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Dongol A, Xie Y, Zheng P, Chen X, Huang XF. Olanzapine attenuates amyloid-β-induced microglia-mediated progressive neurite lesions. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 137:112469. [PMID: 38908083 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/10/2024] [Indexed: 06/24/2024]
Abstract
The accumulation of amyloid-β (Aβ) in the brain is the first pathological mechanism to initiate Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis. However, the precise role of Aβ in the disease progression remains unclear. Through decades of research, prolonged inflammation has emerged as an important core pathology in AD. Previously, a study has demonstrated the neurotoxic effect of Aβ-induced neuroinflammation in neuron-glia co-culture at 72 h. Here, we hypothesise that initial stage Aβ may trigger microglial inflammation, synergistically contributing to the progression of neurite lesions relevant to AD progression. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether olanzapine, an antipsychotic drug possessing anti-inflammatory properties, can ameliorate Aβ-induced progressive neurite lesions. Our study reports that Aβ induces neurite lesions with or without inflammatory microglial cells in vitro. More intriguingly, the present study revealed that Aβ exacerbates neurite lesions in synergy with microglia. Moreover, the time course study revealed that Aβ promotes microglia-mediated neurite lesions by eliciting the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, our study shows that olanzapine at lower doses prevents Aβ-induced microglia-mediated progressive neurite lesions. The increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines induced by Aβ is attenuated by olanzapine administration, associated with a reduction in microglial inflammation. Finally, this study reports that microglial senescence induced by Aβ was rescued by olanzapine. Thus, our study provides the first evidence that 1 µM to 5 µM of olanzapine can effectively prevent Aβ-induced microglia-mediated progressive neurite lesions by modulating microglial inflammation. These observations reinforce the potential of targeting microglial remodelling to slow disease progression in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjila Dongol
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Yuanyi Xie
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Peng Zheng
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xi Chen
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Xu-Feng Huang
- School of Medical, Indigenous and Health Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Northfields Avenue, NSW 2522, Australia.
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Yadav B, Kaur S, Yadav A, Verma H, Kar S, Sahu BK, Pati KR, Sarkar B, Dhiman M, Mantha AK. Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2024; 38:e23660. [PMID: 38356323 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.23660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bharti Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Sharanjot Kaur
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anuradha Yadav
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Harkomal Verma
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Swastitapa Kar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Binit Kumar Sahu
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kumari Riya Pati
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Bibekanada Sarkar
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Microbiology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Anil Kumar Mantha
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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3
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Paparo L, Coppola S, Nocerino R, Pisapia L, Picariello G, Cortese M, Voto L, Maglio M, Miele E, Carucci L, Oglio F, Trinchese G, Mollica MP, Bruno C, De Vita S, Tarallo A, Damiano C, Cerulo M, Esposito C, Fogliano V, Parenti G, Troncone R, Berni Canani R. How dietary advanced glycation end products could facilitate the occurrence of food allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2024; 153:742-758. [PMID: 38042501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Food allergy (FA) is one of the most common chronic conditions in children with an increasing prevalence facilitated by the exposure to environmental factors in predisposed individuals. It has been hypothesized that the increased consumption of ultra-processed foods, containing high levels of dietary advanced glycation end products (AGEs), could facilitate the occurrence of FA. OBJECTIVE We sought to provide preclinical and clinical evidence on the potential role of AGEs in facilitating the occurrence of FA. METHODS Human enterocytes, human small intestine organ culture, and PBMCs from children at risk for allergy were used to investigate the direct effect of AGEs on gut barrier, inflammation, TH2 cytokine response, and mitochondrial function. Intake of the 3 most common glycation products in Western diet foods, Nε-(carboxymethyl) lysine, Nε-(1-carboxyethyl) lysin, and Nδ-(5-hydro-5- methyl-4-imidazolone-2-yl)-ornithine (MG-H1), and the accumulation of AGEs in the skin were comparatively investigated in children with FA and in age-matched healthy controls. RESULTS Human enterocytes exposed to AGEs showed alteration in gut barrier, AGE receptor expression, reactive oxygen species production, and autophagy, with increased transepithelial passage of food antigens. Small intestine organ cultures exposed to AGEs showed an increase of CD25+ cells and proliferating crypt enterocytes. PBMCs exposed to AGEs showed alteration in proliferation rate, AGE receptor activation, release of inflammatory and TH2 cytokines, and mitochondrial metabolism. Significant higher dietary AGE intake and skin accumulation were observed children with FA (n = 42) compared with age-matched healthy controls (n = 66). CONCLUSIONS These data, supporting a potential role for dietary AGEs in facilitating the occurrence of FA, suggest the importance of limiting exposure to AGEs children as a potential preventive strategy against this common condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorella Paparo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Serena Coppola
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Nocerino
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Pisapia
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Maddalena Cortese
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Luana Voto
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariantonia Maglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Erasmo Miele
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Laura Carucci
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Franca Oglio
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | - Cristina Bruno
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simone De Vita
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonietta Tarallo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Carla Damiano
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Mariapina Cerulo
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ciro Esposito
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Fogliano
- Food Quality and Design Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Giancarlo Parenti
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Telethon Institute of Genetics and Medicine, Pozzuoli, Italy
| | - Riccardo Troncone
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberto Berni Canani
- Department of Translational Medical Science, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; ImmunoNutritionLab at CEINGE Advanced Biotechnologies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; European Laboratory for the Investigation of Food-Induced Diseases, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force for Microbiome Studies, University Federico II, Naples, Italy; Task Force for Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods, University Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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4
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Haukedal H, Syshøj Lorenzen S, Winther Westi E, Corsi GI, Gadekar VP, McQuade A, Davtyan H, Doncheva NT, Schmid B, Chandrasekaran A, Seemann SE, Cirera S, Blurton-Jones M, Meyer M, Gorodkin J, Aldana BI, Freude K. Alteration of microglial metabolism and inflammatory profile contributes to neurotoxicity in a hiPSC-derived microglia model of frontotemporal dementia 3. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 113:353-373. [PMID: 37543250 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2023.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Frontotemporal dementia (FTD) is a common cause of early-onset dementia, with no current treatment options. FTD linked to chromosome 3 (FTD3) is a rare sub-form of the disease, caused by a point mutation in the Charged Multivesicular Body Protein 2B (CHMP2B). This mutation causes neuronal phenotypes, such as mitochondrial deficiencies, accompanied by metabolic changes and interrupted endosomal-lysosomal fusion. However, the contribution of glial cells to FTD3 pathogenesis has, until recently, been largely unexplored. Glial cells play an important role in most neurodegenerative disorders as drivers and facilitators of neuroinflammation. Microglia are at the center of current investigations as potential pro-inflammatory drivers. While gliosis has been observed in FTD3 patient brains, it has not yet been systematically analyzed. In the light of this, we investigated the role of microglia in FTD3 by implementing human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSC) with either a heterozygous or homozygous CHMP2B mutation, introduced into a healthy control hiPSC line via CRISPR-Cas9 precision gene editing. These hiPSC were differentiated into microglia to evaluate the pro-inflammatory profile and metabolic state. Moreover, hiPSC-derived neurons were cultured with conditioned microglia media to investigate disease specific interactions between the two cell populations. Interestingly, we identified two divergent inflammatory microglial phenotypes resulting from the underlying mutations: a severe pro-inflammatory profile in CHMP2B homozygous FTD3 microglia, and an "unresponsive" CHMP2B heterozygous FTD3 microglial state. These findings correlate with our observations of increased phagocytic activity in CHMP2B homozygous, and impaired protein degradation in CHMP2B heterozygous FTD3 microglia. Metabolic mapping confirmed these differences, revealing a metabolic reprogramming of the CHMP2B FTD3 microglia, displayed as a compensatory up-regulation of glutamine metabolism in the CHMP2B homozygous FTD3 microglia. Intriguingly, conditioned CHMP2B homozygous FTD3 microglia media caused neurotoxic effects, which was not evident for the heterozygous microglia. Strikingly, IFN-γ treatment initiated an immune boost of the CHMP2B heterozygous FTD3 microglia, and conditioned microglia media exposure promoted neural outgrowth. Our findings indicate that the microglial profile, activity, and behavior is highly dependent on the status of the CHMP2B mutation. Our results suggest that the heterozygous state of the mutation in FTD3 patients could potentially be exploited in form of immune-boosting intervention strategies to counteract neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henriette Haukedal
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Signe Syshøj Lorenzen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Emil Winther Westi
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Giulia I Corsi
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Veerendra P Gadekar
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Amanda McQuade
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Hayk Davtyan
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Nadezhda T Doncheva
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark; Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
| | | | - Abinaya Chandrasekaran
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Stefan E Seemann
- Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Susanna Cirera
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark
| | - Mathew Blurton-Jones
- Institute for Memory Impairment and Neurological Disorders, Stem Cell Research Center, University of California at Irvine, 92697 Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Morten Meyer
- Department of Neurobiology Research, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, 5000 Odense, Denmark
| | - Jan Gorodkin
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark; Center for non-coding RNA in Technology and Health, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1871, Denmark
| | - Blanca I Aldana
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Kristine Freude
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg 1870, Denmark.
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5
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Grant RA, Poor TA, Sichizya L, Diaz E, Bailey JI, Soni S, Senkow KJ, Pérez-Leonor XG, Abdala-Valencia H, Lu Z, Donnelly HK, Tighe RM, Lomasney JW, Wunderink RG, Singer BD, Misharin AV, Budinger GS. Prolonged exposure to lung-derived cytokines is associated with inflammatory activation of microglia in patients with COVID-19. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.07.28.550765. [PMID: 37546860 PMCID: PMC10402123 DOI: 10.1101/2023.07.28.550765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Neurological impairment is the most common finding in patients with post-acute sequelae of COVID-19. Furthermore, survivors of pneumonia from any cause have an elevated risk of dementia1-4. Dysfunction in microglia, the primary immune cell in the brain, has been linked to cognitive impairment in murine models of dementia and in humans5. Here, we report a transcriptional response in human microglia collected from patients who died following COVID-19 suggestive of their activation by TNF-α and other circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines. Consistent with these findings, the levels of 55 alveolar and plasma cytokines were elevated in a cohort of 341 patients with respiratory failure, including 93 unvaccinated patients with COVID-19 and 203 patients with other causes of pneumonia. While peak levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines were similar in patients with pneumonia irrespective of etiology, cumulative cytokine exposure was higher in patients with COVID-19. Corticosteroid treatment, which has been shown to be beneficial in patients with COVID-196, was associated with lower levels of CXCL10, CCL8, and CCL2-molecules that sustain inflammatory circuits between alveolar macrophages harboring SARS-CoV-2 and activated T cells7. These findings suggest that corticosteroids may break this cycle and decrease systemic exposure to lung-derived cytokines and inflammatory activation of microglia in patients with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rogan A Grant
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Taylor A Poor
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Lango Sichizya
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Estefani Diaz
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Joseph I Bailey
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sahil Soni
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karolina J Senkow
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Xochítl G Pérez-Leonor
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Hiam Abdala-Valencia
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ziyan Lu
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Helen K Donnelly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Tighe
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, and Critical Care Medicine, Duke University School of Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jon W Lomasney
- Department of Pathology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard G Wunderink
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Benjamin D Singer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander V Misharin
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gr Scott Budinger
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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6
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Kumar P, Mathew S, Gamage R, Bodkin F, Doyle K, Rossetti I, Wagnon I, Zhou X, Raju R, Gyengesi E, Münch G. From the Bush to the Brain: Preclinical Stages of Ethnobotanical Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Drug Discovery-An Australian Example. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11086. [PMID: 37446262 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241311086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Australian rainforest is a rich source of medicinal plants that have evolved in the face of dramatic environmental challenges over a million years due to its prolonged geographical isolation from other continents. The rainforest consists of an inherent richness of plant secondary metabolites that are the most intense in the rainforest. The search for more potent and more bioavailable compounds from other plant sources is ongoing, and our short review will outline the pathways from the discovery of bioactive plants to the structural identification of active compounds, testing for potency, and then neuroprotection in a triculture system, and finally, the validation in an appropriate neuro-inflammatory mouse model, using some examples from our current research. We will focus on neuroinflammation as a potential treatment target for neurodegenerative diseases including multiple sclerosis (MS), Parkinson's (PD), and Alzheimer's disease (AD) for these plant-derived, anti-inflammatory molecules and highlight cytokine suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs) as a better alternative to conventional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) to treat neuroinflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Payaal Kumar
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Shintu Mathew
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Rashmi Gamage
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Frances Bodkin
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Kerrie Doyle
- Indigenous Health Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ilaria Rossetti
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Ingrid Wagnon
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Xian Zhou
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Ritesh Raju
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Erika Gyengesi
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW 2560, Australia
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia
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7
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Kim CS, Jung S, Hwang GS, Shin DM. Gut microbiota indole-3-propionic acid mediates neuroprotective effect of probiotic consumption in healthy elderly: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter trial and in vitro study. Clin Nutr 2023; 42:1025-1033. [PMID: 37150125 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2023.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS The beneficial effects of probiotic consumption on age-related decline in cerebral function have been previously reported in the literature; however, the mechanistic link between gut and brain interactions has not yet been fully elucidated. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the role of gut microbiota-derived metabolites in gut-brain interactions via blood metabolomic profiling analysis in clinical trials and in vitro mechanistic studies. METHODS A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter clinical trial was conducted in 63 healthy elderly individuals (≥65 years of age). Participants were administered either placebo (placebo group, N = 31) or probiotic capsules (Bifidobacterium bifidum BGN4 and Bifidobacterium longum BORI; probiotics group, N = 32) for 12 weeks. Global and targeted metabolomic profiling analyses of their blood samples were then performed using 1H nuclear magnetic resonance and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry methods, both at baseline and at the end of the trial. Gut microbial analysis was conducted using the 16S ribosomal ribonucleic acid gene sequencing method. Subsequently, microglial BV2 cells were treated in vitro with indole-3-propionic acid (IPA) following lipopolysaccharide stimulation, and neuronal SH-SY5Y cells were treated with conditioned media from the BV2 cells. Finally, the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines in BV2 cells and neurotrophins in SH-SY5Y cells were quantified using a real-time polymerase chain reaction or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The metabolomic profiling analyses showed that probiotic consumption significantly altered the levels of metabolites involved in tryptophan metabolism (P < 0.01). Among these metabolites, gut microbiota-produced IPA had a 1.91-fold increase in the probiotics group (P < 0.05) and showed a significant relation to gut bacterial profiles (P < 0.01). Elevated IPA levels were also positively associated with the level of serum brain-derived neurotropic factor (BDNF) in the probiotics group (r = 0.28, P < 0.05), showing an inverse trend compared to the placebo group. In addition, in vitro treatment with IPA (5 μM) significantly reduced the concentration of proinflammatory TNF-α in activated microglia (P < 0.05), and neuronal cells cultured with conditioned media from IPA-treated microglia showed a significant increase in BDNF and nerve growth factor production (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These results show that gut microbiota-produced IPA plays a role in protecting the microglia from inflammation, thus promoting neuronal function. Therefore, this suggests that IPA is a significant mediator linking the interaction between the gut and the brain in the elderly with probiotic supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Su Kim
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunhee Jung
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Geum-Sook Hwang
- Integrated Metabolomics Research Group, Western Seoul Center, Korea Basic Science Institute, Seoul 03759, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Mi Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea; Research Institute of Human Ecology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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8
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Engler-Chiurazzi EB, Russell AE, Povroznik JM, McDonald KO, Porter KN, Wang DS, Hammock J, Billig BK, Felton CC, Yilmaz A, Schreurs BG, O'Callaghan JD, Zwezdaryk KJ, Simpkins JW. Intermittent systemic exposure to lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation disrupts hippocampal long-term potentiation and impairs cognition in aging male mice. Brain Behav Immun 2023; 108:279-291. [PMID: 36549577 PMCID: PMC10019559 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2022.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related cognitive decline, a common component of the brain aging process, is associated with significant impairment in daily functioning and quality of life among geriatric adults. While the complexity of mechanisms underlying cognitive aging are still being elucidated, microbial exposure and the multifactorial inflammatory cascades associated with systemic infections are emerging as potential drivers of neurological senescence. The negative cognitive and neurobiological consequences of a single pathogen-associated inflammatory experience, such as that modeled through treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS), are well documented. Yet, the brain aging impacts of repeated, intermittent inflammatory challenges are less well studied. To extend the emerging literature assessing the impact of infection burden on cognitive function among normally aging mice, here, we repeatedly exposed adult mice to intermittent LPS challenges during the aging period. Male 10-month-old C57BL6 mice were systemically administered escalating doses of LPS once every two weeks for 2.5 months. We evaluated cognitive consequences using the non-spatial step-through inhibitory avoidance task, and both spatial working and reference memory versions of the Morris water maze. We also probed several potential mechanisms, including cortical and hippocampal cytokine/chemokine gene expression, as well as hippocampal neuronal function via extracellular field potential recordings. Though there was limited evidence for an ongoing inflammatory state in cortex and hippocampus, we observed impaired learning and memory and a disruption of hippocampal long-term potentiation. These data suggest that a history of intermittent exposure to LPS-induced inflammation is associated with subtle but significantly impaired cognition among normally aging mice. The broader impact of these findings may have important implications for standard of care involving infections in aging individuals or populations at-risk for dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- E B Engler-Chiurazzi
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70114, USA; Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA.
| | - A E Russell
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Biology, School of Science, Penn State Erie, The Behrend College, Erie, PA 16563, USA; Magee Women's Research Institute, Allied Member, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - J M Povroznik
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - K O McDonald
- Clinical Neuroscience Research Center, Department of Neurosurgery, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70114, USA
| | - K N Porter
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - D S Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - J Hammock
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - B K Billig
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - C C Felton
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - A Yilmaz
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - B G Schreurs
- Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - J D O'Callaghan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - K J Zwezdaryk
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tulane Brain Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70114, USA
| | - J W Simpkins
- Center for Basic and Translational Stroke Research, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
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9
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Merlo S, Caruso GI, Bonfili L, Spampinato SF, Costantino G, Eleuteri AM, Sortino MA. Microglial polarization differentially affects neuronal vulnerability to the β-amyloid protein: Modulation by melatonin. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 202:115151. [PMID: 35750198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells play a central but yet debated role in neuroinflammatory events occurring in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We here explored how microglial features are modulated by melatonin following β-amyloid (Aβ42)-induced activation and examined the cross-talk with Aβ-challenged neuronal cells. Human microglial HMC3 cells were exposed to Aβ42 (200 nM) in the presence of melatonin (MEL; 1 μM) added since the beginning (MELco) or after a 72 h-exposure to Aβ42 (MELpost). In both conditions, MEL favored an anti-inflammatory activation and rescued SIRT1 and BDNF expression/release. Caspase-1 up-regulation and phospho-ERK induction following a prolonged exposure to Aβ42 were prevented by MEL. In addition, MEL partially restored proteasome functionality that was altered by long-term Aβ42 treatment, re-establishing both 20S and 26S chymotrypsin-like activity. Differentiated neuronal-like SH-SY5Y cells were exposed to Aβ42 (200 nM for 24 h) in basal medium or in the presence of conditioned medium (CM) collected from microglia exposed for different times to Aβ42 alone or in combination with MELco or MELpost. Aβ42 significantly reduced pre-synaptic proteins synaptophysin and VAMP2 and mean neuritic length. These effects were prevented by CM from anti-inflammatory microglia (Aβ42 for 6 h), or from MELco and MELpost microglia, but the reduction of neuritic length was not rescued when the SIRT1 inhibitor EX527 was added. In conclusion, our data add to the concept that melatonin shows a promising anti-inflammatory action on microglia that is retained even after pro-inflammatory activation, involving modulation of proteasome function and translating into neuroprotective microglial effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Merlo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Grazia Ilaria Caruso
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Laura Bonfili
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Simona Federica Spampinato
- Department of Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, University of Turin, Via P. Giuria 13, Turin 10125, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Costantino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy.
| | - Anna Maria Eleuteri
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, via Gentile III da Varano, 62032 Camerino, MC, Italy.
| | - Maria Angela Sortino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Section of Pharmacology, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, 95123 Catania, Italy.
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10
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Treatment; Moussa B.H. Youdim. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:713-714. [PMID: 35394205 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02492-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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In Vitro Methodologies to Study the Role of Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) in Neurodegeneration. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14020363. [PMID: 35057544 PMCID: PMC8777776 DOI: 10.3390/nu14020363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) can be present in food or be endogenously produced in biological systems. Their formation has been associated with chronic neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The implication of AGEs in neurodegeneration is related to their ability to bind to AGE-specific receptors and the ability of their precursors to induce the so-called “dicarbonyl stress”, resulting in cross-linking and protein damage. However, the mode of action underlying their role in neurodegeneration remains unclear. While some research has been carried out in observational clinical studies, further in vitro studies may help elucidate these underlying modes of action. This review presents and discusses in vitro methodologies used in research on the potential role of AGEs in neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The overview reveals the main concepts linking AGEs to neurodegeneration, the current findings, and the available and advisable in vitro models to study their role. Moreover, the major questions regarding the role of AGEs in neurodegenerative diseases and the challenges and discrepancies in the research field are discussed.
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12
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Sharman MJ, Verdile G, Kirubakaran S, Parenti C, Singh A, Watt G, Karl T, Chang D, Li CG, Münch G. Targeting Inflammatory Pathways in Alzheimer's Disease: A Focus on Natural Products and Phytomedicines. CNS Drugs 2019; 33:457-480. [PMID: 30900203 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-019-00619-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Studies of the brains of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients have revealed key neuropathological features, such as the deposition of aggregates of insoluble amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs). These pathological protein deposits, including Aβ peptides (which form senile plaques) and hyperphosphorylated tau (which aggregates into NFTs), have been assumed to be 'the cause of AD'. Aβ has been extensively targeted to develop an effective disease-modifying therapy, but with limited clinical success. Emerging therapies are also now targeting further pathological processes in AD, including neuroinflammation. This review focuses on the inflammatory and oxidative stress-related changes that occur in AD, and discusses some emerging anti-inflammatory natural products and phytomedicines. Many of the promising compounds are cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs (CSAIDs), which target the proinflammatory AP1 and nuclear factor-κB signalling pathways and inhibit the expression of many proinflammatory cytokines, such as interleukin (IL)-1, IL-6, tumour necrosis factor-α, or nitric oxide produced by inducible nitric oxide synthase. However, many of these phytomedicines have not been tested in rigorous clinical trials in AD patients. It is not yet clear if the active compounds reach an effective concentration in the brain (due to limited bioavailability) or if they can slow down AD progression in long-term trials. The authors suggest that it is crucial for both the pharmacological and complementary medicine industries to conduct and fund those studies to significantly advance the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Sharman
- School of Health Sciences, College of Health and Medicine, University of Tasmania, Locked Bag 1322, Launceston, TAS, 7250, Australia
| | - Giuseppe Verdile
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, WA, 6102, Australia
| | - Shanmugam Kirubakaran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Cristina Parenti
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Ahilya Singh
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Georgina Watt
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Tim Karl
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Dennis Chang
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia.,School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Chun Guang Li
- NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia
| | - Gerald Münch
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,NICM Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, 2560, Australia. .,Pharmacology Unit, School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW, 2751, Australia.
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13
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Selvakumar GP, Iyer SS, Kempuraj D, Raju M, Thangavel R, Saeed D, Ahmed ME, Zahoor H, Raikwar SP, Zaheer S, Zaheer A. Glia Maturation Factor Dependent Inhibition of Mitochondrial PGC-1α Triggers Oxidative Stress-Mediated Apoptosis in N27 Rat Dopaminergic Neuronal Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 55:7132-7152. [PMID: 29383690 PMCID: PMC6066475 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-0882-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease affecting over five million individuals worldwide. The exact molecular events underlying PD pathogenesis are still not clearly known. Glia maturation factor (GMF), a neuroinflammatory protein in the brain plays an important role in the pathogenesis of PD. Mitochondrial dysfunctions and oxidative stress trigger apoptosis leading to dopaminergic neuronal degeneration in PD. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α or PPARGC-α) acts as a transcriptional co-regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and energy metabolism by controlling oxidative phosphorylation, antioxidant activity, and autophagy. In this study, we found that incubation of immortalized rat dopaminergic (N27) neurons with GMF influences the expression of peroxisome PGC-1α and increases oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and apoptotic cell death. We show that incubation with GMF reduces the expression of PGC-1α with concomitant decreases in the mitochondrial complexes. Besides, there is increased oxidative stress and depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) in these cells. Further, GMF reduces tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression and shifts Bax/Bcl-2 expression resulting in release of cytochrome-c and increased activations of effector caspase expressions. Transmission electron microscopy analyses revealed alteration in the mitochondrial architecture. Our results show that GMF acts as an important upstream regulator of PGC-1α in promoting dopaminergic neuronal death through its effect on oxidative stress-mediated apoptosis. Our current data suggest that GMF is a critical risk factor for PD and suggest that it could be explored as a potential therapeutic target to inhibit PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Govindhasamy Pushpavathi Selvakumar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Shankar S Iyer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Duraisamy Kempuraj
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Murugesan Raju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ramasamy Thangavel
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Daniyal Saeed
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Mohammad Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Harris Zahoor
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Sudhanshu P Raikwar
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Smita Zaheer
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Asgar Zaheer
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
- Department of Neurology and The Center for Translational Neuroscience, M741A Medical Science Building, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, 1 Hospital Drive, Columbia, MO, USA.
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14
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Osman AM, Rodhe J, Shen X, Dominguez CA, Joseph B, Blomgren K. The Secretome of Microglia Regulate Neural Stem Cell Function. Neuroscience 2017; 405:92-102. [PMID: 29101080 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Brain injury is associated with neuroinflammation, and microglia are key players in this process. Microglia can acquire pro-inflammatory or anti-inflammatory properties, but how this affects neural stem cells (NSCs) remains controversial. Here, NSCs were grown in conditioned media collected from either non-stimulated microglia, or microglia stimulated with pro- or anti-inflammatory agents. NSC survival, proliferation, migration, and differentiation were investigated thereafter. We found that NSCs kept in conditioned medium from the anti-inflammatory microglial subtype had better survival, increased migration, and lower astrocytic differentiation compared to NSCs grown in conditioned medium collected from the pro-inflammatory subtype. Finally, we found that NSCs differentiated in microglial conditioned media generated cells expressing the pro-inflammatory chemokine CCL2, most pronounced when differentiated in medium from the pro-inflammatory microglia subtype. Our results show that microglial subtypes regulate NSCs differently and induce generation of cells with inflammatory properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M Osman
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Rodhe
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xianli Shen
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Cecilia A Dominguez
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bertrand Joseph
- Department of Oncology Pathology, Cancer Centrum Karolinska, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Klas Blomgren
- Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Pediatric Oncology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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15
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Medicinal Plants of the Australian Aboriginal Dharawal People Exhibiting Anti-Inflammatory Activity. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:2935403. [PMID: 28115968 PMCID: PMC5223016 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2935403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation contributes to multiple ageing-related musculoskeletal and neurodegenerative diseases, cardiovascular diseases, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel disease. More recently, chronic neuroinflammation has been attributed to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease and autism-spectrum and obsessive-compulsive disorders. To date, pharmacotherapy of inflammatory conditions is based mainly on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs which in contrast to cytokine-suppressive anti-inflammatory drugs do not influence the production of cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α or nitric oxide. However, their prolonged use can cause gastrointestinal toxicity and promote adverse events such as high blood pressure, congestive heart failure, and thrombosis. Hence, there is a critical need to develop novel and safer nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs possessing alternate mechanism of action. In this study, plants used by the Dharawal Aboriginal people in Australia for the treatment of inflammatory conditions, for example, asthma, arthritis, rheumatism, fever, oedema, eye inflammation, and inflammation of bladder and related inflammatory diseases, were evaluated for their anti-inflammatory activity in vitro. Ethanolic extracts from 17 Eucalyptus spp. (Myrtaceae) were assessed for their capacity to inhibit nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor-α production in RAW 264.7 macrophages. Eucalyptus benthamii showed the most potent nitric oxide inhibitory effect (IC50 5.57 ± 1.4 µg/mL), whilst E. bosistoana, E. botryoides, E. saligna, E. smithii, E. umbra, and E. viminalis exhibited nitric oxide inhibition values between 7.58 and 19.77 µg/mL.
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16
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Raju R, Gunawardena D, Ahktar MA, Low M, Reddell P, Münch G. Anti-Inflammatory Chemical Profiling of the Australian Rainforest Tree Alphitonia petriei (Rhamnaceae). Molecules 2016; 21:molecules21111521. [PMID: 27845729 PMCID: PMC6273140 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21111521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is an important pathological condition in many human diseases, and due to the side effects of the currently used non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, discovery of novel anti-inflammatory drugs is of general interest. Anti-inflammatory activity guided compound isolation from the plant Alphitonia petriei led to the isolation of the known plant sterols emmolic acid (1), alphitolic acid (2), trans- and cis-coumaroyl esters of alphitolic acid (3 and 4) and betulinic acid (5). A detailed spectroscopic analysis led to the structure elucidation of the alphitolic acid derivatives (1–5), and the semi-synthetic emmolic acid acetate (6). When tested in LPS (Lipopolysaccharides) + IFN-γ (Interferon gamma) activated RAW 264.7 macrophages, all compounds except (1) exhibited potent anti-inflammatory activity (IC50 values as low as 1.7 μM) in terms of downregulation of NO and TNF-α production, but also demonstrated some considerable cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritesh Raju
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Dhanushka Gunawardena
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Most Afia Ahktar
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Mitchell Low
- National Institute of Complementary Medicine (NICM), Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
| | - Paul Reddell
- Ecobiotics Limited, 7 Penda Street, Yungaburra, QLD 4884, Australia.
| | - Gerald Münch
- School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
- Molecular Medicine Research Group, Western Sydney University, Locked Bag 1797, Penrith, NSW 2751, Australia.
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17
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Cho SH, Song JY, Shin J, Kim S. Neonatal disease environment limits the efficacy of retinal transplantation in the LCA8 mouse model. BMC Ophthalmol 2016; 16:193. [PMID: 27809828 PMCID: PMC5095973 DOI: 10.1186/s12886-016-0368-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mutations of Crb1 gene cause irreversible and incurable visual impairment in humans. This study aims to use an LCA8-like mouse model to identify host-mediated responses that might interfere with survival, retinal integration and differentiation of grafted cells during neonatal cell therapy. Methods Mixed retinal donor cells (1 ~ 2 × 104) isolated from neural retinas of neonatal eGFP transgenic mice were injected into the subretinal space of LCA8-like model neonatal mice. Markers of specific cell types were used to analyze microglial attraction, CSPG induction and retinal cell differentiation. The positions of host retinal cells were traced according to their laminar location during disease progression to look for host cell rearrangements that might inhibit retinal integration of the transplanted cells. Results Transplanted retinal cells showed poor survival and attracted microglial cells, but CSPG was not greatly induced. Retinas of the LCA8 model hosts underwent significant cellular rearrangement, including rosette formation and apical displacement of inner retinal cells. Conclusions Local disease environment, particularly host immune responses to injected cells and formation of a physical barrier caused by apical migration of host retinal cells upon disruption of outer limiting membrane, may impose two major barriers in LCAs cell transplantation therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seo-Hee Cho
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Ji Yun Song
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jinyeon Shin
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Seonhee Kim
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Shriners Hospitals Pediatric Research Center, Lewis Katz School of Medicine at Temple University, 3500 N. Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
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18
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Zhao L, Zabel MK, Wang X, Ma W, Shah P, Fariss RN, Qian H, Parkhurst CN, Gan WB, Wong WT. Microglial phagocytosis of living photoreceptors contributes to inherited retinal degeneration. EMBO Mol Med 2016; 7:1179-97. [PMID: 26139610 PMCID: PMC4568951 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201505298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Retinitis pigmentosa, caused predominantly by mutations in photoreceptor genes, currently lacks comprehensive treatment. We discover that retinal microglia contribute non-cell autonomously to rod photoreceptor degeneration by primary phagocytosis of living rods. Using rd10 mice, we found that the initiation of rod degeneration is accompanied by early infiltration of microglia, upregulation of phagocytic molecules in microglia, and presentation of “eat-me” signals on mutated rods. On live-cell imaging, infiltrating microglia interact dynamically with photoreceptors via motile processes and engage in rapid phagocytic engulfment of non-apoptotic rods. Microglial contribution to rod demise is evidenced by morphological and functional amelioration of photoreceptor degeneration following genetic ablation of retinal microglia. Molecular inhibition of microglial phagocytosis using the vitronectin receptor antagonist cRGD also improved morphological and functional parameters of degeneration. Our findings highlight primary microglial phagocytosis as a contributing mechanism underlying cell death in retinitis pigmentosa and implicate microglia as a potential cellular target for therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Zhao
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew K Zabel
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xu Wang
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wenxin Ma
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Parth Shah
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert N Fariss
- Biological Imaging Core, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haohua Qian
- Visual Function Core, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher N Parkhurst
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Skirball Institute New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wen-Biao Gan
- Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Skirball Institute New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wai T Wong
- Unit on Neuron-Glia Interactions in Retinal Disease, National Eye institute National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Meireles M, Marques C, Norberto S, Santos P, Fernandes I, Mateus N, Faria A, Calhau C. Anthocyanin effects on microglia M1/M2 phenotype: Consequence on neuronal fractalkine expression. Behav Brain Res 2016; 305:223-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Neuroprotection of Neuro2a cells and the cytokine suppressive and anti-inflammatory mode of action of resveratrol in activated RAW264.7 macrophages and C8-B4 microglia. Neurochem Int 2015; 95:46-54. [PMID: 26522689 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2015.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 09/08/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is a hallmark of neurodegenerative disease and cytotoxic levels of nitric oxide (NO) and pro-inflammatory cytokines can initiate neuronal death pathways. A range of cellular assays were used to assess the anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective action of resveratrol using murine microglial (C8-B4), macrophage (RAW264.7) and neuronal-like (Neuro2a) cell lines. We examined the release of NO by Griess assay and used a Bioplex array to measure a panel of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, in response to the inflammatory stimuli lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and interferon-γ (IFN-γ). Resveratrol was a potent inhibitor of NO and cytokine release in activated macrophages and microglia. The activity of resveratrol increased marginally in potency with longer pre-incubation times in cell culture that was not due to cytotoxicity. Using an NO donor we show that resveratrol can protect Neuro2a cells from cytotoxic concentrations of NO. The protective effect of resveratrol from pro-inflammatory signalling in RAW264.7 cells was confirmed in co-culture experiments leading to increased survival of Neuro2a cells. Together our data are indicative of the potential neuroprotective effect of resveratrol during nitrosative stress and neuroinflammation.
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Molet J, Mauborgne A, Diallo M, Armand V, Geny D, Villanueva L, Boucher Y, Pohl M. Microglial Janus kinase/signal transduction and activator of transcription 3 pathway activity directly impacts astrocyte and spinal neuron characteristics. J Neurochem 2015; 136:133-47. [PMID: 26440453 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
After peripheral nerve injury microglial reactivity change in the spinal cord is associated with an early activation of Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 transduction pathway whose blockade attenuates local inflammation and pain hypersensitivity. However, the consequences of microglial JAK/STAT3-mediated signaling on neighboring cells are unknown. Using an in vitro paradigm we assessed the impact of microglial JAK/STAT3 activity on functional characteristics of astrocytes and spinal cord neurons. Purified rat primary microglia was stimulated with JAK/STAT3 classical activator interleukin-6 in the presence or absence of a selective STAT3 inhibitor and rat primary astrocytes or spinal cord neurons were exposed to microglia conditioned media (CM). JAK/STAT3 activity-generated microglial CM modulated both astrocyte and neuron characteristics. Beyond inducing mRNA expression changes in various targets of interest in astrocytes and neurons, microglia CM activated c-Jun N-terminal kinase, STAT3 and NF-κB intracellular pathways in astrocytes and promoted their proliferation. Without modifying neuronal excitability or survival, CM affected the nerve processes morphology and distribution of the post-synaptic density protein 95, a marker of glutamatergic synaptic contacts. These findings show that JAK/STAT3 activity in microglia impacts the functional characteristics of astrocytes and neurons. This suggests its participation in spinal cord tissue plasticity and remodeling occurring after peripheral nerve injury. We show that the activity of JAK/STAT3 pathway in microglial cells confers them a specific signaling modality toward neighboring cells, promoting astrocyte proliferation and changes in neuronal morphology. These in vitro data suggest that the early JAK/STAT3 activation in spinal cord microglia, associated with peripheral nerve injury, participates in functional alteration of various cell populations and in spinal tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Molet
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Annie Mauborgne
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Mickael Diallo
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vincent Armand
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - David Geny
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Luis Villanueva
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Yves Boucher
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,UFR Odontologie, Université Paris-Diderot, Paris, France
| | - Michel Pohl
- Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, INSERM UMR 894, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Zhang T, Gong X, Hu G, Wang X. EP2-PKA signaling is suppressed by triptolide in lipopolysaccharide-induced microglia activation. J Neuroinflammation 2015; 12:50. [PMID: 25880276 PMCID: PMC4364339 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-015-0275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microglia are key players for the inflammatory responses in the central nervous system. Suppression of microglial activation and the resulting production of proinflammatory molecules are considered a promising strategy to alleviate the progression of neurodegenerative disorders. Triptolide was demonstrated as a potent anti-inflammatory compound both in vitro and in vivo. The present study explored potential signal pathways of triptolide in the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response using primary rat microglial cells. FINDINGS Microglial cells were pretreated with triptolide and stimulated with LPS. To investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of triptolide, we used Griess reagent and Western blot for NO release and iNOS expression, respectively. Moreover, we applied microglia-conditioned medium to neuronal cells and used the MTS assay to test cell viability. We found that triptolide inhibited LPS-induced NO and iNOS synthesis in microglial cells, which in turn protected neurons. To evaluate the involvement of the EP2 pathway, we used real-time PCR and Western blot to determine EP2 expression. We found that LPS induced a large increase in EP2 expression in microglia, and triptolide almost completely inhibited LPS-induced EP2 expression. Using the selective EP2 agonist butaprost and the EP2 antagonist AH6809, we determined that triptolide inhibited LPS-stimulated NO production in microglia mainly through the EP2 pathway. Additionally, by further treating triptolide-treated microglia with the downstream PKA-specific activator 6-Bnz-cAMP or the Epac-specific activator 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP, we found that 6-Bnz-cAMP but not 8-pCPT-2-O-Me-cAMP increased NO production in triptolide-LPS treated microglia. These results indicate that the EP2-PKA pathway is very important for triptolide's effects. CONCLUSIONS Triptolide inhibits LPS-stimulated NO production in microglia via a signaling mechanism involving EP2 and PKA. This finding may help establish the pharmacological function of triptolide in neurodegenerative disorders. Moreover, the observation of inflammatory EP2 signaling in primary microglia provides important evidence that EP2 regulates innate immunity in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder, Ministry of Education, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xiaoli Gong
- Department of Physiology, Capital Medical University, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Guanzheng Hu
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder, Ministry of Education, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
| | - Xiaomin Wang
- Department of Neurobiology, Capital Medical University, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders and Key Laboratory for Neurodegenerative Disorder, Ministry of Education, No. 10 Xitoutiao, Youanmenwai, Fengtai District, Beijing, 100069, China.
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Scheiblich H, Bicker G. Regulation of microglial migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth by HO-1/CO signaling. Dev Neurobiol 2014; 75:854-76. [DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Scheiblich
- Division of Cell Biology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
| | - Gerd Bicker
- Division of Cell Biology; University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover; Hannover Germany
- Center for Systems Neuroscience Hannover; Hannover Germany
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Oxygen radicals elicit paralysis and collapse of spinal cord neuron growth cones upon exposure to proinflammatory cytokines. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:191767. [PMID: 25050325 PMCID: PMC4090484 DOI: 10.1155/2014/191767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A persistent inflammatory and oxidative stress is a hallmark of most chronic CNS pathologies (Alzheimer's (ALS)) as well as the aging CNS orchestrated by the proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). Loss of the integrity and plasticity of neuronal morphology and connectivity comprises an early step in neuronal degeneration and ultimate decline of cognitive function. We examined in vitro whether TNFα or IL-1β impaired morphology and motility of growth cones in spinal cord neuron cultures. TNFα and IL-1β paralyzed growth cone motility and induced growth cone collapse in a dose-dependent manner reflected by complete attenuation of neurite outgrowth. Scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS) or inhibiting NADPH oxidase activity rescued loss of neuronal motility and morphology. TNFα and IL-1β provoked rapid, NOX-mediated generation of ROS in advancing growth cones, which preceded paralysis of motility and collapse of morphology. Increases in ROS intermediates were accompanied by an aberrant, nonproductive reorganization of actin filaments. These findings suggest that NADPH oxidase serves as a pivotal source of oxidative stress in neurons and together with disruption of actin filament reorganization contributes to the progressive degeneration of neuronal morphology in the diseased or aging CNS.
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Propofol Limits Microglial Activation after Experimental Brain Trauma through Inhibition of Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate Oxidase. Anesthesiology 2013; 119:1370-88. [DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background:
Microglial activation is implicated in delayed tissue damage after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Activation of microglia causes up-regulation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, with the release of reactive oxygen species and cytotoxicity. Propofol appears to have antiinflammatory actions. The authors evaluated the neuroprotective effects of propofol after TBI and examined in vivo and in vitro whether such actions reflected modulation of NADPH oxidase.
Methods:
Adult male rats were subjected to moderate lateral fluid percussion TBI. Effect of propofol on brain microglial activation and functional recovery was assessed up to 28 days postinjury. By using primary microglial and BV2 cell cultures, the authors examined propofol modulation of lipopolysaccharide and interferon-γ–induced microglial reactivity and neurotoxicity.
Results:
Propofol improved cognitive recovery after TBI in novel object recognition test (48 ± 6% for propofol [n = 15] vs. 30 ± 4% for isoflurane [n = 14]; P = 0.005). The functional improvement with propofol was associated with limited microglial activation and decreased cortical lesion volume and neuronal loss. Propofol also attenuated lipopolysaccharide- and interferon-γ–induced microglial activation in vitro, with reduced expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase, nitric oxide, tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-1β, reactive oxygen species, and NADPH oxidase. Microglial-induced neurotoxicity in vitro was also markedly reduced by propofol. The protective effect of propofol was attenuated when the NADPH oxidase subunit p22phox was knocked down by small interfering RNA. Moreover, propofol reduced the expression of p22phox and gp91phox, two key components of NADPH oxidase, after TBI.
Conclusion:
The neuroprotective effects of propofol after TBI appear to be mediated, in part, through the inhibition of NADPH oxidase.
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Owona BA, Njayou NF, Laufer SA, Schluesener HJ, Moundipa PF. Entada africana fraction CH₂Cl₂/MEOH 5% inhibits inducible nitric oxide synthase and pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression induced by lipopolysaccharide in microglia. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:254. [PMID: 24089706 PMCID: PMC3851269 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Inflammatory response in the CNS mediated by microglia cells play an important role in host defense and is implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative diseases. We investigated the capacity of Entada africana to protect microglia from inflammatory insults by exploring the effect of the CH2Cl2/MEOH 5% fraction (Ea5) on pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA expression. Finally, we studied the effect of Ea5 on the inhibition of p38 MAPK Kinase. The results were compared to those obtained with Baicalin, a well reported anti-inflammatory flavonoid. Methods Barks from E. africana were harvested in 2010, in the west region of Cameroon. A crude extract was prepared using CH2Cl2/MEOH 1:1 V/V. The crude extract obtained was further fractionated by flash chromatography. A mouse microglia cell line (N9) was stimulated by LPS with or without different concentrations of Baicalin and Ea5. The release of NO was evaluated using the Griess method. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines mRNA (TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6) and iNOS/NO were measured by RT- PCR. The inhibition of p38 MAPK Kinase was assessed using ELISA. Results We found that Ea5, as well as Baicalin inhibited LPS-induced NO production in a dose dependent manner. Ea5 was most active in term of NO inhibition (87.07%), in comparison to Baicalin (70.85%). The expression of TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6 and iNOS was strongly suppressed by Ea5 in microglia. Ea5 also inhibited the activity of p38MAPK Kinase, up to 30% for the concentrations tested, whereas a prominent inhibition was obtained with Baicalin. Conclusion These results suggest that E. africana may contain promising compounds useful for the treatment of diseases cause by over-activation of microglia such as Alzheimer disease and other neurological diseases.
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Attenuation of Dichlorvos-Induced Microglial Activation and Neuronal Apoptosis by 4-Hydroxy TEMPO. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 49:163-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8508-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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28
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Hellmann-Regen J, Kronenberg G, Uhlemann R, Freyer D, Endres M, Gertz K. Accelerated degradation of retinoic acid by activated microglia. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 256:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2012.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 10/31/2012] [Accepted: 11/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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29
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Chami L, Checler F. BACE1 is at the crossroad of a toxic vicious cycle involving cellular stress and β-amyloid production in Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2012; 7:52. [PMID: 23039869 PMCID: PMC3507664 DOI: 10.1186/1750-1326-7-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a complex age-related pathology, the etiology of which has not been firmly delineated. Among various histological stigmata, AD-affected brains display several cellular dysfunctions reflecting enhanced oxidative stress, inflammation process and calcium homeostasis disturbance. Most of these alterations are directly or indirectly linked to amyloid β-peptides (Aβ), the production, molecular nature and biophysical properties of which likely conditions the degenerative process. It is particularly noticeable that, in a reverse control process, the above-described cellular dysfunctions alter Aβ peptides levels. β-secretase βAPP-cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1) is a key molecular contributor of this cross-talk. This enzyme is responsible for the primary cleavage generating the N-terminus of “full length” Aβ peptides and is also transcriptionally induced by several cellular stresses. This review summarizes data linking brain insults to AD-like pathology and documents the key role of BACE1 at the cross-road of a vicious cycle contributing to Aβ production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Chami
- Institut de Pharmacologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, UMR7275 CNRS/UNSA, 06560 Valbonne, France
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Soczynska JK, Mansur RB, Brietzke E, Swardfager W, Kennedy SH, Woldeyohannes HO, Powell AM, Manierka MS, McIntyre RS. Novel therapeutic targets in depression: minocycline as a candidate treatment. Behav Brain Res 2012; 235:302-17. [PMID: 22963995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2011] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mood disorders are marked by high rates of non-recovery, recurrence, and chronicity, which are insufficiently addressed by current therapies. Several patho-etiological models have been proposed that are not mutually exclusive and include but are not limited to the monoamine, inflammatory, neurotrophic, gliotrophic, excitatory, and oxidative stress systems. A derivative of these observations is that treatment(s) which target one or more of these mechanistic steps may be capable of mitigating, or preventing, disparate psychopathological features. Minocycline is an agent with pleiotropic properties that targets multiple proteins and cellular processes implicated in the patho-etiology of mood disorders. Moreover, preclinical and preliminary clinical evidence suggests that minocycline possesses antidepressant properties. Herein, we provide the rationale for conducting a randomized, controlled trial to test the antidepressant properties of minocycline.
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Shaikh SB, Uy B, Perera A, Nicholson LF. AGEs–RAGE mediated up-regulation of connexin43 in activated human microglial CHME-5 cells. Neurochem Int 2012; 60:640-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2012.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Schomberg D, Olson JK. Immune responses of microglia in the spinal cord: Contribution to pain states. Exp Neurol 2012; 234:262-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2011.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2011] [Revised: 12/05/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Park SE, Sapkota K, Kim S, Kim H, Kim SJ. Kaempferol acts through mitogen-activated protein kinases and protein kinase B/AKT to elicit protection in a model of neuroinflammation in BV2 microglial cells. Br J Pharmacol 2012; 164:1008-25. [PMID: 21449918 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2011.01389.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Kaempferol, a dietary flavonoid and phyto-oestrogen, is known to have anti-inflammatory properties. Microglial activation has been implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases. Anti-inflammatory effects of kaempferol and the underlying mechanisms were investigated by using LPS-stimulated microglial BV2 cells. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Cell viability was measured using MTT and neutral red assays. elisa, Western blot, immunocytochemistry and electrophoretic mobility-shift assay were used to analyse NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α and IL-1β production, inducible NOS (iNOS), COX-2 expression and the involvement of signalling pathways such as toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4), MAPK cascades, PKB (AKT) and NF-κB. Accumulation of reaction oxygen species (ROS) was measured by nitroblue tetrazolium and 2'7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate assay. Matrix metalloproteinase activity was investigated by zymography and immunoblot assay. Phagocytotic activity was assessed by use of latex beads. KEY RESULTS Kaempferol significantly attenuated LPS-induced NO, PGE(2) , TNF-α, IL-1β and ROS production and phagocytosis in a concentration-dependent manner. Kaempferol suppressed the expression of iNOS, COX-2, MMP-3 and blocked the TLR4 activation. Moreover, kaempferol inhibited LPS-induced NF-κB activation and p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT phosphorylation. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Kaempferol was able to reduce LPS-induced inflammatory mediators through the down-regulation of TLR4, NF-κB, p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT suggesting that kaempferol has therapeutic potential for the treatment of neuroinflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Park
- Department of Biotechnology, Chosun University, Gwangju, Korea
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Silva SL, Osório C, Vaz AR, Barateiro A, Falcão AS, Silva RFM, Brites D. Dynamics of neuron-glia interplay upon exposure to unconjugated bilirubin. J Neurochem 2011; 117:412-24. [PMID: 21275990 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the main players of the brain immune response. They act as active sensors that rapidly respond to injurious insults by shifting into different activated states. Elevated levels of unconjugated bilirubin (UCB) induce cell death, immunostimulation and oxidative stress in both neurons and astrocytes. We recently reported that microglial phagocytic phenotype precedes the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines upon UCB exposure. We investigated whether and how microglia microenvironment influences the response to UCB. Our findings revealed that conditioned media derived from UCB-treated astrocytes reduce microglial inflammatory reaction and cell death, suggesting an attempt to curtail microglial over activation. Conditioned medium from UCB-challenged neurons, although down-regulating tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-1β promoted the release of interleukin-6 and nitric oxide, the activation of matrix metalloproteinase-9, and cell death, as compared with UCB-direct effects on microglia. Moreover, soluble factors released by UCB-treated neurons intensified the phagocytic properties manifested by microglia under direct exposure to UCB. Results from neuron-microglia mixed cultures incubated with UCB evidenced that sensitized microglia were able to prevent neurite outgrowth impairment and cell death. In conclusion, our data indicate that stressed neurons signal microglial clearance functions, but also overstimulate its inflammatory potential ultimately leading to microglia demise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra L Silva
- Research Institute for Medicines and Pharmaceutical Sciences (iMed.UL), Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
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Jurgens HA, Johnson RW. Dysregulated neuronal-microglial cross-talk during aging, stress and inflammation. Exp Neurol 2010; 233:40-8. [PMID: 21110971 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2010.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2010] [Revised: 11/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/13/2010] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Communication between neurons and microglia is essential for maintaining homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS) during both physiological and inflammatory conditions. While microglial activation is necessary and beneficial in response to injury or disease, excessive or prolonged activation can have deleterious effects on brain function and behavior. To prevent inflammation-associated damage, microglia reactivity is actively modulated by neurons in the healthy brain. Age or stress-induced disruption of normal neuronal-microglial communication could lead to an aberrant central immune response when additional stressors are applied. Recent work suggests that both aging and stress shift the CNS microenvironment to a pro-inflammatory state characterized by increased microglial reactivity and a reduction in anti-inflammatory and immunoregulatory factors. This review will discuss how heightened neuroinflammation associated with aging and stress may be compounded by the concomitant loss of neuronally derived factors that control microglial activation, leaving the brain vulnerable to excessive inflammation and neurobehavioral complications upon subsequent immune challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi A Jurgens
- Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Saura CA. Presenilin/gamma-Secretase and Inflammation. Front Aging Neurosci 2010; 2:16. [PMID: 20559464 PMCID: PMC2887037 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2010.00016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 04/08/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Presenilins (PS) are the catalytic components of γ-secretase, an aspartyl protease that regulates through proteolytic processing the function of multiple signaling proteins. Specially relevant is the γ-secretase-dependent cleavage of the β-amyloid precursor protein (APP) since generates the β-amyloid (Aβ) peptides that aggregate and accumulate in the brain of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. Abnormal processing and/or accumulation of Aβ disrupt synaptic and metabolic processes leading to neuron dysfunction and neurodegeneration. Studies in presenilin conditional knockout mice have revealed that presenilin-1 is essential for age-dependent Aβ accumulation and inflammation. By contrast, mutations in the presenilin genes responsible for early onset familial AD cause rapid disease progression and accentuate clinical and pathological features including inflammation. In addition, a number of loss of function mutations in presenilin-1 have been recently associated to non-Alzheimer's dementias including frontotemporal dementia and dementia with Lewy bodies. In agreement, total loss of presenilin function in the brain results in striking neurodegeneration and inflammation, which includes activation of glial cells and induction of proinflammatory genes, besides altered inflammatory responses in the periphery. Interestingly, some non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs that slow cognitive decline and reduce the risk of AD, decrease amyloidogenic Aβ42 levels by modulating allosterically PS/γ-secretase. In this review, I present current evidence supporting a role of presenilin/γ-secretase signaling on gliogenesis and gliosis in normal and pathological conditions. Understanding the cellular mechanisms regulated by presenilin/γ-secretase during chronic inflammatory processes may provide new approaches for the development of effective therapeutic strategies for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos A Saura
- Institut de Neurociències, Departament Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona Bellaterra, Spain
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Byrnes KR, Stoica B, Riccio A, Pajoohesh-Ganji A, Loane DJ, Faden AI. Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 improves recovery after spinal cord injury in rodents. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:63-74. [PMID: 19670441 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) has neuroprotective properties in vitro and has been reported to limit postischemic lesion volume in vivo. Previously, mGluR5 has been identified on microglia in vitro, but the effects of mGluR5 activation on inflammation in vivo or on recovery after spinal cord injury is unknown. METHODS Rats received intrathecal infusion of the selective mGluR5 agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) for 7 days after moderate impact spinal cord injury at T9. Complementary studies examined CHPG effects on activated spinal microglia cultures. RESULTS Functional motor recovery was significantly increased by CHPG treatment up to 28 days after injury, with improvements in weight bearing, step taking, and coordination of stepping behavior. CHPG treatment significantly reduced lesion volume and increased white matter sparing at 28 days after injury. Administration of CHPG attenuated microglial-associated inflammatory responses in a dose-dependent fashion, including expression of ED1, Iba-1, Galectin-3, NADPH oxidase components, tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and inducible nitric oxide synthase. Because mGluR5 is expressed by microglial cells in the rat spinal cord, such effects may be mediated by direct action on microglial cells. mGluR5 stimulation also reduced microglial activation and decreased microglial-induced neurotoxicity in spinal cord microglia cultures; the latter effects were blocked by the selective mGluR5 antagonist MTEP. INTERPRETATION These data demonstrate that mGluR5 activation can reduce microglial-associated inflammation, suggesting that the protective effects of mGluR5 agonists may reflect this action. Ann Neurol 2009;66:63-74.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Byrnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Pan XD, Chen XC, Zhu YG, Chen LM, Zhang J, Huang TW, Ye QY, Huang HP. Tripchlorolide protects neuronal cells from microglia-mediated β-amyloid neurotoxicity through inhibiting NF-κB and JNK signaling. Glia 2009; 57:1227-38. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.20844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Variations in the neuropathology of familial Alzheimer's disease. Acta Neuropathol 2009; 118:37-52. [PMID: 19306098 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-009-0521-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/11/2009] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in the amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin 1 (PSEN1) and presenilin 2 (PSEN2) genes cause autosomal dominant familial Alzheimer's disease (AD). PSEN1 and PSEN2 are essential components of the gamma-secretase complex, which cleaves APP to affect Abeta processing. Disruptions in Abeta processing have been hypothesised to be the major cause of AD (the amyloid cascade hypothesis). These genetic cases exhibit all the classic hallmark pathologies of AD including neuritic plaques, neurofibrillary tangles (NFT), tissue atrophy, neuronal loss and inflammation, often in significantly enhanced quantities. In particular, these cases have average greater hippocampal atrophy and NFT, more significant cortical Abeta42 plaque deposition and more substantial inflammation. Enhanced cerebral Abeta40 angiopathy is a feature of many cases, but particularly those with APP mutations where it can be the dominant pathology. Additional frontotemporal neuronal loss in association with increased tau pathology appears unique to PSEN mutations, with mutations in exons 8 and 9 having enlarged cotton wool plaques throughout their cortex. The mechanisms driving these pathological differences in AD are discussed.
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Byrnes KR, Stoica B, Loane DJ, Riccio A, Davis MI, Faden AI. Metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 activation inhibits microglial associated inflammation and neurotoxicity. Glia 2009; 57:550-60. [PMID: 18816644 DOI: 10.1002/glia.20783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The Group I metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) can modulate addiction, pain, and neuronal cell death. Expression of some mGluRs, such as Group II and III mGluRs, has been reported in microglia and may affect their activation. However, the expression and role of mGluR5 in microglia is unclear. Using immunocytochemistry and Western blot, we demonstrate that mGluR5 protein is expressed in primary microglial cultures. Activation of mGluR5 using the selective agonist (RS)-2-chloro-5-hydroxyphenylglycine (CHPG) significantly reduces microglial activation in response to lipopolysaccharide, as indicated by a reduction in nitric oxide, reactive oxygen species, and TNFalpha production. Microglial induced neurotoxicity is also markedly reduced by CHPG treatment. The anti-inflammatory effects of CHPG are not observed in microglial cultures from mGluR5 knockout mice and are blocked by selective mGluR5 antagonists, suggesting that these actions are mediated by the mGluR5 receptor. Anti-inflammatory actions of mGluR5 activation are attenuated by phospholipase C and protein kinase C inhibitors, as well as by calcium chelators, suggesting that the mGluR5 activation in microglia involves the G(alphaq)-protein signal transduction pathway. These data indicate that microglial mGluR5 may represent a novel target for modulating neuroinflammation, an important component of both acute and chronic neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly R Byrnes
- Department of Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3970 Reservoir Road N.W., Washington, DC 20057, USA.
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Stevanović ID, Jovanović MD, Jelenković A, Colić M, Stojanović I, Ninković M. Effects of L-NAME, a non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, on AlCl3-induced toxicity in the rat forebrain cortex. J Vet Sci 2009; 10:15-22. [PMID: 19255519 PMCID: PMC2801103 DOI: 10.4142/jvs.2009.10.1.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The present experiments were done to determine the effectiveness of a non-specific nitric oxide synthase inhibitor, N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), on oxidative stress parameters induced by aluminium chloride (AlCl3) intrahippocampal injections in Wistar rats. Animals were sacrificed 3 h and 30 d after treatments, heads were immediately frozen in liquid nitrogen and forebrain cortices were removed. Crude mitochondrial fraction preparations of forebrain cortices were used for the biochemical analyses: nitrite levels, superoxide production, malondialdehyde concentrations, superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities and reduced glutathione contents. AlCl3 injection resulted in increased nitrite concentrations, superoxide anion production, malondialdehyde concentrations and reduced glutathione contents in the forebrain cortex, suggesting that AlCl3 exposure promoted oxidative stress in this brain structure. The biochemical changes observed in neuronal tissues showed that aluminium acted as a pro-oxidant. However, the non-specific nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor, L-NAME, exerted anti-oxidant actions in AlCl3-treated animals. These results revealed that NO-mediated neurotoxicity due to intrahippocampal AlCl3 injection spread temporally and spatially to the forebrain cortex, and suggested a potentially neuroprotective effect for L-NAME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivana D Stevanović
- Military Medical Academy, Institute for Medical Research, Crnotravska 17, Belgrade, Serbia.
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42
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Barth BM, Stewart-Smeets S, Kuhn TB. Proinflammatory cytokines provoke oxidative damage to actin in neuronal cells mediated by Rac1 and NADPH oxidase. Mol Cell Neurosci 2009; 41:274-85. [PMID: 19344766 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcn.2009.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Revised: 03/10/2009] [Accepted: 03/24/2009] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The proinflammatory cytokines TNFalpha and Il-1beta orchestrate the progression of CNS inflammation, which substantially contributes to neurodegeneration in many CNS pathologies. TNFalpha and Il-1beta stimulate actin filament reorganization in non-neuronal cells often accompanied by the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Actin filament dynamics is vital for cellular plasticity, mitochondrial function, and gene expression despite being highly susceptible to oxidative damage. We demonstrated that, in neuronal cells, TNFalpha and Il-1beta stimulate a transient, redox-dependent reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton into lamellipodia under the regulation of Rac1 and a neuronal NADPH oxidase as the source of ROS. The persistent presence of intracellular ROS provoked oxidative damage (carbonylation) to actin coinciding with the loss of lamellipodia and arrest of cellular plasticity. Inhibition of NADPH oxidase activity or Rac1 abolished the adverse effects of cytokines. These findings suggest that oxidative damage to the neuronal actin cytoskeleton could represent a key step in CNS neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Barth
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Alaska Fairbanks, 900 Yukon Drive, REIC 194, Fairbanks, AK 99775, USA
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Richwine AF, Parkin AO, Buchanan JB, Chen J, Markham JA, Juraska JM, Johnson RW. Architectural changes to CA1 pyramidal neurons in adult and aged mice after peripheral immune stimulation. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2008; 33:1369-77. [PMID: 18805643 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2008] [Revised: 07/01/2008] [Accepted: 08/01/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The expression of several inflammatory cytokines that inhibit synaptic plasticity and hippocampal-dependent learning and memory is higher in the brains of aged mice compared to young adults after peripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS). In this study we investigated whether the exaggerated inflammatory cytokine response in the hippocampus of aged mice after IP injection of LPS is associated with architectural changes to dendrites of pyramidal neurons in the dorsal CA1 hippocampus. Compared to young adults, aged mice had higher basal expression of MHC class II, lower basal expression of two neurotrophins, nerve growth factor (NGF) and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and a decrease in total dendritic length in both the basal and apical tree. After IP LPS administration, expression of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNFalpha mRNA was higher in hippocampus of aged mice compared to young adults whereas NGF and BDNF mRNA was reduced similarly in both age groups. The basal dendritic tree was not affected by LPS in either adult or aged mice 72h after treatment; however, length and branching of the apical tree was reduced by LPS in aged but not adult mice. The present findings indicate that a peripheral infection in the aged can cause a heightened inflammatory cytokine response in the hippocampus and atrophy of hippocampal neurons. Architectural changes to dorsal CA1 hippocampal neurons may contribute to cognitive disorders evident in elderly patients with an infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy F Richwine
- Integrative Immunology and Behavior Program, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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Pan XD, Chen XC, Zhu YG, Zhang J, Huang TW, Chen LM, Ye QY, Huang HP. Neuroprotective role of tripchlorolide on inflammatory neurotoxicity induced by lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:362-72. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2008] [Revised: 05/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Samuel W, Kutty RK, Sekhar S, Vijayasarathy C, Wiggert B, Redmond TM. Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediates N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide-induced neuronal differentiation in the ARPE-19 human retinal pigment epithelial cell line. J Neurochem 2008; 106:591-602. [PMID: 18410500 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2008.05409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We have shown previously that N-(4-hydroxyphenyl)retinamide (4HPR, fenretinide), a retinoic acid derivative, induces neuronal differentiation in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells [Chen et al., J. Neurochem., 84 (2003), 972]. We asked the question whether the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is involved in the regulation of the 4HPR-induced neuronal differentiation of RPE (ARPE-19) cells. When we treated ARPE-19 cells with 4HPR, c-Raf and MEK1/2 kinase were activated resulting in activation of the downstream effector ERK1/2 and of SAPK/JNK. By blocking the upstream kinase MEK1/2 with specific inhibitor U0126 we abrogated the 4HPR-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and SAPK/JNK, indicating that the neuronal differentiation occurs through a positive cross-talk between the ERK and the SAPK/JNK pathways. Both U0126 and the suppression of ERK1/2 expression with small interfering RNA effectively blocked the 4HPR-induced neuronal differentiation of RPE cells and the expression of calretinin. The activated ERK1/2 then induced a sequential activation of p90RSK, and increase in phosphorylation of transcription factors c-fos and c-jun leading to transcriptional activation of AP-1. Taken together, our results clearly demonstrate that c-Raf/MEK1/2 signaling cascade involving ERK1/2 plays a central role in mediating the 4HPR-induced neuronal differentiation and calretinin expression in the human ARPE-19 retinal pigment epithelial cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Samuel
- Laboratory of Retinal Cell and Molecular Biology, National Eye Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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46
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Seo MC, Kim S, Kim SH, Zheng LT, Park EK, Lee WH, Suk K. Discoidin domain receptor 1 mediates collagen-induced inflammatory activation of microglia in culture. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:1087-95. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Head E, Rofina J, Zicker S. Oxidative stress, aging, and central nervous system disease in the canine model of human brain aging. Vet Clin North Am Small Anim Pract 2008; 38:167-78, vi. [PMID: 18249248 PMCID: PMC2390776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cvsm.2007.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Decline in cognitive functions that accompany aging in dogs may have a biologic basis, and many of the disorders associated with aging in dogs may be mitigated through dietary modifications that incorporate specific nutraceuticals. Based on previous research and the results of laboratory and clinical studies, antioxidants may be one class of nutraceutical that provides benefits to aged dogs. Brains of aged dogs accumulate oxidative damage to proteins and lipids, which may lead to dysfunction of neuronal cells. The production of free radicals and lack of increase in compensatory antioxidant enzymes may lead to detrimental modifications to important macromolecules within neurons. Reducing oxidative damage through food ingredients rich in a broad spectrum of antioxidants significantly improves, or slows the decline of, learning and memory in aged dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Head
- Institute for Brain Aging and Dementia, Department of Neurology, University of California at Irvine, 1259 Gillespie Neuroscience Research Facility, Irvine, CA 92697-4540, USA
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Keshet GI, Tolwani RJ, Trejo A, Kraft P, Doyonnas R, Clayberger C, Weimann JM, Blau HM. Increased host neuronal survival and motor function in BMT Parkinsonian mice: Involvement of immunosuppression. J Comp Neurol 2007; 504:690-701. [PMID: 17722033 DOI: 10.1002/cne.21483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
We examined the potential of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) to rescue dopaminergic neurons in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD). A BMT from mice transgenic for green fluorescent protein (GFP(+)) given either before or after administration of the neurotoxin 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) led to the accumulation of transplanted adult GFP(+) bone-marrow-derived cells (BMDC) in the substantia nigra, where dopaminergic neurodegeneration occurs in PD. Post-BMT, mice exposed to MPTP had substantially greater numbers of endogenous tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neuronal cell bodies in the substantia nigra and increased dopamine transporter-positive projections into the striatum compared to controls. Moreover, motor function was restored to normal within 1 month post-MPTP in BMT-treated mice assayed by a rotarod behavioral test. The effect of BMT on PD was indirect, as no evidence of BMDC fusion with or transdifferentiation into dopaminergic neurons was observed. BMDC activated by BMT or associated factors could play a trophic role in rescuing damaged cells. Alternatively, the beneficial effects of BMT are due to immunosuppression reflected by a reduction in the proportion of T-cells and a reduction of T-cell proliferation in BMT mice. These findings highlight that when immunosuppression is required for transplantation studies, the amelioration of symptoms may not be due to the transplant itself. Further, they suggest that the immune system plays a role in the development of characteristics typical of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilmor I Keshet
- Baxter Laboratory for Genetic Pharmacology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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49
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Potter EG, Cheng Y, Knight JB, Gordish-Dressman H, Natale JE. Basic science; metallothionein I and II attenuate the thalamic microglial response following traumatic axotomy in the immature brain. J Neurotrauma 2007; 24:28-42. [PMID: 17263668 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2006.0056.r1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The clinical manifestations of inflicted traumatic brain injury in infancy most commonly result from intracranial hemorrhage, axonal stretch and disruption, and cerebral edema. Often hypoxia ischemia is superimposed, leading to early forebrain and later thalamic neurodegeneration. Such acute and delayed cellular injury activates microglia in the CNS. Although activated microglia provide important benefits in response to injury, microglial release of reactive oxygen species can be harmful to axotomized neurons. We have previously shown that the antioxidants metallothionein I and II (MT I & II) promote geniculocortical neuronal survival after visual cortex lesioning. The purpose of this investigation was to determine the influence of MT I & II on the density and rate of thalamic microglial activation and accumulation following in vivo axotomy. We ablated the visual cortex of 10-day-old and adult MT I & II knock out (MT(-/-)) and wild-type mice and then determined the density of microglia in the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus (dLGN) over time. Compared to the wild-type strain, microglial activation occurred earlier in both young and adult MT(-/-) mice. Similarly, microglial density was significantly greater in young MT(-/-) mice 30, 36, and 48 hours after injury, and 3, 4, and 5 days after injury in MT(-/-) adults. In both younger and older mice, time and MT I & II deficiency each contributed significantly to greater microglial density. Only in younger mice did MT I & II expression significantly slow the rate (density x time) of microglial accumulation. These results suggest that augmentation of MT I & II expression may provide therapeutic benefits to infants with inflicted brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily G Potter
- Research Center for Genetic Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA
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50
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Riederer P, Hoyer S. From benefit to damage. Glutamate and advanced glycation end products in Alzheimer brain. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2006; 113:1671-7. [PMID: 17053873 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-006-0591-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2006] [Accepted: 09/22/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The glutamatergic system is the most widespread neurotransmitter system in the mammalian brain. It is connected to the acetylcholinergic neurotransmitter system to form the glutamatergic/aspartatergic-acetylcholinergic circuit, which is the morphobiochemical basis of learning, memory and cognition assisted by the glutamatergic N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, which mediates long-term potentiation as the fundamental molecular mechanisms of these mental capacities. Glutamate and acetylcholine as ligands of the two neurotransmitter systems are products of the neuronal glucose metabolism as holds true also for advanced glycation end products (AGEs), which are markers of damaged and/or aged proteins. During normal aging, both the neurotransmitters glutamate and acetylcholine undergo strong functional variations. Their synthesis was found to be reduced as a common feature. In contrast, basal release of acetylcholine and receptor number decrease, whereas basal release of glutamate and receptor number increase. AGEs increase during aging obviously preferentially in glutamatergic pyramidal neurons in cerebral cortical layers prone to neurodegeneration. In sporadic Alzheimer disease (SAD), glutamate concentration was shown to fall since it may serve as a substitute for lacking glucose in the beginning of the disease. In contrast, glutamate receptor density was found to be much less involved indicating an excessive activation of the glutamatergic neurotransmitter system particularly via the NMDA receptor, mediating endogenous excitotoxicity. The morphological hallmarks of SAD neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles have been demonstrated to crosslink with AGEs causing an increased rate of free radical production. First data from animal studies and investigations on human beings may indicate that the NMDA receptor antagonist memantine may have beneficial effects on the course of SAD and its clinical symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Riederer
- Institute of Clinical Neurochemistry and National Parkinson Foundation Centre of Excellence Laboratory, Clinic for Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Bayerische Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
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