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Langlois ET, Bennequin D, de Marco G. Role of the Cerebellum in the Construction of Functional and Geometrical Spaces. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024:10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y. [PMID: 38625534 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-024-01693-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
The perceptual and motor systems appear to have a set of movement primitives that exhibit certain geometric and kinematic invariances. Complex patterns and mental representations can be produced by (re)combining some simple motor elements in various ways using basic operations, transformations, and respecting a set of laws referred to as kinematic laws of motion. For example, point-to-point hand movements are characterized by straight hand paths with single-peaked-bell-shaped velocity profiles, whereas hand speed profiles for curved trajectories are often irregular and more variable, with speed valleys and inflections extrema occurring at the peak curvature. Curvature and speed are generically related by the 2/3 power law. Mathematically, such laws can be deduced from a combination of Euclidean, affine, and equi-affine geometries, whose neural correlates have been partially detected in various brain areas including the cerebellum and the basal ganglia. The cerebellum has been found to play an important role in the control of coordination, balance, posture, and timing over the past years. It is also assumed that the cerebellum computes forward internal models in relationship with specific cortical and subcortical brain regions but its motor relationship with the perceptual space is unclear. A renewed interest in the geometrical and spatial role of the cerebellum may enable a better understanding of its specific contribution to the action-perception loop and behavior's adaptation. In this sense, we complete this overview with an innovative theoretical framework that describes a possible implementation and selection by the cerebellum of geometries adhering to different mathematical laws.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eya Torkhani Langlois
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France
| | - Daniel Bennequin
- Equipe Géométrie et Dynamique, Paris-Cité, UFR de Mathématiques, Bâtiment Sophie Germain, 8 place Aurélie Nemours, Paris, 75013, France
| | - Giovanni de Marco
- LINP2, UPL, Université Paris Nanterre, 200 avenue de la République, Nanterre, 92000, France.
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2
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Kornatz KW, Poston B, Stelmach GE. Age and Not the Preferred Limb Influences the Kinematic Structure of Pointing Movements. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2021; 6:jfmk6040100. [PMID: 34940509 PMCID: PMC8703669 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk6040100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
In goal-directed movements, effective open-loop control reduces the need for feedback-based corrective submovements. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of hand preference and aging on submovements during single- and two-joint pointing movements. A total of 12 young and 12 older right-handed participants performed pointing movements that involved either elbow extension or a combination of elbow extension and horizontal shoulder flexion with their right and left arms to a target. Kinematics were used to separate the movements into their primary and secondary submovements. The older adults exhibited slower movements, used secondary submovements more often, and produced relatively shorter primary submovements. However, there were no interlimb differences for either age group or for the single- and two-joint movements. These findings indicate that open-loop control is similar between arms but compromised in older compared to younger adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kurt W. Kornatz
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, NC 27110, USA;
| | - Brach Poston
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-702-895-5329
| | - George E. Stelmach
- Department of Kinesiology, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA;
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Unruh KE, McKinney WS, Bojanek EK, Fleming KK, Sweeney JA, Mosconi MW. Initial action output and feedback-guided motor behaviors in autism spectrum disorder. Mol Autism 2021; 12:52. [PMID: 34246292 PMCID: PMC8272343 DOI: 10.1186/s13229-021-00452-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sensorimotor issues are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), related to core symptoms, and predictive of worse functional outcomes. Deficits in rapid behaviors supported primarily by feedforward mechanisms, and continuous, feedback-guided motor behaviors each have been reported, but the degrees to which they are distinct or co-segregate within individuals and across development are not well understood. METHODS We characterized behaviors that varied in their involvement of feedforward control relative to feedback control across skeletomotor (precision grip force) and oculomotor (saccades) control systems in 109 individuals with ASD and 101 age-matched typically developing controls (range: 5-29 years) including 58 individuals with ASD and 57 controls who completed both grip and saccade tests. Grip force was examined across multiple force (15, 45, and 85% MVC) and visual gain levels (low, medium, high). Maximum grip force also was examined. During grip force tests, reaction time, initial force output accuracy, variability, and entropy were examined. For the saccade test, latency, accuracy, and trial-wise variability of latency and accuracy were examined. RESULTS Relative to controls, individuals with ASD showed similar accuracy of initial grip force but reduced accuracy of saccadic eye movements specific to older ages of our sample. Force variability was greater in ASD relative to controls, but saccade gain variability (across trials) was not different between groups. Force entropy was reduced in ASD, especially at older ages. We also find reduced grip strength in ASD that was more severe in dominant compared to non-dominant hands. LIMITATIONS Our age-related findings rely on cross-sectional data. Longitudinal studies of sensorimotor behaviors and their associations with ASD symptoms are needed. CONCLUSIONS We identify reduced accuracy of initial motor output in ASD that was specific to the oculomotor system implicating deficient feedforward control that may be mitigated during slower occurring behaviors executed in the periphery. Individuals with ASD showed increased continuous force variability but similar levels of trial-to-trial saccade accuracy variability suggesting that feedback-guided refinement of motor commands is deficient specifically when adjustments occur rapidly during continuous behavior. We also document reduced lateralization of grip strength in ASD implicating atypical hemispheric specialization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn E Unruh
- Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Walker S McKinney
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | - Erin K Bojanek
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA
| | | | - John A Sweeney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Life Span Institute, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Kansas Center for Autism Research and Training (K-CART), University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
- Clinical Child Psychology Program, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS, USA.
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4
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Hsieh TY, Pacheco MM, Liu YT, Newell KM. Are Sub-Movements Induced Visually in Discrete Aiming Tasks? J Mot Behav 2021; 54:173-185. [PMID: 34139963 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2021.1937031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
There is a long-held view that discrete movements aimed to a target are composed of a sequence of movement units (sub-movements) that have different roles in motor control (e.g., initial impulse, error correction and movement termination) depending on the task constraints (e.g., spatial-temporal requirements). Here we report findings from the manipulation of vision/no-vision on the prevalence and type of sub-movements in discrete movement tasks over a range of space-time task criteria. The presence of vison resulted in longer movement times compared to the no-vision counterpart in time-matching tasks. A similar vision effect was observed in the highest Index of Difficulty for time-minimization tasks. Conditions that resulted/required longer movement times demonstrated more pre-velocity-peak and post-velocity-peak types of sub-movements whereas short movement times increased the likelihood of overshooting sub-movements. The present study results are consistent with the idea that movement time is the variable associated with changes in sub-movement profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Yu Hsieh
- Department of Physical Education, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Research and Development Center for Physical Education, Health and Information Technology, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan.,Physical Education Office, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Matheus M Pacheco
- School of Physical Education and Sport at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Movement Control & Neuroplasticity Research Group, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeou-Teh Liu
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia
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5
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Hsieh TY, Liu YT, Newell KM. Submovement control processes in discrete aiming as a function of space-time constraints. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189328. [PMID: 29281670 PMCID: PMC5744918 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is preliminary evidence that there are several types of submovements in movement aiming that reflect different processes of control and can result from particular task constraints. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of movement space and time task criteria on the prevalence of different submovement control characteristics in discrete aiming. Twelve participants completed 3 distance x 5 time conditions each with 100 trials in a target-aiming movement task. The kinematic structure of the trajectory determined the prevalence of 5 submovement types (none; pre-peak, post-peak movement velocity; undershoot, overshoot). The findings showed that the overall number of submovements increased in the slower space-time conditions and was predominantly characterized by post-peak trajectory submovements rather than discrete overshoot submovements. Overshoot submovements were more frequent in the high average movement velocity and short time duration conditions. We concluded that there are qualitatively different distributional patterns of submovement types in discrete aiming tasks that are organized by the quantitative scaling of the average movement velocity arising from multiple control processes to meet the specific space-time task constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yeou-Teh Liu
- National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Karl M. Newell
- University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia, United State of America
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6
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Abstract
The utilization of sensory information during activities of daily living is ubiquitous both prior to and during movements (i.e., related to planning and online control, respectively). Because of the overlapping nature of online corrective processes, the quantification of feedback utilization has proven difficult. In the present study, we primarily sought to evaluate the utility of a novel analysis in the frequency domain for identifying visuomotor feedback utilization (i.e., online control). A second goal was to compare the sensitivity of the frequency analysis to that of currently utilized measures of online control. Participants completed reaching movements to targets located 27, 30, and 33 cm from a start position. During these reaches, vision of the environment was either provided or withheld. Performance was assessed across contemporary measures of online control. For the novel frequency analysis presented in this study, the acceleration profiles of reaching movements were detrended with a 5th-order polynomial fit, and the proportional power spectra were computed from the residuals of these fits. The results indicated that the use of visual feedback during reaching movements increased the contribution of the 4.68-Hz frequency to the residuals of the acceleration profiles. Comparisons across all measures of online control showed that the most sensitive measure was the squared Fisher transform of the correlation between the positions at 75 % and 100 % of the movement time. However, because such correlational measures can be contaminated by offline control processes, the frequency-domain analysis proposed herein represents a viable and promising alternative to detect changes in online feedback utilization.
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7
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Mosconi MW, Wang Z, Schmitt LM, Tsai P, Sweeney JA. The role of cerebellar circuitry alterations in the pathophysiology of autism spectrum disorders. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:296. [PMID: 26388713 PMCID: PMC4555040 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum has been repeatedly implicated in gene expression, rodent model and post-mortem studies of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). How cellular and molecular anomalies of the cerebellum relate to clinical manifestations of ASD remains unclear. Separate circuits of the cerebellum control different sensorimotor behaviors, such as maintaining balance, walking, making eye movements, reaching, and grasping. Each of these behaviors has been found to be impaired in ASD, suggesting that multiple distinct circuits of the cerebellum may be involved in the pathogenesis of patients' sensorimotor impairments. We will review evidence that the development of these circuits is disrupted in individuals with ASD and that their study may help elucidate the pathophysiology of sensorimotor deficits and core symptoms of the disorder. Preclinical studies of monogenetic conditions associated with ASD also have identified selective defects of the cerebellum and documented behavioral rescues when the cerebellum is targeted. Based on these findings, we propose that cerebellar circuits may prove to be promising targets for therapeutic development aimed at rescuing sensorimotor and other clinical symptoms of different forms of ASD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew W Mosconi
- Clinical Child Psychology Program and Schiefelbusch Institute for Life Span Studies, University of Kansas Lawrence, KS, USA ; Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Wang
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Lauren M Schmitt
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Peter Tsai
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
| | - John A Sweeney
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Psychiatry, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA ; Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Dallas, TX, USA
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8
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Wang Z, Magnon GC, White SP, Greene RK, Vaillancourt DE, Mosconi MW. Individuals with autism spectrum disorder show abnormalities during initial and subsequent phases of precision gripping. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:1989-2001. [PMID: 25552638 PMCID: PMC4416549 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00661.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Sensorimotor impairments are common in autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but they are not well understood. Here we examined force control during initial pulses and the subsequent rise, sustained, and relaxation phases of precision gripping in 34 individuals with ASD and 25 healthy control subjects. Participants pressed on opposing load cells with their thumb and index finger while receiving visual feedback regarding their performance. They completed 2- and 8-s trials during which they pressed at 15%, 45%, or 85% of their maximum force. Initial pulses guided by feedforward control mechanisms, sustained force output controlled by visual feedback processes, and force relaxation rates all were examined. Control subjects favored an initial pulse strategy characterized by a rapid increase in and then relaxation of force when the target force was low (Type 1). When the target force level or duration of trials was increased, control subjects transitioned to a strategy in which they more gradually increased their force, paused, and then increased their force again. Individuals with ASD showed a more persistent bias toward the Type 1 strategy at higher force levels and during longer trials, and their initial force output was less accurate than that of control subjects. Patients showed increased force variability compared with control subjects when attempting to sustain a constant force level. During the relaxation phase, they showed reduced rates of force decrease. These findings suggest that both feedforward and feedback motor control mechanisms are compromised in ASD and these deficits may contribute to the dyspraxia and sensorimotor abnormalities often seen in this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Grant C Magnon
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Stormi P White
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - Rachel K Greene
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
| | - David E Vaillancourt
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Neurology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida; and
| | - Matthew W Mosconi
- Center for Autism and Developmental Disabilities, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas; Departments of Psychiatry and Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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9
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Dipietro L, Poizner H, Krebs HI. Spatiotemporal dynamics of online motor correction processing revealed by high-density electroencephalography. J Cogn Neurosci 2014; 26:1966-80. [PMID: 24564462 PMCID: PMC4692805 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_00593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The ability to control online motor corrections is key to dealing with unexpected changes arising in the environment with which we interact. How the CNS controls online motor corrections is poorly understood, but evidence has accumulated in favor of a submovement-based model in which apparently continuous movement is segmented into distinct submovements. Although most studies have focused on submovements' kinematic features, direct links with the underlying neural dynamics have not been extensively explored. This study sought to identify an electroencephalographic signature of submovements. We elicited kinematic submovements using a double-step displacement paradigm. Participants moved their wrist toward a target whose direction could shift mid-movement with a 50% probability. Movement kinematics and cortical activity were concurrently recorded with a low-friction robotic device and high-density electroencephalography. Analysis of spatiotemporal dynamics of brain activation and its correlation with movement kinematics showed that the production of each kinematic submovement was accompanied by (1) stereotyped topographic scalp maps and (2) frontoparietal ERPs time-locked to submovements. Positive ERP peaks from frontocentral areas contralateral to the moving wrist preceded kinematic submovement peaks by 220-250 msec and were followed by positive ERP peaks from contralateral parietal areas (140-250 msec latency, 0-80 msec before submovement peaks). Moreover, individual subject variability in the latency of frontoparietal ERP components following the target shift significantly predicted variability in the latency of the corrective submovement. Our results are in concordance with evidence for the intermittent nature of continuous movement and elucidate the timing and role of frontoparietal activations in the generation and control of corrective submovements.
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10
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Liao JY, Kirsch RF. Characterizing and predicting submovements during human three-dimensional arm reaches. PLoS One 2014; 9:e103387. [PMID: 25057968 PMCID: PMC4110007 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0103387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We have demonstrated that 3D target-oriented human arm reaches can be represented as linear combinations of discrete submovements, where the submovements are a set of minimum-jerk basis functions for the reaches. We have also demonstrated the ability of deterministic feed-forward Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to predict the parameters of the submovements. ANNs were trained using kinematic data obtained experimentally from five human participants making target-directed movements that were decomposed offline into minimum-jerk submovements using an optimization algorithm. Under cross-validation, the ANNs were able to accurately predict the parameters (initiation-time, amplitude, and duration) of the individual submovements. We also demonstrated that the ANNs can together form a closed-loop model of human reaching capable of predicting 3D trajectories with VAF >95.9% and RMSE ≤4.32 cm relative to the actual recorded trajectories. This closed-loop model is a step towards a practical arm trajectory generator based on submovements, and should be useful for the development of future arm prosthetic devices that are controlled by brain computer interfaces or other user interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Y. Liao
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Robert F. Kirsch
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
- Cleveland Functional Electrical Stimulation Center, Cleveland, Ohio, United States of America
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11
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Boyle JB, Kennedy DM, Wang C, Shea CH. The Sine Wave Protocol: Decrease Movement Time Without Increasing Errors. J Mot Behav 2014; 46:277-85. [DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2014.898608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Optimizing the control of high-ID movements: rethinking the power of the visual display. Exp Brain Res 2013; 231:479-93. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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13
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Eye-hand synergy and intermittent behaviors during target-directed tracking with visual and non-visual information. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51417. [PMID: 23236498 PMCID: PMC3517518 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/31/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Visual feedback and non-visual information play different roles in tracking of an external target. This study explored the respective roles of the visual and non-visual information in eleven healthy volunteers who coupled the manual cursor to a rhythmically moving target of 0.5 Hz under three sensorimotor conditions: eye-alone tracking (EA), eye-hand tracking with visual feedback of manual outputs (EH tracking), and the same tracking without such feedback (EHM tracking). Tracking error, kinematic variables, and movement intermittency (saccade and speed pulse) were contrasted among tracking conditions. The results showed that EHM tracking exhibited larger pursuit gain, less tracking error, and less movement intermittency for the ocular plant than EA tracking. With the vision of manual cursor, EH tracking achieved superior tracking congruency of the ocular and manual effectors with smaller movement intermittency than EHM tracking, except that the rate precision of manual action was similar for both types of tracking. The present study demonstrated that visibility of manual consequences altered mutual relationships between movement intermittency and tracking error. The speed pulse metrics of manual output were linked to ocular tracking error, and saccade events were time-locked to the positional error of manual tracking during EH tracking. In conclusion, peripheral non-visual information is critical to smooth pursuit characteristics and rate control of rhythmic manual tracking. Visual information adds to eye-hand synchrony, underlying improved amplitude control and elaborate error interpretation during oculo-manual tracking.
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14
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Boyle J, Kennedy D, Shea CH. Optimizing the control of high ID movements: rethinking the obvious. Exp Brain Res 2012; 223:377-87. [PMID: 23001371 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3266-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 09/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason Boyle
- Human Performance Laboratory, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA
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15
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Schaefer SY, Shelly IL, Thoroughman KA. Beside the point: motor adaptation without feedback-based error correction in task-irrelevant conditions. J Neurophysiol 2011; 107:1247-56. [PMID: 22157120 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00273.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of movement may be driven by the difference between planned and actual motor performance, or the difference between expected and actual sensory consequences of movement. To identify how the nervous system differentially uses these signals, we asked: does motor adaptation occur when movement errors are irrelevant to the task goal? Participants reached on a digitizing tablet from a fixed start location to one of three targets: a point, an arc, or a ray. For the arc, reaches could be in any direction, but to a specific extent. For the ray, reaches could be to any distance, but in a targeted direction. After baseline reaching to the point, the direction or extent of continuous visual feedback was perturbed during training with either a cursor rotation or gain, respectively, while reaching to either the ray (goal = direction) or the arc (goal = extent). The perturbation, therefore, was either relevant or irrelevant to the task goal, depending on target type. During interspersed catch trials, the perturbation was removed and the target switched back to the point, identical to baseline. Although the goal of baseline and catch trials was the same, significant aftereffects in catch trials indicated behavioral adaptation in response to the perturbation. Adaptation occurred regardless of whether the perturbation was relevant to the task, and it was independent of feedback control. The presence of adaptation orthogonal to task demands supports the hypothesis that the nervous system can rely on sensory prediction to drive motor learning that can generalize across tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Y Schaefer
- Program in Physical Therapy, School of Medicine, Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri 63130, USA
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16
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Does movement planning follow Fitts' law? Scaling anticipatory postural adjustments with movement speed and accuracy. Neuroscience 2010; 171:205-13. [PMID: 20804822 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Revised: 08/11/2010] [Accepted: 08/11/2010] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We wanted to determine whether movement planning followed Fitts' law by investigating the relationship between movement planning and movement performance in experienced dancers executing a typical classical ballet step in which the big toe was pointed to targets at different distances and of different widths so as to obtain several indices of difficulty (ID). Movement time, velocity and variability at the target were the variables of movement performance kinematics; movement planning was evaluated by analysis of anticipatory postural adjustments (APAs) to assess their modulation at different IDs. Movement time and peak of velocity were found to scale with the ID only when individual movement distance across target widths was entered into the analysis. APA magnitude and duration both scaled according to movement parameters but not in the same way. APA magnitude scaled with movement velocity, while APA duration was sensitive to the amplitude-to-accuracy ratio following the ID for movements performed in the shortest time interval when on-line feedback control is probably not available. Here we show that timing of muscle activation acts as an independent central command that triggers fine-tuning for speed-accuracy trade-off.
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17
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Tunik E, Houk JC, Grafton ST. Basal ganglia contribution to the initiation of corrective submovements. Neuroimage 2009; 47:1757-66. [PMID: 19422921 PMCID: PMC6368854 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2009.04.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2009] [Revised: 04/07/2009] [Accepted: 04/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the neural processes, with a focus on subcortical circuits, which govern corrective submovements in visually targeted action. During event-related fMRI, subjects moved a cursor to capture targets presented at varying movement amplitudes. Movements were performed in a rehearsed null and a novel viscous (25% random trials) torque field. Movement error feedback was provided after each trial. The viscous field invoked a significantly larger error at the end of the primary movement. Subjects compensated by producing more corrections than they had in the null condition. Corrective submovements were appropriately scaled such that terminal error was similar between the two conditions. Parametric analysis identified two regions where the BOLD signal correlated with the number of submovements per trial: a cerebellar region similar to the one noted in the task contrast and the contralateral dorsal putamen. A separate parametric analysis identified brain regions where activity correlated with movement amplitude. This identified the same cerebellar region as above, bilateral parietal cortex, and left motor and premotor cortex. Our data indicate that the basal ganglia and cerebellum play complementary roles in regulating ongoing actions when precise updating is required. The basal ganglia have a key role in contextually-based motor decision-making, i.e. for deciding if and when to correct a given movement by initiating corrective submovements, and the cerebellum is more generally involved in amplifying and refining the command signals for movements of different amplitudes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene Tunik
- Department of Rehabilitation and Movement Science, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, 07107, USA
| | - James C. Houk
- Department of Physiology M211, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, 303 E. Chicago Ave, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Scott T. Grafton
- Sage Center for the Study of Mind and the Department of Psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA 93106, USA
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, 03755, USA
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Nieuwenhuizen K, Aliakseyeu D, Martens JB. Insight into Goal-Directed Movements: Beyond Fitts’ Law. HUMAN-COMPUTER INTERACTION – INTERACT 2009 2009. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-03655-2_33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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19
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Submovements during pointing movements in Parkinson’s disease. Exp Brain Res 2008; 193:529-44. [PMID: 19048238 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-008-1656-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 11/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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20
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Origins of submovements in movements of elderly adults. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2008; 5:28. [PMID: 19014548 PMCID: PMC2628348 DOI: 10.1186/1743-0003-5-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Slowness is a well-recognized feature of movements in aging. One of the possible reasons for slowness suggested by previous research is production of corrective submovements that compensate for shortened primary submovement to the target. Here, we re-examine this traditional interpretation and argue that the majority of submovements in older adults may be a consequence rather than the cause of slowness. Methods Pointing movements in young and older adults were recorded. Conditions for submovement emergence were manipulated by using small and large targets and three movement modes: discrete (required stopping on the target), reciprocal (required reversal on the target), and passing (required crossing the target and stopping after that). Movements were parsed into a primary and secondary submovement based on zero-crossings of velocity (type 1 submovements), acceleration (type 2 submovements), and jerk (type 3 submovements). In the passing mode, secondary submovements were analyzed only after crossing the target to exclude that they were accuracy adjustments. Results Consistent with previous research, the primary submovement was shortened and total secondary submovement incidence was increased in older adults. However, comparisons across conditions suggested that many submovements were non-corrective in both groups. Type 1 submovements were non-corrective because they were more frequent for large than small targets. They predominantly emerged due to arm stabilization and energy dissipation during motion termination in the discrete and passing mode. Although type 2 and 3 submovements were more frequent for small than large targets, this trend was also observed in the passing mode, suggesting that many of these submovements were non-corrective. Rather, they could have been velocity fluctuations associated predominantly with low speed of movements to small targets. Conclusion The results question the traditional interpretation of frequent submovements in older adults as corrective adjustments. Rather, the increased incidence of submovements in older adults is directly related to low movement speed observed in aging, whereas the relationship between submovement incidence and target size is a result of speed-accuracy trade-off. Aging-related declines in muscular control that may contribute to the disproportional increases in submovement incidence during slow movements of older adults are discussed.
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Fradet L, Lee G, Dounskaia N. Origins of submovements during pointing movements. Acta Psychol (Amst) 2008; 129:91-100. [PMID: 18550020 DOI: 10.1016/j.actpsy.2008.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2007] [Revised: 04/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/25/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Submovements that are frequently observed in the final portion of pointing movements have traditionally been viewed as pointing accuracy adjustments. Here we re-examine this long-lasting interpretation by developing evidence that many of submovements may be non-corrective fluctuations arising from various sources of motor output variability. In particular, non-corrective submovements may emerge during motion termination and during motion of low speed. The contribution of these factors and the factor of accuracy regulation in submovement production is investigated here by manipulating movement mode (discrete, reciprocal, and passing) and target size (small and large). The three modes provided different temporal combinations of accuracy regulation and motion termination, thus allowing us to disentangle submovements associated with each factor. The target size manipulations further emphasized the role of accuracy regulation and provided variations in movement speed. Gross and fine submovements were distinguished based on the degree of perturbation of smooth motion. It was found that gross submovements were predominantly related to motion termination and not to pointing accuracy regulation. Although fine submovements were more frequent during movements to small than to large targets, other results show that they may also be not corrective submovements but rather motion fluctuations attributed to decreases in movement speed accompanying decreases in target size. Together, the findings challenge the traditional interpretation, suggesting that the majority of submovements are fluctuations emerging from mechanical and neural sources of motion variability. The implications of the findings for the mechanisms responsible for accurate target achievement are discussed.
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22
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van Doorn RRA. Manual asymmetries in the temporal and spatial control of aimed movements. Hum Mov Sci 2008; 27:551-76. [PMID: 18639362 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2007.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2007] [Revised: 11/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/21/2007] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Right-handed participants performed aimed, left- and right-hand movements toward a fixed target in speed and precision conditions. The purpose was to determine detailed hand differences in the temporal and spatial control during the course of a movement. The results showed that hand differences pertaining to spatial control of movement direction occurred throughout movement execution, and that these differences were stronger in the high speed and low precision conditions. Furthermore, the left hand took more time to execute a movement than the right hand, especially in conditions of low speed and high precision. Detailed time analysis revealed that slowing down of the left hand specifically happened prior to peak acceleration and beyond peak deceleration. These detailed temporal hand differences reoccurred as additional discontinuities in the acceleration profile. These results suggest that the left hand has more difficulty at movement start than the right hand, possibly in overcoming initial inertia. It is discussed whether time-based manual asymmetries located near the end of movement execution should be explained in terms of increased feedback use, or should be related to hand differences regarding the possible active dissipation of mechanical energy at movement completion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert R A van Doorn
- Faculty of Psychology, Maastricht University, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Lee G, Fradet L, Ketcham CJ, Dounskaia N. Efficient control of arm movements in advanced age. Exp Brain Res 2006; 177:78-94. [PMID: 16944112 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-006-0648-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study addresses the influence of aging on the ability to regulate mechanical effects arising during arm movements due to the multi-joint structure of the arm. Two mechanical factors were considered, interaction torque (IT) and inertial resistance (IR). Regulation of these two factors can be demanding in terms of the timing and magnitude of the required muscle torque (MT), specifically during fast movements. We hypothesized that aging exacerbates the challenge regarding the regulation of these effects with muscular control due to declines in the motor system. This hypothesis was tested by comparing performance of a cyclic line-drawing task in two age groups, young and older adults. Only two joints, the shoulder and elbow, participated in motion. Four orientations of the lines were used to provide variations in the requirements for regulation of IT and IR. Cyclic frequency was manipulated to emphasize the dependence of the mechanical factors on movement speed. Various characteristics of fingertip motion showed that there were no age-related deteriorations in accuracy of line drawing. However, older adults were systematically slower, particularly in the directions of high IR. A detailed analysis of the magnitude of MT and the contribution of this torque to production of net torque at each joint demonstrated that older adults modified joint control and decreased the demands for MT by skillful exploitation of IT in a way specific for each particular line orientation. The results point to a tendency in older adults to decrease the production of muscle force. Nevertheless, older adults also demonstrated an ability to partially compensate for declines in the force production by developing sophisticated strategies of joint control that exploit the multi-joint mechanical structure of the arm. This ability suggests that the internal representation of inter-segmental dynamics and the capability to use it for movement control does not decay with age. The study emphasizes the importance of analysis of joint motion and control characteristics for the investigation of arm movements and for comparison of these movements between different subject populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyusung Lee
- Department of Kinesiology, Movement Control and Biomechanics Lab, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-0404, USA
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