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Abstract
LC-MS based peptide mapping, i.e., proteolytic digestion followed by LC-MS/MS analysis, is the method of choice for protein primary structural characterization. Manual proteolytic digestion is usually a labor-intensive procedure. In this work, a novel method was developed for fully automated online protein digestion and LC-MS peptide mapping. The method generates LC-MS data from undigested protein samples without user intervention by utilizing the same HPLC system that performs the chromatographic separation with some additional modules. Each sample is rapidly digested immediately prior to its LC-MS analysis, minimizing artifacts that can grow over longer digestion times or digest storage times as in manual or automated offline digestion methods. In this report, we implemented the method on an Agilent 1290 Infinity II LC system equipped with a Multisampler. The system performs a complete digestion workflow including denaturation, disulfide reduction, cysteine alkylation, buffer exchange, and tryptic digestion. We demonstrated that the system is capable of digesting monoclonal antibodies and other proteins with excellent efficiency and is robust and reproducible and produces fewer artifacts than manually prepared digests. In addition, it consumes only a few micrograms of material as most of the digested sample protein is subjected to LC-MS analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason Richardson
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
| | - Zhongqi Zhang
- Process Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, California 91320, United States
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2
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Kuhne F, Heinrich K, Winter M, Fichtl J, Hoffmann G, Zähringer F, Spitzauer K, Meier M, Khan TA, Bonnington L, Wagner K, Stracke JO, Reusch D, Wegele H, Mormann M, Bulau P. Identification of Hetero-aggregates in Antibody Co-formulations by Multi-dimensional Liquid Chromatography Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:2203-2212. [PMID: 36669833 PMCID: PMC9893218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c03099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Antibody combination therapies have become viable therapeutic treatment options for certain severe diseases such as cancer. The co-formulation production approach is intrinsically associated with more complex drug product variant profiles and creates more challenges for analytical control of drug product quality. In addition to various individual quality attributes, those arising from the interactions between the antibodies also potentially emerge through co-formulation. In this study, we describe the development of a widely applicable multi-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry method for antibody homo- versus hetero-aggregate characterization. The co-formulation of trastuzumab and pertuzumab was used, a challenging model system, comprising two monoclonal antibodies with very similar physicochemical properties. The data presented demonstrate the high stability of the co-formulation, where only minor aggregate formation is observed upon product storage and accelerated temperature or light-stress conditions. The results also show that the homo- and hetero-aggregates, formed in low and comparable proportions, are only marginally impacted by the formulation and product storage conditions. No preferential formation of hetero-aggregates, in comparison to the already existing pertuzumab and trastuzumab homo-aggregates, was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Kuhne
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
- Institute
of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Katrin Heinrich
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Martin Winter
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Fichtl
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Hoffmann
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Franziska Zähringer
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Spitzauer
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Monika Meier
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Tarik A. Khan
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Lea Bonnington
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Katharina Wagner
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Jan Olaf Stracke
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Dietmar Reusch
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Harald Wegele
- Pharma
Technical Development, Roche Diagnostics
GmbH, Nonnenwald 2, 82377 Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael Mormann
- Institute
of Hygiene, University of Münster, Robert-Koch-Strasse 41, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Patrick Bulau
- Pharma
Technical Development, F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Ltd., 4070 Basel, Switzerland
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3
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Reinders LMH, Noelle D, Klassen MD, Jaeger M, Schmidt TC, Tuerk J, Teutenberg T. Development and validation of a method for airborne monoclonal antibodies to quantify workplace exposure. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2022; 221:115046. [PMID: 36152489 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2022.115046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2022] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
Modern therapy strategies are based on patient-specific treatment where the drug and dose are optimally adapted to the patient's needs. In recent drugs, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are increasingly used as active ingredients. Their patient-specific formulations are not part of the pharmaceutical industry's manufacturing process but are prepared from concentrates by pharmaceutical personnel. During the manufacturing process, however, active pharmaceutical ingredients are released in trace amounts or, in the case of accidents and spills, also in high concentrations. Regardless of the source of entry, mAbs can become airborne, be inhaled, and cause undesirable side-effects such as sensitization. To assess the risk for pharmaceutical personnel, a personal air sampling method was developed and validated for bevacizumab, cetuximab, daratumumab, omalizumab, rituximab and trastuzumab. The method is based on the combination of high-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The analytical method achieves a limit of detection of 0.30-8.8 ng mL-1, recoveries of 83-96 % (intra-day assay) and 75-89 % (inter-day assay), with no detectable carry-over. A polycarbonate filter proved suitable for sampling airborne monoclonal antibodies, as it achieved 80-104 % recovery across all mAbs. It also showed concentration-independent desorption efficiency. The sampling duration can be up to 480 min without negatively affecting the recovery. MAbs are stable on the polycarbonate filter at 5 °C for 3 days (recovery: 94 % ± 5 %) and at - 20 °C for 14 days (recovery: 97 % ± 4 %). Our method demonstrated that there is a potential for release when handling monoclonal antibodies. However, this can be reduced below the limit of detection by using pressure equalization systems (spikes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars M H Reinders
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany; University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Dennis Noelle
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany; Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Martin D Klassen
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Martin Jaeger
- Hochschule Niederrhein (University of Applied Science), Reinarzstr. 49, 47805 Krefeld, Germany
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- University Duisburg-Essen, Faculty of Chemistry, Instrumental Analytical Chemistry, Universitätsstr. 5, 45141 Essen, Germany
| | - Jochen Tuerk
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Teutenberg
- Institut für Energie und Umwelttechnik e. V. (IUTA, Institute of Energy and Environmental Technology), Bliersheimer Str. 58-60, 47229 Duisburg, Germany.
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Bathke A, Hoelterhoff S, Oezipak S, Grunert I, Heinrich K, Winter M. The Power of Trypsin Immobilized Enzyme Reactors (IMERs) Deployed in Online MDLC–MS Applications. LCGC NORTH AMERICA 2022. [DOI: 10.56530/lcgc.na.hl9986s4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immobilized enzyme reactors (IMERs) are a powerful and essential part of multidimensional liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (MDLC–MS/MS) approaches that enable online identification, characterization, and quantification of post-translational modifications of therapeutic antibodies. This review gives an overview of commercially available and selected trypsin IMERs in regard to their application in LC-based and automated sample preparation. Additionally, we address the challenges of IMER application in online systems and the advantages of self-made IMERs.
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