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Onaka H, Kouda K, Nishimura Y, Tojo H, Umemoto Y, Kubo T, Tajima F, Mikami Y. Standing and supine positions are better than sitting in improving rightward deviation in right-hemispheric stroke patients with unilateral spatial neglect: A randomized trial. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31571. [PMID: 36401369 PMCID: PMC9678496 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
TRIAL DESIGN How body position affects unilateral spatial neglect (USN) is unclear. This cluster randomized trial aimed to examine the effects of different positions (supine, sitting, and standing) on USN in stroke patients. METHODS Twenty stroke patients (hemorrhage [n = 11], infarction [n = 9]) who were right-handed, had left hemiplegia due to right hemisphere damage that occurred within the last 2 years, and were in a state of arousal with a Glasgow Coma Scale score of 15 were included in the study. Table-top pen-and-pencil tests for USN (Bells Test, Line Bisection, Scene Copy, and Star Cancellation) were randomly conducted in the supine, sitting, and standing positions. RESULTS The mean values in each test were significantly smaller in the supine position than were those in the sitting position (P = .015, .047, .015, and <.001), and those in the standing position were significantly smaller than those in the sitting position (P = .007, <.001, =.006, and < .001). The results of the 4 tests in the standing position were similar to those in the supine position. CONCLUSIONS Body position affects USN in stroke patients and that the standing and supine positions improve USN better than the sitting position. Some possible mechanisms are: muscle contractions in the lower limbs and the trunk could have affected results in the standing position, and reduction in gravitational stimulation in the supine position could have played a role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hitoshi Onaka
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Ken Kouda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukihide Nishimura
- Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Iwate, Japan
- *Correspondence: Yukihide Nishimura, Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Yahabacho, Idaitoori 2-1-1, Iwate, 0283695, Japan (e-mail: )
| | - Hidenori Tojo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Akitsu Kounoike Hospital, Gose city, Nara, Japan
| | - Yasunori Umemoto
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Toshikazu Kubo
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
- Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto city, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Tajima
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yukio Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama city, Wakayama, Japan
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Middag‐van Spanje M, Duecker F, Gallotto S, de Graaf TA, van Heugten C, Sack AT, Schuhmann T. Transcranial magnetic stimulation over posterior parietal cortex modulates alerting and executive control processes in attention. Eur J Neurosci 2022; 56:5853-5868. [PMID: 36161393 PMCID: PMC9828423 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Attention includes three different functional components: generating and maintaining an alert state (alerting), orienting to sensory events (orienting), and resolving conflicts between alternative actions (executive control). Neuroimaging and patient studies suggest that the posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is involved in all three attention components. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) has repeatedly been applied over the PPC to study its functional role for shifts and maintenance of visuospatial attention. Most TMS-PPC studies used only detection tasks or orienting paradigms to investigate TMS-PPC effects on attention processes, neglecting the alerting and executive control components of attention. The objective of the present study was to investigate the role of PPC in all three functional components of attention: alerting, orienting, and executive control. To this end, we disrupted PPC with TMS (continuous theta-burst stimulation), to modulate subsequent performance on the Lateralized-Attention Network Test, used to assess the three attention components separately. Our results revealed hemifield-specific effects on alerting and executive control functions, but we did not find stimulation effects on orienting performance. While this field of research and associated clinical development have been predominantly focused on orienting performance, our results suggest that parietal cortex and its modulation may affect other aspects of attention as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marij Middag‐van Spanje
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,InteraktContourNunspeetThe Netherlands
| | - Felix Duecker
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Stefano Gallotto
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Tom A. de Graaf
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Caroline van Heugten
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Brain + Nerve CentreMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands,Limburg Brain Injury CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Alexander T. Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Brain + Nerve CentreMaastricht University Medical Centre+MaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Faculty of Psychology and NeuroscienceMaastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands,Maastricht Brain Imaging CenterMaastrichtThe Netherlands
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Funcionamiento de las redes atencionales en la adultez joven y el nivel de educación. ACTA COLOMBIANA DE PSICOLOGIA 2022. [DOI: 10.14718/acp.2022.25.2.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
El objetivo del presente estudio fue observar el efecto de las variables nivel de estudios y adultez joven en la tarea de redes atencionales. Para ello, participaron 58 personas de población general separados en grupos de estudiantes y no estudiantes, y en adultez emergente y temprana, con los cuales se llevó a cabo un diseño experimental, utilizando como paradigma principal la tarea de redes atencionales. Los resultados mostraron que los grupos de estudiantes y no estudiantes no difirieron en rendimiento en ninguna de las condiciones de las redes, pero que, en cuanto a la variable adultez joven, hubo un efecto de interacción entre el tipo de adultez y la red de orientación, siendo el grupo adulto emergente más rápido que el grupo adulto temprano. Además, un análisis correlacional demostró que la edad correlacionó moderada y positivamente con el tiempo de reacción de todas las condiciones de la tarea atencional. Al final se discute la importancia del nivel de educación superior y la adultez joven sobre el funcionamiento de las redes atencionales en el campo de la psicología diferencial, y se mencionan las implicaciones de estos resultados en el ámbito clínico.
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4
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Peng Z, Dai C, Cai X, Zeng L, Li J, Xie S, Wang H, Yang T, Shao Y, Wang Y. Total Sleep Deprivation Impairs Lateralization of Spatial Working Memory in Young Men. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:562035. [PMID: 33122988 PMCID: PMC7573126 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.562035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Total sleep deprivation (TSD) negatively affects cognitive function. Previous research has focused on individual variation in cognitive function following TSD, but we know less about how TSD influences the lateralization of spatial working memory. This study used event-related-potential techniques to explore asymmetry in spatial-working-memory impairment. Fourteen healthy male participants performed a two-back task with electroencephalogram (EEG) recordings conducted at baseline and after 36 h of TSD. We selected 12 EEG points corresponding to left and right sides of the brain and then observed changes in N2 and P3 components related to spatial working memory. Before TSD, P3 amplitude differed significantly between the left and right sides of the brain. This difference disappeared after TSD. Compared with baseline, P3 amplitude decreased for a duration as extended as the prolonged latency of N2 components. After 36 h of TSD, P3 amplitude decreased more in the right hemisphere than the left. We therefore conclude that TSD negatively affected spatial working memory, possibly through removing the right hemisphere advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Peng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Cimin Dai
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Cai
- Department of Cadra Word 3 Division, PLA Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lingjing Zeng
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Jialu Li
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Songyue Xie
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Haiteng Wang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyi Yang
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongcong Shao
- School of Psychology, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- China Institute of Sports and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China.,State Key Lab of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Centre, Beijing, China
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5
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Martínez-Pérez V, Palmero LB, Campoy G, Fuentes LJ. The role of chronotype in the interaction between the alerting and the executive control networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11901. [PMID: 32681046 PMCID: PMC7368012 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68755-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronotype refers to the time of day preferred by individuals to perform daily activities according to their circadian rhythm. We asked whether synchrony effects, that is, the difference in performance between the optimal and non-optimal time of day as a function of chronotype, are observed in two tasks that differently involve the endogenous component of the alerting network, the psychomotor visual task (PVT) and the flanker task. From an initial sample of 132 students that filled in the Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (MEQ), 18 were classified as Morning-types and 16 as Evening-types. Evening-types showed synchrony effects in both tasks, whereas Morning-types failed to show synchrony effects in the flanker task and when the PVT was first performed at the non-optimal time of day. Thus, Morning-types might have seen increased their vigilant attention at their non-optimal time of day due to the cognitive demands of the flanker task and to the novelty with the PVT. Phasic alerting generated by alerting tones increased conflict score in the flanker task, but time of day did not modulate the congruence effect. Chronotype determines vigilant attention more decisively in Evening-types than in Morning-types individuals. Also, exogenous but not endogenous alerting exerts a deleterious effect on conflict resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Víctor Martínez-Pérez
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Lucía B Palmero
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Guillermo Campoy
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
| | - Luis J Fuentes
- Facultad de Psicología, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100, Murcia, Spain.
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6
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Brain activity during time to contact estimation: an EEG study. Cogn Neurodyn 2019; 14:155-168. [PMID: 32226559 DOI: 10.1007/s11571-019-09563-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the neural mechanisms associated with time to contact (TTC) estimation is an intriguing but challenging task. Despite the importance of TTC estimation in our everyday life, few studies have been conducted on it, and there are still a lot of unanswered questions and unknown aspects of this issue. In this study, we intended to address one of these unknown aspects. We used independent component analysis to systematically assess EEG substrates associated with TTC estimation using two experiments: (1) transversal motion experiment (when a moving object passes transversally in the frontoparallel plane from side to side in front of the observer), and (2) head-on motion experiment (when the observer is on the motion path of the moving object). We also studied the energy of all EEG sources in these two experiments. The results showed that brain regions involved in the transversal and head-on motion experiments were the same. However, the energy used by some brain regions in the head-on motion experiment, including some regions in left parietotemporal and left frontal lobes, was significantly higher than the energy used by those regions in the transversal motion experiment. These brain regions are dominantly associated with different kinds of visual attention, integration of visual information, and responding to visual motion.
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7
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Attention Deficits in Stroke Patients: The Role of Lesion Characteristics, Time from Stroke, and Concomitant Neuropsychological Deficits. Behav Neurol 2019; 2019:7835710. [PMID: 31263512 PMCID: PMC6556322 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7835710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attention impairments are frequent in stroke patients with important consequences on the rehabilitation outcomes and quality of life. The aim of the study was to perform a comprehensive assessment of selective and intensive attention processes in a large population of brain-damaged patients, evaluating the influence of the side and site of the brain lesion, the time from stroke, and the concomitant presence of aphasia or neglect. We assessed 204 patients with a first unilateral brain lesion and 42 healthy individuals with three subtests of the Test of Attentional Performance (TAP): Alertness, Go-No Go, and Divided Attention. 44.4% of patients had an impairment in both intensive and selective aspects of attention, 5.6% had deficits only in the intensive component, and 31.8% had deficits only in selective tasks. More than 80% of the patients fell below the cut-off point on at least one task. Patients with a right hemispheric lesion (RHL) were more impaired than patients with a left hemispheric lesion (LHL) especially in tonic and phasic alertness. Patients with total anterior infarcts (TACI) presented the worst profile compared to other stroke subtypes, with a difference between total and lacunar subtypes in the Alertness test, independent of the presence of warning. Patients in the chronic phase had shorter RTs than acute patients only in the Alertness test. In patients with LHL, the presence of aphasia was associated with a greater deficit in selective attention. In patients with RHL, the presence of unilateral neglect was associated with impaired alertness and selective attention. Attention deficits are common after a unilateral first stroke. In keeping with the hierarchical organization of attention functions, results confirm the important role of the right hemisphere for the intensive components of attention, also highlighting the involvement of left hemisphere functioning for the selective aspects, possibly indicating a role of its linguistic functions.
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8
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Thomas NA, Nicholls MER. Asymmetries in Distractibility: Left Distractors Improve Reaction Time Performance. Sci Rep 2018; 8:5157. [PMID: 29581447 PMCID: PMC5979947 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-23498-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Research using the irrelevant-distractor paradigm shows perceptual load influences distractibility, such that distractors are more likely to be processed and decrease reaction times during low perceptual load. In contrast, under high load, attentional resources are limited, and the likelihood of distractibility is decreased. We manipulated distractor placement to determine whether location differentially influenced distractibility. During low load, reaction times were increased equally for all distractor locations. Under high load, left distractors speeded reaction times significantly more than right distractors. We suggest two potential explanations: (1) the central focus of attention was sufficiently large to encapsulate both the distractor and the visual array during low perceptual load, leading to increased distraction—during high load, attention was split across the two visual stimuli, allowing the distractors and array to be processed independently; (2) superior executive control for stimuli in the left visual field allowed participants to ‘catch and release’ left distractors more efficiently, ultimately decreasing distraction and providing a performance benefit. Our findings represent an intriguing development in relation to visual asymmetries in distractibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole A Thomas
- College of Healthcare Sciences, James Cook University, Cairns, Australia. .,College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - Michael E R Nicholls
- College of Education, Psychology, and Social Work, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
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9
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Cebolla AM, Palmero-Soler E, Leroy A, Cheron G. EEG Spectral Generators Involved in Motor Imagery: A swLORETA Study. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2133. [PMID: 29312028 PMCID: PMC5733067 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
In order to characterize the neural generators of the brain oscillations related to motor imagery (MI), we investigated the cortical, subcortical, and cerebellar localizations of their respective electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral power and phase locking modulations. The MI task consisted in throwing a ball with the dominant upper limb while in a standing posture, within an ecological virtual reality (VR) environment (tennis court). The MI was triggered by the visual cues common to the control condition, during which the participant remained mentally passive. As previously developed, our paradigm considers the confounding problem that the reference condition allows two complementary analyses: one which uses the baseline before the occurrence of the visual cues in the MI and control resting conditions respectively; and the other which compares the analog periods between the MI and the control resting-state conditions. We demonstrate that MI activates specific, complex brain networks for the power and phase modulations of the EEG oscillations. An early (225 ms) delta phase-locking related to MI was generated in the thalamus and cerebellum and was followed (480 ms) by phase-locking in theta and alpha oscillations, generated in specific cortical areas and the cerebellum. Phase-locking preceded the power modulations (mainly alpha-beta ERD), whose cortical generators were situated in the frontal BA45, BA11, BA10, central BA6, lateral BA13, and posterior cortex BA2. Cerebellar-thalamic involvement through phase-locking is discussed as an underlying mechanism for recruiting at later stages the cortical areas involved in a cognitive role during MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana-Maria Cebolla
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ernesto Palmero-Soler
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Axelle Leroy
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Guy Cheron
- Laboratory of Neurophysiology and Movement Biomechanics, Neuroscience Institute, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium.,Laboratory of Electrophysiology, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
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10
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Jiang W, Li J, Chen X, Ye W, Zheng J. Disrupted Structural and Functional Networks and Their Correlation with Alertness in Right Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: A Graph Theory Study. Front Neurol 2017; 8:179. [PMID: 28515708 PMCID: PMC5413548 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2017.00179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have shown that temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) involves abnormal structural or functional connectivity in specific brain areas. However, limited comprehensive studies have been conducted on TLE associated changes in the topological organization of structural and functional networks. Additionally, epilepsy is associated with impairment in alertness, a fundamental component of attention. In this study, structural networks were constructed using diffusion tensor imaging tractography, and functional networks were obtained from resting-state functional MRI temporal series correlations in 20 right temporal lobe epilepsy (rTLE) patients and 19 healthy controls. Global network properties were computed by graph theoretical analysis, and correlations were assessed between global network properties and alertness. The results from these analyses showed that rTLE patients exhibit abnormal small-world attributes in structural and functional networks. Structural networks shifted toward more regular attributes, but functional networks trended toward more random attributes. After controlling for the influence of the disease duration, negative correlations were found between alertness, small-worldness, and the cluster coefficient. However, alertness did not correlate with either the characteristic path length or global efficiency in rTLE patients. Our findings show that disruptions of the topological construction of brain structural and functional networks as well as small-world property bias are associated with deficits in alertness in rTLE patients. These data suggest that reorganization of brain networks develops as a mechanism to compensate for altered structural and functional brain function during disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyu Jiang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jianping Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Wei Ye
- Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Jinou Zheng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
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11
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Alteration of the alertness-related network in patients with right temporal lobe epilepsy: A resting state fMRI study. Epilepsy Res 2016; 127:252-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 08/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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12
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Jang W, Shin JH, Kim M, Kim KK. Human field of regard, field of view, and attention bias. COMPUTER METHODS AND PROGRAMS IN BIOMEDICINE 2016; 135:115-23. [PMID: 27586485 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmpb.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2015] [Revised: 06/07/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Human field of regard (FOR) is an important concept that should be considered along with field of view (FOV) for people with/without handicaps, but previous studies have neglected this aspect of human perception. In the current study, we suggest and test a new virtual reality (VR) software with which to evaluate individual's detection abilities in the human FOR. METHODS We conducted measurements of human FOV, FOR, and FOR with visual cue (FOR-cue), and we evaluated healthy adults' responses in a first experiment. Participants were asked to detect targets on a head-mounted display (HMD) as quickly as possible in three conditions: (a) FOV: the head rotation doesn't change the view of the screen in the HMD; (b) FOR: the head rotation changes the view of the screen in the HMD; and (c) FOR-cue: same with the FOR condition but an endogenous visual cue indicating the direction of stimulus. To address the need to increase the number of trials in the FOR condition, we also conducted a second experiment with new samples and four times of trial numbers. RESULTS The participants' detection time results indicated that the FOV condition was faster than the FOR-cue and FOR conditions, and the FOR-cue was faster than the FOR condition. Interestingly, we found a unique characteristic in the FOR conditions that did not exist in the FOV condition: The target responses were faster for the left side than the right side. The results of the second experiment were consistent with the first, and head motion trajectory analysis showed that participants had more movement toward the left side than the right side in the early parts of each trial. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we suggested a new virtual reality (VR) evaluation technique and measured the human searching pattern in the FOR condition. We found a unique left-side attention bias in the FOR condition, and discussed implication of these results and potential attention bias factors. We believe this work is an important foundation for interactive 3D UI design, and we hope it will help people who have FOR handicaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woncheol Jang
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Joon-Ho Shin
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, National Rehabilitation Center, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Mingyu Kim
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kwanguk Kenny Kim
- Division of Computer Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, South Korea.
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Hopfner S, Cazzoli D, Müri RM, Nef T, Mosimann UP, Bohlhalter S, Vanbellingen T, Nyffeler T. Enhancing treatment effects by combining continuous theta burst stimulation with smooth pursuit training. Neuropsychologia 2015; 74:145-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 10/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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14
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Mahayana IT, Tcheang L, Chen CY, Juan CH, Muggleton NG. The precuneus and visuospatial attention in near and far space: a transcranial magnetic stimulation study. Brain Stimul 2014; 7:673-9. [PMID: 25112521 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2014.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a large body of evidence for the involvement of the parietal cortex in orientation and navigation in space. This has been supplemented by investigation of the contribution of a number of subregions using transcranial magnetic stimulation. OBJECTIVE The role of the precuneus area, located in the medial plane of posterior parietal cortex (PPC), in visuospatial functions is not well understood. We investigated the contribution of this area using the landmark task. METHODS Participants were asked to make forced-choice judgments of which side of prebisected line was longer for near and far viewing conditions (70 and 180 cm, respectively). Online 10 Hz, repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was delivered for 500 ms over the right precuneus, rPPC and vertex (control), in separate blocks of trials. The rPPC stimulation was used as a positive control, having previously resulted in "neglect like" spatial bias effects in a number of studies. RESULTS A no-TMS condition showed a leftward spatial bias (pseudoneglect) for near space judgments but not for far space and was used as the baseline. Precuneus stimulation resulted in rightward spatial bias from the midpoint in near space similar to the rPPC neglect-like effect. No significant effects were seen with vertex stimulation. CONCLUSION This study shows that precuneus, like other parietal areas, is involved in visuospatial functions. Further work is required to clarify how the contribution of this area differs from other parietal regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indra T Mahayana
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Lili Tcheang
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, UK
| | - Chiao-Yun Chen
- Department and Graduate Institute of Criminology, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hung Juan
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan
| | - Neil G Muggleton
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, National Central University, Jhongli 320, Taiwan; Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London, UK; Department of Psychology, Goldsmiths, University of London, New Cross, London, UK.
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15
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I feel good whether my friends win or my foes lose: brain mechanisms underlying feeling similarity. Neuropsychologia 2014; 60:159-67. [PMID: 24912072 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2014.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
People say they enjoy both seeing a preferred social group succeed and seeing an adversary social group fail. At the same time, they state they dislike seeing a preferred social group fail and seeing an adversary social group succeed. The current magnetic resonance imaging study investigated whether-and if so, how-such similarities in reported feeling states are reflected in neural activities. American football fans anticipated success and failure situations for their favorite or their adversary teams. The data support the idea that feeling similarities and divergences expressed in verbal reports carry with them significant neural similarities and differences, respectively. Desired (favorite team likely to win and adversary team likely to lose) rather than undesired (favorite team likely to lose and adversary team likely to win) outcomes were associated with heightened activity in the supramarginal gyrus, posterior cingulate cortex, insula, and cerebellum. Precuneus activity additionally distinguished anticipated desirable outcomes for favorite versus adversary teams.
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16
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Conen S, Theunissen EL, Vermeeren A, van Ruitenbeek P, Stiers P, Mehta MA, Toennes SW, Ramaekers JG. The role of P-glycoprotein in CNS antihistamine effects. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2013; 229:9-19. [PMID: 23564211 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3075-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 03/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE P-glycoprotein (P-gp) is a drug efflux pump expressed, amongst others, on the luminal surface of the cerebral endothelial cells forming the blood-brain barrier. Studies in rodents have demonstrated that antihistamines that are substrates of the P-gp transporter display no or minor central nervous system (CNS) effects as compared to antihistamines that are not P-gp transporter substrates. OBJECTIVES The present study explored whether P-gp contributes in similar ways to the occurrence of sedative effects of antihistamines in humans. METHODS An fMRI study was conducted according to a double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled, cross-over design in 13 healthy volunteers. Participants received cetirizine 15 mg (an antihistamine), verapamil 120 mg (a P-gp blocker), a combination of cetirizine + verapamil, and a placebo. Brain activity was assessed while conducting the attention network test (ANT) in a 3T magnetic resonance scanner. The ANT measures three independent attention domains: i.e., alerting, orienting, and executive attention. It was expected that the combined treatment of cetirizine with verapamil would prevent efflux of cetirizine from the CNS, thus increasing attentional impairment, as compared to cetirizine administered alone. RESULTS The present study provides evidence that the P-gp transporter is involved in central antihistamine effects in humans. Participants were less alert during the combined treatment of cetirizine and verapamil as indicated by longer reaction times and decreased blood oxygen level-dependent response in the right superior temporal gyrus. CONCLUSION It is concluded that the affinity for the P-gp transporter may contribute to the lower incidence of CNS side effects of certain antihistamines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silke Conen
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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17
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Heister D, Diwakar M, Nichols S, Robb A, Angeles AM, Tal O, Harrington DL, Song T, Lee RR, Huang M. Resting-state neuronal oscillatory correlates of working memory performance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e66820. [PMID: 23825569 PMCID: PMC3692502 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0066820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Working memory (WM) represents the brain’s ability to maintain information in a readily available state for short periods of time. This study examines the resting-state cortical activity patterns that are most associated with performance on a difficult working-memory task. Methods Magnetoencephalographic (MEG) band-passed (delta/theta (1–7 Hz), alpha (8–13 Hz), beta (14–30 Hz)) and sensor based regional power was collected in a population of adult men (18–28 yrs, n = 24) in both an eyes-closed and eyes-open resting state. The normalized power within each resting state condition as well as the normalized change in power between eyes closed and open (zECO) were correlated with performance on a WM task. The regional and band-limited measures that were most associated with performance were then combined using singular value decomposition (SVD) to determine the degree to which zECO power was associated with performance on the three-back verbal WM task. Results Changes in power from eyes closed to open revealed a significant decrease in power in all band-widths that was most pronounced in the posterior brain regions (delta/theta band). zECO right posterior frontal and parietal cortex delta/theta power were found to be inversely correlated with three-back working memory performance. The SVD evaluation of the most correlated zECO metrics then provided a singular measure that was highly correlated with three-back performance (r = −0.73, p<0.0001). Conclusion Our results indicate that there is an association between WM performance and changes in resting-state power (right posterior frontal and parietal delta/theta power). Moreover, an SVD of the most associated zECO measures produces a composite resting-state metric of regional neural oscillatory power that has an improved association with WM performance. To our knowledge, this is the first investigation that has found that changes in resting state electromagnetic neural patterns are highly associated with verbal working memory performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Heister
- Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America.
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18
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Aue T, Hoeppli ME, Piguet C, Sterpenich V, Vuilleumier P. Visual avoidance in phobia: particularities in neural activity, autonomic responding, and cognitive risk evaluations. Front Hum Neurosci 2013; 7:194. [PMID: 23754994 PMCID: PMC3668156 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2013.00194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the neural mechanisms and the autonomic and cognitive responses associated with visual avoidance behavior in spider phobia. Spider phobic and control participants imagined visiting different forest locations with the possibility of encountering spiders, snakes, or birds (neutral reference category). In each experimental trial, participants saw a picture of a forest location followed by a picture of a spider, snake, or bird, and then rated their personal risk of encountering these animals in this context, as well as their fear. The greater the visual avoidance of spiders that a phobic participant demonstrated (as measured by eye tracking), the higher were her autonomic arousal and neural activity in the amygdala, orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and precuneus at picture onset. Visual avoidance of spiders in phobics also went hand in hand with subsequently reduced cognitive risk of encounters. Control participants, in contrast, displayed a positive relationship between gaze duration toward spiders, on the one hand, and autonomic responding, as well as OFC, ACC, and precuneus activity, on the other hand. In addition, they showed reduced encounter risk estimates when they looked longer at the animal pictures. Our data are consistent with the idea that one reason for phobics to avoid phobic information may be grounded in heightened activity in the fear circuit, which signals potential threat. Because of the absence of alternative efficient regulation strategies, visual avoidance may then function to down-regulate cognitive risk evaluations for threatening information about the phobic stimuli. Control participants, in contrast, may be characterized by a different coping style, whereby paying visual attention to potentially threatening information may help them to actively down-regulate cognitive evaluations of risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie-Eve Hoeppli
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, McGill UniversityMontreal, QC, Canada
| | - Camille Piguet
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Virginie Sterpenich
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
| | - Patrik Vuilleumier
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neuroscience, University Medical Center, University of GenevaGeneva, Switzerland
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19
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Reinhart S, Schaadt AK, Adams M, Leonhardt E, Kerkhoff G. The frequency and significance of the word length effect in neglect dyslexia. Neuropsychologia 2013; 51:1273-8. [PMID: 23528849 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2013.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Revised: 01/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/13/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Neglect patients often omit or misread initial letters of single words, a phenomenon termed neglect dyslexia (ND). Omissions of whole words on the contralesional side of the page during paragraph reading are generally considered as egocentric or space-based errors, whereas misreading of the left part of a word can be viewed as a type of stimulus-centred or word-based, neglect-related error. The research of the last decades shed light on several effects of word features (such as written word frequency, grammatical class or concreteness) that modulate the severity of ND. Nevertheless, almost all studies about those modulating factors were case studies and some of them have not been replicated yet. Therefore, to date we do not know how relevant such effects of different word stimuli are for a population of ND patients. Knowing their incidence would improve our theoretical understanding of ND and promote the development of standardized ND assessments, which are lacking so far. In particular, case studies have shown that ND error frequency increases systematically with word length (word length effect, WLE) while other single case studies found contrary results. Hence, the existence of the WLE in ND is unsettled and its incidence and significance in stroke patients is unknown. To clarify this issue we evaluated the relation between word length and the extent (number) of neglected or substituted letters within single words in ND (neglect dyslexia extent, NDE) in a group of 19 consecutive ND patients with right hemisphere lesions. We found a clear WLE in 79% (15 of 19) of our ND patients, as indicated by significant correlations between word length and NDE. Concurrent visual field defects had no effect on the WLE in our sample, thus showing no influence of early visual cortical processing stages on the WLE in neglect dyslexia. In conclusion, our results suggest a clear relationship between word length and reading errors in ND and show that the WLE is a frequent phenomenon in ND.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Reinhart
- Saarland University, Clinical Neuropsychology Unit and Outpatient Service, Building A1.3, D-66123 Saarbruecken, Germany.
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20
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Bonath B, Tyll S, Budinger E, Krauel K, Hopf JM, Noesselt T. Task-demands and audio-visual stimulus configurations modulate neural activity in the human thalamus. Neuroimage 2013; 66:110-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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21
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Müller-Oehring EM, Schulte T, Rohlfing T, Pfefferbaum A, Sullivan EV. Visual search and the aging brain: discerning the effects of age-related brain volume shrinkage on alertness, feature binding, and attentional control. Neuropsychology 2013; 27:48-59. [PMID: 23356596 PMCID: PMC3718286 DOI: 10.1037/a0030921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Decline in visuospatial abilities with advancing age has been attributed to a demise of bottom-up and top-down functions involving sensory processing, selective attention, and executive control. These functions may be differentially affected by age-related volume shrinkage of subcortical and cortical nodes subserving the dorsal and ventral processing streams and the corpus callosum mediating interhemispheric information exchange. METHOD Fifty-five healthy adults (25-84 years) underwent structural MRI and performed a visual search task to test perceptual and attentional demands by combining feature-conjunction searches with "gestalt" grouping and attentional cueing paradigms. RESULTS Poorer conjunction, but not feature, search performance was related to older age and volume shrinkage of nodes in the dorsolateral processing stream. When displays allowed perceptual grouping through distractor homogeneity, poorer conjunction-search performance correlated with smaller ventrolateral prefrontal cortical and callosal volumes. An alerting cue attenuated age effects on conjunction search, and the alertness benefit was associated with thalamic, callosal, and temporal cortex volumes. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that older adults can capitalize on early parallel stages of visual information processing, whereas age-related limitations arise at later serial processing stages requiring self-guided selective attention and executive control. These limitations are explained in part by age-related brain volume shrinkage and can be mitigated by external cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Müller-Oehring
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Neuroscience Program, SRI International, Menlo Park, California 94305-5723, USA.
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22
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Langner R, Eickhoff SB. Sustaining attention to simple tasks: a meta-analytic review of the neural mechanisms of vigilant attention. Psychol Bull 2012; 139:870-900. [PMID: 23163491 DOI: 10.1037/a0030694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 403] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining attention for more than a few seconds is essential for mastering everyday life. Yet, our ability to stay focused on a particular task is limited, resulting in well-known performance decrements with increasing time on task. Intriguingly, such decrements are even more likely if the task is cognitively simple and repetitive. The attentional function that enables our prolonged engagement in intellectually unchallenging, uninteresting activities has been termed vigilant attention. Here we synthesized what we have learned from functional neuroimaging about the mechanisms of this essential mental faculty. To this end, a quantitative meta-analysis of pertinent neuroimaging studies was performed, including supplementary analyses of moderating factors. Furthermore, we reviewed the available evidence on neural time-on-task effects, additionally considering information obtained from patients with focal brain damage. Integrating the results of both meta-analysis and review, we identified a set of mainly right-lateralized brain regions that may form the core network subserving vigilant attention in humans, including dorsomedial, mid- and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex, anterior insula, parietal areas (intraparietal sulcus, temporoparietal junction), and subcortical structures (cerebellar vermis, thalamus, putamen, midbrain). We discuss the potential functional roles of different nodes of this network as well as implications of our findings for a theoretical account of vigilant attention. It is conjectured that sustaining attention is a multicomponent, nonunitary mental faculty, involving a mixture of (a) sustained/recurrent processes subserving task-set/arousal maintenance and (b) transient processes subserving the target-driven reorienting of attention. Finally, limitations of previous studies are considered and suggestions for future research are provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Langner
- Institute of Clinical Neuroscience and Medical Psychology, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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23
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Hemispheric asymmetry in the efficiency of attentional networks. Brain Cogn 2012; 79:117-28. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 02/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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24
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Reinhart S, Schmidt L, Kuhn C, Rosenthal A, Schenk T, Keller I, Kerkhoff G. Limb activation ameliorates body-related deficits in spatial neglect. Front Hum Neurosci 2012; 6:188. [PMID: 22737118 PMCID: PMC3381448 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2012.00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2012] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neglect patients show deficits in the mental representation of their contralesional body side or body parts, termed personal neglect. These deficits include impairments in identifying body parts on schematic drawings of human bodies. Limb activation and alertness cues have been shown to modulate neglect transiently, and are effective treatments for several symptoms of the neglect syndrome. Here, we tested on eight patients with right-hemispheric stroke and left-sided spatial neglect whether these two techniques modulate deficits in the mental representation of hands, assessed with a hand-test in which the subjects had to decide whether a depicted schematic hand belongs to the left or right side of the human body. The results showed that neglect patients made marginally significant (p = 0.065) more errors in left-hand-decisions than right-hand-decisions, indicating a neglect-specific disorder. Moreover, we found that left-sided limb activation but not non-lateralized alertness cueing (a loud noise immediately before patients made their perceptual decision) significantly reduced misidentifications for depicted left hands as compared to baseline. No effect of any intervention was observed on error rates for depicted right hands. We conclude that the amelioration of the performance in the hand task is modulated by the activation of the body schema or other body representations through left-sided limb activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Reinhart
- Clinical Neuropsychology Unit and Outpatient Service, Saarland University Saarbruecken, Germany
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25
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Zhang S, Li CSR. Task-related, low-frequency task-residual, and resting state activity in the default mode network brain regions. Front Psychol 2012; 3:172. [PMID: 22661964 PMCID: PMC3362743 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis of a default mode network (DMN) of brain function is based on observations of task-independent decreases of brain activity during effort as participants are engaged in tasks in contrast to resting. On the other hand, studies also showed that DMN regions activate rather than deactivate in response to task-related events. Thus, does DMN "deactivate" during effort as compared to resting? We hypothesized that, with high-frequency event-related signals removed, the task-residual activities of the DMN would decrease as compared to resting. We addressed this hypothesis with two approaches. First, we examined DMN activities during resting, task residuals, and task conditions in the stop signal task using independent component analysis (ICA). Second, we compared the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) signals of DMN in resting, task residuals, and task data. In the results of ICA of 76 subjects, the precuneus and posterior cingulate cortex (PCC) showed increased activation during task as compared to resting and task residuals, indicating DMN responses to task events. Precuneus but not the PCC showed decreased activity during task residual as compared to resting. The latter finding was mirrored by fALFF, which is decreased in the precuneus during task residuals, as compared to resting and task. These results suggested that the low-frequency blood oxygen level-dependent signals of the precuneus may represent a useful index of effort during cognitive performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
| | - Chiang-Shan R. Li
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Department of Neurobiology, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, Yale UniversityNew Haven, CT, USA
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26
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How does phasic alerting improve performance in patients with unilateral neglect? A systematic analysis of attentional processing capacity and spatial weighting mechanisms. Neuropsychologia 2012; 50:1178-89. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2012.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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27
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Schock L, Dyck M, Demenescu LR, Edgar JC, Hertrich I, Sturm W, Mathiak K. Mood modulates auditory laterality of hemodynamic mismatch responses during dichotic listening. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31936. [PMID: 22384105 PMCID: PMC3285192 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hemodynamic mismatch responses can be elicited by deviant stimuli in a sequence of standard stimuli even during cognitive demanding tasks. Emotional context is known to modulate lateralized processing. Right-hemispheric negative emotion processing may bias attention to the right and enhance processing of right-ear stimuli. The present study examined the influence of induced mood on lateralized pre-attentive auditory processing of dichotic stimuli using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Faces expressing emotions (sad/happy/neutral) were presented in a blocked design while a dichotic oddball sequence with consonant-vowel (CV) syllables in an event-related design was simultaneously administered. Twenty healthy participants were instructed to feel the emotion perceived on the images and to ignore the syllables. Deviant sounds reliably activated bilateral auditory cortices and confirmed attention effects by modulation of visual activity. Sad mood induction activated visual, limbic and right prefrontal areas. A lateralization effect of emotion-attention interaction was reflected in a stronger response to right-ear deviants in the right auditory cortex during sad mood. This imbalance of resources may be a neurophysiological correlate of laterality in sad mood and depression. Conceivably, the compensatory right-hemispheric enhancement of resources elicits increased ipsilateral processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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28
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Cavézian C, Valadao D, Hurwitz M, Saoud M, Danckert J. Finding centre: Ocular and fMRI investigations of bisection and landmark task performance. Brain Res 2012; 1437:89-103. [PMID: 22230669 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/01/2011] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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29
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Aue T, Nusbaum HC, Cacioppo JT. Neural correlates of wishful thinking. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2011; 7:991-1000. [PMID: 22198967 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsr081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Wishful thinking (WT) implies the overestimation of the likelihood of desirable events. It occurs for outcomes of personal interest, but also for events of interest to others we like. We investigated whether WT is grounded on low-level selective attention or on higher level cognitive processes including differential weighting of evidence or response formation. Participants in our MRI study predicted the likelihood that their favorite or least favorite team would win a football game. Consistent with expectations, favorite team trials were characterized by higher winning odds. Our data demonstrated activity in a cluster comprising parts of the left inferior occipital and fusiform gyri to distinguish between favorite and least favorite team trials. More importantly, functional connectivities of this cluster with the human reward system were specifically involved in the type of WT investigated in our study, thus supporting the idea of an attention bias generating WT. Prefrontal cortex activity also distinguished between the two teams. However, activity in this region and its functional connectivities with the human reward system were altogether unrelated to the degree of WT reflected in the participants' behavior and may rather be related to social identification, ensuring the affective context necessary for WT to arise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatjana Aue
- Swiss Center for Affective Sciences, University of Geneva, Switzerland.
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30
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Schock L, Schwenzer M, Sturm W, Mathiak K. Alertness and visuospatial attention in clinical depression. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:78. [PMID: 21554705 PMCID: PMC3115848 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2010] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive deficits are a substantial burden in clinical depression. The present study considered dysfunction in the right-hemispheric attention network in depression, examining alertness and visuospatial attention. METHODS Three computerized visuospatial attention tests and an alertness test were administered to 16 depressive patients and 16 matched healthy controls. RESULTS Although no significant group effect was observed, alertness predicted reduced visuospatial performance in the left hemifield. Furthermore, sad mood showed a trend towards predicting left visual field omissions. CONCLUSIONS Decreased alertness may lead to lower left hemifield visuospatial attention; this mechanism may be responsible for a spatial bias to the right side in depression, even though treatment of depression and anxiety may reduce this cognitive deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schock
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Michael Schwenzer
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany
| | - Walter Sturm
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuropsychology, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical School, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany,JARA - Translational Brain Medicine, Jülich, Germany,Institute for Neuroscience and Medicine, INM-1, Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
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Langner R, Kellermann T, Eickhoff SB, Boers F, Chatterjee A, Willmes K, Sturm W. Staying responsive to the world: modality-specific and -nonspecific contributions to speeded auditory, tactile, and visual stimulus detection. Hum Brain Mapp 2011; 33:398-418. [PMID: 21438078 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.21220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2010] [Revised: 10/17/2010] [Accepted: 11/08/2010] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Sustained responsiveness to external stimulation is fundamental to many time-critical interactions with the outside world. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging during speeded stimulus detection to identify convergent and divergent neural correlates of maintaining the readiness to respond to auditory, tactile, and visual stimuli. In addition, using a multimodal condition, we investigated the effect of making stimulus modality unpredictable. Relative to sensorimotor control tasks, all three unimodal detection tasks elicited stronger activity in the right temporo-parietal junction, inferior frontal cortex, anterior insula, dorsal premotor cortex, and anterior cingulate cortex as well as bilateral mid-cingulum, midbrain, brainstem, and medial cerebellum. The multimodal detection condition additionally activated left dorsal premotor cortex and bilateral precuneus. Modality-specific modulations were confined to respective sensory areas: we found activity increases in relevant, and decreases in irrelevant sensory cortices. Our findings corroborate the modality independence of a predominantly right-lateralized core network for maintaining an alert (i.e., highly responsive) state and extend previous results to the somatosensory modality. Monitoring multiple sensory channels appears to induce additional processing, possibly related to stimulus-driven shifts of intermodal attention. The results further suggest that directing attention to a given sensory modality selectively enhances and suppresses sensory processing-even in simple detection tasks, which do not require inter- or intra-modal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Langner
- Department of Neurology, Neuropsychology Section, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Kellermann T, Reske M, Jansen A, Satrapi P, Shah NJ, Schneider F, Habel U. Latencies in BOLD response during visual attention processes. Brain Res 2011; 1386:127-38. [PMID: 21329677 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2009] [Revised: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
One well-investigated division of attentional processes focuses on alerting, orienting and executive control, which can be assessed applying the attentional network test (ANT). The goal of the present study was to add further knowledge about the temporal dynamics of relevant neural correlates. As a right hemispheric dominance for alerting and orienting has previously been reported for intrinsic but not for phasic alertness, we additionally addressed a potential impact of this lateralization of attention by employing a lateralized version of the ANT, capturing phasic alertness processes. Sixteen healthy subjects underwent event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while performing the ANT. Analyses of BOLD magnitude replicated the engagement of a fronto-parietal network in the attentional subsystems. The amplitudes of the attentional contrasts interacted with visual field presentation in the sense that the thalamus revealed a greater involvement for spatially cued items presented in the left visual field. Comparisons of BOLD latencies in visual cortices, first, verified faster BOLD responses following contra-lateral stimulus presentation. Second and more importantly, we identified attention-modulated activation in secondary visual and anterior cingulate cortices. Results are discussed in terms of bottom-up and lateralization processes. Although intrinsic and phasic alertness are distinct cognitive processes, we propose that neural substrates of intrinsic alertness may be accessed by phasic alertness provided that the attention-dominant (i.e., the right) hemisphere is activated directly by a warning stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thilo Kellermann
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
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Alertness in young healthy subjects: An fMRI study of brain region interactivity enhanced by a warning signal. Brain Cogn 2010; 72:271-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2009] [Revised: 09/24/2009] [Accepted: 09/25/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Funk J, Finke K, Müller HJ, Preger R, Kerkhoff G. Systematic biases in the tactile perception of the subjective vertical in patients with unilateral neglect and the influence of upright vs. supine posture. Neuropsychologia 2010; 48:298-308. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2009] [Revised: 07/31/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Attentional and sensory effects of lowered levels of intrinsic alertness. Neuropsychologia 2009; 47:3255-64. [PMID: 19682470 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2009] [Revised: 07/19/2009] [Accepted: 08/05/2009] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Low levels of intrinsic alertness are associated with lateralized performance in visual tasks, similar to neglect of the left (ipsilesional) visual hemi-field. However, it is unclear whether reduced alertness produces a specific lateralization of spatial-attentional processes in terms of the prioritization of right- over left-side stimuli, or whether it affects more basic functions of visuo-sensory coding, and/or higher function of the top-down control of selection, of stimuli on the left side. To decide between these alternatives, the present study examined the effects of lowered alertness, induced by a 50-min vigilance task, in a partial-report paradigm of briefly presented letter displays. With only one (unilateral) stimulus in display, no specific hemi-field effects were found under low-alertness conditions, indicating that reduced alertness impairs neither sensory effectiveness nor the top-town control of selection. However, with dual, bilateral stimuli, report accuracy was specifically affected for left-side targets (in subjects who showed comparable performance for both sides under normal-alertness conditions). This pattern can be interpreted in terms of a specific bias in spatial-attentional weighting, where prioritization of stimuli on the right leads to (mild) extinction of targets on the left. Moreover, participants who had a lower general level of alertness also showed a more pronounced re-distribution of weights, evidenced by a more severe imbalance in report accuracy, in a low compared to a normal state of alertness. This suggests that a low general level of intrinsic alertness engenders a specific vulnerability to neglect-like performance with a (mild) left-side extinction.
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Thimm M, Fink GR, Küst J, Karbe H, Willmes K, Sturm W. Recovery from hemineglect: Differential neurobiological effects of optokinetic stimulation and alertness training. Cortex 2009; 45:850-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2008.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2007] [Revised: 05/08/2008] [Accepted: 10/10/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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37
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Yan H, Zuo XN, Wang D, Wang J, Zhu C, Milham MP, Zhang D, Zang Y. Hemispheric asymmetry in cognitive division of anterior cingulate cortex: a resting-state functional connectivity study. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1579-89. [PMID: 19501172 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2009] [Revised: 05/19/2009] [Accepted: 05/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The cognitive division of anterior cingulate cortex (ACC-cd) plays an important role in cognitive control via a distributed attention network. The structural hemispheric asymmetries of ACC have been revealed by several neuroimaging studies. However potential functional hemispheric asymmetries of ACC remain less clear. Investigating the functional hemispheric asymmetries of ACC helps for a better understanding of ACC function. The aim of this study was to use resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to examine hemispheric differences in the functional networks associated with ACC-cd in the two hemispheres. ROI-based functional connectivity analysis was performed on a group of 49 right-handed healthy volunteers. The left and right ACC-cd showed significant differences in their patterns of connectivity with a variety of brain regions, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, superior parietal lobule and dorsal posterior cingulate cortex in their ipsilateral cerebral cortex, as well as cerebellar tonsil and inferior semilunar lobule in their contralateral cerebellar hemisphere. Specifically, for these areas, we found significantly greater connectivity strength with ACC-cd in the right hemisphere than the left, regardless of whether the connection was positive or negative. The current results highlight the presence of clear asymmetries in functional networks associated with ACC-cd. Future functional imaging studies are needed to give greater attention to the lateralized ACC functional networks which are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yan
- Institute of Mental Health, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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38
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Tomasi D, Wang RL, Telang F, Boronikolas V, Jayne MC, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. Impairment of attentional networks after 1 night of sleep deprivation. Cereb Cortex 2009; 19:233-40. [PMID: 18483003 PMCID: PMC2638746 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhn073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we assessed the effects of sleep deprivation (SD) on brain activation and performance to a parametric visual attention task. Fourteen healthy subjects underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging of ball-tracking tasks with graded levels of difficulty during rested wakefulness (RW) and after 1 night of SD. Self-reports of sleepiness were significantly higher and cognitive performance significantly lower for all levels of difficulty for SD than for RW. For both the RW and the SD sessions, task difficulty was associated with activation in parietal cortex and with deactivation in visual and insular cortices and cingulate gyrus but this pattern of activation/deactivation was significantly lower for SD than for RW. In addition, thalamic activation was higher for SD than for RW, and task difficulty was associated with increases in thalamic activation for the RW but not the SD condition. This suggests that thalamic resources, which under RW conditions are used to process increasingly complex tasks, are being used to maintain alertness with increasing levels of fatigue during SD. Thalamic activation was also inversely correlated with parietal and prefrontal activation. Thus, the thalamic hyperactivation during SD could underlie the reduced activation in parietal and blunted deactivation in cingulate cortices, impairing the attentional networks that are essential for accurate visuospatial attention performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tomasi
- Medical Department, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY 11973, USA.
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39
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Evidence for criterion shifts in visual perceptual learning: data and implications. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 70:1248-73. [PMID: 18927008 DOI: 10.3758/pp.70.7.1248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Work on visual perceptual learning for contrast detection has shown that reliable decreases in detection thresholds are accompanied by reliable increases in false alarm rates (Wenger & Rasche, 2006). The present study assesses the robustness and replicability of these changes, demonstrating that they are independent of a variety of task demands (i.e., the specific method used for perceptual practice and threshold estimation) and the presence or absence of trial-by-trial feedback and that the source of the increases can be found in shifts in changes in sensitivity and in bias for detection, identification, or both. Although the increase in false alarm rates suggests a strategic shift in response criteria for detection, we demonstrate that there are multiple potential explanations, including explanations that do not require strategic shifts on the part of the observer. The empirical evidence and analysis of alternative explanations reinforce the inference that visual perceptual learning may involve more than changes in perceptual sensitivity and that cortical circuits beyond the primary visual areas may be involved.
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Cajochen C, Di Biase R, Imai M. Interhemispheric EEG asymmetries during unilateral bright-light exposure and subsequent sleep in humans. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2008; 294:R1053-60. [PMID: 18216135 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00747.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We tested whether evening exposure to unilateral photic stimulation has repercussions on interhemispheric EEG asymmetries during wakefulness and later sleep. Because light exerts an alerting response in humans, which correlates with a decrease in waking EEG theta/alpha-activity and a reduction in sleep EEG delta activity, we hypothesized that EEG activity in these frequency bands show interhemispheric asymmetries after unilateral bright light (1,500 lux) exposure. A 2-h hemi-field light exposure acutely suppressed occipital EEG alpha activity in the ipsilateral hemisphere activated by light. Subjects felt more alert during bright light than dim light, an effect that was significantly more pronounced during activation of the right than the left visual cortex. During subsequent sleep, occipital EEG activity in the delta and theta range was significantly reduced after activation of the right visual cortex but not after stimulation of the left visual cortex. Furthermore, hemivisual field light exposure was able to shift the left predominance in occipital spindle EEG activity toward the stimulated hemisphere. Time course analysis revealed that this spindle shift remained significant during the first two sleep cycles. Our results reflect rather a hemispheric asymmetry in the alerting action of light than a use-dependent recovery function of sleep in response to the visual stimulation during prior waking. However, the observed shift in the spindle hemispheric dominance in the occipital cortex may still represent subtle local use-dependent recovery functions during sleep in a frequency range different from the delta range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Cajochen
- Centre for Chronobiology, Psychiatric University Clinics, Wilhelm Kleinstr. 27, CH-4025 Basel, Switzerland.
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41
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Abstract
Asymmetry of spatial attention has long been described in both disease (hemispatial neglect) and healthy (pseudoneglect) states. Although right-hemisphere specialization for spatial attention has been suggested, the exact neural mechanisms of asymmetry have not been deciphered yet. A recent functional magnetic resonance imaging study from our laboratory serendipitously revealed bihemispheric left-hemifield superiority in activation of a visuospatial attention-related network. Nineteen right-handed healthy adult females participated in two experiments of visual half-field presentation. Either facial expressions (experiment 1) or house images (experiment 2) were presented unilaterally and parafoveally for 150 ms while subjects were engaging a central fixation task. Brain regions previously associated with a visuospatial attention network, in both hemispheres, were found to be more robustly activated by left visual field stimuli. The consistency of this finding with manifestations of attention lateralization is discussed, and a revised model based on neural connectivity asymmetry is proposed. Support for the revised model is given by a dynamic causal modeling analysis. Unraveling the basis for attention asymmetry may lead to better understanding of the pathogenesis of attention disorders, followed by improved diagnosis and treatment. Additionally, the proposed model for asymmetry of visuospatial attention might provide important insights into the mechanisms underlying functional brain lateralization in general.
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Ohlendorf S, Kimmig H, Glauche V, Haller S. Gaze pursuit, ‘attention pursuit’ and their effects on cortical activations. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 26:2096-108. [PMID: 17897405 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05824.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A moving object draws our attention to it and we can track the object with smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEM). Gaze and attention are usually directed to the same object during SPEM. In this study we investigated whether gaze and attention can be divided during pursuit. We explored the cortical control of ocular tracking and attentive tracking and the role of focused and divided attention. We presented a sinusoidally moving target for pursuit and simultaneously a stationary target for fixation. Gaze could be directed to the pursuit target and attention to the fixation target or vice versa, or gaze and attention were directed to the same (moving or stationary) target. We found that gaze (overt) and attentive (covert) pursuit similarly activated the cortical oculomotor network. Gaze pursuit showed higher activations than attentive pursuit. Activations, specific to the dissociation of attention from gaze and independent of eye movements, were found solely in the posterior parietal cortex. A cue indicating a forthcoming attention task activated large parts of the cortical SPEM network, as a kind of preparatory mechanism. We did not find any attention-related regions outside the well-known visuo-oculomotor network. We conclude that attention control during gaze pursuit and gaze fixation occur within the cortical SPEM network, supporting the premotor theory of attention [Rizzolatti, G., Riggio, L., Dascola, I. & Umilta, C. (1987) Neuropsychologia, 25, 31-40].
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ohlendorf
- Neurologische Universitätsklinik, D-79106 Freiburg, Germany
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Sassa Y, Sugiura M, Jeong H, Horie K, Sato S, Kawashima R. Cortical mechanism of communicative speech production. Neuroimage 2007; 37:985-92. [PMID: 17627852 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2007.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2007] [Revised: 04/27/2007] [Accepted: 05/22/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Communicative speech requires conformity not only to linguistic rules but also to behavior that is appropriate for social interaction. The existence of a special brain mechanism for such behavioral aspects of communicative speech has been suggested by studies of social impairment in autism, and it may be related to communicative vocalization in animals. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure cortical activation while normal subjects casually talked to an actor (communication task) or verbally described a situation (description task) while observing video clips of an action performed by a familiar or an unfamiliar actor in a typical daily situation. We assumed that the communication task differed from the description task in the involvement of behavioral aspects of communicative speech production, which may involve the processing of interaction-relevant biographical information. Significantly higher activation was observed during the communication task than during the description task in the medial prefrontal cortex (polar and dorsal parts), the bilateral anterior superior temporal sulci, and the left temporoparietal junction. The results suggest that these regions play a role in the behavioral aspects of communicative speech production, presumably in understanding of the context of the social interaction. The activation of the polar part of the medial prefrontal cortex during the communication task was greater when the actor was familiar than when the actor was unfamiliar, suggesting that this region is involved in communicative speech production with reference to biological information. The precuneus was activated during the communication task only with the familiar actor, suggesting that this region is related to access to biographical information per se.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Sassa
- RISTEX, JST, Hon-cho 4-1-8, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan.
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