantitative method developed by this study adapts previously standardized dechlorination procedures coupled to a novel charged surface C18 column, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry, polarity switching, and direct injection. The method was applied to chlorinated tap water, as well as river samples, collected in the City of Winnipeg and rural Manitoba, Canada. Using only syringe filtration without derivatization, the validated method resulted in good accuracies in both tap and surface water, at both 2 and 20 μg L-1. Method limits of detection (MLD) and quantification (MLQ) ranged from 0.022/0.074 to 0.11/0.36 μg L-1, with precisions of 0.46-2.2% (intraday) and 1.3-7.3% (interday). The mean (SEM) of the pesticides in μg L-1 for tap water were 0.11 (0.007) (AMPA), glufosinate and glyphosate < MLDs; and for Red River water were 0.56 (0.045) (AMPA), glufosinate < MLQ, and glyphosate 0.40 (0.072). For the smaller tributaries, glufosinate was >MLD but < MLQ once and that was for Shannon Creek at 0.2 μg L-1. For the remaining rivers, the mean concentrations ranged from 0.31 to 3.1 μg L-1 for AMPA, and 0.087-0.53 μg L-1 for glyphosate. The method will be ideal for supporting monitoring and risk assessment programs that require high throughput sampling and quantitative methods capable of producing robust results that leverages chromatographic and mass spectrometric paradigms instead of being extraction technology focused.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alistair K Brown
- University of Manitoba, Department of Soil Science, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada.
| | - Annemieke Farenhorst
- University of Manitoba, Department of Soil Science, Winnipeg, MB, R3T 2N2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Musatadi M, Zumalabe J, Mijangos L, Prieto A, Olivares M, Zuloaga O. Dilute-and-shoot coupled to mixed mode liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry for the analysis of persistent and mobile organic compounds in human urine. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1705:464141. [PMID: 37364523 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive method for the simultaneous determination of 33 diverse persistent and mobile organic compounds (PMOCs) in human urine was developed by dilute-and-shoot (DS) followed by mixed-mode liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (MMLC-MS/MS). In the sample preparation step, DS was chosen since it allowed the quantification of all targets in comparison to lyophilization. For the chromatographic separation, Acclaim Trinity P1 and P2 trimodal columns provided greater capacity for retaining PMOCs than reverse phase and hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography. Therefore, DS was validated at 5 and 50 ng/mL in urine with both mixed mode columns at pH = 3 and 7. Regarding figures of merit, linear calibration curves (r2 > 0.999) built between instrumental quantification limits (mostly below 5 ng/mL) and 500 ng/mL were achieved. Despite only 60% of the targets were recovered at 5 ng/mL because of the dilution, all PMOCs were quantified at 50 ng/mL. Using surrogate correction, apparent recoveries in the 70-130% range were obtained for 91% of the targets. To analyse human urine samples, the Acclaim Trinity P1 column at pH = 3 and 7 was selected as a consensus between analytical coverage (i.e. 94% of the targets) and chromatographic runs. In a pooled urine sample, industrial chemicals (acrylamide and bisphenol S), biocides and their metabolites (2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one, dimethyl phosphate, 6-chloropyridine-3-carboxylic acid, and ammonium glufosinate) and an artificial sweetener (aspartame) were determined at ng/mL levels. The outcomes of this work showed that humans are also exposed to PMOCs due to their persistence and mobility, and therefore, further human risk assessment is needed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mikel Musatadi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain.
| | - Jon Zumalabe
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Ailette Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Maitane Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country 48940, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country 48620, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Li D, Huang W, Huang R. Analysis of environmental pollutants using ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131952. [PMID: 37399723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
The rise of emerging pollutants in the current environment and requirements of trace analysis in complex substrates pose challenges to modern analytical techniques. Ion chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (IC-MS) is the preferred tool for analyzing emerging pollutants due to its excellent separation ability for polar and ionic compounds with small molecular weight and high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This paper reviews the progress of sample preparation and ion-exchange IC-MS methods in the analysis of several major categories of environmental polar and ionic pollutants including perchlorate, inorganic and organic phosphorus compounds, metalloids and heavy metals, polar pesticides, and disinfection by-products in past two decades. The comparison of various methods to reduce the influence of matrix effect and improve the accuracy and sensitivity of analysis are emphasized throughout the process from sample preparation to instrumental analysis. Furthermore, the human health risks of these pollutants in the environment with natural concentration levels in different environmental medias are also briefly discussed to raise public attention. Finally, the future challenges of IC-MS for analysis of environmental pollutants are briefly discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dazhen Li
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Weixiong Huang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Yangtze Catchment Environmental Aquatic Science, School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430078, Hubei, China.
| | - Rongfu Huang
- Sichuan Provincial Key Laboratory of Universities on Environmental Science and Engineering, MOE Key Laboratory of Deep Earth Science and Engineering, College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Rosales CA, Shields SWJ, Aulenback CLJ, Elezi G, Wasslen KV, Pallister PJ, Faull KF, Manthorpe JM, Smith JC. Improved Chromatography and MS-Based Detection of Glyphosate and Aminomethylphosphonic Acid Using iTrEnDi. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2023; 34:948-957. [PMID: 37132245 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (GLY), a synthetic, nonselective systemic herbicide that is particularly effective against perennial weeds, is the most used weedkiller in the world. There are growing concerns over GLY accumulation in the environment and the attendant human health-associated risks, and despite increased attention in the media, GLY and its breakdown product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) remain elusive to many analytical strategies. Chemical derivatization coupled with high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) addresses the challenge of quantifying low levels of GLY and AMPA in complex samples. Here we demonstrate the use of in situ trimethylation enhancement using diazomethane (iTrEnDi) to derivatize GLY and AMPA into permethylated products ([GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+, respectively) prior to analysis via HPLC-MS. iTrEnDi produced quantitative yields and resulted in a 12-340-fold increases in HPLC-MS-based sensitivity for [GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+, respectively, compared with underivatized counterparts. The limits of detection of derivatized compounds were found to be 0.99 ng/L for [GLYTr]+ and 1.30 ng/L for [AMPATr]+, demonstrating significant sensitivity improvements compared to previously established derivatization techniques. iTrEnDi is compatible with the direct derivatization of Roundup formulations. Finally, as proof of principle, a simple aqueous extraction followed by iTrEnDi enabled the detection of [GLYTr]+ and [AMPATr]+ on the exterior of field-grown soybeans that were sprayed with Roundup. Overall, iTrEnDi ameliorates issues relating to low proton affinity and chromatographic retention, boosting HPLC-MS-based sensitivity and enabling the elucidation of elusive analytes such as GLY and AMPA within agricultural systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Rosales
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Samuel W J Shields
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chelsey L J Aulenback
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Gazmend Elezi
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States of America
| | - Karl V Wasslen
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Peter J Pallister
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Kym F Faull
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior and the Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M Manthorpe
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C Smith
- Department of Chemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
- Carleton Mass Spectrometry Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Amberger MA, Schröder M, Kuballa J, Jantzen E. Direct determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid and glufosinate in food samples with ion chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1687:463631. [PMID: 36446262 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2022.463631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fast and reliable method for the direct determination of the herbicide glyphosate, its major degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) and glufosinate is presented for a variety of food matrices. The Quick Polar Pesticides in food of Plant Origin method (QuPPe-PO-Method) was used for extraction without further preconcentration or clean-up steps involving e.g. solid phase extraction (SPE). The method makes use of a commercially available high performance liquid chromatograph coupled to a tandem mass spectrometer with electrospray ionization (LC-ESI-MS/MS) - as present in many laboratories - equipped with an ion chromatography (IC)-column using an MS-compatible eluent made of 0.8% formic acid in water. Due to the absence of time-consuming clean-up procedures, strong matrix effects (ME) of up to 91% for AMPA in grapefruit can be observed, when comparing its sensitivity to that obtained for solvent-based standards. The limits of detection (LODs) were determined for the sample matrices apple, mushrooms, grapefruit, linseed, red lentils and wheat and they were found to be in the range of 0.09 to 0.8, 0.04 to 1 and 0.2 to 2 µg/kg for glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate, respectively. For the same matrices the validation was carried out according to SANTE guidelines for different commodity groups by spiking them up prior to extraction to concentrations ranging from 10 to 400 µg/kg for matrices with high water content and from 10 to 800 µg/kg for matrices with low water content. When using solvent-based calibration under the use of isotopically labelled internal standards (ILIS) the recoveries were found to range from 84% to 120% and the relative standard deviations (RSD) range between 1% and 19% for glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate at all fortification levels for all matrices investigated. Accordingly, the method was successfully introduced in our laboratory with limits of quantification (LOQs) of 10 µg/kg for glyphosate, AMPA and glufosinate in samples from SANTE commodity groups 1, 2, 4a and 5. The reliability and robustness of the method are demonstrated by showing a recovery control chart obtained for glyphosate in randomly selected samples from different commodity groups. Therefore, the samples were spiked up with 10 µg/kg of glyphosate during routine analysis, whereby all recoveries were found to be in the range between 70 and 120%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Schröder
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Kuballa
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Eckard Jantzen
- GALAB Laboratories GmbH, Am Schleusengraben 7, 21029 Hamburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Li H, Yang Y, Hu Y, Chen CC, Huang JW, Min J, Dai L, Guo RT. Structural analysis and engineering of aldo-keto reductase from glyphosate-resistant Echinochloa colona. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 436:129191. [PMID: 35739721 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate is a dominant organophosphate herbicide that inhibits 5-enolpyruvylshikimate-3-phosphate synthase (EPSPS) of the shikimate pathway. Glyphosate is extensively applied since manufactured, which has led to the emergence of various glyphosate-resistant crops and weeds. However, the molecular mechanism of many glyphosate-resistance machineries remains unclear. Recently, the upregulated expression of two homologous aldo-keto reductases (AKRs), designated as AKR4C16 and AKR4C17, were found to contribute to the glyphosate resistance in Echinochloa colona. This represents the first naturally evolved glyphosate-degrading machinery reported in plants. Here, we report the three-dimensional structure of these two AKR enzymes in complex with cofactor by performing X-ray crystallography. Furthermore, the binding-mode of glyphosate were elucidated in a ternary complex of AKR4C17. Based on the structural information and the previous study, we proposed a possible mechanism of action of AKR-mediated glyphosate degradation. In addition, a variant F291D of AKR4C17 that was constructed based on structure-based engineering showed a 70% increase in glyphosate degradation. In conclusion, these results demonstrate the structural features and glyphosate-binding mode of AKR4C17, which increases our understanding of the enzymatic mechanism of glyphosate bio-degradation and provides an important basis for the designation of AKR-based glyphosate-resistance for further applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Yumei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Chun-Chi Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian-Wen Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Jian Min
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China
| | - Longhai Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| | - Rey-Ting Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocatalysis and Enzyme Engineering, Hubei Hongshan Laboratory, Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Green Transformation of Bio-Resources, Hubei Key Laboratory of Industrial Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Du Z, Cao J, Li W, Zhao X, Hu Q, Mao X, Miao S, Ji S. A Method to Assess Glyphosate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid and Glufosinate in Chinese Herb Samples Using a Derivatization Method and LC–MS/MS. Chromatographia 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10337-022-04162-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
11
|
Zhao Z, Fan T, E H, Zhang Y, Li X, Yang X, Tian E, Chen A, Zhao X, Zhou C. A simple derivatization method for simultaneous determination of four amino group-containing mushroom toxins in mushroom and urine by UPLC-MS/MS. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
12
|
Lin JF, Chang FC, Sheen JF. Determination of glyphosate, aminomethylphosphonic acid, and glufosinate in river water and sediments using microwave-assisted rapid derivatization and LC-MS/MS. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:46282-46292. [PMID: 35169944 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-19189-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glyphosate (N-phosphonomethyl glycine) and glufosinate (ammonium dl-homoalanin- 4-methyl phosphinate) are nonselective, broad-spectrum, and highly polar herbicides that are wildly used for weed control in aquatic systems and vegetation control in non-crop areas. Aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) is the major degradation product of glyphosate. To address the concerns to its environmental residue and the possible adverse effects, the analytical methods by using microwave-assisted derivatization were developed for determining glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate in river water and sediments. The methods applied the 9-fluorenylmethyloxycarbonyl chloride (FMOC-Cl) derivatization for the analytes. The microwave heating is first-time applied to reduce the FMOC-reaction time of glyphosate, AMPA, and glyphosate in the environmental samples to less than 2.5 min. The microwave-assisted methods were successfully validated for river water and sediment. The linear ranges of 7.8-2000.0 ng/L and 0.78-100.0 ng/g were achieved by using 10 mL of water and 2 g of sediments. Glyphosate was found in 30/32% and 25/32% of 32 water and 32 sediments at 27.1-1353.9 ng/L and 2.4-189.6 ng/g levels. AMPA was found in 30/32% and 30/32% of 32 water and 32 sediments at 60.2-1509.0 ng/L and 1.8-233.6 ng/g levels. Glyphosate was found in 10/32% of 32 water at 14.8-503.1 ng/L levels. No glufosinate residue was observed for 32 sediments. The residues of glyphosate and AMPA were wildly detected in the river waters and sediments near the agricultural regions, and glufosinate was less detected. This is the first study that reported herbicide levels in water and sediment from Taiwan rural areas using microwave-assisted rapid derivatization, useful information for environmental management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jyun-Fong Lin
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Chih Chang
- College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, The Experimental Forest, National Taiwan University, Nan-Tou 557, Taipie, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Feng Sheen
- Department of Biotechnology, National Formosa University, Yunlin, 632, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Meng X, Wang F, Li Y, Deng P, Hu D, Zhang Y. Comparing toxicity and biodegradation of racemic glufosinate and L-glufosinate in green algae Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 823:153791. [PMID: 35150682 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Glufosinate-ammonium, a widely used chiral herbicide, has become the focus of attention because of its toxicity toward non-target organisms and its degradation behavior in the environment. With the introduction of L-glufosinate-ammonium products, the toxicity and environmental behavior of rac-glufosinate-ammonium and L-glufosinate-ammonium have become the subject of increasing interest. The overall goal of this study was to investigate the differences in toxicity and biodegradation of rac-glufosinate-ammonium and L-glufosinate-ammonium in an aquatic organism, Scenedesmus obliquus. The toxicity of rac-glufosinate-ammonium and L-glufosinate-ammonium to S. obliquus was compared by measuring EC50, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, protein content and antioxidant enzyme activity. The 96-h EC50 values of rac-glufosinate-ammonium and L-glufosinate-ammonium were 57.22 μg/mL and 25.55 μg/mL, respectively, which indicated that L-glufosinate-ammonium was more toxic to S. obliquus than rac-glufosinate-ammonium. Based on the MDA content, protein content, and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activity, we found that L-glufosinate-ammonium could cause more serious oxidative damage than rac-glufosinate-ammonium. The residual amount of glufosinate-ammonium and its metabolites in the culture medium and S. obliquus were determined by HPLC-HRMS. Comparison of glufosinate-ammonium concentrations in algae-free and algae-containing media, showed that glufosinate-ammonium degradation in the S. obliquus system was significantly increased, and the degradation rate of L-glufosinate-ammonium was faster than that of D-glufosinate-ammonium. No enantiomerization was observed for pure L-glufosinate-ammonium treatment. N-acetyl-glufosinate was identified as the main metabolite of glufosinate-ammonium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiurou Meng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yunfang Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Pengyu Deng
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Deyu Hu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Yuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Li ZM, Kannan K. A Method for the Analysis of Glyphosate, Aminomethylphosphonic Acid, and Glufosinate in Human Urine Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:4966. [PMID: 35564359 PMCID: PMC9104544 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19094966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The extensive use of herbicides, such as glyphosate and glufosinate, in crop production during recent decades has raised concerns about human exposure. Nevertheless, analysis of trace levels of these herbicides in human biospecimens has been challenging. Here, we describe a method for the determination of urinary glyphosate, its degradation product aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), and glufosinate using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS). The method was optimized using isotopically labelled internal standards (13C2, 15N-glyphosate, 13C, 15N, D2-AMPA, and D3-glufosinate) and solid-phase extraction (SPE) with cation-exchange and anion-exchange cartridges. The method provides excellent chromatographic retention, resolution and peak shape of target analytes without the need for strong acidic mobile phases and derivatization steps. The instrument linearity was in the range of 0.1−100 ng/mL, with R > 0.99 in the matrix for all analytes. The method detection limits (MDLs) and the method quantification limits (MQLs) were in the ranges of 0.12 (AMPA and glufosinate)−0.14 (glyphosate) ng/mL and 0.40 (AMPA)−0.48 (glyphosate) ng/mL, respectively. The recoveries of analytes spiked into urine matrix ranged from 79.1% to 119%, with coefficients of variation (CVs) of 4−10%. Repeated analysis of samples for over 2 weeks showed intra-day and inter-day analytical variations of 3.13−10.8% and 5.93−12.9%, respectively. The matrix effects for glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate spiked into urine matrix averaged −14.4%, 13.2%, and 22.2%, respectively. The method was further validated through the analysis of external quality assurance proficiency test (PT) urine samples. The method offers optimal sensitivity, accuracy, and precision for the urine-based assessment of human exposure to glyphosate, AMPA, and glufosinate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhong-Min Li
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Department of Pediatrics, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA;
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science and Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 80200, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Validation of a simple method for the determination of glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid in human urine by UPLC-MS/MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2021.106760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
16
|
Franke AA, Li X, Shvetsov YB, Lai JF. Pilot study on the urinary excretion of the glyphosate metabolite aminomethylphosphonic acid and breast cancer risk: The Multiethnic Cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 277:116848. [PMID: 33714786 PMCID: PMC8044054 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.116848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed female cancer and the second leading cause of death in women in the US, including Hawaii. Accumulating evidence suggests that aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), the primary metabolite of the herbicide glyphosate-a probable human carcinogen, may itself be carcinogenic. However, the relationship between urinary AMPA excretion and breast cancer risk in women is unknown. In this pilot study, we investigated the association between pre-diagnostic urinary AMPA excretion and breast cancer risk in a case-control study of 250 predominantly postmenopausal women: 124 cases and 126 healthy controls (individually matched on age, race/ethnicity, urine type, date of urine collection, and fasting status) nested within the Hawaii biospecimen subcohort of the Multiethnic Cohort. AMPA was detected in 90% of cases and 84% of controls. The geometric mean of urinary AMPA excretion was nearly 38% higher among cases vs. controls (0.087 vs 0.063 ng AMPA/mg creatinine) after adjusting for race/ethnicity, age and BMI. A 4.5-fold higher risk of developing breast cancer in the highest vs. lowest quintile of AMPA excretion was observed (ORQ5 vs. Q1: 4.49; 95% CI: 1.46-13.77; ptrend = 0.029). To our knowledge, this is the first study to prospectively examine associations between urinary AMPA excretion and breast cancer risk. Our preliminary findings suggest that AMPA exposure may be associated with increased breast cancer risk; however, these results require confirmation in a larger population to increase study power and permit careful examinations of race/ethnicity differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adrian A Franke
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, USA.
| | - Xingnan Li
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, USA
| | | | - Jennifer F Lai
- University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Cancer Biology Program, USA
| |
Collapse
|