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Ahmadi S, Taghizadieh M, Mehdizadehfar E, Hasani A, Khalili Fard J, Feizi H, Hamishehkar H, Ansarin M, Yekani M, Memar MY. Gut microbiota in neurological diseases: Melatonin plays an important regulatory role. Biomed Pharmacother 2024; 174:116487. [PMID: 38518598 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2024.116487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Melatonin is a highly conserved molecule produced in the human pineal gland as a hormone. It is known for its essential biological effects, such as antioxidant activity, circadian rhythm regulator, and immunomodulatory effects. The gut is one of the primary known sources of melatonin. The gut microbiota helps produce melatonin from tryptophan, and melatonin has been shown to have a beneficial effect on gut barrier function and microbial population. Dysbiosis of the intestinal microbiota is associated with bacterial imbalance and decreased beneficial microbial metabolites, including melatonin. In this way, low melatonin levels may be related to several human diseases. Melatonin has shown both preventive and therapeutic effects against various conditions, including neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and multiple sclerosis. This review was aimed to discuss the role of melatonin in the body, and to describe the possible relationship between gut microbiota and melatonin production, as well as the potential therapeutic effects of melatonin on neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ahmadi
- Students Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghizadieh
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Center for Women's Health Research Zahra, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elham Mehdizadehfar
- Department of Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alka Hasani
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Clinical Research Development Unit, Sina Educational, Research and Treatment Center, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Javad Khalili Fard
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hadi Feizi
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran; Department of Medical Microbiology, Aalinasab Hospital, Social Security Organization, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Hammed Hamishehkar
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Masood Ansarin
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mina Yekani
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran; Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran.
| | - Mohammad Yousef Memar
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
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Razmaray H, Nasiri E, Vakilipour P, Morsali S, Moradi A, Ebrahimian A, Rashidi S, Mosaddeghi-Heris R, Sadigh-Eteghad S, Naseri A. The effects of melatonin supplementation on neurobehavioral outcomes and clinical severity in rodent models of multiple sclerosis; a systematic review and meta-analysis. Inflammopharmacology 2024; 32:927-944. [PMID: 38252220 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-023-01414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Through the antioxidant and anti-inflammation pathways, melatonin is proposed as a safe and effective intervention in neurological diseases. This study aims to evaluate the effects of melatonin supplementation on the neurobehavioral and clinical outcomes in animal models of multiple sclerosis (MS). METHODS This study was conducted following the PRISMA statement. Animal studies that reported the effects of melatonin in preclinical MS models, including the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) and cuprizone model for demyelination are included in this study. A systematic search in PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus up was conducted in April 2023. The collaborative Approach to Meta-Analysis and Review of Animal Experimental Studies (CAMARADES) critical appraisal tool was used for the quality assessment of the studies and the quantitative synthetizes were conducted using the comprehensive meta-analysis software. RESULTS Out of 542 studies, finally 21 studies, including 14 studies in the EAE model and 7 studies of the toxic demyelination method with cuprizone were included. The route of administration was intraperitoneal in 18 studies, oral in 2 studies, and subcutaneous in 1 study. The quantitative synthesis of the EAE clinical severity scale was associated with significant differences (standardized mean difference [SDM]: - 2.52; - 3.61 to - 1.42; p value < 0.01). In subgroup analyses, the difference was statistically significant in the mouse subgroup (SMD: - 2.60; - 3.74 to - 1.46; p value < 0.01). DISCUSSION This study encountered that melatonin may be associated with improved behavioral and cognitive outcomes of preclinical models of MS with acceptable safety profiles. FUNDING The research was supported by the Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences (grant number: 71005).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Razmaray
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Ehsan Nasiri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Pouya Vakilipour
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Soroush Morsali
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Afshin Moradi
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Asal Ebrahimian
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Sahel Rashidi
- Faculty of Medicine, Dokuz Eylül University, Izmir, Türkiye
| | - Reza Mosaddeghi-Heris
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/614756, East Azerbaijan, Iran
| | - Saeed Sadigh-Eteghad
- Neurosciences Research Center (NSRC), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/614756, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
| | - Amirreza Naseri
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht Street, Tabriz, 5166/15731, East Azerbaijan, Iran.
- Research Center for Evidence-Based Medicine, Center of Excellence, Iranian EBM Centre: A Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI), Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
- Tabriz USERN Office, Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tabriz, Iran.
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Sun X, Qian M, Li H, Wang L, Zhao Y, Yin M, Dai L, Bao H. FKBP5 activates mitophagy by ablating PPAR-γ to shape a benign remyelination environment. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:736. [PMID: 37952053 PMCID: PMC10640650 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-06260-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune and neurodegenerative disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that is characterized by myelin damage, followed by axonal and ultimately neuronal loss, which has been found to be associated with mitophagy. The etiology and pathology of MS remain elusive. However, the role of FK506 binding protein 5 (FKBP5, also called FKBP51), a newly identified gene associated with MS, in the progression of the disease has not been well defined. Here, we observed that the progress of myelin loss and regeneration in Fkbp5ko mice treated with demyelination for the same amount of time was significantly slower than that in wild-type mice, and that mitophagy plays an important regulatory role in this process. To investigate the mechanism, we discovered that the levels of FKBP5 protein were greatly enhanced in the CNS of cuprizone (CPZ) mice and the myelin-denuded environment stimulates significant activation of the PINK1/Parkin-mediated mitophagy, in which the important regulator, PPAR-γ, is critically regulated by FKBP5. This study reveals the role of FKBP5 in regulating a dynamic pathway of natural restorative regulation of mitophagy through PPAR-γ in pathological demyelinating settings, which may provide potential targets for the treatment of demyelinating diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzong Sun
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Menghan Qian
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Hongliang Li
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Yunjie Zhao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China
| | - Min Yin
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
| | - Lili Dai
- School of Agronomy and Life Sciences, Kunming University, Kunming, 650214, China.
| | - Hongkun Bao
- School of Medicine, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650091, China.
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Ahmed KA. Remyelinating activities of Carvedilol or alpha lipoic acid in the Cuprizone-Induced rat model of demyelination. Int Immunopharmacol 2023; 118:110125. [PMID: 37028277 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2023.110125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex and multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with unknown etiology, MS is featured by multifocal demyelinated lesions distributed throughout the brain. It is assumed to result from an interaction between genetic and environmental factors, including nutrition. Therefore, different therapeutic approaches are aiming to stimulate remyelination which could be defined as an endogenous regeneration and repair of myelin in the central nervous system. Carvedilol is an adrenergic receptor antagonist. Alpha lipoic acid (ALA) is a well-known antioxidant. Herein, we investigated the remyelination potential of Carvedilol or ALA post-Cuprizone (CPZ) intoxication. Carvedilol or ALA (20 mg/kg/d) was administrated orally for two weeks at the end of the five weeks of CPZ (0.6%) administration. CPZ provoked demyelination, enhanced oxidative stress, and stimulated neuroinflammation. Histological investigation of CPZ-induced brains showed obvious demyelination in the corpus callosum (CC). Both Carvedilol and ALA demonstrated remyelinating activities, with corresponding upregulation of the expression of MBP and PLP, the major myelin proteins, downregulation of the expression of TNF-α and MMP-9, and decrement of serum IFN-γ levels. Moreover, both Carvedilol and ALA alleviated oxidative stress, and ameliorated muscle fatigue. This study highlights the neurotherapeutic potential of Carvedilol or ALA in CPZ-induced demyelination, and offers a better model for the exploring of neuroregenerative strategies. The current study is the first to demonstrate a pro-remyelinating activity for Carvedilol, as compared to ALA, which might represent a potential additive benefit in halting demyelination and alleviating neurotoxicity. However, we could declare that Carvedilol showed a lower neuroprotective potential than ALA.
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Ibrahim Fouad G, Mabrouk M, El-Sayed SAM, Rizk MZ, Beherei HH. Neurotherapeutic efficacy of loaded sulforaphane on iron oxide nanoparticles against cuprizone-induced neurotoxicity: role of MMP-9 and S100β. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023:1-17. [PMID: 36775846 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2023.2177219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/14/2023]
Abstract
Cuprizone (CUP) induces neurotoxicity and demyelination in animal models by provoking the activation of glial cells and the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Sulforaphane (SF) is a phytochemical that exhibits a neuroprotective potential. In this study, we investigated the neurotherapeutic and pro-remyelinating activities of SF and SF-loaded within iron oxide nanoparticles (IONP-SF) in CUP-exposed rats. Magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles (IONPs) were prepared using the hydrothermal method that was further loaded with SF (IONP-SF). The loading of SF within the magnetite nanoparticles was assessed using FTIR, TEM, DLS, Zetasizer, and XPS. For the in vivo investigations, adult male Wistar rats (n = 40) were administrated either on a regular diet or a diet with CUP (0.2%) for 5 weeks. The rats were divided into four groups: negative control, CUP-induced, CUP + SF, and CUP + IONP-SF. CUP-exposed brains exhibited a marked elevation in lipid peroxidation, along with a significant decrease in the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), and catalase (CAT). In addition, CUP intoxication downregulated the expression of myelin basic protein (MBP) and myelin proteolipid protein (PLP), upregulated the expression of Matrix metallopeptidase-9 (MMP-9) and S100β, and increased caspase-3 immunoexpression, these results were supported histopathologically in the cerebral cortexes. Treatment of CUP-rats with either SF or IONP-SF demonstrated remyelinating and neurotherapeutic activities. We could conclude that IONP-SF was more effective than free SF in mitigating the CUP-induced downregulation of MBP, upregulation of S100β, and caspase-3 immunoexpression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghadha Ibrahim Fouad
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mostafa Mabrouk
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Sara A M El-Sayed
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Maha Z Rizk
- Department of Therapeutic Chemistry, Pharmaceutical and Drug Industries Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Hanan H Beherei
- Refractories, Ceramics and Building Materials Department, Advanced Materials, Technology and Mineral Resources Research Institute, National Research Centre, Cairo, Egypt
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Soleimani A, Ezabadi SG, Möhn N, Esfandabadi ZM, Khosravizadeh Z, Skripuletz T, Azimzadeh M. Influence of hormones in multiple sclerosis: focus on the most important hormones. Metab Brain Dis 2023; 38:739-747. [PMID: 36595158 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-022-01138-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Hormonal imbalance may be an important factor in the severity of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. In this context, hormone therapy has been shown to have immunoregulatory potential in various experimental approaches. There is increasing evidence of potentially beneficial effects of thyroid, melatonin, and sex hormones in MS models. These hormones may ameliorate the neurological impairment through immunoregulatory and neuroprotective effects, as well as by reducing oxidative stress. Expanding our knowledge of hormone therapy may be an effective step toward identifying additional molecular/cellular pathways in MS disease. In this review, we discuss the role of several important hormones in MS pathogenesis in terms of their effects on immunoregulatory aspects and neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Soleimani
- Student Research Committee, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Sajjad Ghane Ezabadi
- Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nora Möhn
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | | | - Zahra Khosravizadeh
- Clinical Research Development Unit, Amiralmomenin Hospital, Arak University of Medical Sciences, Arak, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Khomein University of Medical Sciences, Khomein, Iran.
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Chaudhary S, Parvez S. Neuroprotective Effects of Natural Antioxidants Against Branched-Chain Fatty Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress in Cerebral Cortex and Cerebellum Regions of the Rat Brain. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:38269-38276. [PMID: 36340064 PMCID: PMC9631910 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA) is short branched-chain fatty acid (BCFA) derived from valeric acids which are naturally produced by Valeriana officinalis (flowering plant). Neurotoxicity caused by BCFA-like VPA may be mediated by oxidative stress, according to research involving the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. In the present study, we explored the possible protective effect of different antioxidants such as melatonin, quercetin, and piperine on VPA exposure by using a supernatant preparation of the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions of the rat brain. The present study revealed that melatonin, quercetin, and piperine significantly prevented VPA-induced oxidative stress in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions. VPA was also observed to lower the level of reduced glutathione, and this effect was significantly mitigated by these antioxidants. Melatonin, quercetin, and piperine also ameliorated and altered the activities of AChE, Na+, K+ATPase, and MAO in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum. Results of this study also suggest that prior treatment of antioxidants like melatonin, quercetin, and piperine helps in combating the oxidative stress induced by VPA in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum region of the rat brain. Thus, sufficient dietary intake of these antioxidants by individuals at high risk of VPA exposure could prove beneficial in combating the adverse effect of VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suhel Parvez
- . Phone: +91 11 26059688x5573. Fax: +91 11 26059663
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Klymenko A, Lutz D. Melatonin signalling in Schwann cells during neuroregeneration. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:999322. [PMID: 36299487 PMCID: PMC9589221 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.999322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It has widely been thought that in the process of nerve regeneration Schwann cells populate the injury site with myelinating, non–myelinating, phagocytic, repair, and mesenchyme–like phenotypes. It is now clear that the Schwann cells modify their shape and basal lamina as to accommodate re–growing axons, at the same time clear myelin debris generated upon injury, and regulate expression of extracellular matrix proteins at and around the lesion site. Such a remarkable plasticity may follow an intrinsic functional rhythm or a systemic circadian clock matching the demands of accurate timing and precision of signalling cascades in the regenerating nervous system. Schwann cells react to changes in the external circadian clock clues and to the Zeitgeber hormone melatonin by altering their plasticity. This raises the question of whether melatonin regulates Schwann cell activity during neurorepair and if circadian control and rhythmicity of Schwann cell functions are vital aspects of neuroregeneration. Here, we have focused on different schools of thought and emerging concepts of melatonin–mediated signalling in Schwann cells underlying peripheral nerve regeneration and discuss circadian rhythmicity as a possible component of neurorepair.
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Shiri E, Pasbakhsh P, Borhani-Haghighi M, Alizadeh Z, Nekoonam S, Mojaverrostami S, Pirhajati Mahabadi V, Mehdi A, Zibara K, Kashani IR. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination by Targeting Oxidative Stress and Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2021; 41:1467-1481. [PMID: 32594382 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-020-00910-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The main causes of MS disease progression, demyelination, and tissue damage are oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Hence, the latter are considered as important therapeutic targets. Recent studies have demonstrated that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) possess antioxidative properties and are able to target mitochondrial dysfunction. Therefore, we investigated the effect of transplanting Wharton's jelly-derived MSCs in a demyelination mouse model of MS in which mice were fed cuprizone (CPZ) for 12 weeks. CPZ is a copper chelator that impairs the activity of cytochrome oxidase, decreases oxidative phosphorylation, and produces degenerative changes in oligodendrocytes, leading to toxic demyelination similar to those found in MS patients. Results showed that MSCs caused a significant increase in the percentage of myelinated areas and in the number of myelinated fibers in the corpus callosum of the CPZ + MSC group, compared to the CPZ group, as assessed by Luxol fast blue staining and transmission electron microscopy. In addition, transplantation of MSCs significantly increased the number of oligodendrocytes while decreasing astrogliosis and microgliosis in the corpus callosum of the CPZ + MSC group, evaluated by immunofluorescence. Moreover, the mechanism by which MSCs exert these physiological effects was found to be through abolishing the effect of CPZ on oxidative stress markers and mitochondrial dysfunction. Indeed, malondialdehyde significantly decreased while glutathione and superoxide dismutase significantly increased in CPZ + MSC mice group, in comparison witth the CPZ group alone. Furthermore, cell therapy with MSC transplantation increased the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis transcripts PGC1α, NRF1, MFN2, and TFAM. In summary, these results demonstrate that MSCs may attenuate MS by promoting an antioxidant response, reducing oxidative stress, and improving mitochondrial homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Shiri
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | | | - Zohreh Alizadeh
- Endometrium and Endometriosis Research Center, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saied Nekoonam
- Department of Anatomy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Vahid Pirhajati Mahabadi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Mehdi
- PRASE and Faculty of Agriculture, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Kazem Zibara
- ER045, PRASE and Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences-I, Lebanese University, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Labunets IF, Utko NA, Toporova OK. Effects of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells of the Human Umbilical Cord and Their Combination with Melatonin in Adult and Aging Mice with a Toxic Cuprizone Model of Demyelination. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057021020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Chaudhary S, Sahu U, Parvez S. Melatonin attenuates branch chain fatty acid induced apoptosis mediated neurodegeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2021; 36:491-505. [PMID: 33219756 DOI: 10.1002/tox.23055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valproic acid (VPA)-a short branched chain fatty acid (BCFA), is widely recognized as an anticonvulsant and a mood-stabilizing drug, but various adverse effects of VPA have also been investigated. However, the impact of BCFAs aggregation on brain cells, in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration remains elusive. The objective of this study is to understand the cellular mechanisms underlying VPA-induced neuronal cell death mediated by oxidative stress, and the neuroprotective role of exogenous melatonin treatment on VPA-induced cell death. Neurotoxicity of VPA and protective role exerted by melatonin were assessed in vitro in SH-SY5Y cells and in vivo in the cerebral cortex and cerebellum regions of Wistar rat brain. The results show that melatonin pre-treatment protects the cells from VPA-induced toxicity by exerting an anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effect by regulating apoptotic proteins and pro-inflammatory cytokines. The findings of the present study emphasize novel insights of melatonin as a supplement for the prevention and treatment of neuronal dysfunction induced by VPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaista Chaudhary
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Upasana Sahu
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Suhel Parvez
- Department of Medical Elementology and Toxicology, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
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Zhang N, Jin L, Liu C, Zhang R, Siebert HC, Li Y, Loers G, Petridis AK, Xia Z, Dong H, Zheng X. An antarctic krill oil-based diet elicits neuroprotective effects by inhibiting oxidative stress and rebalancing the M1/M2 microglia phenotype in a cuprizone model for demyelination. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
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Chen D, Zhang T, Lee TH. Cellular Mechanisms of Melatonin: Insight from Neurodegenerative Diseases. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10081158. [PMID: 32784556 PMCID: PMC7464852 DOI: 10.3390/biom10081158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are the second most common cause of death and characterized by progressive impairments in movement or mental functioning in the central or peripheral nervous system. The prevention of neurodegenerative disorders has become an emerging public health challenge for our society. Melatonin, a pineal hormone, has various physiological functions in the brain, including regulating circadian rhythms, clearing free radicals, inhibiting biomolecular oxidation, and suppressing neuroinflammation. Cumulative evidence indicates that melatonin has a wide range of neuroprotective roles by regulating pathophysiological mechanisms and signaling pathways. Moreover, melatonin levels are decreased in patients with neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the regulation, molecular mechanisms and biological functions of melatonin in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, vascular dementia and multiple sclerosis. We also discuss the clinical application of melatonin in neurodegenerative disorders. This information will lead to a better understanding of the regulation of melatonin in the brain and provide therapeutic options for the treatment of various neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongmei Chen
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (T.H.L.); Tel.: +86-591-2286-2498 (D.C.); +86-591-2286-2498 (T.H.L.)
| | | | - Tae Ho Lee
- Correspondence: (D.C.); (T.H.L.); Tel.: +86-591-2286-2498 (D.C.); +86-591-2286-2498 (T.H.L.)
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Michaličková D, Hrnčíř T, Canová NK, Slanař O. Targeting Keap1/Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 873:172973. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.172973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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15
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Labunets IF, Rodnichenko AE. Melatonin Effects in Young and Aging Mice with the Toxic Cuprizone-Induced Demyelination. ADVANCES IN GERONTOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s2079057020010105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Luo M, Deng M, Yu Z, Zhang Y, Xu S, Hu S, Xu H. Differential Susceptibility and Vulnerability of Brain Cells in C57BL/6 Mouse to Mitochondrial Dysfunction Induced by Short-Term Cuprizone Exposure. Front Neuroanat 2020; 14:30. [PMID: 32581731 PMCID: PMC7296101 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2020.00030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone (CPZ) is a chemical chelator toxic to mitochondria of cells. While inducing oligodendrocyte (OL) loss and demyelination, CPZ caused no fatal damage to the other brain cells (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) in previous studies, suggesting differential susceptibility and vulnerability of brain cells to the CPZ intoxication. To demonstrate this interpretation, C57BL/6 mice were fed rodent chow without or with CPZ (0.2%, w/w) for 7 days. One day later, mitochondrial function of brain cells was assessed by proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-MRS) and biochemical analysis. Another batch of mice were processed to localize the CPZ-induced damage to mitochondrial DNA, label brain cells, and identify apoptotic cells. Compared to controls, CPZ-exposed mice showed significantly lower levels of N-acetyl-L-aspartate, phosphocreatine, and ATP detected by 1H-MRS, indicating mitochondrial dysfunction in brain cells. Susceptibility analysis showed an order of OLs, microglia, and astrocytes from high to low, in terms of the proportion of 8-OHdG labeled cells in each type of these cells in corpus callosum. Vulnerability analysis showed the highest proportion of caspase-3 positive cells in labeled OLs in cerebral cortex and hippocampus, where neurons showed no caspase-3 labeling, but the highest proportion of 8-OHdG labeling, indicating a lowest vulnerability but highest susceptibility to CPZ-induced mitochondrial dysfunction. Immature OLs, microglia, and astrocytes showed adaptive changes in proliferation and activation in response to CPZ-exposure. These data for the first time demonstrated the CPZ-induced mitochondria dysfunction in brain cells of living mouse and specified the differential susceptibility and vulnerability of brain cells to the CPZ intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengyi Luo
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Maomao Deng
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zijia Yu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shuqin Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Shengping Hu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- *Correspondence: Shengping Hu,
| | - Haiyun Xu
- The Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- School of Psychiatry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
- Haiyun Xu,
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Abo Taleb HA, Alghamdi BS. Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin during Demyelination and Remyelination Stages in a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Mol Neurosci 2019; 70:386-402. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-019-01425-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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18
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Arutjunyan AV, Evsyukova II, Polyakova VO. The Role of Melatonin in Morphofunctional Development of the Brain in Early Ontogeny. NEUROCHEM J+ 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712419030036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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19
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Melatonin and Multiple Sclerosis: From Plausible Neuropharmacological Mechanisms of Action to Experimental and Clinical Evidence. Clin Drug Investig 2019; 39:607-624. [PMID: 31054087 DOI: 10.1007/s40261-019-00793-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating chronic autoimmune demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), thought to affect more than 2.5 million people worldwide. Regulation of the sleep-wake cycle might influence disease activity and the frequency of relapses in patients. As melatonin (or sleep hormone) involves the regulation of circadian rhythms, much attention has been paid to the management of MS symptoms with melatonin. This review describes the pharmacological mechanisms underlying the neuroprotective effects of melatonin and recent clinical evidence from MS patients. Apparent risks and benefits of melatonin therapies are also discussed. Various in vivo and clinical data presented in this up-to-date review suggest that melatonin may possibly possess a protective role against the behavioral deficits and neuropathological characteristics of MS. Multiple mechanisms of the neuroprotective effects of melatonin such as mitochondrial protection and antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties, as well as its anti-demyelinating function are also discussed. A large body of evidence shows that melatonin potently regulates the immune system, demyelination, free radical generation, and inflammatory responses in neural tissue, which are mediated by multiple signal transduction cascades. In the present article, we focus on different pathways that are targeted by melatonin to prevent the development and progression of MS.
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Kern S, Geiger M, Paucke M, Kästner A, Akgün K, Ziemssen T. Clinical relevance of circadian melatonin release in relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:1547-1555. [PMID: 31471628 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01821-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates the role of melatonin (MT) in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS): It modulates immune function, alleviates oxidative stress and it is linked to seasonality of MS relapse. This report addresses the potential clinical relevance of circadian MT rhythms in relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS) patients. The study sample comprised of fifty-five RRMS patients and fifty age- and sex-matched healthy control (HC) subjects. Circadian salivary MT was measured non-invasively at 12 time points over day in participants' home environment. 6-Hydroxy-melatoninsulfate (MT sulfate) concentration in night-time urine was assessed as an estimate for nocturnal MT. Ratings for neurological disability, health-related quality of life (HrQoL), fatigue, depressive symptoms and sleep patterns were additionally obtained. There was no evidence for an overall disturbed MT rhythm in RRMS patients. However, lower MT levels within the first hour after awakening were associated with longer disease duration. MT levels only correlated moderately with neurological disability. Sleep disruptions were more common in patients than in controls and were associated with lower nocturnal MT sulfate levels. MT also correlated moderately with fatigue and HrQoL. We did not find evidence for a generally disturbed circadian MT rhythm in RRMS patients but longer disease duration was associated with significantly lower MT levels. Moreover, MT correlated with a series of clinical features. The exact nature of this relationship remains unclear and future studies are needed in order to determine whether MT could serve as a potential therapeutic target in MS. KEY MESSAGES: Melatonin acts as a free radical scavenger and modulates immune function. In multiple sclerosis, low melatonin levels were associated with acute exacerbations. Melatonin levels are not generally disturbed in multiple sclerosis patients. But lower levels are associated with disease duration and clinical aspects. Salivary melatonin after awakening might serve as a good measure of melatonin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Kern
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany.
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.
| | - Michael Geiger
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Madlen Paucke
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Alina Kästner
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Katja Akgün
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Tjalf Ziemssen
- Zentrum für Klinische Neurowissenschaften, Klinik und Poliklinik für Neurologie, CGC Universitätsklinikum Dresden, Fetscherstr. 74, 01307, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus at the Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Zhao CN, Wang P, Mao YM, Dan YL, Wu Q, Li XM, Wang DG, Davis C, Hu W, Pan HF. Potential role of melatonin in autoimmune diseases. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 48:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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22
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Oligoprotective effect of metformin through the AMPK-dependent on restoration of mitochondrial hemostasis in the cuprizone-induced multiple sclerosis model. J Mol Histol 2019; 50:263-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s10735-019-09824-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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23
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Neuroprotective effect of linagliptin against cuprizone-induced demyelination and behavioural dysfunction in mice: A pivotal role of AMPK/SIRT1 and JAK2/STAT3/NF-κB signalling pathway modulation. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2018; 352:153-161. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2018.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Omotoso GO, Gbadamosi IT, Afolabi TT, Abdulwahab AB, Akinlolu AA. Ameliorative effects of Moringa on cuprizone-induced memory decline in rat model of multiple sclerosis. Anat Cell Biol 2018; 51:119-127. [PMID: 29984057 PMCID: PMC6026826 DOI: 10.5115/acb.2018.51.2.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2017] [Revised: 01/14/2018] [Accepted: 03/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Cuprizone is a neurotoxin with copper-chelating ability used in animal model of multiple sclerosis in which oxidative stress has been documented as one of the cascade in the pathogenesis. Moringa oleifera is a phytomedicinal plant with antioxidant and neuroprotective properties. This study aimed at evaluating the ameliorative capability of M. oleifera in cuprizone-induced behavioral and histopathological alterations in the prefrontal cortex and hippocampus of Wistar rats. Four groups of rats were treated with normal saline, cuprizone, M. oleifera and a combination of M. oleifera and cuprizone, for five weeks. The rats were subjected to Morris water maze and Y-maze to assess long and short-term memory respectively. The animals were sacrificed, and brain tissues were removed for histochemical and enzyme lysate immunosorbent assay for catalase, superoxide dismutase, and nitric oxide. Cuprizone significantly induced oxidative and nitrosative stress coupled with memory decline and cortico-hippocampal neuronal deficits; however, administration of M. oleifera significantly reversed the neuropathological deficits induced by cuprizone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Olaiya Omotoso
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ismail Temitayo Gbadamosi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Theresa Titilayo Afolabi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Ahmad Bolakale Abdulwahab
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
| | - Adelaja Abdulazeez Akinlolu
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Ilorin, Ilorin, Nigeria
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25
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Neuroprotective Effects of Melatonin on Experimental Allergic Encephalomyelitis Mice Via Anti-Oxidative Stress Activity. J Mol Neurosci 2018; 64:233-241. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-017-1022-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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26
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Tan DX, Xu B, Zhou X, Reiter RJ. Pineal Calcification, Melatonin Production, Aging, Associated Health Consequences and Rejuvenation of the Pineal Gland. Molecules 2018; 23:E301. [PMID: 29385085 PMCID: PMC6017004 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23020301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The pineal gland is a unique organ that synthesizes melatonin as the signaling molecule of natural photoperiodic environment and as a potent neuronal protective antioxidant. An intact and functional pineal gland is necessary for preserving optimal human health. Unfortunately, this gland has the highest calcification rate among all organs and tissues of the human body. Pineal calcification jeopardizes melatonin's synthetic capacity and is associated with a variety of neuronal diseases. In the current review, we summarized the potential mechanisms of how this process may occur under pathological conditions or during aging. We hypothesized that pineal calcification is an active process and resembles in some respects of bone formation. The mesenchymal stem cells and melatonin participate in this process. Finally, we suggest that preservation of pineal health can be achieved by retarding its premature calcification or even rejuvenating the calcified gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Xinjia Zhou
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems & Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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27
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Reiter RJ, Rosales-Corral S, Tan DX, Jou MJ, Galano A, Xu B. Melatonin as a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant: one of evolution's best ideas. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3863-3881. [PMID: 28864909 PMCID: PMC11107735 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2609-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 344] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Melatonin is an ancient antioxidant. After its initial development in bacteria, it has been retained throughout evolution such that it may be or may have been present in every species that have existed. Even though it has been maintained throughout evolution during the diversification of species, melatonin's chemical structure has never changed; thus, the melatonin present in currently living humans is identical to that present in cyanobacteria that have existed on Earth for billions of years. Melatonin in the systemic circulation of mammals quickly disappears from the blood presumably due to its uptake by cells, particularly when they are under high oxidative stress conditions. The measurement of the subcellular distribution of melatonin has shown that the concentration of this indole in the mitochondria greatly exceeds that in the blood. Melatonin presumably enters mitochondria through oligopeptide transporters, PEPT1, and PEPT2. Thus, melatonin is specifically targeted to the mitochondria where it seems to function as an apex antioxidant. In addition to being taken up from the circulation, melatonin may be produced in the mitochondria as well. During evolution, mitochondria likely originated when melatonin-forming bacteria were engulfed as food by ancestral prokaryotes. Over time, engulfed bacteria evolved into mitochondria; this is known as the endosymbiotic theory of the origin of mitochondria. When they did so, the mitochondria retained the ability to synthesize melatonin. Thus, melatonin is not only taken up by mitochondria but these organelles, in addition to many other functions, also probably produce melatonin as well. Melatonin's high concentrations and multiple actions as an antioxidant provide potent antioxidant protection to these organelles which are exposed to abundant free radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Sergio Rosales-Corral
- Centro de Investigacion Biomedica de Occidente, Del Instituto Mexicana del Seguro Social, 44340, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Dun Xian Tan
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
| | - Mei Jie Jou
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyüan, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Kee-Lung Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
| | - Annia Galano
- Departemento de Quimica, Uninversidad Autonoma Metropolitana-Iztapalapa, 09340, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Cell Systems and Anatomy, UT Health San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA
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28
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Sex differences in ischaemic stroke: potential cellular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 131:533-552. [PMID: 28302915 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 01/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Stroke remains a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide. More women than men have strokes each year, in part because women live longer. Women have poorer functional outcomes, are more likely to need nursing home care and have higher rates of recurrent stroke compared with men. Despite continued advancements in primary prevention, innovative acute therapies and ongoing developments in neurorehabilitation, stroke incidence and mortality continue to increase due to the aging of the U.S. POPULATION Sex chromosomes (XX compared with XY), sex hormones (oestrogen and androgen), epigenetic regulation and environmental factors all contribute to sex differences. Ischaemic sensitivity varies over the lifespan, with females having an "ischaemia resistant" phenotype that wanes after menopause, which has recently been modelled in the laboratory. Pharmacological therapies for acute ischaemic stroke are limited. The only pharmacological treatment for stroke approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), which must be used within hours of stroke onset and has a number of contraindications. Pre-clinical studies have identified a number of potentially efficacious neuroprotective agents; however, nothing has been effectively translated into therapy in clinical practice. This may be due, in part, to the overwhelming use of young male rodents in pre-clinical research, as well as lack of sex-specific design and analysis in clinical trials. The review will summarize the current clinical evidence for sex differences in ischaemic stroke, and will discuss sex differences in the cellular mechanisms of acute ischaemic injury, highlighting cell death and immune/inflammatory pathways that may contribute to these clinical differences.
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29
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Carbone C, Arena E, Pepe V, Prezzavento O, Cacciatore I, Turkez H, Marrazzo A, Di Stefano A, Puglisi G. Nanoencapsulation strategies for the delivery of novel bifunctional antioxidant/σ1 selective ligands. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2017; 155:238-247. [PMID: 28432957 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2017.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Nowadays sigma-1 receptors are considered as new therapeutic objectives for central nervous system neurodegenerative diseases. Among different molecules, alpha lipoic acid has been identified as a natural potent antioxidant drug, whose therapeutic efficacy is limited by its many drawbacks, such as fast metabolism, poor bioavailability and high physico-chemical instability. Alfa-lipoic acid derivatives have been recently developed demonstrating their neuroprotective activity and effectiveness in different types of oxidative stress. In this work, two derivatives containing an amide or an ester functional group with different lipophilicity, were selected for their important affinity for sigma-1 receptors. Herein, in order to improve the in vitro stability and antioxidant effectiveness of alpha-lipoic acid derivatives, we focused our efforts in the nanoencapsulation strategies. Aqueous-core nanocapsules for the delivery of the hydrophilic compound and nanostructured lipid carrier for the lipophilic derivative, were properly designed and prepared using a direct or inverse eco-friendly organic solvent-free procedure. All nanosystems were characterized in terms of mean size, polydispersity, stability, morphology, encapsulation efficiency and in vitro release profiles. In order to evaluate the nanocarriers biocompatibility and antioxidant effectiveness, in vitro biological studies (cell viability, total antioxidant capacity and total oxidative status) were developed on primary human whole blood cell cultures, on both unloaded and derivatives-loaded nanodevices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Carbone
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy.
| | - Emanuela Arena
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Veronica Pepe
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Orazio Prezzavento
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Ivana Cacciatore
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Hasan Turkez
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy; Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Erzurum Technical University, Erzurum 25240, Turkey
| | - Agostino Marrazzo
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Stefano
- Department of Pharmacy, University G. d'Annunzio Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 31, 66100, Chieti, Italy
| | - Giovanni Puglisi
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Catania, v.le A. Doria 6, 95100, Catania, Italy
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30
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Tan DX, Manchester LC, Qin L, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: A Mitochondrial Targeting Molecule Involving Mitochondrial Protection and Dynamics. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17122124. [PMID: 27999288 PMCID: PMC5187924 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17122124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin has been speculated to be mainly synthesized by mitochondria. This speculation is supported by the recent discovery that aralkylamine N-acetyltransferase/serotonin N-acetyltransferase (AANAT/SNAT) is localized in mitochondria of oocytes and the isolated mitochondria generate melatonin. We have also speculated that melatonin is a mitochondria-targeted antioxidant. It accumulates in mitochondria with high concentration against a concentration gradient. This is probably achieved by an active transportation via mitochondrial melatonin transporter(s). Melatonin protects mitochondria by scavenging reactive oxygen species (ROS), inhibiting the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP), and activating uncoupling proteins (UCPs). Thus, melatonin maintains the optimal mitochondrial membrane potential and preserves mitochondrial functions. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics is also regulated by melatonin. In most cases, melatonin reduces mitochondrial fission and elevates their fusion. Mitochondrial dynamics exhibit an oscillatory pattern which matches the melatonin circadian secretory rhythm in pinealeocytes and probably in other cells. Recently, melatonin has been found to promote mitophagy and improve homeostasis of mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dun-Xian Tan
- Department of Cell System and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Lucien C Manchester
- Department of Cell System and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Lilan Qin
- Department of Cell System and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Department of Cell System and Anatomy, The University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, USA.
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31
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Wen J, Ariyannur PS, Ribeiro R, Tanaka M, Moffett JR, Kirmani BF, Namboodiri AMA, Zhang Y. Efficacy of N-Acetylserotonin and Melatonin in the EAE Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2016; 11:763-773. [PMID: 27562847 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-016-9702-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin and N-acetylserotonin (NAS) are tryptophan metabolites that have potent anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in several animal models of neurological injury and disease including multiple sclerosis (MS). The therapeutic effect of NAS has not been reported previously in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used animal model of MS. Using a MOG-peptide induced EAE mouse model we examined the effects of melatonin and NAS on clinical score, inflammatory markers, free radical generation, and sparing of axons, oligodendrocytes and myelin. We found that NAS and melatonin reduced clinical scores when administered prior to or after symptom onset. This effect was more pronounced when melatonin and NAS were administrated prior to symptom onset whereby the appearance of motor symptoms was significantly delayed. Activated microglia and CD4+ T-cells were increased in the white matter of untreated EAE mice, with a return to near control levels after melatonin or NAS treatment. The expression of the NADPH oxidase component p67phox and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) was increased in the EAE mice as compared with controls, and both drug treated groups had significant reductions in their expression. Melatonin and NAS treatment significantly reduced the loss of mature oligodendrocytes, demyelination and axonal injury. Both compounds also significantly attenuated iNOS induction and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in lipopolysaccharide-activated microglia in culture. Our results show for the first time the therapeutic effects of NAS and confirm previous reports on the effectiveness of melatonin in the EAE model of MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Prasanth S Ariyannur
- Molecular Diagnostics Div., Department of Medical Oncology, Amrita Institute of Medical Sciences, Amrita University, Kochi, India
| | - Rachel Ribeiro
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Mikiei Tanaka
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - John R Moffett
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA
| | - Batool F Kirmani
- Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Scott and White Hospital, Texas A&M University, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Aryan M A Namboodiri
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
| | - Yumin Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Genetics, Neuroscience Program, Bldg. C, Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences, Bethesda, MD, 20814, USA.
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Saha A, Buntz S, Scotland P, Xu L, Noeldner P, Patel S, Wollish A, Gunaratne A, Gentry T, Troy J, Matsushima GK, Kurtzberg J, Balber AE. A cord blood monocyte-derived cell therapy product accelerates brain remyelination. JCI Insight 2016; 1:e86667. [PMID: 27699230 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.86667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Microglia and monocytes play important roles in regulating brain remyelination. We developed DUOC-01, a cell therapy product intended for treatment of demyelinating diseases, from banked human umbilical cord blood (CB) mononuclear cells. Immunodepletion and selection studies demonstrated that DUOC-01 cells are derived from CB CD14+ monocytes. We compared the ability of freshly isolated CB CD14+ monocytes and DUOC-01 cells to accelerate remyelination of the brains of NOD/SCID/IL2Rγnull mice following cuprizone feeding-mediated demyelination. The corpus callosum of mice intracranially injected with DUOC-01 showed enhanced myelination, a higher proportion of fully myelinated axons, decreased gliosis and cellular infiltration, and more proliferating oligodendrocyte lineage cells than those of mice receiving excipient. Uncultured CB CD14+ monocytes also accelerated remyelination, but to a significantly lesser extent than DUOC-01 cells. Microarray analysis, quantitative PCR studies, Western blotting, and flow cytometry demonstrated that expression of factors that promote remyelination including PDGF-AA, stem cell factor, IGF1, MMP9, MMP12, and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 were upregulated in DUOC-01 compared to CB CD14+ monocytes. Collectively, our results show that DUOC-01 accelerates brain remyelination by multiple mechanisms and could be beneficial in treating demyelinating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arjun Saha
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Susan Buntz
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Paula Scotland
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Li Xu
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Pamela Noeldner
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sachit Patel
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amy Wollish
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Aruni Gunaratne
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Tracy Gentry
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jesse Troy
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Glenn K Matsushima
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, UNC Neuroscience Center, Integrative Program for Biological and Genome Sciences, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Joanne Kurtzberg
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Andrew E Balber
- Robertson Clinical and Translational Cell Therapy Program, Duke Translational Medicine Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina, USA
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Mi G, Gao Y, Liu S, Ye E, Li Y, Jin X, Yang H, Yang Z. Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor flavopiridol promotes remyelination in a cuprizone induced demyelination model. Cell Cycle 2016; 15:2780-91. [PMID: 27580304 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2016.1220458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The cuprizone (CPZ) model has been widely used for the studies of de-and remyelination. The CPZ-exposed mice show oligodendrocyte precursor cells (OPCs) increase and mature oligodendrocytes decrease, suggesting an imbalance between proliferation and differentiation of OPCs. In the first experiment of this study, we examined the expression of cell cycle related genes in brains of mice following CPZ administration for 5 weeks by means of microarray assay. In addition, we performed a double labeling of BrdU and Ki-67 to calculate cell cycle exit index in the mice. Our results showed that CPZ administration up-regulated the expression of 16 cell cycle related genes, but down-regulated the expression of only one in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) of mice compared to control group. The treatment inhibited potential precursor cells exit from cell cycle. In the second experiment, we evaluated effects of a CDK inhibitor flavopiridol (FLA) on CPZ-induced neuropathological changes and spatial working memory impairment in mice.FLA treatment for one week effectively attenuated the CPZ-induced increases in NG2 positive cells, microglia and astrocytes, alleviated the concurrent mature oligodendrocyte loss and myelin breakdown, and improved spatial working memory deficit in the CPZ-exposed mice. These results suggest that CPZ-induced neuropathological changes involve in dysregulation of cell cycle related genes. The therapeutic effects of FLA on CPZ-exposed mice may be related to its ability of cell cycle inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyun Mi
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Yunyun Gao
- b The 89 Hospital of PLA , WeiFang City Shandong Province , China
| | - Shuai Liu
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Enmao Ye
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Yanyan Li
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Xiao Jin
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Hongju Yang
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
| | - Zheng Yang
- a Beijing Institute of Basic Medical Sciences , Haidian District, Beijing , China
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Zendedel A, Kashani IR, Azimzadeh M, Pasbakhsh P, Omidi N, Golestani A, Beyer C, Clarner T. Regulatory effect of triiodothyronine on brain myelination and astrogliosis after cuprizone-induced demyelination in mice. Metab Brain Dis 2016; 31:425-33. [PMID: 26725831 DOI: 10.1007/s11011-015-9781-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Chronic demyelination and plaque formation in multiple sclerosis is accompanied by persisting astrogliosis, negatively influencing central nervous system recovery and remyelination. Triiodothyronin (T3) is thought to enhance remyelination in the adult brain by the induction of oligodendrocyte maturation. We investigated additional astrocyte-mediated mechanisms by which T3 might promote remyelination in chronically demyelinated lesions using the cuprizone mouse model. C57BL/6 mice were fed cuprizone for 12 weeks to induce lesions with an impaired remyelination capacity. While the expression of oligodenrocyte progenitor markers, i.e., platelet derived growth factor-α receptor was not affected by T3 administration, myelination status, myelin protein expression as well as total and adult oligodendrocyte numbers were markedly increased compared to cuprizone treated controls. In addition to these effects on oligodendrocyte numbers and function, astrogliosis but not microgliosis was ameliorated by T3 administration. Intermediate filament proteins vimentin and nestin as well as the extracellular matrix component tenascin C were significantly reduced after T3 exposure, indicating additional effects of T3 on astrocytes and astrogliosis. Our data clearly indicate that T3 promotes remyelination in chronic lesions by both enhancing oligodendrocyte maturation and attenuating astrogliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adib Zendedel
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Gilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran
| | - Iraj Ragerdi Kashani
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Maryam Azimzadeh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parichehr Pasbakhsh
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Negar Omidi
- Department of Surgery, Ziaian Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abolfazl Golestani
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Cordian Beyer
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Tim Clarner
- Institute of Neuroanatomy, Faculty of Medicine, RWTH Aachen University, 52074, Aachen, Germany
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Emamgholipour S, Hossein-nezhad A, Sahraian MA, Askarisadr F, Ansari M. Evidence for possible role of melatonin in reducing oxidative stress in multiple sclerosis through its effect on SIRT1 and antioxidant enzymes. Life Sci 2016; 145:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2015.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Revised: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 12/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Calvo J, Maldonado M. The role of melatonin in autoimmune and atopic diseases. AIMS MOLECULAR SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.3934/molsci.2016.2.158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
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The Effect of Melatonin on Behavioral, Molecular, and Histopathological Changes in Cuprizone Model of Demyelination. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:4675-84. [PMID: 26310973 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9404-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune, demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. The protective effects of melatonin (MLT) on various neurodegenerative diseases, including MS, have been suggested. In the present study, we examined the effect of MLT on demyelination, apoptosis, inflammation, and behavioral dysfunctions in the cuprizone toxic model of demyelination. C57BL/6J mice were fed a chaw containing 0.2 % cuprizone for 5 weeks and received two doses of MLT (50 and 100 mg/kg) intraperitoneally for the last 7 days of cuprizone diet. Administration of MLT improved motor behavior deficits induced by cuprizone diet. MLT dose-dependently decreased the mean number of apoptotic cells via decreasing caspase-3 and Bax as well as increasing Bcl-2 levels. In addition, MLT significantly enhanced nuclear factor-κB activation and decreased heme oxygenase-1 level. However, MLT had no effect on interleukin-6 and myelin protein production. Our data revealed that MLT improved neurological deficits and enhanced cell survival but was not able to initiate myelin production in the cuprizone model of demyelination. These findings may be important for the design of potential MLT therapy in demyelinating disorders, such as MS.
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Demarest TG, McCarthy MM. Sex differences in mitochondrial (dys)function: Implications for neuroprotection. J Bioenerg Biomembr 2014; 47:173-88. [PMID: 25293493 DOI: 10.1007/s10863-014-9583-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Decades of research have revealed numerous differences in brain structure size, connectivity and metabolism between males and females. Sex differences in neurobehavioral and cognitive function after various forms of central nervous system (CNS) injury are observed in clinical practice and animal research studies. Sources of sex differences include early life exposure to gonadal hormones, chromosome compliment and adult hormonal modulation. It is becoming increasingly apparent that mitochondrial metabolism and cell death signaling are also sexually dimorphic. Mitochondrial metabolic dysfunction is a common feature of CNS injury. Evidence suggests males predominantly utilize proteins while females predominantly use lipids as a fuel source within mitochondria and that these differences may significantly affect cellular survival following injury. These fundamental biochemical differences have a profound impact on energy production and many cellular processes in health and disease. This review will focus on the accumulated evidence revealing sex differences in mitochondrial function and cellular signaling pathways in the context of CNS injury mechanisms and the potential implications for neuroprotective therapy development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler G Demarest
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA,
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Zhang HM, Zhang Y. Melatonin: a well-documented antioxidant with conditional pro-oxidant actions. J Pineal Res 2014; 57:131-46. [PMID: 25060102 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 588] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine), an indoleamine produced in many organs including the pineal gland, was initially characterized as a hormone primarily involved in circadian regulation of physiological and neuroendocrine function. Subsequent studies found that melatonin and its metabolic derivatives possess strong free radical scavenging properties. These metabolites are potent antioxidants against both ROS (reactive oxygen species) and RNS (reactive nitrogen species). The mechanisms by which melatonin and its metabolites protect against free radicals and oxidative stress include direct scavenging of radicals and radical products, induction of the expression of antioxidant enzymes, reduction of the activation of pro-oxidant enzymes, and maintenance of mitochondrial homeostasis. In both in vitro and in vivo studies, melatonin has been shown to reduce oxidative damage to lipids, proteins and DNA under a very wide set of conditions where toxic derivatives of oxygen are known to be produced. Although the vast majority of studies proved the antioxidant capacity of melatonin and its derivatives, a few studies using cultured cells found that melatonin promoted the generation of ROS at pharmacological concentrations (μm to mm range) in several tumor and nontumor cells; thus, melatonin functioned as a conditional pro-oxidant. Mechanistically, melatonin may stimulate ROS production through its interaction with calmodulin. Also, melatonin may interact with mitochondrial complex III or mitochondrial transition pore to promote ROS production. Whether melatonin functions as a pro-oxidant under in vivo conditions is not well documented; thus, whether the reported in vitro pro-oxidant actions come into play in live organisms remains to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Mei Zhang
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Xijing Hospital, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
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