1
|
Lehet M, Tso IF, Neggers SFW, Thompson IA, Yao B, Kahn RS, Thakkar KN. Altered effective connectivity within an oculomotor control network in individuals with schizophrenia. Neuroimage Clin 2021; 31:102764. [PMID: 34284336 PMCID: PMC8313596 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2021.102764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Rapid inhibition or modification of actions is a crucial cognitive ability, which is impaired in persons with schizophrenia (SZP). Primate neurophysiology studies have identified a network of brain regions that subserves control over gaze. Here, we examine effective connectivity within this oculomotor control network in SZP and healthy controls (HC). During fMRI, participants performed a stop-signal task variant in which they were instructed to saccade to a visual target (no-step trials) unless a second target appeared (redirect trials); on redirect trials, participants were instructed to inhibit the planned saccade and redirect to the new target. We compared functional responses on redirect trials to no-step trials and used dynamic causal modelling (DCM) to examine group differences in network effective connectivity. Behaviorally, SZP were less efficient at inhibiting, which was related to their employment status. Compared to HC, they showed a smaller difference in activity between redirect trials and no-step trials in frontal eye fields (FEF), supplementary eye fields (SEF), inferior frontal cortex (IFC), thalamus, and caudate. DCM analyses revealed widespread group differences in effective connectivity across the task, including different patterns of self-inhibition in many nodes in SZP. Group differences in how effective connectivity was modulated on redirect trials revealed differences between the FEF and SEF, between the SEF and IFC, between the superior colliculus and the thalamus, and self-inhibition within the FEF and caudate. These results provide insight into the neural mechanisms of inefficient inhibitory control in individuals with schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Lehet
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Ivy F Tso
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Ilse A Thompson
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Beier Yao
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - René S Kahn
- Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Katharine N Thakkar
- Department of Psychology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Medicine, Michigan State University, Grand Rapids, MI, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Moradi Z, Duta M, Hewstone M, Yankouskaya A, Enock F, Humphreys GW. The rival doesn’t catch my eyes: In-group relevance modulates inhibitory control over anti-saccades. VISUAL COGNITION 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/13506285.2017.1310163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zargol Moradi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Mihaela Duta
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Miles Hewstone
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Alla Yankouskaya
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Florence Enock
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Glyn W. Humphreys
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Lo CC, Wang XJ. Conflict Resolution as Near-Threshold Decision-Making: A Spiking Neural Circuit Model with Two-Stage Competition for Antisaccadic Task. PLoS Comput Biol 2016; 12:e1005081. [PMID: 27551824 PMCID: PMC4995026 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Automatic responses enable us to react quickly and effortlessly, but they often need to be inhibited so that an alternative, voluntary action can take place. To investigate the brain mechanism of controlled behavior, we investigated a biologically-based network model of spiking neurons for inhibitory control. In contrast to a simple race between pro- versus anti-response, our model incorporates a sensorimotor remapping module, and an action-selection module endowed with a “Stop” process through tonic inhibition. Both are under the modulation of rule-dependent control. We tested the model by applying it to the well known antisaccade task in which one must suppress the urge to look toward a visual target that suddenly appears, and shift the gaze diametrically away from the target instead. We found that the two-stage competition is crucial for reproducing the complex behavior and neuronal activity observed in the antisaccade task across multiple brain regions. Notably, our model demonstrates two types of errors: fast and slow. Fast errors result from failing to inhibit the quick automatic responses and therefore exhibit very short response times. Slow errors, in contrast, are due to incorrect decisions in the remapping process and exhibit long response times comparable to those of correct antisaccade responses. The model thus reveals a circuit mechanism for the empirically observed slow errors and broad distributions of erroneous response times in antisaccade. Our work suggests that selecting between competing automatic and voluntary actions in behavioral control can be understood in terms of near-threshold decision-making, sharing a common recurrent (attractor) neural circuit mechanism with discrimination in perception. We propose a novel neural circuit mechanism and construct a spiking neural network model for resolving conflict between an automatic response and a volitional one. In this mechanism the two types of responses compete against each other under the modulation of top-down control via multiple neural pathways. The model is able to reproduce a wide range of neuronal and behavioral features observed in various studies and provides insights into not just how subjects make correct responses and fast errors, but also why they make slow errors, a type of error often overlooked by previous modeling studies. The model suggests critical roles of tonic (non-racing) top-down inhibition and near-threshold decision-making in neural competition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Chuan Lo
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (CCL); (XJW)
| | - Xiao-Jing Wang
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- NYU-ECNU Institute of Brain and Cognitive Science at NYU Shanghai, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CCL); (XJW)
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Response inhibition and response monitoring in a saccadic double-step task in schizophrenia. Brain Cogn 2015; 95:90-8. [PMID: 25769133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Revised: 12/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/15/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive control impairments are linked to functional outcome in schizophrenia. The goal of the current study was to investigate precise abnormalities in two aspects of cognitive control: reactively changing a prepared response, and monitoring performance and adjusting behavior accordingly. We adapted an oculomotor task from neurophysiological studies of the cellular basis of cognitive control in nonhuman primates. METHODS 16 medicated outpatients with schizophrenia (SZ) and 18 demographically-matched healthy controls performed the modified double-step task. In this task, participants were required to make a saccade to a visual target. Infrequently, the target jumped to a new location and participants were instructed to rapidly inhibit and change their response. A race model provided an estimate of the time needed to cancel a planned movement. Response monitoring was assessed by measuring reaction time (RT) adjustments based on trial history. RESULTS SZ patients had normal visually-guided saccadic RTs but required more time to switch the response to the new target location. Additionally, the estimated latency of inhibition was longer in patients and related to employment. Finally, although both groups slowed down on trials that required inhibiting and changing a response, patients showed exaggerated performance-based adjustments in RTs, which was correlated with positive symptom severity. CONCLUSIONS SZ patients have impairments in rapidly inhibiting eye movements and show idiosyncratic response monitoring. These results are consistent with functional abnormalities in a network involving cortical oculomotor regions, the superior colliculus, and basal ganglia, as described in neurophysiological studies of non-human primates using an identical paradigm, and provide a translational bridge for understanding cognitive symptoms of SZ.
Collapse
|
5
|
The influence of attention and target identification on saccadic eye movements depends on prior target location. J Ophthalmol 2014; 2014:850606. [PMID: 24719754 PMCID: PMC3955594 DOI: 10.1155/2014/850606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Saccadic latency is reduced by a temporal gap between fixation point and target, by identification of a target feature, and by movement in a new direction (inhibition of saccadic return, ISR). A simple additive model was compared with a shared resources model that predicts a three-way interaction. Twenty naïve participants made horizontal saccades to targets left and right of fixation in a randomised block design. There was a significant three-way interaction among the factors on saccade latency. This was revealed in a two-way interaction between feature identification and the gap versus no gap factor which was only apparent when the saccade was in the same direction as the previous saccade. No interaction was apparent when the saccade was in the opposite direction. This result supports an attentional inhibitory effect that is present during ISR to a previous location which is only partly released by the facilitative effect of feature identification and gap. Together, anticipatory error data and saccade latency interactions suggest a source of ISR at a higher level of attention, possibly localised in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and involving tonic activation.
Collapse
|
6
|
The unidirectional prosaccade switch-cost: Correct and error antisaccades differentially influence the planning times for subsequent prosaccades. Vision Res 2014; 96:17-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.visres.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 10/24/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
|
7
|
Peschke C, Hilgetag CC, Olk B. Influence of Stimulus Type on Effects of Flanker, Flanker Position, and Trial Sequence in a Saccadic Eye Movement Task. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2013; 66:2253-67. [PMID: 23565974 DOI: 10.1080/17470218.2013.777464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Using the flanker paradigm in a task requiring eye movement responses, we examined how stimulus type (arrows vs. letters) modulated effects of flanker and flanker position. Further, we examined trial sequence effects and the impact of stimulus type on these effects. Participants responded to a central target with a left- or rightward saccade. We reasoned that arrows, being overlearned symbols of direction, are processed with less effort and are therefore linked more easily to a direction and a required response than are letters. The main findings demonstrate that (a) flanker effects were stronger for arrows than for letters, (b) flanker position more strongly modulated the flanker effect for letters than for arrows, and (c) trial sequence effects partly differed between the two stimulus types. We discuss these findings in the context of a more automatic and effortless processing of arrow relative to letter stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Peschke
- School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Claus C. Hilgetag
- Department of Computational Neuroscience, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- Department of Health Sciences, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Bettina Olk
- School of Humanities & Social Sciences, Jacobs University Bremen, Bremen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Manoach DS, Lee AKC, Hämäläinen MS, Dyckman KA, Friedman J, Vangel M, Goff DC, Barton JJ. Anomalous use of context during task preparation in schizophrenia: a magnetoencephalography study. Biol Psychiatry 2013; 73:967-75. [PMID: 23380717 PMCID: PMC3641151 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2011] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Impaired ability to use contextual information to optimally prepare for tasks contributes to performance deficits in schizophrenia. We used magnetoencephalography and an antisaccade task to investigate the neural basis of this deficit. METHODS In schizophrenia patients and healthy control participants, we examined the difference in preparatory activation to cues indicating an impending antisaccade or prosaccade. We analyzed activation for correct trials only and focused on the network for volitional ocular motor control-frontal eye field (FEF), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and the ventrolateral and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (VLPFC, DLPFC). RESULTS Compared with control subjects, patients made more antisaccade errors and showed reduced differential preparatory activation in the dACC and increased differential preparatory activation in the VLPFC. In patients only, antisaccade error rates correlated with preparatory activation in the FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC. CONCLUSIONS In schizophrenia, reduced differential preparatory activation of the dACC may reflect reduced signaling of the need for control. Greater preparatory activation in the VLPFC and the correlations of error rate with FEF, DLPFC, and VLPFC activation may reflect that patients who are more error prone require stronger activation in these regions for correct performance. These findings provide the first evidence of abnormal task preparation, distinct from response generation, during volitional saccades in schizophrenia. We conclude that schizophrenia patients are impaired in using task cues to modulate cognitive control and that this contributes to deficits inhibiting prepotent but contextually inappropriate responses and to behavior that is stimulus bound and error prone rather than flexibly guided by context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA,Institute for Learning & Brain Sciences (I-LABS), University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195-7988
| | - Matti S. Hämäläinen
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Kara A. Dyckman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jesse Friedman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason J.S. Barton
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Rastgardani T, Lau V, Barton JJS, Abegg M. Trial history biases the spatial programming of antisaccades. Exp Brain Res 2012; 222:175-83. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3201-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 07/20/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
10
|
Abegg M, Sharma N, Barton JJ. Antisaccades generate two types of saccadic inhibition. Biol Psychol 2012; 89:191-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2011.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2011] [Revised: 10/03/2011] [Accepted: 10/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
|
11
|
Dyckman KA, Lee AKC, Agam Y, Vangel M, Goff DC, Barton JJ, Manoach DS. Abnormally persistent fMRI activation during antisaccades in schizophrenia: a neural correlate of perseveration? Schizophr Res 2011; 132:62-8. [PMID: 21831602 PMCID: PMC3172368 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2011.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2011] [Revised: 07/15/2011] [Accepted: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Impaired antisaccade performance is a consistent cognitive finding in schizophrenia. Antisaccades require both response inhibition and volitional motor programming, functions that are essential to flexible responding. We investigated whether abnormal timing of hemodynamic responses (HDRs) to antisaccades might contribute to perseveration of ocular motor responses in schizophrenia. We focused on the frontal eye field (FEF), which has been implicated in the persistent effects of antisaccades on subsequent responses in healthy individuals. METHOD Eighteen chronic, medicated schizophrenia outpatients and 15 healthy controls performed antisaccades and prosaccades during functional MRI. Finite impulse response models provided unbiased estimates of event-related HDRs. We compared groups on the peak amplitude, time-to-peak, and full-width half-max of the HDRs. RESULTS In patients, HDRs in bilateral FEF were delayed and prolonged but ultimately of similar amplitude to that of controls. These abnormalities were present for antisaccades, but not prosaccades, and were not seen in a control region. More prolonged HDRs predicted slower responses in trials that followed an antisaccade. This suggests that persistent FEF activity following an antisaccade contributes to inter-trial effects on latency. CONCLUSIONS Delayed and prolonged HDRs for antisaccades in schizophrenia suggest that the functions necessary for successful antisaccade performance take longer to implement and are more persistent. If abnormally persistent neural responses on cognitively demanding tasks are a more general feature of schizophrenia, they may contribute to response perseveration, a classic behavioral abnormality. These findings also underscore the importance of evaluating the temporal dynamics of neural activity to understand cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara A. Dyckman
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Adrian K. C. Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| | - Yigal Agam
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mark Vangel
- Department of Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Donald C. Goff
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jason J.S. Barton
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, and Visual Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Dara S. Manoach
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA,Athinoula A. Martinos Center for Biomedical Imaging, Charlestown, MA 02129, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Effects of aging on switching the response direction of pro- and antisaccades. Exp Brain Res 2010; 208:139-50. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2466-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2010] [Accepted: 10/16/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
13
|
Abegg M, Rodriguez AR, Lee H, Barton JJS. 'Alternate-goal bias' in antisaccades and the influence of expectation. Exp Brain Res 2010; 203:553-62. [PMID: 20440608 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-010-2259-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2009] [Accepted: 04/09/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Saccadic performance depends on the requirements of the current trial, but also may be influenced by other trials in the same experiment. This effect of trial context has been investigated most for saccadic error rate and reaction time but seldom for the positional accuracy of saccadic landing points. We investigated whether the direction of saccades towards one goal is affected by the location of a second goal used in other trials in the same experimental block. In our first experiment, landing points ('endpoints') of antisaccades but not prosaccades were shifted towards the location of the alternate goal. This spatial bias decreased with increasing angular separation between the current and alternative goals. In a second experiment, we explored whether expectancy about the goal location was responsible for the biasing of the saccadic endpoint. For this, we used a condition where the saccadic goal randomly changed from one trial to the next between locations on, above or below the horizontal meridian. We modulated the prior probability of the alternate-goal location by showing cues prior to stimulus onset. The results showed that expectation about the possible positions of the saccadic goal is sufficient to bias saccadic endpoints and can account for at least part of this phenomenon of 'alternate-goal bias'.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Abegg
- Human Vision and Eye Movement Laboratory, Departments of Medicine (Neurology), Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Franke C, Reuter B, Breddin A, Kathmann N. Response switching in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects: effects of the inter-response interval. Exp Brain Res 2009; 196:429-38. [PMID: 19504260 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-009-1871-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Schizophrenia patients show impaired saccadic response switching, pointing to action control deficits at the level of response selection. Previous studies on healthy subjects suggested that response switch effects might decrease if the prior response is longer ago, reflecting a slow dissipation of the response program persisting from the previous trial. The present study aimed at directly investigating whether response switch effects in schizophrenia patients and healthy subjects depend on the inter-response interval (IRI). Effects of response switching on pro- and antisaccade performance were analyzed in 19 schizophrenia patients and 19 healthy controls at 3 different IRIs (2,500, 3,000, 4,000 ms). Response switch effects of healthy subjects did not vary with the IRI, suggesting that the previous response program persists as long as no contrary response program is activated. In schizophrenia, response switch deficits were replicated at an IRI of 3,000 ms, whereas at IRIs of 2,500 and 4,000 ms, effects of response switching did not significantly differ from healthy subjects. This might suggest that there is a specific IRI range particularly sensitive to response switch deficits in schizophrenia. However, effects of response switching at different IRIs remain to be consolidated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Franke
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489, Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Franke C, Arndt D, Ploner CJ, Heinz A, Reuter B. Saccade generation and suppression in schizophrenia: effects of response switching and perseveration. Psychophysiology 2008; 45:698-704. [PMID: 18513361 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8986.2008.00671.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Poor antisaccade performance is a reliable index of action control deficits in schizophrenia. To further elucidate the underlying cognitive impairments, the current study aimed to confirm effects of switching the response direction on saccadic performance and to investigate whether response switch effects relate to perseveration. Fourteen schizophrenia patients and 14 healthy controls performed sequences of 1 to 3 simple volitional saccades to one direction and a subsequent volitional saccade with distractor to the same or the opposite direction. Response switches increased error rates in schizophrenia if they followed 3 saccades to the opposite side, suggesting that response switching affects performance on conditions of strong persisting response programs. The increase of response switch error rates with multiple repetitions of the prior response points to a relationship between perseveration and response selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Franke
- Institut für Psychologie, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Anderson AJ, Yadav H, Carpenter R. Directional Prediction by the Saccadic System. Curr Biol 2008; 18:614-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2008.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2007] [Revised: 03/11/2008] [Accepted: 03/27/2008] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
17
|
Franke C, Reuter B, Schulz L, Kathmann N. Schizophrenia patients show impaired response switching in saccade tasks. Biol Psychol 2007; 76:91-9. [PMID: 17698280 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2007.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2006] [Revised: 06/27/2007] [Accepted: 06/28/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Action control deficits of schizophrenia patients result from frontostriatal brain abnormalities and presumably reflect an impairment of selective cognitive processes. This study aimed at dissociating two different levels of action control in saccades toward and away from visual stimuli (pro- and antisaccades). Results of previous studies suggested that task switch effects (between pro- and antisaccades) reflect the persistence of a task-specific production rule and refer to the level of task selection, whereas response switch effects (between leftward and rightward saccades) point to the persistence of a specific response program, referring to the level of response selection. In the present study, task switching and response switching were investigated in 20 schizophrenia patients and 20 control subjects. Groups did not differ concerning task switch effects. In contrast, response switching entailed a stronger enhancement of error rates in patients, suggesting a specific deficit on the level of response selection in schizophrenia. The deficit was associated with spatial working memory capacities, confirming and specifying existing hypotheses on a relationship between working memory and action control.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cosima Franke
- Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Institut für Psychologie, Rudower Chaussee 18, 12489 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Tatler BW, Hutton SB. Trial by trial effects in the antisaccade task. Exp Brain Res 2006; 179:387-96. [PMID: 17136522 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0799-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Accepted: 11/05/2006] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The antisaccade task requires participants to inhibit the reflexive tendency to look at a sudden onset target and instead direct their gaze to the opposite hemifield. As such it provides a convenient tool with which to investigate the cognitive and neural systems that support goal-directed behaviour. Recent models of cognitive control suggest that antisaccade performance on a single trial should vary as a function of the outcome (correct antisaccade or erroneous prosaccade) of the previous trial. In addition, repetition priming effects suggest that the spatial location of the target on the previous trial may also influence current trial performance. Thus an analysis of contingency effects in antisaccade performance may provide new insights into the factors that influence the monitoring and modulation of the antisaccade task and other ongoing behaviours. Using a multilevel modelling analysis we explored previous trial effects on current trial performance in a large antisaccade dataset. We found (1) repetition priming effects following correct antisaccades; (2) contrary to models of cognitive control antisaccade error rates were increased on trials following an error, suggesting that failures to adequately maintain the task goal can persist across more than one trial; and (3) current trial latencies varied according to the previous trial outcome (correct antisaccade, slowly corrected error or rapidly corrected error). These results are discussed in terms of current models of antisaccade performance and cognitive control and further demonstrate the utility of multilevel modelling for analysing antisaccade data.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin W Tatler
- Department of Psychology, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD1 4HN, Scotland, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|