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Andrade V, Carver NS, Grover FM, Bonnette S, Silva PL. The Amount and Pattern of Reciprocal Compensations Predict Performance Stability in a Visually Guided Finger Force Production Task. Motor Control 2024:1-22. [PMID: 38901830 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2023-0101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 04/15/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Previous work suggests that synergistic activity among motor elements implicated in force production tasks underlies enhanced performance stability associated with visual feedback. A hallmark of synergistic activity is reciprocal compensation, that is, covariation in the states of motor elements that stabilizes critical performance variables. The present study examined if characteristics of reciprocal compensation are indicators of individuals' capacity to respond adaptively to variations in the resolution of visual feedback about criterion performance. Twenty healthy adults (19.25 ± 1.25 years; 15 females and five males) pressed two sensors with their index fingers to produce a total target force equivalent to 20% of their maximal voluntary contraction under nine conditions that differed in the spatial resolution of real-time feedback about their performance. By combining within-trial uncontrolled manifold and sample entropy analyses, we quantified the amount and degree of irregularity (i.e., non-repetitiveness) of reciprocal compensations over time. We found a U-shaped relationship between performance stability and gain. Importantly, this relationship was moderated by the degree of irregularity of reciprocal compensation. Lower irregularity in reciprocal compensation patterns was related to individuals' capacity to maintain (or minimize losses in) performance under changes in feedback resolution. Results invite future investigation into how interindividual variations in reciprocal compensation patterns relate to differences in control strategies supporting adaptive responses in complex, visually guided motor tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valéria Andrade
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Nicole S Carver
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Francis M Grover
- Department of Physical Therapy and Human Movement Sciences, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Scott Bonnette
- Division of Sports Medicine, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Paula L Silva
- Department of Psychology, Center for Cognition, Action, & Perception, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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2
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Lee H, Lee TL, Kang N. Effects of visual feedback and force level on bilateral ankle-dorsiflexion force control. Neurosci Lett 2024; 824:137671. [PMID: 38346532 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2024.137671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/15/2024]
Abstract
This study investigated the potential effects of visual feedback and force level on bilateral force control capabilities in the lower limbs. Thirty-nine healthy young adults performed bilateral ankle-dorsiflexion isometric force control tasks for different visual feedback conditions, including continuous visual feedback (CVF) and withdrawal of visual feedback (WVF), indicating the removal of visual feedback on force outputs during the task and force level conditions (i.e., 10 % and 40 % of the maximum voluntary contraction). Bilateral force control capabilities were estimated using force accuracy, variability, regularity, and absolute power in 0-4 Hz and interlimb coordination by cross-correlation with time lag and uncontrolled manifold (UCM) variables. Correlation analyses determined the relationship between changes in bilateral force control capabilities and interlimb coordination from the CVF to WVF conditions. The findings revealed better bilateral force control capabilities in the CVF condition as indicated by less force error, variability, regularity, absolute power in 0-4 Hz, and advanced interlimb force coordination. From CVF to WVF conditions, increased bad variability correlated with greater force control deficits. These findings suggest that visuomotor processing is an important resource for successful fine motor control in the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajun Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Tae Lee Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute & Health Promotion Center, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
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3
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Lee TL, Ko DK, Kang N. Advanced Force Coordination of Lower Extremities During Visuomotor Control Task in Soccer Players. RESEARCH QUARTERLY FOR EXERCISE AND SPORT 2023:1-7. [PMID: 38100608 DOI: 10.1080/02701367.2023.2283034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 11/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: This study is aimed to determine specific bilateral lower extremity motor performances and coordination patterns in soccer players with healthy controls using the bilateral force control paradigm. We hypothesized that soccer players would show more advanced bilateral force control performances than untrained controls. Methods: Participants were 13 university soccer players and 13 healthy controls. Each group performed bilateral ankle dorsiflexion force control tasks across two vision conditions (i.e., vision and no-vision) and two targeted force levels (i.e., 10% and 40% maximum voluntary contraction). We calculated force accuracy, variability, and symmetry to assess force control performances. To estimate bilateral force coordination, we calculated Pearson's correlation coefficients between feet-within a single trial and considered uncontrolled manifold variables across multiple trials. In the no-vision condition, we performed secondary analyses for initial force control patters after removal of visual feedback. Results: There were no significant group differences in bilateral force accuracy and variability but, compared to the control group, soccer players showed higher force symmetry between left and right ankle dorsiflexion forces. For force coordination between feet, soccer players revealed more negative values of the correlation coefficient and greater good variability from the uncontrolled manifold analysis than those for the control group. The secondary analysis revealed no significant group differences in the time until force drift and amount of force adjustments. Conclusions: Soccer players have more compensatory and flexible interlimb force coordination strategies between feet.
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Lee JH, Kang N. Altered Bimanual Kinetic and Kinematic Motor Control Capabilities in Older Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2153. [PMID: 36767520 PMCID: PMC9915092 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Older women may experience critical neuromuscular impairments interfering with controlling successful bimanual motor actions. Our study aimed to investigate altered bimanual motor performances in older women compared with younger women by focusing on kinetic and kinematic motor properties. Twenty-two older women and 22 younger women performed bimanual kinetic and kinematic motor tasks. To estimate bimanual kinetic functions, we calculated bimanual maximal voluntary contractions (i.e., MVC) and force control capabilities (i.e., mean force, accuracy, variability, and regularity of the total force produced by two hands) during bimanual hand-grip submaximal force control tasks. For bimanual kinematic performances, we assessed the scores of the Purdue Pegboard Test (i.e., PPT) in both hands and assembly tasks, respectively. For the bimanual MVC and PPT, we conducted an independent t-test between two groups. The bimanual force control capabilities were analyzed using two-way mixed ANOVAs (Group × Force Level; 2 × 2). Our findings revealed that the older women showed less bimanual MVC (p = 0.046) and submaximal force outputs (p = 0.036) and greater changes in bimanual force control capabilities as indicated by a greater force variability (p = 0.017) and regularity (p = 0.014). Further, the older women revealed lower scores of PPT in both the hands condition (p < 0.001) and assembly task condition (p < 0.001). The additional correlation analyses for the older women showed that lower levels of skeletal muscle mass were related to less bimanual MVC (r = 0.591; p = 0.004). Furthermore, a higher age was related to lower scores in the bimanual PPT assembly task (r = -0.427; p = 0.048). These findings suggested that older women experience greater changes in bimanual motor functions compared with younger women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
- Division of Sport Science, Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon 22012, Republic of Korea
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Bauer P, Gomes JS, Oliveira J, Santos P, Pezarat-Correia P, Vaz JR. Torque Regulation Is Influenced by the Nature of the Isometric Contraction. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:726. [PMID: 36679523 PMCID: PMC9861772 DOI: 10.3390/s23020726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effects of a continuous visual feedback and the isometric contraction nature on the complexity and variability of force. Thirteen healthy and young male adults performed three MVCs followed by three submaximal isometric force tasks at a target force of 40% of their MVC for 30 s, as follows: (i) push isometric task with visual feedback (Pvisual); (ii) hold isometric task with visual feedback (Hvisual); (iii) hold isometric task without visual feedback (Hnon-visual). Force complexity was evaluated through sample entropy (SampEn) of the force output. Force variability was analyzed through the coefficient of variation (CV). Results showed that differences were task-related, with Pvisual showing higher complexity (i.e., higher SampEn) and decreased variability (i.e., lower CV) when compared with the remaining tasks. Additionally, no significant differences were found between the two hold isometric force tasks (i.e., no influence of visual feedback). Our results are promising as we showed these two isometric tasks to induce different motor control strategies. Furthermore, we demonstrated that visual feedback's influence is also dependent on the type of isometric task. These findings should motivate researchers and physiologists to shift training paradigms and incorporate different force control evaluation tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Bauer
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - João Sá Gomes
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
| | - João Oliveira
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Paulo Santos
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pedro Pezarat-Correia
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - João R. Vaz
- Centro Interdisciplinar de Performance Humana (CIPER), Neuromuscular Research Lab, Faculty of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, 1495-751 Lisbon, Portugal
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre Egas Moniz (CiiEM), Egas Moniz School of Health & Science, 2829-511 Almada, Portugal
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Transcranial direct current stimulation influences repetitive bimanual force control and interlimb force coordination. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:313-323. [PMID: 36512062 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06526-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the potential effect of bilateral transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on repetitive bimanual force control and force coordination in healthy young adults. In this sham-controlled crossover study, 18 right-handed young adults were enrolled. Repetitive bimanual handgrip force control trials were performed by the participants at 40% of maximum voluntary contraction until task failure. We randomly provided bilateral active and sham tDCS to the primary motor cortex (M1) of each participant before conducting the repetitive bimanual force control task. We quantified the number of successful trials to assess the ability to maintain bimanual force control across multiple trials. Moreover, we estimated bimanual force control and force coordination by quantifying force accuracy, variability, regularity, and correlation coefficient in maximal and adjusted successful trials. Force asymmetry was calculated to examine potential changes in motor dependency on each hand during the task. Bilateral tDCS significantly increased the number of successful trials compared with sham tDCS. The adjusted successful trial revealed that participants who received bilateral tDCS maintained better bimanual force control and coordination, as indicated by decreased force variability and regularity as well as more negative correlation coefficient values in comparison with sham condition. Moreover, participants who received bilateral tDCS produced more force from the dominant hand than from the nondominant hand in both maximal and adjusted successful trials. These findings suggest that bilateral tDCS on M1 successfully maintains bimanual force control with better force coordination by modulating motor dependency.
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Higher visual gain contributions to bilateral motor synergies and force control. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18271. [PMID: 36316473 PMCID: PMC9622729 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23274-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of altered visual gain levels on bilateral motor synergies determined by the uncontrolled manifold (UCM) hypothesis and force control. Twelve healthy participants performed bimanual index finger abduction force control tasks at 20% of their maximal voluntary contraction across four different visual gain conditions: 8, 80, 256, and 512 pixels/N. Quantifying force accuracy and variability within a trial provided a bimanual force control outcome. The UCM analysis measured bilateral motor synergies, a proportion of good variance to bad variance across multiple trials. Correlation analyses determined whether changes in the UCM variables were related to changes in force control variables from the lowest to highest visual gain conditions, respectively. Multiple analyses indicated that the three highest visual gain conditions in comparison to the lowest visual gain increased values of bilateral motor synergies and target force accuracy. The correlation findings showed that a reduction of bad variance from the lowest to three highest visual gain conditions was related to increased force accuracy. These findings reveal that visual gain greater than 8 pixels/N facilitates bimanual force control.
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A Dynamical Approach to the Uncontrolled Manifold: Predicting Performance Error During Steady-State Isometric Force Production. Motor Control 2022; 26:536-557. [PMID: 35894879 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2021-0105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The uncontrolled manifold (UCM) approach quantifies the presence of compensatory variability between musculoskeletal elements involved in a motor task. This approach has proved useful for identifying synergistic control strategies for a variety of everyday motor tasks and for investigating how control strategies are affected by motor pathology. However, the UCM approach is limited in its ability to relate compensatory motor variance directly to task performance because variability along the UCM is mathematically agnostic to performance. We present a new approach to UCM analysis that quantifies patterns of irregularity in the compensatory variability between motor elements over time. In a bimanual isometric force stabilization task, irregular patterns of compensation between index fingers predicted greater performance error associated with difficult task conditions, in particular for individuals who exploited a larger set of compensatory strategies (i.e., a larger subspace of the UCM). This relationship between the amount and structure of compensatory motor variance might be an expression of underlying processes supporting performance resilience.
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Low-Frequency Oscillations and Force Control Capabilities as a Function of Force Level in Older Women. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12041812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Force variability is potentially related to altered low-frequency oscillations in motor outputs. This study examines the contributions of low-frequency oscillations in force to altered force control performances from lower to higher targeted force levels in older women. Fourteen older women executed unilateral hand-grip force control tasks at 10% and 40% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC). Force control performances were estimated by calculating force accuracy (root-mean-square-error), force variability (standard deviation), and force regularity (approximate entropy). We additionally quantified low-frequency oscillations in force using absolute powers across four different frequency bands: (a) 0–0.5 Hz, (b) 0.5–1.0 Hz, (c) 1.0–1.5 Hz, and (d) 1.5–2.0 Hz. The findings reveal that from lower to higher targeted force level older women show greater force error, force variability, and force regularity with increased values of absolute power in force across the four frequency bands. The multiple regression models identified a significant relationship between greater force frequency power below 0.5 Hz and more impairments in force control performances. These findings suggest that force frequency oscillation below 0.5 Hz is a key predictor indicating altered stability of task performances across different targeted force levels in older women.
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Visual feedback improves bimanual force control performances at planning and execution levels. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21149. [PMID: 34707163 PMCID: PMC8551182 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00721-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different visual conditions and targeted force levels on bilateral motor synergies and bimanual force control performances. Fourteen healthy young participants performed bimanual isometric force control tasks by extending their wrists and fingers under two visual feedback conditions (i.e., vision and no-vision) and three targeted force levels (i.e., 5%, 25%, and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction: MVC). To estimate bilateral motor synergies across multiple trials, we calculated the proportion of good variability relative to bad variability using an uncontrolled manifold analysis. To assess bimanual force control performances within a trial, we used the accuracy, variability, and regularity of total forces produced by two hands. Further, analysis included correlation coefficients between forces from the left and right hands. In addition, we examined the correlations between altered bilateral motor synergies and force control performances from no-vision to vision conditions for each targeted force level. Importantly, our findings revealed that the presence of visual feedback increased bilateral motor synergies across multiple trials significantly with a reduction of bad variability as well as improved bimanual force control performances within a trial based on higher force accuracy, lower force variability, less force regularity, and decreased correlation coefficients between hands. Further, we found two significant correlations in (a) increased bilateral motor synergy versus higher force accuracy at 5% of MVC and (b) increased bilateral motor synergy versus lower force variability at 50% of MVC. Together, these results suggested that visual feedback effectively improved both synergetic coordination behaviors across multiple trials and stability of task performance within a trial across various submaximal force levels.
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Kyeong Kim R, Park C, Jeon K, Park K, Kang N. Different unilateral force control strategies between athletes and non-athletes. J Biomech 2021; 129:110830. [PMID: 34736089 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2021.110830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated continuous visuomotor tracking capabilities between athletes and non-athlete controls using isometric force control paradigm. Nine female athletes and nine female age-matched controls performed unilateral hand-grip force control tasks with their dominant and non-dominant hands at 10% and 40% of maximal voluntary contraction (MVC), respectively. Three conventional outcome measures on force control capabilities included mean force, force accuracy, and force variability, and we additionally calculated two nonlinear dynamics variables including force regularity using sample entropy and force stability using maximal Lyapunov exponent. Finally, we performed correlation analyses to determine the relationship between nonlinear dynamics variables and conventional measures for each group. The findings indicated that force control capabilities as indicated by three conventional measures were not significantly different between athlete and non-athlete control groups. However, the athletes revealed less force regularity and greater force stability across hand conditions and targeted force levels than those in non-athlete controls. The correlation analyses found that increased force regularity (i.e., less sample entropy values) at 10% of MVC and decreased force regularity (i.e., greater sample entropy values) at 40% of MVC were significantly related to improved force accuracy and variability for the athlete group, and these patterns were not observed in the non-athlete control group. These findings suggested that the athletes may use different adaptive force control strategies as indicated by nonlinear dynamics tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rye Kyeong Kim
- Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Chaneun Park
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Human Dynamics Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kyoungkyu Jeon
- Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Health Promotion Center & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Kiwon Park
- Department of Mechatronics Engineering, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Human Dynamics Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Division of Sport Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea; Health Promotion Center & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.
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Marcel-Millet P, Gimenez P, Groslambert A, Ravier G, Grospretre S. The type of visual biofeedback influences maximal handgrip strength and activation strategies. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 121:1607-1616. [PMID: 33649937 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04640-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated the effects of force and electromyographic (EMG) feedbacks on forearm muscle activations and handgrip maximal isometric voluntary contraction (MIVC). METHODS Sixteen males performed a set of MIVC in four different feedback conditions: (1) NO-FB: no feedback is given to the participant; (2) FORCE-FB: participants received a visual feedback of the produced force; (3) AGO-FB: participants received a visual feedback of the EMG activity of two agonist grip muscles; (4) ANTAGO-FB: participants received a visual feedback of the EMG activity of two hand extensors muscles. Each feedback was displayed by monitoring the signal of either force or electrical activity of the corresponding muscles. RESULTS Compared to NO-FB, FORCE-FB was associated with a higher MIVC force (+ 11%, P < 0.05), a higher EMG activity of agonist and antagonist muscles (+ 8.7% and + 9.2%, respectively, P < 0.05) and a better MIVC/EMG ratio with the agonist muscles (P < 0.05). AGO-FB was associated with a higher EMG activity of agonist muscles (P < 0.05) and ANTAGO-FB was associated with a higher EMG activity of antagonist muscles (P < 0.05). MIVC force was higher in the agonist feedback condition than in the antagonist feedback condition (+ 5.9%, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our results showed that the MIVC force can be influenced by different visuals feedback, such as force or EMG feedbacks. Moreover, these results suggested that the type of feedback employed could modify the EMG-to-force relationships. Finally, EMG biofeedback could represent an interesting tool to optimize motor strategies. But in the purpose of performing the highest strength independently of the strategy, the force feedback should be recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philémon Marcel-Millet
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sports, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Philippe Gimenez
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sports, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Alain Groslambert
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sports, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Gilles Ravier
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sports, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France
| | - Sidney Grospretre
- EA4660, C3S Laboratory, UPFR Sports, University of Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 31, Chemin de l'Epitaphe, 25000, Besançon, France.
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Lee JH, Kang N. Effects of online-bandwidth visual feedback on unilateral force control capabilities. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238367. [PMID: 32941453 PMCID: PMC7498075 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The purpose of this study was to examine how different threshold ranges of online-bandwidth visual feedback influence unilateral force control capabilities in healthy young women. Methods Twenty-five right-handed young women (mean±standard deviation age = 23.6±1.5 years) participated in this study. Participants unilaterally executed hand-grip force control tasks with their dominant and non-dominant hands, respectively. Each participant completed four experimental blocks in a different order of block presentation for each hand condition: (a) 10% of maximum voluntary contraction (MVC) with ±5% bandwidth threshold range (BTR), (b) 10% of MVC with ±10% BTR, (c) 40% of MVC with ±5% BTR, and (d) 40% of MVC with ±10% BTR. Outcome measures on force control capabilities included: (a) force accuracy, (b) force variability, (c) force regularity, and (d) the number of times and duration out of BTR. Results The non-dominant hand showed significant improvements in force control capabilities, as indicated by higher force accuracy, less force variability, and decreased force regularity from ±10% BTR to ±5% BTR during higher targeted force level task. For both hands, the number of times and duration out of BTR increased from ±10% BTR to ±5% BTR. Conclusions The current findings suggested that the narrow threshold range of online-bandwidth visual feedback effectively revealed transient improvements in unilateral isometric force control capabilities during higher targeted force level tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joon Ho Lee
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Department of Human Movement Science, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- Division of Sport Science & Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail:
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14
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Satas A, Jurgelaitiene G, Brazaitis M, Eimantas N, Skurvydas A. Effect of knee extensors muscles fatigue on bilateral force accuracy, variability, and coordination. Hum Mov Sci 2020; 72:102659. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2020.102659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kang N, Roberts LM, Aziz C, Cauraugh JH. Age-related deficits in bilateral motor synergies and force coordination. BMC Geriatr 2019; 19:287. [PMID: 31651243 PMCID: PMC6814115 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-019-1285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ageing may cause impairments in executing bilateral movement control. This study investigated age-related changes in interlimb force coordination across multiple trials by quantifying bilateral motor synergies based on the uncontrolled manifold hypothesis. Participants completed the trials with and without visual feedback. Methods Twenty healthy individuals (10 older adults and 10 young adults) performed 12 isometric force control trials for the two vision conditions at 5% of maximal voluntary contraction. All dependent variables were analyzed in two-way mixed model (Group × Vision Condition; 2 × 2) ANOVAs with repeated measures on the last factor. Results The analyses revealed that older adults had greater mean force produced by two hands in both vision conditions (i.e., yes and no visual feedback). Across both vision conditions, the older adult group showed greater asymmetrical force variability (i.e., standard deviation of non-dominant hand > standard deviation of dominant hand) and revealed more positive correlation coefficients between forces produced by two hands as compared with the young adult group. Finally, an index of bilateral motor synergies was significantly greater in young adults than older adults when visual feedback was available. Conclusion The current findings indicate that deficits in interlimb force coordination across multiple trials appeared in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyeonju Kang
- Division of Sport Science and Sport Science Institute, Incheon, South Korea.,Neuromechanical Rehabilitation Research Laboratory, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8206, USA
| | - Lisa M Roberts
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8206, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Clara Aziz
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8206, USA
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8206, USA.
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Choi J, Yeoh WL, Loh PY, Muraki S. Force and electromyography responses during isometric force release of different rates and step-down magnitudes. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 67:102516. [PMID: 31539754 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
This study investigated motor responses of force release during isometric elbow flexion by comparing effects of different ramp durations and step-down magnitudes. Twelve right-handed participants (age: 23.1 ± 1.1) performed trajectory tracking tasks. Participants were instructed to release their force from the reference magnitude (REF; 40% of maximal voluntary contraction force) to a step-down magnitude of 67% REF or 33% REF and maintain the released magnitude. Force release was guided by ramp durations of either 1 s or 5 s. Electromyography of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii was performed during the experimental task, and the co-contraction ratio was evaluated. Force output was recorded to evaluate the parameters of motor performance, such as force variability and overshoot ratio. Although a longer ramp duration of 5 s decreased the force variability and overshoot ratio than did shorter ramp duration of 1 s, higher perceived exertion and co-contraction ratio were followed. Force variability was greater when force was released to the step-down magnitude of 33% REF than that when the magnitude was 67% REF, however, the overshoot ratio showed opposite results. This study provided evidence proving that motor control strategies adopted for force release were affected by both duration and step-down magnitude. In particular, it implies that different control strategies are required according to the level of step-down magnitude with a relatively short ramp duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeewon Choi
- Department of Human Science, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan.
| | - Wen Liang Yeoh
- Department of Human Science, Graduate School of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Ping Yeap Loh
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
| | - Satoshi Muraki
- Department of Human Science, Faculty of Design, Kyushu University, 4-9-1 Shiobaru, Minami-ku, Fukuoka 815-8540, Japan
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17
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Effects of Proprioception and Visual Focus of Attention on Surface Electromyography Proportional Control. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9040730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper aimed to study the influence of proprioception and visual focus of attention on predicting elbow angles. The experiments were conducted in two directions with three psychological factors in each direction. Then, the method of pattern recognition was used to predict the elbow angles. Finally, the accuracy of the predicted error was verified by using the root mean square error, and the coherence coefficient of the myocardium was used to analyze the effect of various factors on the recognition accuracy. The results showed that a change in the subject’s external focus of attention and proprioception improved the recognition accuracy of the elbow. The methods and results of the paper can be the basis to optimize surface electromyography (sEMG) control. Finding the relationship between psychological factors and control could enable improvements in the performance of human–computer interactions.
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Right Hemisphere Contributions to Bilateral Force Control in Chronic Stroke: A Preliminary Report. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3218-3223. [PMID: 30093198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bilateral motor control deficits poststroke may be lateralized by hemisphere damage. This preliminary study investigated bilateral force control between left and right hemisphere-damaged groups at baseline and after coupled bilateral movement training with neuromuscular stimulation. METHODS Stroke participants (8 left hemisphere and 6 right hemisphere cerebrovascular accidents) performed a bilateral isometric force control task at 3 submaximal force levels (5%, 25%, and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction [MVC]) before and after training. Force accuracy, force variability, and interlimb force coordination were analyzed in 3-way mixed design ANOVAs (2 × 2 × 3; Group × Test Session × Force Level) with repeated measures on test session and force level. RESULTS The findings indicated that force accuracy and variability at 50% of MVC in the right hemisphere-damaged group were more impaired than lower targeted force levels at baseline, and the impairment at the highest target level was improved after coupled bilateral movement training. However, these patterns were not observed in the left hemisphere-damaged group. CONCLUSIONS Current findings support a proposition that the right hemisphere presumably contributes to controlling bilateral force production.
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19
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Kang N, Cauraugh JH. Coherence and interlimb force control: Effects of visual gain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 668:86-91. [PMID: 29337009 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Neural coupling across hemispheres and homologous muscles often appears during bimanual motor control. Force coupling in a specific frequency domain may indicate specific bimanual force coordination patterns. This study investigated coherence on pairs of bimanual isometric index finger force while manipulating visual gain and task asymmetry conditions. We used two visual gain conditions (low and high gain = 8 and 512 pixels/N), and created task asymmetry by manipulating coefficient ratios imposed on the left and right index finger forces (0.4:1.6; 1:1; 1.6:0.4, respectively). Unequal coefficient ratios required different contributions from each hand to the bimanual force task resulting in force asymmetry. Fourteen healthy young adults performed bimanual isometric force control at 20% of their maximal level of the summed force of both fingers. We quantified peak coherence and relative phase angle between hands at 0-4, 4-8, and 8-12 Hz, and estimated a signal-to-noise ratio of bimanual forces. The findings revealed higher peak coherence and relative phase angle at 0-4 Hz than at 4-8 and 8-12 Hz for both visual gain conditions. Further, peak coherence and relative phase angle values at 0-4 Hz were larger at the high gain than at the low gain. At the high gain, higher peak coherence at 0-4 Hz collapsed across task asymmetry conditions significantly predicted greater signal-to-noise ratio. These findings indicate that a greater level of visual information facilitates bimanual force coupling at a specific frequency range related to sensorimotor processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyeonju Kang
- Division of Sport Science, Incheon, South Korea; Sport Science Institute, Incheon National University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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Abramovich TI, Gorkovenro AV, Vereshchaka IV, Tal’nov AN, Mishchenko VS, Kostyukov AI. Peculiarities of Activation of Human Muscles in Realization of Cyclic Bimanual Movements with Different Organization of the Cycles. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-016-9566-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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21
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Lafe CW, Pacheco MM, Newell KM. Adapting relative phase of bimanual isometric force coordination through scaling visual information intermittency. Hum Mov Sci 2016; 47:186-196. [PMID: 27017544 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Visual information plays an adaptive role in the relation between bimanual force coupling and error corrective processes of isometric force control. In the present study, the evolving distribution of the relative phase properties of bimanual isometric force coupling was examined by scaling within a trial the temporal feedback rate of visual intermittency (short to long presentation intervals and vice versa). The force error (RMSE) was reduced, and time-dependent irregularity (SampEn) of the force output was increased with greater amounts of visual information (shorter intermittency). Multi-stable coordination patterns of bimanual isometric force control were differentially shifted toward and away from the intrinsic dynamics by the changing the intermittency of visual information. The distribution of Hilbert transformed relative phase values showed progressively a predominantly anti-phase mode under less intermittent visual information to predominantly an in-phase mode with limited (almost no) visual information. Correlation between the hands showed a continuous reduction, rather than abrupt "transition," with increase in visual information, although no mean negative correlation was realized, despite the tendency towards an anti-phase distribution. Lastly, changes in both the performance outcome and bimanual isometric force coordination occurred at visual feedback rates faster than the minimal visual processing times established from single limb movement and isometric force protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charley W Lafe
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, USA.
| | | | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, The University of Georgia, USA
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22
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Bimanual coordination and the intermittency of visual information in isometric force tracking. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:2025-2034. [PMID: 26960740 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The effect of the intermittency of visual information in the bimanual coordination of an isometric force coordination task was investigated as a function of criterion force level. Eight levels of visual information intermittency (.2-25.6 Hz) were used in blocked fashion at each force level. Participants were required to produce a constant force output matching as accurately as possible the criterion force target. The results showed that performance improved as the intermittency of visual information was reduced-this effect being a function of force level. The distribution of the relative phase through the trial revealed a preference for the two hands to be coupled together (in-phase) at the slower rates of visual presentation (~.2 Hz). However, as the rate of visual feedback was increased (up to ~25.6 Hz), there was a transition to predominantly a negative correlation pattern (anti-phase). The pattern of bimanual coordination in this isometric tracking task is driven by the availability of information for error correction and the interactive influence of perceptual-motor constraints.
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Bhullar A, Kang N, Idica J, Christou EA, Cauraugh JH. Increased visual information gain improves bimanual force coordination. Neurosci Lett 2015; 608:23-7. [PMID: 26455961 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 09/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amitoj Bhullar
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Nyeonju Kang
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Jerelyne Idica
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Evangelos A Christou
- Neuromuscular Physiology Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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24
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Masumoto J, Inui N. Motor control hierarchy in joint action that involves bimanual force production. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:3736-43. [PMID: 25904710 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00313.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The concept of hierarchical motor control has been viewed as a means of progressively decreasing the number of variables manipulated by each higher control level. We tested the hypothesis that turning an individual bimanual force-production task into a joint (two-participant) force-production task would lead to positive correlation between forces produced by the two hands of the individual participant (symmetric strategy) to enable negative correlation between forces produced by two participants (complementary strategy). The present study consisted of individual and joint tasks that involved both unimanual and bimanual conditions. In the joint task, 10 pairs of participants produced periodic isometric forces, such that the sum of forces that they produced matched a target force cycling between 5% and 10% of maximum voluntary contraction at 1 Hz. In the individual task, individuals attempted to match the same target force. In the joint bimanual condition, the two hands of each participant adopted a symmetric strategy of force, whereas the two participants adopted a complementary strategy of force, highlighting that the bimanual action behaved as a low level of a hierarchy, whereas the joint action behaved as an upper level. The complementary force production was greater interpersonally than intrapersonally. However, whereas the coherence was highest at 1 Hz in all conditions, the frequency synchrony was stronger intrapersonally than interpersonally. Moreover, whereas the bimanual action exhibited a smaller error and variability of force than the unimanual action, the joint action exhibited a less-variable interval and force than the individual action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masumoto
- The Joint Graduate School in Science of School Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Kato, Japan; and
| | - Nobuyuki Inui
- Laboratory of Human Motor Control, Naruto University of Education, Naruto, Japan
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25
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Force control in chronic stroke. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2015; 52:38-48. [PMID: 25704075 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 01/29/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Force control deficits are common dysfunctions after a stroke. This review concentrates on various force control variables associated with motor impairments and suggests new approaches to quantifying force control production and modulation. Moreover, related neurophysiological mechanisms were addressed to determine variables that affect force control capabilities. Typically, post stroke force control impairments include: (a) decreased force magnitude and asymmetrical forces between hands, (b) higher task error, (c) greater force variability, (d) increased force regularity, and (e) greater time-lag between muscular forces. Recent advances in force control analyses post stroke indicated less bimanual motor synergies and impaired low-force frequency structure. Brain imaging studies demonstrate possible neurophysiological mechanisms underlying force control impairments: (a) decreased activation in motor areas of the ipsilesional hemisphere, (b) increased activation in secondary motor areas between hemispheres, (c) cerebellum involvement, and (d) relatively greater interhemispheric inhibition from the contralesional hemisphere. Consistent with identifying neurophysiological mechanisms, analyzing bimanual motor synergies as well as low-force frequency structure will advance our understanding of post stroke force control.
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26
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Kang N, Cauraugh JH. Bimanual force variability in chronic stroke: With and without visual information. Neurosci Lett 2015; 587:41-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.12.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2014] [Revised: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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27
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Kang N, Cauraugh JH. Paretic hand unimanual force control: Improved submaximal force production and regularity. Neurosci Res 2014; 94:79-86. [PMID: 25527304 DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2014.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The purpose was to investigate force control capabilities in paretic hands during unimanual movements after coupled bimanual movement training and neuromuscular stimulation on impaired muscles. Nineteen chronic stroke participants completed 90 min of rehabilitation per week for six consecutive weeks. Before and after training, volunteers performed unimanual submaximal force control tasks at 5% and 50% of maximum voluntary contraction with their paretic and non-paretic hands. Force control measures included submaximal force production, force variability, accuracy, and regularity. Two major findings on paretic hands after training revealed: (a) greater submaximal force production across force levels and (b) less regular force outputs. Paretic hand control improved after coupled bimanual movement training as evidenced by submaximal force production and force regularity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyeonju Kang
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - James H Cauraugh
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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28
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Kennedy DM, Boyle JB, Wang C, Shea CH. Bimanual force control: cooperation and interference? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 80:34-54. [PMID: 25481636 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were designed to determine the level of cooperation or interference observed from the forces generated in one limb on the forces exhibited by the contralateral limb when one or both limbs were producing a constant force (Experiment 1), one limb was producing a dynamic force while the other limb was producing a constant force (Experiment 2), and both limbs were producing dynamic force patterns (Experiment 3). The results for both Experiments 1 and 2 showed relatively strong positive time series cross correlations between the left and right limb forces indicating increases or decreases in the forces generated by one limb resulted in corresponding changes in the forces produced by the homologous muscles of the contralateral limb. Experiment 3 required participants to coordinate 1:1 and 1:2 rhythmical bimanual force production tasks when provided Lissajous feedback. The results indicated very effective performance of both bimanual coordination patterns. However, identifiable influences of right limb forces on the left limb force time series were observed in the 1:2 coordination pattern but not in the 1:1 pattern. The results of all three experiments support the notion that neural crosstalk is partially responsible for the stabilities and instabilities associated with bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Kennedy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Jason B Boyle
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Chaoyi Wang
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Charles H Shea
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
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29
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Effects of visual feedback absence on force control during isometric contraction. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:507-19. [PMID: 25366253 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3036-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the study was to evaluate the force control in the complete absence of visual feedback and the effect of repeated contractions without visual feedback. METHODS Twelve physically active males (age 23 ± 1 years; stature 1.74 ± 0.07 m; body mass 71 ± 6 kg) performed isometric tasks at 20, 40 and 60% maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) for 20 s. For each intensity, a trial with force visual feedback (FB) was followed by 3 trials without FB (noFB-1, noFB-2, noFB-3). During contraction, force and surface electromyogram (EMG) from the vastus lateralis muscle were recorded. From force signal, the coefficient of variation (CV, force stability index), the distance of force from target (ΔF, force accuracy index) and the time within the target (t-target) were determined. From EMG signal, the root mean square (RMS) and mean frequency (MF) were calculated. RESULTS MVC was 679.14 ± 38.22 N. In noFB-1, CV was similar to FB, ΔF was higher and t-target lower (P < 0.05) than in FB. EMG-RMS in noFB-1 was lower than in FB at 40 and 60%MVC (P < 0.05). A decrease in ΔF between noFB-1 and noFB-3 (P < 0.05) and an increase in t-target from noFB-1 to noFB-3 (P < 0.05) occurred at 20% MVC. A difference in EMG-RMS among noFB conditions was retrieved only at 60% MVC (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the complete absence of visual feedback decreased force accuracy but did not affect force stability. Moreover, the repetition of noFB trials improved force accuracy at low exercise intensity, suggesting that real-time visual information could be obviated by other feedbacks for force control.
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30
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Rhythmical bimanual force production: homologous and non-homologous muscles. Exp Brain Res 2014; 233:181-95. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-014-4102-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 09/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Critchley K, Kokubu M, Iemitsu M, Fujita S, Isaka T. Age-related differences in the availability of visual feedback during bimanual pinch. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 114:1925-32. [PMID: 24907975 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-2916-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/15/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Previous research has indicated that older adults have significantly lower accuracy in terms of force control than young adults. In addition, accuracy of force control is known to decrease in the absence of visual feedback. However, whether the effect of visual feedback on fine motor control is similar for young adults and older adults is not clear. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to examine the effect of visual feedback on bimanual pinch force control in older adults. METHODS Thirty-one undergraduate students (age 19.7 ± 0.9 years) and 31 older adults (age 65.1 ± 8.1 years) participated in this study. After measuring finger-pinch maximal voluntary force (MVF), the participants were asked to maintain 10% MVF as steadily as possible in two different conditions: with visual feedback (visual feedback condition; VF condition) and without visual feedback (no visual feedback condition; NVF condition). RESULTS We found that older adults had significantly greater targeting error and force variability than young adults in the VF condition, but not in the NVF condition. In addition, older participants exhibited a significantly greater sum of power for the 0-4 and 4-8 Hz frequency bin than young adults (p < 0.05) in the VF condition, although there was no significant difference in the NVF condition. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that older adults do not use visual information as effectively as younger adults to reduce force control error.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumi Critchley
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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Kang N, Cauraugh JH. Force control improvements in chronic stroke: bimanual coordination and motor synergy evidence after coupled bimanual movement training. Exp Brain Res 2013; 232:503-13. [PMID: 24212257 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bimanual movement disorders are common dysfunctions post stroke. This stroke study investigated bimanual force control capabilities to determine the effect of coupled bimanual movement training on bimanual coordination and motor synergy. Stroke participants (N = 11) completed three bimanual force control tasks at 5, 25, and 50 % of maximum voluntary contraction before and after coupled bimanual movement training. Root mean square error (RMSE), approximate entropy, correlation, and bimanual motor synergy were analyzed in two-way completely within-subjects ANOVAs (Test Session × Force Level: 2 × 3). Multiple linear regression analysis determined the relationship between RMSE and other force control measures. The analyses revealed three important findings: (1) RMSE decreased from baseline to posttest (2) negative correlation (e.g., error compensation) and bimanual motor synergy increased at 25 and 50 % after rehabilitation, and (3) increased bimanual motor synergy was strongly associated with decreased RMSE after training. The findings indicate that coupled bimanual movement training improved force control performance, bimanual coordination, and motor synergies. Indeed, the present findings extend bimanual motor synergies as a meaningful indicator for estimating task performance improvements. Finally, bimanual force control is a valid outcome measure in quantifying progress toward motor recovery post stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nyeonju Kang
- Motor Behavior Laboratory, Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611-8206, USA
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Effects of movement duration on error compensation in periodic bimanual isometric force production. Exp Brain Res 2013; 227:447-55. [PMID: 23604578 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-013-3520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 04/09/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies using bimanual force production have examined how factors influence redundancy in the nervous system. The present study examined effects of different movement durations on bimanual force control strategies. Ten healthy male participants produced periodic isometric forces such that the sum of two finger forces was a target cycling between 5 and 10 % of maximum voluntary contraction during five movement durations (500, 750, 1,000, 1,250, and 1,500 ms). Correlations between the two finger forces changed from positive to negative with an increase in duration. The polynomial regression analysis indicates that while the correlations between two finger forces were most negative at the target duration of 1,250 ms, they became more positive as the durations deviated from 1,250 ms. Similarly, while force variability was smallest at the target duration of 1,250 ms, it increased as the durations deviated from 1,250 ms. These findings suggested that while the duration of 1,250 ms might be a natural frequency of both fingers, bimanual force strategies changed from force error compensation to force coupling as the durations deviated from 1,250 ms. In addition, while the variance in the sum of two finger forces (the task-relevant variance) decreased with movement duration, the difference between both the finger forces (the task-irrelevant variance) did not change with the duration. Thus, a decrease in the task-relevant variance with movement duration resulted in the negative correlation between the two finger forces and the small force variability.
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Masumoto J, Inui N. Effects of force levels on error compensation in periodic bimanual isometric force control. J Mot Behav 2012; 44:261-6. [PMID: 22663777 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2012.690354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
The authors examined whether force level interacts with the presence or absence of vision in bimanual force control. Participants produced periodic isometric forces such that the sum of the 2 finger forces was the target force under 4 force levels cycling between lower levels (5-40%) of maximum voluntary contraction with an interval of 1000 ms. Without vision, the correlation between the 2 finger forces was strongly positive over all force levels. However, with vision the correlation changed from negative to positive with force level. The result with vision indicated that the strategy of the bimanual force control changed from force error compensation to force coupling and the available redundancy thus decreased with an increase in force.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junya Masumoto
- The Joint Graduate School in Science of School Education, Hyogo University of Teacher Education, Kato, Japan
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Lodha N, Coombes SA, Cauraugh JH. Bimanual isometric force control: Asymmetry and coordination evidence post stroke. Clin Neurophysiol 2012; 123:787-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2011.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2011] [Revised: 07/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hu X, Newell KM. Aging, visual information, and adaptation to task asymmetry in bimanual force coordination. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2011; 111:1671-80. [PMID: 21960656 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00760.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the coordination and control strategies that the elderly adopt during a redundant finger force coordination task and how the amount of visual information regulates the coordination patterns. Three age groups (20-24, 65-69, and 75-79 yr) performed a bimanual asymmetric force task. Task asymmetry was manipulated via imposing different coefficients on the finger forces such that the weighted sum of the two index finger forces equaled the total force. The amount of visual information was manipulated by changing the visual information gain of the total force output. Two hypotheses were tested: the reduced adaptability hypothesis predicts that the elderly show less degree of force asymmetry between hands compared with young adults in the asymmetric coefficient conditions, whereas the compensatory hypothesis predicts that the elderly exhibit more asymmetric force coordination patterns with asymmetric coefficients. Under the compensatory hypothesis, two contrasting directions of force sharing strategies (i.e., more efficient coordination strategy and minimum variance strategy) are expected. A deteriorated task performance (high performance error and force variability) was found in the two elderly groups, but enhanced visual information improved the task performance in all age groups. With low visual information gain, the elderly showed reduced adaptability (i.e., less asymmetric forces between hands) to the unequal weighting coefficients, which supported the reduced adaptability hypothesis; however, the elderly revealed the same degree of adaptation as the young group under high visual gain. The findings are consistent with the notion that the age-related reorganization of force coordination and control patterns is mediated by visual information and, more generally, the interactive influence of multiple categories of constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Hu
- Dept. of Kinesiology, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Visual information gain and task asymmetry interact in bimanual force coordination and control. Exp Brain Res 2011; 212:497-504. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-011-2760-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hu X, Newell KM. Modeling constraints to redundancy in bimanual force coordination. J Neurophysiol 2011; 105:2169-80. [PMID: 21346203 DOI: 10.1152/jn.01086.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the interactive influence of organismic, environmental, and task constraints on the organization of redundant force coordination patterns and the hypothesis that each of the three categories of constraints is weighted based on their relative influence on coordination patterns and the realization of the task goal. In the bimanual isometric force experiment, the task constraint was manipulated via different coefficients imposed on the finger forces such that the weighted sum of the finger forces matched the target force. We examined three models of task constraints based on the criteria of task variance (minimum variance model) and efficiency of muscle force output (coefficient-independent and coefficient-dependent efficiency models). The environmental constraint was quantified by the perceived performance error, and the organismic constraint was quantified by the bilateral coupling effect (i.e., symmetric force production) between hands. The satisficing approach was used in the models to quantify the constraint weightings that reflect the interactive influence of different categories of constraints on force coordination. The findings showed that the coefficient-dependent efficiency model best predicted the redundant force coordination patterns across trials. However, the within-trial variability structure revealed that there was not a consistent coordination strategy in the online control of the individual trial. The experimental findings and model tests show that the force coordination patterns are adapted based on the principle of minimizing muscle force output that is coefficient dependent rather than on the principle of minimizing signal-dependent variance. Overall, the results support the proposition that redundant force coordination patterns are organized by the interactive influence of different categories of constraints.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaogang Hu
- Departmetn of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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