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Draz ME, Saad AS, El Sherbiny D, Wahba MEK. Experimentally designed potentiometric sensor for green real-time and direct assay of hazardous bromate in bakery products. Food Chem 2023; 406:135042. [PMID: 36463604 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2022.135042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Bakeries add extra potassium bromate to the dough to make homogeneous, elastic, fluffy bread. Bromate causes renal damage and cancer. FAO/WHO stated that bromate residues shouldn't be in baked products. A potentiometric sensor's membrane recipe was optimized for sensitive and selective bromate assay. We planned a custom experimental design of 21 sensors that included numerical and categorical factors (NPPE: PVC, matrix%, membrane thickness, and ionophore type). We defined sensor performance outcomes (Nernstian slope, quantification limit, correlation coefficient, response time and selectivity), and each sensor's outcome was determined. The computer software developed a predictive model for each outcome and the desirability function suggested the optimum sensor recipe. The sensor achieved a slope of -63.54 mV/decade and detection limit of 2 × 10-6 mol/L. The greenness profile was evaluated by the National Environmental Approach Index protocol. The developed sensor represents a reliable, fast, in-site tool for the assay of bromate in bakery products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed E Draz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt.
| | - Ahmed S Saad
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Cairo University, 11562 Cairo, Egypt; Medicinal Chemistry Department, PharmD Program, Egypt-Japan University of Science and Technology (E-JUST), New Borg El-Arab City, 21934 Alexandria, Egypt.
| | - Dina El Sherbiny
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt; Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
| | - Mary E K Wahba
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Delta University for Science and Technology, 35712 Gamasa, Egypt; Department of Pharmaceutical Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt
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Cobalt (II)-Mediated Molecularly Imprinted Polymer as a Monolithic Stationary Phase for Separation of Racemic Citronellal by Liquid Chromatography. ScientificWorldJournal 2022; 2022:7891525. [PMID: 35264914 PMCID: PMC8901358 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7891525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A metal-mediated molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) monolithic column was prepared as the stationary phase for high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and applied to the enantiomeric separation of rac-citronellal. MMIP column was prepared through in situ copolymerizations with the ionic liquid 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate/[BMIM][BF4] as the primary pore-forming agent and cobalt(II) acetate as the metal pivot. Interactions between polymer components in the synthesized monolith were assessed by FTIR to identify the functional groups. The monolith morphology was characterized with SEM, and the template removal was detected by UV Spectrophotometry at 253 nm. In this study, (R)-(+)-citronellal was used as a template, whereas 4-vinylpyridine (4-VP) was employed as the functional monomer with two monomer crosslinkers, trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate (TRIM), and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate (EDMA). The ternary mixture of porogenic solvent consisted of [BMIM][BF4], dimethylformamide (DMF), and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) with the applied ratio of 1 : 1:1 (v/v) and 10 : 1:5 (v/v) for the preparation of MMIP using TRIM and EDMA crosslinkers, respectively. Co(II) ion was added to the porogenic solvent before being mixed with the functional monomer and the crosslinker mixtures. Separating the rac-citronellal was achieved on the synthesized MMIP, showing better selectivity than the monolithic metal-mediated nonimprinted polymer (MNIP), nonimprinted polymer (NIP), and molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP).
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Electrochemical Sensors for Determination of Bromate in Water and Food Samples-Review. BIOSENSORS-BASEL 2021; 11:bios11060172. [PMID: 34072226 PMCID: PMC8230011 DOI: 10.3390/bios11060172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The application of potassium bromate in the baking industry is used in most parts of the world to avert the human health compromise that characterizes bromates carcinogenic effect. Herein, various methods of its analysis, especially the electrochemical methods of bromate detection, were extensively discussed. Amperometry (AP), cyclic voltammetry (CV), square wave voltammetry (SWV), electrochemiluminescence (ECL), differential pulse voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) are the techniques that have been deployed for bromate detection in the last two decades, with 50%, 23%, 7.7%, 7.7%, 7.7% and 3.9% application, respectively. Despite the unique electrocatalytic activity of metal phthalocyanine (MP) and carbon quantum dots (CQDs), only few sensors based on MP and CQDs are available compared to the conducting polymers, carbon nanotubes (CNTs), metal (oxide) and graphene-based sensors. This review emboldens the underutilization of CQDs and metal phthalocyanines as sensing materials and briefly discusses the future perspective on MP and CQDs application in bromate detection via EIS.
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Various Strategies in Post-Polymerization Functionalization of Organic Polymer-Based Monoliths Used in Liquid Phase Separation Techniques. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25061323. [PMID: 32183194 PMCID: PMC7144949 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25061323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
This review article is aimed at summarizing the various strategies that have been developed so far for post-polymerization functionalization (PPF) of organic polymer-based monoliths used in liquid phase separation techniques, namely HPLC at all scales and capillary electrochromatography (CEC). The reader will find the organic reactions performed on monolithic columns for grafting the chromatographic ligands needed for solving the separation problems on hand. This process involves therefore the fabrication of template monoliths that carry reactive functional groups to which chromatographic ligands can be covalently attached in a post-polymerization kind of approach. That is, the template monolith that has been optimized in terms of pore structure and other morphology can be readily modified and tailor made on column to fit a particular separation. The review article will not only cover the various strategies developed so far but also describe their separation applications. To the best of our knowledge, this review article will be the first of its kind.
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Li L, Lai X, Xu X, Li J, Yuan P, Feng J, Wei L, Cheng X. Determination of bromate via the chemiluminescence generated in the sulfite and carbon quantum dot system. Mikrochim Acta 2018; 185:136. [PMID: 29594442 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-017-2653-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The authors describe a chemiluminescence (CL)-based assay for the determination of bromate. The method is based on the use of a solution of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) and sulfite. Strong CL (peak at 490 nm) is observed when bromate is injected into the solution. The CL increases linearly in the 0.3 to 10 μmol L-1 bromate concentration range, giving a 0.1 μmol L-1 limit of detection (at an S/N ratio of 3). A possible CL mechanism is suggested that involves a redox reaction between the CQDs, bromate and sulfite in the acidic medium. This leads to the formation of hole-injected and electron-injected CQDs. Radiative recombination of oxidant-injected holes and electrons in the CQDs accounts for the occurrence of CL. This mechanism contradicts the previous assumption that the transfer of energy occurs from SO2* to the CQDs. Although nitrite may interfere in the determination of bromate, its effect can be eliminated by adding sulfamic acid. The assay is sensitive and represents a new tool for the determination of bromate, which is a carcinogen. Graphical abstract Under acidic condition, carbon quantum dots (CQDs) can react with sulfite and bromate transforming to hole-injected CQDs (CQDs•-) and electron-injected CQDs (CQDs•+), respectively. Thereafter, strong chemiluminescence (490 nm) aroused from the radiative electron-hole annihilation between CQDs•- and CQDs•+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojing Lai
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Xu
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Li
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Yuan
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiangao Feng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wei
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianglei Cheng
- Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Preventive Medicine, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China. .,School of Public Health, Nanchang University, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang, 330006, People's Republic of China.
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Mairizki F, Rahmah A, Hilma , Putri R, Zein R, Lim LW, Takeuchi T, Munaf E. Separation of Inorganic Anions Using Methacrylate-Based Monolithic Column Modified with Trimethylamine in Ion Chromatography Capillary System. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.4236/ajac.2013.49057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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