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Rodrigues ST, Delacosta TC, Barbieri FA, Paschoalino GP, Gotardi GC, Barela JA, Monteiro HL, Bosqueiro JR, Polastri PF. Diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy amplify body sway but are capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task. Hum Mov Sci 2023; 92:103153. [PMID: 37871473 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2023.103153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic older people tend to present deteriorated performance in balance and locomotion activities, even those without peripheral neuropathy. There is evidence that saccadic eye movements are used to reduce body sway in young and older healthy adults, but it has not been shown that diabetic older people preserve this visuomotor adaptation capacity. RESEARCH QUESTION Are diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task? METHODS Seventeen type 2 diabetic older women (68.2 ± 10.7 years old) and seventeen healthy women, age-matched controls (66.0 ± 8.4 years old) voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were instructed to stand upright, barefoot, as stable as possible, for 30 s. Participants maintained their feet parallel to each other, at standard and narrow bases of support, while either fixating on a stationary target (fixation condition) or performing horizontal saccadic eye movements to follow a target (eccentricity of 11° of visual angle), which continuously disappeared and reappeared immediately on the opposite side (saccade 0.5 Hz and saccade 1.1 Hz conditions). RESULTS Results indicated that the diabetic group clearly had deteriorated postural control, as shown by increased values of mean sway amplitude and mean sway velocity. However, diabetic and control groups were similarly capable of using saccadic eye movements to improve their postural stability, reducing their sway velocity compared to a gaze fixation condition. SIGNIFICANCE Diabetes per se (without peripheral neuropathy) amplifies postural sway of older women as compared to their healthy age-matched controls. However, diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy are capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Tosi Rodrigues
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action (LIVIA), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Thaís Cristina Delacosta
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratório de Avaliação e Prescrição de Exercício (LAPE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil
| | - Fabio Augusto Barbieri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Human Movement Research Laboratory (MOVI-LAB), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gabriel Palmeira Paschoalino
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action (LIVIA), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Gisele Chiozi Gotardi
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action (LIVIA), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil; Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Science, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - José Angelo Barela
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Rio Claro, Laboratório para Estudos do Movimento (LEM), Department of Physical Education, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil.
| | - Henrique Luís Monteiro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratório de Avaliação e Prescrição de Exercício (LAPE), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - José Roberto Bosqueiro
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratório de Fisiologia do Pâncreas Endócrino (LAFIPE), Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
| | - Paula Fávaro Polastri
- São Paulo State University (UNESP) - Campus Bauru, Laboratory of Information, Vision and Action (LIVIA), Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Department of Physical Education, Bauru, SP, Brazil.
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2
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Benefits associated with the standing position during visual search tasks. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:187-199. [PMID: 36416923 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-022-06512-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The literature on postural control highlights that task performance should be worse in challenging dual tasks than in a single task, because the brain has limited attentional resources. Instead, in the context of visual tasks, we assumed that (i) performance in a visual search task should be better when standing than when sitting and (ii) when standing, postural control should be better when searching than performing the control task. 32 and 16 young adults participated in studies 1 and 2, respectively. They performed three visual tasks (searching to locate targets, free-viewing and fixating a stationary cross) displayed in small images (visual angle: 22°) either when standing or when sitting. Task performance, eye, head, upper back, lower back and center of pressure displacements were recorded. In both studies, task performance in searching was as good (and clearly not worse) when standing as when sitting. Sway magnitude was smaller during the search task (vs. other tasks) when standing but not when sitting. Hence, only when standing, postural control was adapted to perform the challenging search task. When exploring images, and especially so in the search task, participants rotated their head instead of their eyes as if they used an eye-centered strategy. Remarkably in Study 2, head rotation was greater when sitting than when standing. Overall, we consider that variability in postural control was not detrimental but instead useful to facilitate visual task performance. When sitting, this variability may be lacking, thus requiring compensatory movements.
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Anxiety does not always affect balance: the predominating role of cognitive engagement in a video gaming task. Exp Brain Res 2021; 239:2001-2014. [PMID: 33909113 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06104-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Scientists have predominantly assessed anxiety's impact on postural control when anxiety is created by the need to maintain balance (e.g., standing at heights). In the present study, we investigate how postural control and its mechanisms (i.e., vestibular function) are impacted when anxiety is induced by an unrelated task (playing a video game). Additionally, we compare watching and playing a game to dissociate postural adaptations caused by increased engagement rather than anxiety. Participants [N = 25, female = 8, M (SD) age = 23.5 (3.9)] held a controller in four standing conditions of varying surface compliance (firm or foam) and with or without peripheral visual occlusion across four blocks: quiet standing (baseline), watching the game with a visual task (watching), playing the game (low anxiety), and playing under anxiety (high anxiety). We measured sway area, sway frequency, root mean square (RMS) sway, anxiety, and mental effort. Limited sway differences emerged between anxiety blocks (only sway area on firm surface). The watching block elicited more sway than baseline (greater sway area and RMS sway; lower sway frequency), and the low anxiety block elicited more sway than the watching block (greater sway area and RMS sway; higher sway frequency). Mental effort was associated with increased sway area and RMS sway. Our findings indicate that anxiety, when generated through competition, has minimal impact on postural control. Postural control primarily adapts according to mental effort and more cognitively engaging task constraints (i.e., playing versus watching). We speculate increased sway reflects the prioritization of attention to game performance over postural control.
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Danna-Dos-Santos A, Ribeiro Dos Santos MM, Magalhães AT, Cardoso VS, Driusso P, Mochizuki L, Degani AM. Visuo-postural dependency index (VPDI) in human postural control. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2021; 13:7. [PMID: 33499932 PMCID: PMC7836177 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-021-00235-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Background Computerized stabilometry has been utilized to investigate the effect of vision on the neuromechanisms of human postural control. However, this approach lacks operational methods to quantify visual dependency during upright stance. This study had three goals: (1) To introduce the concept of visuo-postural dependency indices (VPDI) representing balance sway characteristics in multiple analytical domains (spatial, temporal, frequency, and structural), (2) To investigate the age and gender effects on VPDIs, and (3) To investigate the degree of relationships between VPDI and both subjective visual vertical and horizontal perception (SVV and SVH, respectively). Methods 102 participants (16 to 80 years old) performed bipedal stances on a force platform with eyes open and closed. Response variables included the VPDIs computed for each postural index. In addition, 29 participants also performed SVV and SVH assessments. Results Fifteen VPDIs showed to be robust indicators of visual input modulation, and the variation across their magnitudes of modulation revealed a non-homogeneous response to changes in visual stimuli. Gender and age were not found to be a significant factor to VPDI modulation. Conclusions VPDIs revealed to be potential measures capable to quantitatively assess visuo-postural dependency and aid the assessment of fall risks and balance impairments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessander Danna-Dos-Santos
- Laboratory for Advances in Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Av., Office # 3454, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5383, USA.
| | | | - Alessandra T Magalhães
- BioSignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Vinicius S Cardoso
- BioSignal Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Federal University of Piauí, Parnaíba, PI, Brazil
| | - Patricia Driusso
- Physical Therapy Department, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, SP, Brazil
| | - Luis Mochizuki
- School of Arts, Sciences and Humanities, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriana M Degani
- Laboratory for Advances in Rehabilitation Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy, Western Michigan University, 1903 W Michigan Av., Office # 3454, Kalamazoo, MI, 49008-5383, USA
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Vargas IEP, Bicalho LE, Rodrigues ST, Barela JA. Saccadic Eye Movements Attenuate Postural Sway but Less in Sleep-Deprived Young Adults. Front Sports Act Living 2020; 2:97. [PMID: 33345087 PMCID: PMC7739768 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2020.00097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep deprivation affects the performance of postural control and several other aspects related to attentional mechanisms that may alter sensory cue acquisition strategies. This study aimed to examine the possible effects of horizontal saccades and ocular fixation on a target in the performance of postural control in young adults with sleep deprivation. Twenty-six adults formed two groups, tested in two evaluations. In the first evaluation, participants slept normally on the night before. In the second evaluation, 13 participants were sleep deprived (SD) and 13 slept normally (control group [CG]) on the night before. In both evaluations, each participant stood upright as still as possible, in two experimental conditions: fixating the eye on a target and performing saccadic movement toward a target presented in two different locations (0.5 Hz). Each participant performed 3 trials in each condition, lasting 62 s each. Body oscillation was obtained in both anterior-posterior and medial-lateral directions. Results showed that SD participants swayed with a larger magnitude and higher velocity after sleep deprivation in the fixation condition. In the saccadic condition, body sway magnitude and velocity were reduced but were still larger/higher in the SD participants. Sleep deprivation deteriorates the performance of postural control. Saccadic eye movements improve postural control performance even in sleep-deprived participants but are still not sufficient to avoid postural control deterioration due to sleep deprivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan E Pinto Vargas
- Faculty of Psychomotor, Health, Education and Sports, Salesiana University of Bolivia, La Paz, Bolivia
| | - Lucas E Bicalho
- School of Physical Education, Physiotherapy and Occupational Therapy, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | | | - José A Barela
- Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
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6
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Positive Relations Between Vision and Posture in the Fixation Task Performed Upright. Motor Control 2020; 24:1-16. [PMID: 31170867 DOI: 10.1123/mc.2018-0094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
In an upright stance, individuals sway in unpredictable ways. Their eyes also move in unpredictable ways in fixation tasks. The objective of this study was to analyze visual functions, postural control, and cognitive involvement in stationary gaze. A total of 14 healthy young adults performed a fixation task and a free-viewing task (three trials per task, 45 s per trial). As expected, the results showed many (n = 32) significant positive Pearson correlation coefficients between the eye and center of pressure/body (head, neck, and lower back) movements in the fixation task. In the free-viewing task, the correlations were nonsignificant. Only 3 of the 32 significant correlations (9.4%) were significantly related to cognitive involvement (measured with a subjective questionnaire). These results indirectly strengthened the validity of the synergistic model of postural control.
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7
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Bonnet CT, Davin T, Baudry S. Interaction between eye and body movements to perform visual tasks in upright stance. Hum Mov Sci 2019; 68:102541. [PMID: 31731211 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2019.102541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Synergistic interactions between visual and postural behaviors were observed in a previous study during a precise visual task (search for a specific target in a picture) performed upright as steady as possible. The goal of the present study was to confirm and extend these novel findings in a more ecological condition with no steadiness requirement. Twelve healthy young adults performed two visual tasks, i.e. a precise task and a control task (free-viewing). Center of pressure, lower back, neck, head and eye movements were recorded during each task. The subjective cognitive workload was assessed after each task (NASA-TLX questionnaire). Pearson correlations and cross-correlations between eyes (time-series, characteristics of fixation) and center of pressure/body movements were used to test the synergistic model. As expected, significant negative Pearson correlations between eye and head-neck movement variables were only observed in searching. They indicated that larger precise gaze shifts were correlated with lower head and neck movements. One cross-correlation coefficient (between COP on the AP axis and eyes in the up/down direction) was also significantly higher, i.e. stronger, in searching than in free-viewing. These synergistic interactions likely required greater cognitive demand as indicated by the greater NASA-TLX score in searching. Moreover, the previous Pearson correlations were no longer significant after controlling for the NASA-TLX global score (thanks to partial correlations). This study provides new evidence of the existence of a synergistic process between visual and postural behaviors during visual search tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tanguy Davin
- SCALab, CNRS UMR 9193, University of Lille, France
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, FNRS, Belgium
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8
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The influence of saccadic eye movements on postural stability during standing on an unstable platform. ACTA GYMNICA 2019. [DOI: 10.5507/ag.2019.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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9
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Caldani S, Razuk M, Septier M, Barela JA, Delorme R, Acquaviva E, Bucci MP. The Effect of Dual Task on Attentional Performance in Children With ADHD. Front Integr Neurosci 2019; 12:67. [PMID: 30705623 PMCID: PMC6344422 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2018.00067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common psychiatric disorder without validated objective markers. Oculomotor behavior and executive motor control could potentially be used to investigate attention disorders. The aim of this study was to explore an oculomotor and postural dual task in children with ADHD. Forty-two children were included in the study, gathering children with ADHD (n = 21) (mean 8.15 age ± years 0.36) and sex-, age-, and IQ-matched typically developing children (TD). Children performed two distinct fixation tasks in three different postural conditions. Eye movements and postural body sway were recorded simultaneously, using an eye tracker and a force platform. Results showed that children with ADHD had poor fixation capability and poor postural stability when compared to TD children. Both groups showed less postural control on the unstable platform and displayed more saccades during the fixation task. Surprisingly, in the dual unstable platform/fixation with distractor task, the instability of children with ADHD was similar to that observed in TD children. “Top-down” dys-regulation mediated by frontal-striatal dysfunction could be at the origin of both poor inhibitory oculomotor deficits and impaired body stability reported in children with ADHD. Finally, we could assume that the fact both groups of children focused their attention on a secondary task led to poor postural control. In the future it could be interesting to explore further this issue by developing new dual tasks in a more ecological situation in order to gain more insight on attentional processes in children with ADHD. HIGHLIGHTS – Children with ADHD showed poor fixation capability when compared to TD children. – “Top-down” dys-regulation mediated by frontal-striatal dysfunction could be at the origin of both poor inhibitory oculomotor deficits and impaired body stability reported in children with ADHD. – Both groups of children focused their attention on the visual fixation task leading to poor postural control. – In the future it could be interesting to develop new dual tasks in an ecological situation in order to gain more insight on attentional processes in children with ADHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Caldani
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,EFEE-Centre d'Exploration Fonctionnelle de l'Équilibre chez l'Enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Milena Razuk
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mathilde Septier
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - José Angelo Barela
- Institute of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences, Cruzeiro do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil.,Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University, Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Richard Delorme
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France.,Paris Diderot University, Paris 7, Paris, France
| | - Eric Acquaviva
- Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Université Paris Diderot, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France.,EFEE-Centre d'Exploration Fonctionnelle de l'Équilibre chez l'Enfant, Robert Debré Hospital, Paris, France
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Lacour M, Dosso NY, Heuschen S, Thiry A, Van Nechel C, Toupet M. How Eye Movements Stabilize Posture in Patients With Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction. Front Neurol 2018; 9:744. [PMID: 30279673 PMCID: PMC6153882 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic patients with bilateral vestibular hypofunction (BVH) complain of oscillopsia and great instability particularly when vision is excluded and on irregular surfaces. The real nature of the visual input substituting to the missing vestibular afferents and improving posture control remains however under debate. Is retinal slip involved? Do eye movements play a substantial role? The present study tends to answer this question in BVH patients by investigating their posture stability during quiet standing in four different visual conditions: total darkness, fixation of a stable space-fixed target, and pursuit of a visual target under goggles delivering visual input rate at flicker frequency inducing either slow eye movements (4.5 Hz) or saccades (1.2 Hz). Twenty one chronic BVH patients attested by both the caloric and head impulse test were examined by means of static posturography, and compared to a control group made of 21 sex-and age-matched healthy participants. The posturography data were analyzed using non-linear computation of the center of foot pressure (CoP) by means of the wavelet transform (Power Spectral Density in the visual frequency part, Postural Instability Index) and the fractional Brownian-motion analysis (stabilogram-diffusion analysis, Hausdorff fractal dimension). Results showed that posture stability was significantly deteriorated in darkness in the BVH patients compared to the healthy controls. Strong improvement of BVH patients' posture stability was observed during fixation of a visual target, pursuit with slow eye movements, and saccades, whereas the postural performance of the control group was less affected by the different visual conditions. It is concluded that BVH patients improve their posture stability by (1) using extraocular signals from eye movements (efference copy, muscle re-afferences) much more than the healthy participants, and (2) shifting more systematically than the controls to a more automatic mode of posture control when they are in dual-task conditions associating the postural task and a concomitant visuo- motor task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Lacour
- Aix-Marseille University, Research Federation 3C, UMR CNRS 7260, Marseille, France
| | | | - Sylvie Heuschen
- Centre d'explorations Fonctionnelles Otoneurologiques, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Michel Toupet
- Centre d'explorations Fonctionnelles Otoneurologiques, Paris, France.,Otolaryngology Department, Dijon University Hospital, Dijon, France
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Srivastava A, Ahmad OF, Pacia CP, Hallett M, Lungu C. The Relationship between Saccades and Locomotion. J Mov Disord 2018; 11:93-106. [PMID: 30086615 PMCID: PMC6182301 DOI: 10.14802/jmd.18018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human locomotion involves a complex interplay among multiple brain regions and depends on constant feedback from the visual system. We summarize here the current understanding of the relationship among fixations, saccades, and gait as observed in studies sampling eye movements during locomotion, through a review of the literature and a synthesis of the relevant knowledge on the topic. A significant overlap in locomotor and saccadic neural circuitry exists that may support this relationship. Several animal studies have identified potential integration nodes between these overlapping circuitries. Behavioral studies that explored the relationship of saccadic and gait-related impairments in normal conditions and in various disease states are also discussed. Eye movements and locomotion share many underlying neural circuits, and further studies can leverage this interplay for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anshul Srivastava
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Omar F Ahmad
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Christopher Pham Pacia
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO, USA
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Codrin Lungu
- Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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12
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Interaction between the oculomotor and postural systems during a dual-task: Compensatory reductions in head sway following visually-induced postural perturbations promote the production of accurate double-step saccades in standing human adults. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0173678. [PMID: 28296958 PMCID: PMC5351857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0173678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans routinely scan their environment for useful information using saccadic eye movements and/or coordinated movements of the eyes and other body segments such the head and the torso. Most previous eye movement studies were conducted with seated subject and showed that single saccades and sequences of saccades (e.g. double-step saccades) made to briefly flashed stimuli were equally accurate and precise. As one can easily appreciate, most gaze shifts performed daily by a given person are not produced from a seated position, but rather from a standing position either as subjects perform an action from an upright stance or as they walk from one place to another. In the experiments presented here, we developed a new dual-task paradigm in order to study the interaction between the gaze control system and the postural system. Healthy adults (n = 12) were required to both maintain balance and produce accurate single-step and double-step eye saccades from a standing position. Visually-induced changes in head sway were evoked using wide-field background stimuli that either moved in the mediolateral direction or in the anteroposterior direction. We found that, as in the seated condition, single- and double-step saccades were very precise and accurate when made from a standing position, but that a tighter control of head sway was necessary in the more complex double-step saccades condition for equivalent results to be obtained. Our perturbation results support the "common goal" hypothesis that state that if necessary, as was the case during the more complex oculomotor task, context-dependent modulations of the postural system can be triggered to reduced instability and therefore support the accomplishment of a suprapostural goal.
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Bonnet CT, Szaffarczyk S. The Stationary-Gaze Task Should Not Be Systematically Used as the Control Task in Studies of Postural Control. J Mot Behav 2016; 49:494-504. [PMID: 28033477 DOI: 10.1080/00222895.2016.1241749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
In studies of postural control, a control task is often used to understand significant effects obtained with experimental manipulations. This task should be the easiest task and (therefore) engage the lowest behavioral variability and cognitive workload. Since 1983, the stationary-gaze task is considered as the most relevant control task. Instead, the authors expected that free looking at small targets (white paper or images; visual angle: 12°) could be an easier task. To verify this assumption, 16 young individuals performed stationary-gaze, white-panel, and free-viewing 12° tasks in steady and relaxed stances. The stationary-gaze task led to significantly higher cognitive workload (mean score in the National Aeronotics and Space Administration Task Load Index questionnaire), higher interindividual body (head, neck, and lower back) linear variability, and higher interindividual body angular variability-not systematically yet-than both other tasks. There was more cognitive workload in steady than relaxed stances. The authors also tested if a free-viewing 24° task could lead to greater angular displacement, and hence greater body sway, than could the other tasks in relaxed stance. Unexpectedly, the participants mostly moved their eyes and not their body in this task. In the discussion, the authors explain why the stationary-gaze task may not be an ideal control task and how to choose this neutral task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- a SCALab, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 9193 , University of Lille 2 , France
| | - Sébastien Szaffarczyk
- a SCALab, Laboratoire de Neurosciences Fonctionnelles et Pathologies, CNRS UMR 9193 , University of Lille 2 , France
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Bonnet CT, Szaffarczyk S, Baudry S. Functional Synergy Between Postural and Visual Behaviors When Performing a Difficult Precise Visual Task in Upright Stance. Cogn Sci 2016; 41:1675-1693. [DOI: 10.1111/cogs.12420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T. Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Affectives; University of Lille, CNRS
| | | | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology; Université Libre de Bruxelles, FNRS
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Lions C, Bucci MP, Bonnet C. Postural Control Can Be Well Maintained by Healthy, Young Adults in Difficult Visual Task, Even in Sway-Referenced Dynamic Conditions. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164400. [PMID: 27736934 PMCID: PMC5063355 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To challenge the validity of existing cognitive models of postural control, we recorded eye movements and postural sway during two visual tasks (a control free-viewing task and a difficult searching task), and two postural tasks (one static task in which the platform was maintained stable and a dynamic task in which the platform moved in a sway-referenced manner.) We expected these models to be insufficient to predict the results in postural control both in static–as already shown in the literature reports–and in dynamic platform conditions. Methods Twelve healthy, young adults (17.3 to 34.1 years old) participated in this study. Postural performances were evaluated using the Multitest platform (Framiral®) and ocular recording was performed with Mobile T2 (e(ye)BRAIN®). In the free-viewing task, the participants had to look at an image, without any specific instruction. In the searching task, the participants had to look at an image and also to locate the position of an object in the scene. Results Postural sway was only significantly higher in the dynamic free-viewing condition than in the three other conditions with no significant difference between these three other conditions. Visual task performance was slightly higher in dynamic than in static conditions. Discussion As expected, our results did not confirm the main assumption of the current cognitive models of postural control–i.e. that the limited attentional resources of the brain should explain changes in postural control in our conditions. Indeed, 1) the participants did not sway significantly more in the sway-referenced dynamic searching condition than in any other condition; 2) the participants swayed significantly less in both static and dynamic searching conditions than in the dynamic free-viewing condition. We suggest that a new cognitive model illustrating the adaptive, functional role of the brain to control upright stance is necessary for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Lions
- UMR 1141, INSERM—Université Paris 7, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ENT Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Claude Bernard Lyon 1 University, Lyon, France
- Department of Audiology and Otoneurological Evaluation, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Lyon, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141, INSERM—Université Paris 7, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ENT Department, Robert Debré University Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Cédrick Bonnet
- SCALab, Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Sciences Affectives, UMR CNRS 9193, University of Lille, Lille, France
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Bonnet CT, Baudry S. A functional synergistic model to explain postural control during precise visual tasks. Gait Posture 2016; 50:120-125. [PMID: 27597272 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.08.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In everyday life, individuals sometimes have to perform precise, or challenging, visual tasks in upright standing. Upright, one problem to perform precise saccades and fixations is that the body oscillates continuously in a mainly unpredictable way. Current cognitive models assume that the central nervous system should divide its attention to perform these 'dual tasks' because of limited attentional resources (keeping balance and performing the precise visual task). The problem with the concept of duality is that individuals (need to) succeed in precise visual tasks upright and should not be more unstable and inefficient - because of a division of attention - in these tasks. In our opinion, the central nervous system should work adaptively in a way that enables success in these tasks. Hence, instead of assuming 'duality' in cognitive processes, we suggest that i) a 'synergy' - or unification - between visual and postural processes may be required to succeed in precise visual tasks. Success in precise visual tasks upright would also require ii) the synergy to be based on two feedforward processes with the visual process being the leader; iii) individuals to reduce their postural sway to facilitate successful synergies; iiii) additional cognitive resources to link visual and postural processes. We discuss some literature findings consistent with these assumptions and summarize a recent validation of the synergistic model. In summary, both models of duality and synergy could be complementary and the present manuscript shows how they could be included in a higher-order, two directional, cognitive model of postural control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- Cognitive Science and Affective Science Laboratory (SCALab), Universities of Lille, CNRS, France.
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, FNRS, Belgium
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Bonnet CT, Baudry S. Active vision task and postural control in healthy, young adults: Synergy and probably not duality. Gait Posture 2016; 48:57-63. [PMID: 27477709 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2016.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2016] [Revised: 04/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In upright stance, individuals sway continuously and the sway pattern in dual tasks (e.g., a cognitive task performed in upright stance) differs significantly from that observed during the control quiet stance task. The cognitive approach has generated models (limited attentional resources, U-shaped nonlinear interaction) to explain such patterns based on competitive sharing of attentional resources. The objective of the current manuscript was to review these cognitive models in the specific context of visual tasks involving gaze shifts toward precise targets (here called active vision tasks). The selection excluded the effects of early and late stages of life or disease, external perturbations, active vision tasks requiring head and body motions and the combination of two tasks performed together (e.g., a visual task in addition to a computation in one's head). The selection included studies performed by healthy, young adults with control and active - difficult - vision tasks. Over 174 studies found in Pubmed and Mendeley databases, nine were selected. In these studies, young adults exhibited significantly lower amplitude of body displacement (center of pressure and/or body marker) under active vision tasks than under the control task. Furthermore, the more difficult the active vision tasks were, the better the postural control was. This underscores that postural control during active vision tasks may rely on synergistic relations between the postural and visual systems rather than on competitive or dual relations. In contrast, in the control task, there would not be any synergistic or competitive relations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- Cognitive Science and Affective Science Laboratory, Universities of Lille, CNRS, France.
| | - Stéphane Baudry
- Laboratory of Applied Biology and Neurophysiology, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Belgium
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Abstract
To understand the maintenance of upright stance, researchers try to discover the fundamental mechanisms and attentional resources devoted to postural control and eventually to the performance of other tasks (e.g., counting in the head). During their studies, some researchers require participants to stand as steady as possible and other simply ask participants to stand naturally. Surprisingly, a clear and direct explanation of the usefulness of the steadiness requirement seems to be lacking, both in experimental and methodological discussions. Hence, the objective of the present note was to provide advantages and disadvantages of this steadiness requirement in studies of postural control. The advantages may be to study fundamental postural control, to eliminate useless postural variability, to control spurious body motions and to control the participants' thoughts. As disadvantages, this steadiness requirement only leads to study postural control in unnatural upright stance, it changes the focus of attention (internal vs. external) and the nature of postural control (unconscious vs. conscious), it increases the difficulty of a supposedly easy control task and it eliminates or reduces the opportunity to record exploratory behaviors. When looking carefully at the four advantages of the steadiness requirement, one can believe that they are, in fact, more disadvantageous than advantageous. Overall therefore, this requirement seems illegitimate and it is proposed that researchers should not use it in the study of postural control. They may use this requirement only if they search to know the limit until which participants can consciously reduce their postural sway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédrick T Bonnet
- Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et de Sciences Affectives (SCA LAB), Université de Lille, CNRS, Lille, France.
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Jimenez S, Hollands M, Palmisano S, Kim J, Markoulli M, McAndrew D, Stamenkovic A, Walsh J, Bos S, Stapley PJ. Age-related effects of increasing postural challenge on eye movement onset latencies to visual targets. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1599-609. [PMID: 26838356 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4564-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
When a single light cue is given in the visual field, our eyes orient towards it with an average latency of 200 ms. If a second cue is presented at or around the time of the response to the first, a secondary eye movement occurs that represents a reorientation to the new target. While studies have shown that eye movement latencies to 'single-step' targets may or may not be lengthened with age, secondary eye movements (during 'double-step' displacements) are significantly delayed with increasing age. The aim of this study was to investigate whether the postural challenge posed simply by standing (as opposed to sitting) results in significantly longer eye movement latencies in older adults compared to the young. Ten young (<35 years) and 10 older healthy adults (>65 years) participated in the study. They were required to fixate upon a central target and move their eyes in response to 2 types of stimuli: (1) a single-step perturbation of target position either 15° to the right or left and (2) a double-step target displacement incorporating an initial target jump to the right or left by 15°, followed after 200 ms, by a shift of target position to the opposite side (e.g. +15° then -15°). All target displacement conditions were executed in sit and stand positions with the participant at the same distance from the targets. Eye movements were recorded using electro-oculography. Older adults did not show significantly longer eye movement latencies than the younger adults for single-step target displacements, and postural configuration (stand compared to sit) had no effect upon latencies for either group. We categorised double-step trials into those during which the second light changed after or before the onset of the eye shift to the first light. For the former category, young participants showed faster secondary eye shifts to the second light in the standing position, while the older adults did not. For the latter category of double-step trial, young participants showed no significant difference between sit and stand secondary eye movement latencies, but older adults were significantly longer standing compared to sitting. The older adults were significantly longer than the younger adults across both postural conditions, regardless of when the second light change occurred during the eye shift to the first light. We suggest that older adults require greater time and perhaps attentional processes to execute eye movements to unexpected changes in target position when faced with the need to maintain standing balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Jimenez
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Mark Hollands
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Stephen Palmisano
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Juno Kim
- Faculty of Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Maria Markoulli
- Faculty of Science, School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| | - Darryl McAndrew
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Alexander Stamenkovic
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Joel Walsh
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Sophie Bos
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, 2522, Australia.
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Interference between oculomotor and postural tasks in 7–8-year-old children and adults. Exp Brain Res 2016; 234:1667-77. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-016-4565-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Bucci MP, Mélithe D, Ajrezo L, Bui-Quoc E, Gérard CL. The influence of oculomotor tasks on postural control in dyslexic children. Front Hum Neurosci 2014; 8:981. [PMID: 25538603 PMCID: PMC4260515 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual task is known to affect postural stability in children. We explored the effect of visual tasks on postural control in thirty dyslexic children. A selected group of thirty chronological age-matched non-dyslexic children (mean age: 9.92 ± 0.35 years) and a group of thirty reading age-matched non-dyslexic children (mean reading age: 7.90 ± 0.25 years) were chosen for comparison. All children underwent ophthalmologic and optometric evaluation. Eye movements were recorded by a video-oculography system (EyeBrain® T2) and postural sway was recorded simultaneously by a force platform (TechnoConept®). All children performed fixations, pursuits, pro- and anti-saccades tasks. Dyslexic children showed significantly poor near fusional vergence ranges (convergence and divergence) with respect to the non-dyslexic children groups. During the postural task, quality of fixation and anti-saccade performance in dyslexic children were significantly worse compared to the two non-dyslexic children groups. In contrast, the number of catch-up saccades during pursuits and the latency of pro- and anti-saccades were similar in the three groups of children examined. Concerning postural quality, dyslexic children were more unstable than chronological age-matched non-dyslexic children group. For all three groups of children tested we also observed that executing saccades (pro- and anti-saccades) reduced postural values significantly in comparison with fixation and pursuit tasks. The impairment in convergence and divergence fusional capabilities could be due to an immaturity in cortical structures controlling the vergence system. The poor oculomotor performance reported in dyslexic children suggested a deficit in allocating visual attention and their postural instability observed is in line with the cerebellar impairment previously reported in dyslexic children. Finally, pro- or anti-saccades reduce postural values compared to fixation and pursuit tasks in all groups of children tested, suggesting a different influence of visual tasks on postural control according to their attentional demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Damien Mélithe
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Layla Ajrezo
- UMR 1141, INSERM-Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Bui-Quoc
- Service d'Ophtalmologie, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré Paris, France
| | - Christophe-Loic Gérard
- Service de Psychopathologie de l'Enfant et de l'Adolescent, Hôpital Universitaire Robert Debré Paris, France
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Ajrezo L, Wiener-Vacher S, Bucci MP. Saccades improve postural control: a developmental study in normal children. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81066. [PMID: 24278379 PMCID: PMC3836891 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Dual-task performance is known to affect postural stability in children. This study focused on the effect of oculomotor tasks like saccadic eye movements on postural stability, studied in a large population of children by recording simultaneously their eye movements and posture. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ninety-five healthy children from 5.8 to 17.6 years old were examined. All children were free of any vestibular, neurological, ophtalmologic and orthoptic abnormalities. Postural control was measured with a force platform TechnoConcept®, and eye movements with video oculography (MobilEBT®). Children performed two oculomotor tasks: fixation of a stable central target and horizontal saccades. We measured the saccade latency and the number of saccades during fixation as well as the surface, length and mean velocity of the center of pressure. RESULTS During postural measurement, we observed a correlation between the age on the one hand and a decrease in saccade latency as well as an improvement in the quality of fixation on the other. Postural sway decreases with age and is reduced in the dual task (saccades) in comparison with a simple task of fixation. DISCUSSION - CONCLUSION These results suggest a maturation of neural circuits controlling posture and eye movements during childhood. This study also shows the presence of an interaction between the oculomotor system and the postural system. Engaging in oculomotor tasks results in a reduction of postural sway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla Ajrezo
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ORL Dept., 75019 Robert Debré Paediatric Hospital, Paris, France
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Sylvette Wiener-Vacher
- Vestibular and Oculomotor Evaluation Unit, ORL Dept., 75019 Robert Debré Paediatric Hospital, Paris, France
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
| | - Maria Pia Bucci
- UMR 676, INSERM- Université Paris 7, Hôpital Robert Debré, Paris, France
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