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Saito T, Ogihara N, Takei T, Seki K. Musculoskeletal Modeling and Inverse Dynamic Analysis of Precision Grip in the Japanese Macaque. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:774596. [PMID: 34955770 PMCID: PMC8693514 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.774596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Toward clarifying the biomechanics and neural mechanisms underlying coordinated control of the complex hand musculoskeletal system, we constructed an anatomically based musculoskeletal model of the Japanese macaque (Macaca fuscata) hand, and then estimated the muscle force of all the hand muscles during a precision grip task using inverse dynamic calculation. The musculoskeletal model was constructed from a computed tomography scan of one adult male macaque cadaver. The hand skeleton was modeled as a chain of rigid links connected by revolute joints. The path of each muscle was defined as a series of points connected by line segments. Using this anatomical model and a model-based matching technique, we constructed 3D hand kinematics during the precision grip task from five simultaneous video recordings. Specifically, we collected electromyographic and kinematic data from one adult male Japanese macaque during the precision grip task and two sequences of the precision grip task were analyzed based on inverse dynamics. Our estimated muscular force patterns were generally in agreement with simultaneously measured electromyographic data. Direct measurement of muscle activations for all the muscles involved in the precision grip task is not feasible, but the present inverse dynamic approach allows estimation for all the hand muscles. Although some methodological limitations certainly exist, the constructed model analysis framework has potential in clarifying the biomechanics and neural control of manual dexterity in macaques and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Saito
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Naomichi Ogihara
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Yokohama, Japan.,Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Takei
- Brain Science Institute, Tamagawa University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Seki
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Tokyo, Japan
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2
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Interlimb differences in coordination of unsupported reaching movements. Neuroscience 2017; 350:54-64. [PMID: 28344068 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Previous research suggests that interlimb differences in coordination associated with handedness might result from specialized control mechanisms that are subserved by different cerebral hemispheres. Based largely on the results of horizontal plane reaching studies, we have proposed that the hemisphere contralateral to the dominant arm is specialized for predictive control of limb dynamics, while the non-dominant hemisphere is specialized for controlling limb impedance. The current study explores interlimb differences in control of 3-D unsupported reaching movements. While the task was presented in the horizontal plane, participant's arms were unsupported and free to move within a range of the vertical axis, which was redundant to the task plane. Results indicated significant dominant arm advantages for both initial direction accuracy and final position accuracy. The dominant arm showed greater excursion along a redundant axis that was perpendicular to the task, and parallel to gravitational forces. In contrast, the non-dominant arm better impeded motion out of the task-plane. Nevertheless, non-dominant arm task errors varied substantially more with shoulder rotation excursion than did dominant arm task errors. These findings suggest that the dominant arm controller was able to take advantage of the redundant degrees of freedom of the task, while non-dominant task errors appeared enslaved to motion along the redundant axis. These findings are consistent with a dominant controller that is specialized for intersegmental coordination, and a non-dominant controller that is specialized for impedance control. However, the findings are inconsistent with previously documented conclusions from planar tasks, in which non-dominant control leads to greater final position accuracy.
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3
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Wang W, Dounskaia N. Neural control of arm movements reveals a tendency to use gravity to simplify joint coordination rather than to decrease muscle effort. Neuroscience 2016; 339:418-432. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 09/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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4
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Sartori L, Camperio-Ciani A, Bulgheroni M, Castiello U. Intersegmental Coordination in the Kinematics of Prehension Movements of Macaques. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0132937. [PMID: 26176232 PMCID: PMC4503540 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0132937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2014] [Accepted: 06/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The most popular model to explain how prehensile movements are organized assumes that they comprise two "components", the reaching component encoding information regarding the object's spatial location and the grasping component encoding information on the object's intrinsic properties such as size and shape. Comparative kinematic studies on grasping behavior in the humans and in macaques have been carried out to investigate the similarities and differences existing across the two species. Although these studies seem to favor the hypothesis that macaques and humans share a number of kinematic features it remains unclear how the reaching and grasping components are coordinated during prehension movements in free-ranging macaque monkeys. Twelve hours of video footage was filmed of the monkeys as they snatched food items from one another (i.e., snatching) or collect them in the absence of competitors (i.e., unconstrained). The video samples were analyzed frame-by-frame using digitization techniques developed to perform two-dimensional post-hoc kinematic analyses of the two types of actions. The results indicate that only for the snatching condition when the reaching variability increased there was an increase in the amplitude of maximum grip aperture. Besides, the start of a break-point along the deceleration phase of the velocity profile correlated with the time at which maximum grip aperture occurred. These findings suggest that macaques can spatially and temporally couple the reaching and the grasping components when there is pressure to act quickly. They offer a substantial contribution to the debate about the nature of how prehensile actions are programmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Sartori
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Umberto Castiello
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- Centro Linceo Interdisciplinare Beniamino Segre, Accademia dei Lincei, Roma, Italy
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5
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Nielson JL, Haefeli J, Salegio EA, Liu AW, Guandique CF, Stück ED, Hawbecker S, Moseanko R, Strand SC, Zdunowski S, Brock JH, Roy RR, Rosenzweig ES, Nout-Lomas YS, Courtine G, Havton LA, Steward O, Reggie Edgerton V, Tuszynski MH, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Ferguson AR. Leveraging biomedical informatics for assessing plasticity and repair in primate spinal cord injury. Brain Res 2014; 1619:124-38. [PMID: 25451131 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.10.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent preclinical advances highlight the therapeutic potential of treatments aimed at boosting regeneration and plasticity of spinal circuitry damaged by spinal cord injury (SCI). With several promising candidates being considered for translation into clinical trials, the SCI community has called for a non-human primate model as a crucial validation step to test efficacy and validity of these therapies prior to human testing. The present paper reviews the previous and ongoing efforts of the California Spinal Cord Consortium (CSCC), a multidisciplinary team of experts from 5 University of California medical and research centers, to develop this crucial translational SCI model. We focus on the growing volumes of high resolution data collected by the CSCC, and our efforts to develop a biomedical informatics framework aimed at leveraging multidimensional data to monitor plasticity and repair targeting recovery of hand and arm function. Although the main focus of many researchers is the restoration of voluntary motor control, we also describe our ongoing efforts to add assessments of sensory function, including pain, vital signs during surgery, and recovery of bladder and bowel function. By pooling our multidimensional data resources and building a unified database infrastructure for this clinically relevant translational model of SCI, we are now in a unique position to test promising therapeutic strategies' efficacy on the entire syndrome of SCI. We review analyses highlighting the intersection between motor, sensory, autonomic and pathological contributions to the overall restoration of function. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Spinal cord injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Nielson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Jenny Haefeli
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Ernesto A Salegio
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Aiwen W Liu
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Cristian F Guandique
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Ellen D Stück
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA (UCD), United States
| | - Rod Moseanko
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA (UCD), United States
| | - Sarah C Strand
- California National Primate Research Center (CNPRC), University of California, Davis, CA (UCD), United States
| | - Sharon Zdunowski
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (UCLA), United States
| | - John H Brock
- Center for Neural Repair, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (UCSD), United States
| | - Roland R Roy
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (UCLA), United States
| | - Ephron S Rosenzweig
- Center for Neural Repair, Department of Neurosciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA (UCSD), United States
| | - Yvette S Nout-Lomas
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Colorado State University, United States
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- Center for Neuroprosthetics and Brain Mind Institute, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), United States
| | - Leif A Havton
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center (RIRC), University of California, Irvine, CA (UCI), United States; Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Oswald Steward
- Reeve-Irvine Research Center (RIRC), University of California, Irvine, CA (UCI), United States; Departments of Anatomy & Neurobiology, Neurobiology & Behavior, and Neurosurgery, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - V Reggie Edgerton
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA (UCLA), United States
| | - Mark H Tuszynski
- Departments of Anesthesiology & Perioperative Care, Neurology, and Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States; Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Michael S Beattie
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Jacqueline C Bresnahan
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States
| | - Adam R Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA (UCSF), United States.
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Zhang L, Straube A, Eggert T. Torque response to external perturbation during unconstrained goal-directed arm movements. Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1173-84. [PMID: 24477761 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-3826-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
It is unclear to what extent control strategies of 2D reaching movements of the upper limbs also apply to movements with the full seven degrees of freedom (DoFs) including rotation of the forearm. An increase in DoFs may result in increased movement complexity and instability. This study investigates the trajectories of unconstrained reaching movements and their stability against perturbations of the upper arm. Reaching movements were measured using an ultrasound marker system, and the method of inverse dynamics was applied to compute the time courses of joint torques. In full DoF reaching movements, the velocity of some joint angles showed multiple peaks, while the bell-shaped profile of the tangential hand velocity was preserved. This result supports previous evidence that tangential hand velocity is an essential part of the movement plan. Further, torque responses elicited by external perturbation started shortly after perturbation, almost simultaneously with the perturbation-induced displacement of the arm, and were mainly observed in the same joint angles as the perturbation torques, with similar shapes but opposite signs. These results indicate that these torque responses were compensatory and contributed to system stabilization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany,
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7
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Reghem E, Chèze L, Coppens Y, Pouydebat E. The influence of body posture on the kinematics of prehension in humans and gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Exp Brain Res 2014; 232:1047-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3817-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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8
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How posture affects macaques’ reach-to-grasp movements. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:919-25. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3804-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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9
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Reghem E, Chèze L, Coppens Y, Pouydebat E. Unconstrained 3D-kinematics of prehension in five primates: Lemur, capuchin, gorilla, chimpanzee, human. J Hum Evol 2013; 65:303-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jhevol.2013.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2013] [Revised: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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10
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Sartori L, Camperio-Ciani A, Bulgheroni M, Castiello U. Reach-to-grasp movements in Macaca fascicularis monkeys: the Isochrony Principle at work. Front Psychol 2013; 4:114. [PMID: 23658547 PMCID: PMC3592261 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2013.00114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans show a spontaneous tendency to increase the velocity of their movements depending on the linear extent of their trajectory in order to keep execution time approximately constant. Termed the isochrony principle, this compensatory mechanism refers to the observation that the velocity of voluntary movements increases proportionally with their linear extension. Although there is a wealth of psychophysical data regarding isochrony in humans, there is none regarding non-human primates. The present study attempts to fill that gap by investigating reach-to-grasp movement kinematics in free-ranging macaques. Video footage of monkeys grasping objects located at different distances was analyzed frame-by-frame using digitalization techniques. The amplitude of arm peak velocity was found to be correlated with the distance to be covered, and total movement duration remained invariant although target distances varied. Like in humans, the "isochrony principle" seems to be operative as there is a gearing down/up of movement velocity that is proportional to the distance to be covered in order to allow for a relatively constant movement duration. Based on a centrally generated temporal template, this mode of motor programming could be functional in macaques given the high speed and great instability of posture and joint kinematics characterizing their actions. The data presented here take research in the field of comparative motor control a step forward as they are based on precise measurements of spontaneous grasping movements by animals living/acting in their natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Umberto Castiello
- Dipartimento di Psicologia Generale, University of PaduaPadua, Italy
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11
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Reaching and grasping behavior in Macaca fascicularis: a kinematic study. Exp Brain Res 2012; 224:119-24. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-012-3294-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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12
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Nout YS, Ferguson AR, Strand SC, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Zdunowski S, Nielson JL, Roy RR, Zhong H, Rosenzweig ES, Brock JH, Courtine G, Edgerton VR, Tuszynski MH, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC. Methods for functional assessment after C7 spinal cord hemisection in the rhesus monkey. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2012; 26:556-69. [PMID: 22331214 PMCID: PMC3468651 DOI: 10.1177/1545968311421934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reliable outcome measures are essential for preclinical modeling of spinal cord injury (SCI) in primates. MEASURES need to be sensitive to both increases and decreases in function in order to demonstrate potential positive or negative effects of therapeutics. OBJECTIVES To develop behavioral tests and analyses to assess recovery of function after SCI in the nonhuman primate. METHODS In all, 24 male rhesus macaques were subjected to complete C7 lateral hemisection. The authors scored recovery of function in an open field and during hand tasks in a restraining chair. In addition, EMG analyses were performed in the open field, during hand tasks, and while animals walked on a treadmill. Both control and treated monkeys that received candidate therapeutics were included in this report to determine whether the behavioral assays were capable of detecting changes in function over a wide range of outcomes. RESULTS The behavioral assays are shown to be sensitive to detecting a wide range of motor functional outcomes after cervical hemisection in the nonhuman primate. Population curves on recovery of function were similar across the different tasks; in general, the population recovers to about 50% of baseline performance on measures of forelimb function. CONCLUSIONS The behavioral outcome measures that the authors developed in this preclinical nonhuman primate model of SCI can detect a broad range of motor recovery. A set of behavioral assays is an essential component of a model that will be used to test efficacies of translational candidate therapies for SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S. Nout
- California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Hui Zhong
- University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - John H. Brock
- University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Mark H. Tuszynski
- University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Nout YS, Rosenzweig ES, Brock JH, Strand SC, Moseanko R, Hawbecker S, Zdunowski S, Nielson JL, Roy RR, Courtine G, Ferguson AR, Edgerton VR, Beattie MS, Bresnahan JC, Tuszynski MH. Animal models of neurologic disorders: a nonhuman primate model of spinal cord injury. Neurotherapeutics 2012; 9:380-92. [PMID: 22427157 PMCID: PMC3337011 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-012-0114-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Primates are an important and unique animal resource. We have developed a nonhuman primate model of spinal cord injury (SCI) to expand our knowledge of normal primate motor function, to assess the impact of disease and injury on sensory and motor function, and to test candidate therapies before they are applied to human patients. The lesion model consists of a lateral spinal cord hemisection at the C7 spinal level with subsequent examination of behavioral, electrophysiological, and anatomical outcomes. Results to date have revealed significant neuroanatomical and functional differences between rodents and primates that impact the development of candidate therapies. Moreover, these findings suggest the importance of testing some therapeutic approaches in nonhuman primates prior to the use of invasive approaches in human clinical trials. Our primate model is intended to: 1) lend greater positive predictive value to human translatable therapies, 2) develop appropriate methods for human translation, 3) lead to basic discoveries that might not be identified in rodent models and are relevant to human translation, and 4) identify new avenues of basic research to "reverse-translate" important questions back to rodent models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvette S. Nout
- />Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, College of Agriculture, California State Polytechnic University, Pomona, CA USA
| | - Ephron S. Rosenzweig
- />Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - John H. Brock
- />Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
| | - Sarah C. Strand
- />California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Rod Moseanko
- />California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Stephanie Hawbecker
- />California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA USA
| | - Sharon Zdunowski
- />Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, CA USA
- />Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Jessica L. Nielson
- />Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Roland R. Roy
- />Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, CA USA
- />Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Gregoire Courtine
- />Experimental Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Universität Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Adam R. Ferguson
- />Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - V. Reggie Edgerton
- />Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, Los Angeles, CA USA
- />Departments of Neurobiology and Neurosurgery, Los Angeles, CA USA
- />Brain Research Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, CA USA
| | - Michael S. Beattie
- />Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Jacqueline C. Bresnahan
- />Brain and Spinal Injury Center, Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, CA USA
| | - Mark H. Tuszynski
- />Department of Neurosciences, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA USA
- />Veterans Administration Medical Center, La Jolla, CA USA
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14
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Ferguson AR, Stück ED, Nielson JL. Syndromics: a bioinformatics approach for neurotrauma research. Transl Stroke Res 2011; 2:438-54. [PMID: 22207883 PMCID: PMC3236294 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-011-0121-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 10/14/2011] [Accepted: 10/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Substantial scientific progress has been made in the past 50 years in delineating many of the biological mechanisms involved in the primary and secondary injuries following trauma to the spinal cord and brain. These advances have highlighted numerous potential therapeutic approaches that may help restore function after injury. Despite these advances, bench-to-bedside translation has remained elusive. Translational testing of novel therapies requires standardized measures of function for comparison across different laboratories, paradigms, and species. Although numerous functional assessments have been developed in animal models, it remains unclear how to best integrate this information to describe the complete translational "syndrome" produced by neurotrauma. The present paper describes a multivariate statistical framework for integrating diverse neurotrauma data and reviews the few papers to date that have taken an information-intensive approach for basic neurotrauma research. We argue that these papers can be described as the seminal works of a new field that we call "syndromics", which aim to apply informatics tools to disease models to characterize the full set of mechanistic inter-relationships from multi-scale data. In the future, centralized databases of raw neurotrauma data will enable better syndromic approaches and aid future translational research, leading to more efficient testing regimens and more clinically relevant findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Ferguson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Ellen D. Stück
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
| | - Jessica L. Nielson
- Brain and Spinal Injury Center (BASIC), Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, 1001 Potrero Avenue, Building 1, Room 101, San Francisco, CA 94110 USA
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