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Moshashaei MS, Gandomi F, Amiri E, Maffulli N. Anodal tDCS improves the effect of neuromuscular training on the feedforward activity of lower extremity muscles in female taekwondo athletes with dynamic knee valgus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:20007. [PMID: 39198471 PMCID: PMC11358470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-70328-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can increase cortical excitability of a targeted brain area. This study aimed to investigate the effect of adding anodal-tDCS (a-tDCS) to neuromuscular training (NMT) on the dynamic knee valgus (DKV) and feedforward activity (FFA) of knee muscles. Thirty-four Taekwondo athletes with DKV, were randomly assigned to either NMT + a-tDCS (N = 17) or NMT + sham tDCS (N = 17). DKV and the knee muscles' FFA at the moment of single and double-leg landing and lateral hopping tasks were evaluated before and after the interventions. DKV and FFA of the knee muscles was improved in all tasks (P < 0.05), however, between-group differences were not significant (P > 0.05). The FFA of the semitendinosus, vastus medialis, gluteus medius, and gastrocnemius muscles in the single-leg landing (P < 0.05), the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles in the double-leg landing (P < 0.05), and the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, and gastrocnemius muscles in the lateral hopping (P < 0.05) tasks were significantly different between the groups. A-tDCS achieved significantly larger improvements in the feedforward activity of lower extremity muscles compared with sham-tDCS. However, between-group comparisons did not show a significant difference in DKV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mozhdeh Sadat Moshashaei
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Gandomi
- Department of Sports Injuries and Corrective Exercises, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran.
| | - Ehsan Amiri
- Exercise Metabolism and Performance Lab (EMPL), Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Nicola Maffulli
- Department of Trauma and Orthopaedic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Psychology, University La Sapienza, 00185, Roma, Italy
- School of Pharmacy and Bioengineering, Keele University School of Medicine, Stoke on Trent ST4 7QB, Staffordshire, UK
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Mile End Hospital, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4DG, UK
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Hafezi S, Doustan M, Saemi E. The Effect of Brain Anodal and Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Psychological Refractory Period at Different Stimulus-Onset Asynchrony in Non-Fatigue and Mental Fatigue Conditions. Brain Sci 2024; 14:477. [PMID: 38790455 PMCID: PMC11118837 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci14050477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The psychological refractory period (PRP) effect occurs when two stimuli that require separate responses are presented sequentially, particularly with a short and variable time interval between them. Fatigue is a suboptimal psycho-physiological state that leads to changes in strategies. In recent years, numerous studies have investigated the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor control. The present study aimed to investigate the effects of two tDCS methods, anodal and cathodal, on PRP in ten different conditions of stimulus-onset asynchronies (SOAs) under non-fatigue and mental fatigue conditions. The participants involved 39 male university students aged 19 to 25 years. In the pre-test, they were assessed using the PRP measurement tool under both non-fatigue and mental fatigue conditions. The mental fatigue was induced by a 30-min Stroop task. The test consisted of two stimuli with different SOAs (50, 75, 100, 150, 300, 400, 600, 900, 1200, and 1500 ms). The first was a visual stimulus with three choices (letters A, B, and C). After a random SOA, the second stimulus, a visual stimulus with three choices (colors red, yellow, and blue), was presented. Subsequently, participants were randomly assigned to the anodal, cathodal, and sham stimulation groups and underwent four consecutive sessions of tDCS stimulation. In the anodal and cathodal stimulation groups, 20 min of tDCS stimulation were applied to the PLPFC area in each session, while in the sham group, the stimulation was artificially applied. All participants were assessed using the same measurement tools as in the pre-test phase, in a post-test phase one day after the last stimulation session, and in a follow-up phase four days after that. Inferential statistics include mixed ANOVA, one-way ANOVA, independent, and dependent t-tests. The findings indicated that the response time to the second stimulus was longer at lower SOAs. However, there was no significant difference between the groups in this regard. Additionally, there was no significant difference in response time to the second stimulus between the fatigue and non-fatigue conditions, or between the groups. Therefore, tDCS had no significant effect. There was a significant difference between mental fatigue and non-fatigue conditions in the psychological refractory period. Moreover, at lower SOAs, the PRP was longer than at higher SOAs. In conditions of fatigue, the active stimulation groups (anodal and cathodal) performed better than the sham stimulation group at higher SOAs. Considering the difference in response to both stimuli at different SOAs, some central aspects of the response can be simultaneously parallel. Fatigue also affects parallel processing. This study supports the response integration phenomenon in PRP, which predicts that there will be an increase in response time to the first stimulus as the interval between the presentation of the two stimuli increases. This finding contradicts the bottleneck model. In this study, the effectiveness of cathodal and anodal tDCS on response time to the second stimulus and PRP was found to be very small.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammadreza Doustan
- Department of Motor Behavior and Sport Psychology, Faculty of Sport Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz 6135783151, Iran; (S.H.); (E.S.)
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Kaminski E, Carius D, Knieke J, Mizuguchi N, Ragert P. Complex sequential learning is not facilitated by transcranial direct current stimulation over DLPFC or M1. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:2046-2058. [PMID: 38270331 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique which was found to have a positive modulatory effect on online sequence acquisition or offline motor consolidation, depending on the relative role of the associated brain region. Primary motor regions (M1) and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices (DLPFC) have both been related to sequential learning. However, research so far did not systematically disentangle their differential roles in online and offline learning especially in more complex sequential paradigms. In this study, the influence of anodal M1 leg area-tDCS and anodal DLPFC-tDCS applied during complex sequential learning (online and offline) was investigated using a complex whole body serial reaction time task (CWB-SRTT) in 42 healthy volunteers. TDCS groups did not differ from sham tDCS group regarding their response and reaction time (online) and also not in terms of overnight consolidation (offline). Sequence specific learning and the number of recalled items also did not differ between groups. Results may be related to unspecific parameters such as timing of the stimulation or current intensity but can also be attributed to the relative role of M1 and DLPFC during early complex learning. Taken together, the current study provides preliminary evidence that M1 leg area or DLPFC modulation by means of tDCS does not improve complex sequential skill learning. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Understanding motor learning is helpful to deepen our knowledge about the human ability to acquire new skills. Complex sequential learning tasks have only been studied, sparsely, but are particularly mimicking challenges of daily living. The present study studied early motor learning in a complex serial reaction time task while transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was either applied to leg primary motor cortex or bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. TDCS did not affect sequential learning, neither directly during performance nor in terms of sequence consolidation. Results provide preliminary information that M1 or bilateral DLPFC modulation does not improve early complex motor learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabeth Kaminski
- Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Daniel Carius
- Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jan Knieke
- Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Nobuaki Mizuguchi
- Research Organization of Science and Technology, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Faculty of Sport Science, Department of Movement Neuroscience, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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Tseng SC, Cherry D, Ko M, Fisher SR, Furtado M, Chang SH. The effects of combined transcranial brain stimulation and a 4-week visuomotor stepping training on voluntary step initiation in persons with chronic stroke-a pilot study. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1286856. [PMID: 38450075 PMCID: PMC10915046 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1286856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose Evidence suggests that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) can enhance motor performance and learning of hand tasks in persons with chronic stroke (PCS). However, the effects of tDCS on the locomotor tasks in PCS are unclear. This pilot study aimed to: (1) determine aggregate effects of anodal tDCS combined with step training on improvements of the neural and biomechanical attributes of stepping initiation in a small cohort of persons with chronic stroke (PCS) over a 4-week training program; and (2) assess the feasibility and efficacy of this novel approach for improving voluntary stepping initiation in PCS. Methods A total of 10 PCS were randomly assigned to one of two training groups, consisting of either 12 sessions of VST paired with a-tDCS (n = 6) or sham tDCS (s-tDCS, n = 4) over 4 weeks, with step initiation (SI) tests at pre-training, post-training, 1-week and 1-month follow-ups. Primary outcomes were: baseline vertical ground reaction force (B-vGRF), response time (RT) to initiate anticipatory postural adjustment (APA), and the retention of B-VGRF and RT. Results a-tDCS paired with a 4-week VST program results in a significant increase in paretic weight loading at 1-week follow up. Furthermore, a-tDCS in combination with VST led to significantly greater retention of paretic BWB compared with the sham group at 1 week post-training. Clinical implications The preliminary findings suggest a 4-week VST results in improved paretic limb weight bearing (WB) during SI in PCS. Furthermore, VST combined with a-tDCS may lead to better retention of gait improvements (NCT04437251) (https://classic.clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT04437251).
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chiao Tseng
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Dana Cherry
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Mansoo Ko
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Steven R. Fisher
- Neuromechanics Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, United States
| | - Michael Furtado
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of North Texas Health Science Center at Fort Worth, Fort Worth, TX, United States
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Chang
- Neuromuscular Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
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Xiao S, Shen B, Zhang C, Xu Z, Li J, Fu W, Jin J. Effects of tDCS on Foot Biomechanics: A Narrative Review and Clinical Applications. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1029. [PMID: 37760131 PMCID: PMC10525503 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10091029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, neuro-biomechanical enhancement techniques, such as transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), have been widely used to improve human physical performance, including foot biomechanical characteristics. This review aims to summarize research on the effects of tDCS on foot biomechanics and its clinical applications, and further analyze the underlying ergogenic mechanisms of tDCS. This review was performed for relevant papers until July 2023 in the following databases: Web of Science, PubMed, and EBSCO. The findings demonstrated that tDCS can improve foot biomechanical characteristics in healthy adults, including proprioception, muscle strength, reaction time, and joint range of motion. Additionally, tDCS can be effectively applied in the field of foot sports medicine; in particular, it can be combined with functional training to effectively improve foot biomechanical performance in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). The possible mechanism is that tDCS may excite specific task-related neurons and regulate multiple neurons within the system, ultimately affecting foot biomechanical characteristics. However, the efficacy of tDCS applied to rehabilitate common musculoskeletal injuries (e.g., CAI and plantar fasciitis) still needs to be confirmed using a larger sample size. Future research should use multimodal neuroimaging technology to explore the intrinsic ergogenic mechanism of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xiao
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
| | - Bin Shen
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
| | - Chuyi Zhang
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
| | - Zhen Xu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
| | - Jingjing Li
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Exercise and Health, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China; (S.X.)
- Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jing Jin
- School of Psychology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai 200438, China
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Lim H, Madhavan S. Non-paretic leg movements can facilitate cortical drive to the paretic leg in individuals post stroke with severe motor impairment: Implications for motor priming. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:2853-2867. [PMID: 37354080 PMCID: PMC10530620 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/26/2023]
Abstract
Cross-education, a phenomenon where unilateral strength (or skill) training enhances strength (or skill) in the contralateral untrained limb, has been well studied in able-bodied individuals. Cross-education effect accompanies bilateral changes of corticomotor activity in the motor cortex (M1). Recent reports demonstrated greater cross-education effect in stroke survivors compared to healthy individuals, however, corticomotor responses to cross-education in stroke remains unclear. This study aimed to determine the effects of non-paretic leg movements on corticomotor excitability (CME) and reaction time of the paretic leg in severely impaired stroke survivors. Seventeen post stroke individuals with severe leg motor impairment (Fugl-Meyer lower extremity score less than 21 and absence of motor evoked potential in the paretic leg) performed three 20-min motor trainings using their non-paretic ankle: skill (targeted dynamic movements), strength (isometric resistance) and sham (sub-threshold electrical nerve stimulation). During training, verbal instructions were given to the participants to limit their movement to the non-paretic leg and this was confirmed with visual observation of the paretic leg. Transcranial magnetic stimulation measured CME of the contralateral pathways from the non-lesioned M1 to the non-paretic tibialis anterior (TA) muscle, ipsilateral pathways to the paretic TA and transcallosal inhibition (TCI) from the non-lesioned to lesioned M1. Paretic ankle reaction time was measured using a reaction time paradigm. All outcomes were measured before, immediately post, 30-min post and 60-min post priming. CME of the non-paretic TA increased after skill (.08 ± .10 mV) and strength (.06 ± .05 mV) training (p < .01). Ipsilateral CME of the paretic TA (.02 ± .01 mV) and TCI (.01 ± .01 s, ipsilateral silent period; more inhibition to the lesioned M1) increased after skill (p < .05) but not strength training. Reaction time of the paretic ankle improved after skill and strength training (-.11 ± .2 and -.13 ± .20 s, respectively; p < .05) and was sustained at 60 min. No changes were observed during the sham condition. Our findings may inform future studies for using non-paretic leg movements as a priming modality, especially for those who are contraindicated to other priming paradigms (e.g., brain stimulation) or unable to perform paretic leg movements. Conclusion: Non-paretic leg movements can be used as a priming modality, especially for those who are contraindicated to other priming paradigms (e.g., brain stimulation) or unable to perform paretic leg movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyosok Lim
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
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McCane LM, Wolpaw JR, Thompson AK. Effects of active and sham tDCS on the soleus H-reflex during standing. Exp Brain Res 2023; 241:1611-1622. [PMID: 37145136 PMCID: PMC10224818 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06624-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Weak transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is known to affect corticospinal excitability and enhance motor skill acquisition, whereas its effects on spinal reflexes in actively contracting muscles are yet to be established. Thus, in this study, we examined the acute effects of Active and Sham tDCS on the soleus H-reflex during standing. In fourteen adults without known neurological conditions, the soleus H-reflex was repeatedly elicited at just above M-wave threshold throughout 30 min of Active (N = 7) or Sham (N = 7) 2-mA tDCS over the primary motor cortex in standing. The maximum H-reflex (Hmax) and M-wave (Mmax) were also measured before and immediately after 30 min of tDCS. The soleus H-reflex amplitudes became significantly larger (by 6%) ≈1 min into Active or Sham tDCS and gradually returned toward the pre-tDCS values, on average, within 15 min. With Active tDCS, the amplitude reduction from the initial increase appeared to occur more swiftly than with Sham tDCS. An acute temporary increase in the soleus H-reflex amplitude within the first minute of Active and Sham tDCS found in this study indicates a previously unreported effect of tDCS on the H-reflex excitability. The present study suggests that neurophysiological characterization of Sham tDCS effects is just as important as investigating Active tDCS effects in understanding and defining acute effects of tDCS on the excitability of spinal reflex pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lynn M McCane
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI, 02881, USA
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Stratton VAMC, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Jonathan R Wolpaw
- National Center for Adaptive Neurotechnologies, Stratton VAMC, Albany, NY, 12208, USA
| | - Aiko K Thompson
- Department of Health Sciences and Research, College of Health Professions, Medical University of South Carolina, 77 President Street, MSC 700, Charleston, SC, 29425, USA.
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Duan Q, Liu W, Yang J, Huang B, Shen J. Effect of Cathodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation for Lower Limb Subacute Stroke Rehabilitation. Neural Plast 2023; 2023:1863686. [PMID: 37274448 PMCID: PMC10239296 DOI: 10.1155/2023/1863686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Methods A pilot double-blind and randomized clinical trial. Ninety-one subjects with subacute stroke were treated with cathodal/sham stimulation tDCS based on CGR (physiotherapy 40 min/d and occupational therapy 20 min/d) once daily for 20 consecutive working days. Computer-based stratified randomization (1 : 1) was employed by considering age and sex, with concealed assignments in opaque envelopes to ensure no allocation errors after disclosure at the study's end. Patients were evaluated at T0 before treatment, T1 immediately after the posttreatment assessment, and T2 assessment one month after the end of the treatment. The primary outcome index was assessed: lower limb Fugl-Meyer motor score (FMA-LE); secondary endpoints were other gait assessment and relevant stroke scale assessment. Results Patients in the trial group performed significantly better than the control group in all primary outcome indicators assessed posttreatment T1 and at follow-up T2: FMA-LE outcome indicators between the two groups in T1 (P = 0.032; effect size 1.00, 95% CI: 0.00 to 2.00) and FMA-LE outcome indicators between the two groups in T2 (P = 0.010; effect size 2.00, 95% CI: 1.00 to 3.00). Conclusion In the current pilot study, ctDCS plus CGR was an effective treatment modality to improve lower limb motor function with subacute stroke. The effectiveness of cathodal tDCS in poststroke lower limb motor dysfunction is inconclusive. Therefore, a large randomized controlled trial is needed to verify its effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Duan
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200105, China
| | - Wenying Liu
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200105, China
| | - Jinhui Yang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan 030012, China
| | - Ben Huang
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200105, China
| | - Jie Shen
- Department of Rehabilitation, The Eighth People's Hospital of Shanghai, Shanghai 200105, China
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Zhang Z. TAI CHI IMPACTS ON NEUROMUSCULAR FUNCTIONS IN THE LOWER LIMBS OF THE ELDERLY. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202228052022_0015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction: Exercise can retard the effects of aging and improve the physical function of the elderly. Tai Chi is a widespread exercise practice among the elderly in China. Although studies show the positive effects of Tai Chi practice, there is no consensus about compared studies. Objective: Evaluate the impact of regular Tai Chi exercise on neuromuscular stability in the lower limbs of elderly people, comparing the results of practitioners between sedentary and walking elderly groups. Methods: Twenty-two Tai Chi practitioners were selected, with a mean age of 59.3±3.5 years and a mean practice time of 18.4±13.2 years. This experiment mainly tests the balance ability compared to individuals practicing walking and other sedentary individuals. Results: The muscle strength of the knee flexors and extensors in the Tai Chi group was significantly greater than in the sedentary group (p=0.001 to 0.00160°/sec; P=0.002 to 60°/sec extensors; p=0.002 to 120°/sec; 120°/sec flexors, p=0.003). Similarly, there was a significant difference in muscle strength between the Tai Chi group and the walking group (the P values of the flexors and extensors at both speeds were less than 0.001). Conclusion: Tai Chi, as a regular exercise, can increase muscle strength of the general knee flexors and extensors and improve the neuromuscular stability of lower limbs in the elderly. Evidence Level II; Therapeutic Studies - Investigating the result.
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Is Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation an Effective Ergogenic Technology in Lower Extremity Sensorimotor Control for Healthy Population? A Narrative Review. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12070912. [PMID: 35884719 PMCID: PMC9313103 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12070912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (a-tDCS) aims to hone motor skills and improve the quality of life. However, the non-repeatability of experimental results and the inconsistency of research conclusions have become a common phenomenon, which may be due to the imprecision of the experimental protocol, great variability of the participant characteristics within the group, and the irregularities of quantitative indicators. The aim of this study systematically summarised and analysed the effect of a-tDCS on lower extremity sensorimotor control under different experimental conditions. This narrative review was performed following the PRISMA guidelines until June 2022 in Web of Science, PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar, and Scopus. The findings of the present study demonstrated that a-tDCS can effectively improve the capabilities of lower extremity sensorimotor control, particularly in gait speed and time-on-task. Thus, a-tDCS can be used as an effective ergogenic technology to facilitate physical performance. In-depth and rigorous experimental protocol with larger sample sizes and combining brain imaging technology to explore the mechanism have a profound impact on the development of tDCS.
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Review of tDCS Configurations for Stimulation of the Lower-Limb Area of Motor Cortex and Cerebellum. Brain Sci 2022; 12:brainsci12020248. [PMID: 35204011 PMCID: PMC8870282 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci12020248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
This article presents an exhaustive analysis of the works present in the literature pertaining to transcranial direct current stimulation(tDCS) applications. The aim of this work is to analyze the specific characteristics of lower-limb stimulation, identifying the strengths and weaknesses of these works and framing them with the current knowledge of tDCS. The ultimate goal of this work is to propose areas of improvement to create more effective stimulation therapies with less variability.
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12
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Fehring DJ, Samandra R, Haque ZZ, Jaberzadeh S, Rosa M, Mansouri FA. Investigating the sex-dependent effects of prefrontal cortex stimulation on response execution and inhibition. Biol Sex Differ 2021; 12:47. [PMID: 34404467 PMCID: PMC8369781 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-021-00390-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Context-dependent execution or inhibition of a response is an important aspect of executive control, which is impaired in neuropsychological and addiction disorders. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) has been considered a remedial approach to address deficits in response control; however, considerable variability has been observed in tDCS effects. These variabilities might be related to contextual differences such as background visual-auditory stimuli or subjects' sex. In this study, we examined the interaction of two contextual factors, participants' sex and background acoustic stimuli, in modulating the effects of tDCS on response inhibition and execution. In a sham-controlled and cross-over (repeated-measure) design, 73 participants (37 females) performed a Stop-Signal Task in different background acoustic conditions before and after tDCS (anodal or sham) was applied over the DLPFC. Participants had to execute a speeded response in Go trials but inhibit their response in Stop trials. Participants' sex was fully counterbalanced across all experimental conditions (acoustic and tDCS). We found significant practice-related learning that appeared as changes in indices of response inhibition (stop-signal reaction time and percentage of successful inhibition) and action execution (response time and percentage correct). The tDCS and acoustic stimuli interactively influenced practice-related changes in response inhibition and these effects were uniformly seen in both males and females. However, the effects of tDCS on response execution (percentage of correct responses) were sex-dependent in that practice-related changes diminished in females but heightened in males. Our findings indicate that participants' sex influenced the effects of tDCS on the execution, but not inhibition, of responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Fehring
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Ranshikha Samandra
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Zakia Z Haque
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Shapour Jaberzadeh
- Department of Physiotherapy, Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation & Neuroplasticity Laboratory, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3199, Australia
| | - Marcello Rosa
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
- Department of Physiology, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia
| | - Farshad A Mansouri
- Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Department of Physiology, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Integrative Brain Function, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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13
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Xiao S, Wang B, Zhang X, Zhou J, Fu W. Systematic Review of the Impact of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on the Neuromechanical Management of Foot and Ankle Physical Performance in Healthy Adults. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:587680. [PMID: 33251200 PMCID: PMC7673373 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.587680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to review existing literature regarding the effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the physical performances of the foot and ankle of healthy adults and discuss the underlying neurophysiological mechanism through which cortical activities influence the neuromechanical management of the physical performances of the foot and ankle. Methods: This systematic review has followed the recommendations of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses. A systematic search was performed on PubMed, EBSCO, and Web of Science. Studies were included according to the Participants, Intervention, Comparison, Outcomes, and Setting inclusion strategy. The risk of bias was assessed through the Cochrane Collaboration tool, and the quality of each study was evaluated through the Physiotherapy Evidence Database (PEDro) scale. Results: The electronic search resulted in 145 studies. Only eight studies were included after screening. The studies performed well in terms of allocation, blinding effectiveness, and selective reporting. Besides, the PEDro scores of all the studies were over six, which indicated that the included studies have high quality. Seven studies reported that tDCS induced remarkable improvements in the physical performances of the foot and ankle, including foot sole vibratory and tactile threshold, toe pinch force, ankle choice reaction time, accuracy index of ankle tracking, and ankle range of motion, compared with sham. Conclusion: The results in these studies demonstrate that tDCS is promising to help improve the physical performances of the foot and ankle. The possible underlying mechanisms are that tDCS can ultimately influence the neural circuitry responsible for the neuromechanical regulation of the foot and ankle and then improve their physical performances. However, the number of studies included was limited and their sample sizes were small; therefore, more researches are highly needed to confirm the findings of the current studies and explore the underlying neuromechanical effects of tDCS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songlin Xiao
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Baofeng Wang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Xini Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
| | - Junhong Zhou
- The Hinda and Arthur Marcus Institute for Aging Research, Hebrew SeniorLife, Boston, MA, United States.,Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Weijie Fu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Exercise and Health Sciences of Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China
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14
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Sivaramakrishnan A, Madhavan S. Combining transcranial direct current stimulation with aerobic exercise to optimize cortical priming in stroke. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2020; 46:426-435. [PMID: 33095999 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2020-0677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Aerobic exercise (AE) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) are priming techniques that have been studied for their potential neuromodulatory effects on corticomotor excitability (CME); however, the synergistic effects of AE and tDCS are not explored in stroke. Here we investigated the synergistic effects of AE and tDCS on CME, intracortical and transcallosal inhibition, and motor control for the lower limb in stroke. Twenty-six stroke survivors participated in 3 sessions: tDCS, AE, and AE+tDCS. AE included moderate-intensity exercise and tDCS included 1 mA of anodal tDCS to the lower limb motor cortex with or without AE. Outcomes included measures of CME, short-interval intracortical inhibition (SICI), ipsilateral silent period (iSP) (an index of transcallosal inhibition) for the tibialis anterior, and ankle reaction time. Ipsilesional CME significantly decreased for AE compared with AE+tDCS and tDCS. No differences were noted in SICI, iSP measures, or reaction time between all 3 sessions. Our findings suggest that a combination of exercise and tDCS, and tDCS demonstrate greater excitability of the ipsilesional hemisphere compared with exercise only; however, these effects were specific to the descending corticomotor pathways. No additive priming effects of exercise and tDCS over tDCS was observed. Novelty: An exercise and tDCS paradigm upregulated the descending motor pathways from the ipsilesional lower limb primary motor cortex compared with exercise. Exercise or tDCS administered alone or in combination did not affect intracortical or transcallosal inhibition or reaction time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali Sivaramakrishnan
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.,Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Applied Health Sciences, UIC, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Lab, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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15
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Floyd JT, Lairamore C, Garrision MK, Woods AJ, Rainey JL, Kiser T, Padala PR, Mennemeier M. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Can Alter Cortical Excitability of the Lower Extremity in Healthy Participants: A Review and Methodological Study. FRONTIERS IN NEUROLOGY AND NEUROSCIENCE RESEARCH 2020; 1:100002. [PMID: 33274350 PMCID: PMC7710335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been used to alter cortical excitability of the lower extremity (LE) and to influence performance on LE tasks like ankle tracking accuracy; but no study, to our knowledge, ever reported a significant change in cortical excitability relative to sham-tDCS. Additionally, because several different electrode montages were used in previous studies, it is difficult to know how stimulation should be applied to achieve this effect. Our objective was to determine whether active-tDCS alters cortical excitability of the LE and ankle tracking accuracy relative to sham-tDCS in healthy participants. The efficacy of two electrode montages and two conductance mediums were compared. METHODS A triple-blind, fully randomized, within-subjects study was conducted with healthy participants (N=18, 24.2 (6.6) years). Cortical recruitment curves and measures of ankle tracking accuracy for the dominant lower extremity were obtained before and after participants received active-tDCS at 2 milliamps for 20 minutes using montage-medium combinations of M1-SO:Saline, M1-SO:Gel, C1-C2:Saline, and C1-C2:Gel and a sham-tDCS condition (M1-SO: Saline). RESULTS The motor evoked potential maximum of the recruitment curve was significantly lower for active than sham-tDCS, but only for the M1-SO:Saline combination. No other significant differences in the recruitment curve parameters or in ankle tracking were found. CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to our knowledge to demonstrate a significant difference in cortical excitability of the LE between active and sham-tDCS conditions. Given the order in which the experimental procedures occurred, the result is consistent with the concept of a homeostatic plasticity response.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Tyler Floyd
- University of Central Arkansas, Department of Physical Therapy, Conway, AR, USA 72035
| | - Chad Lairamore
- Western University of Health Sciences, Department of Physical Therapy Education, Lebanon, OR 97355
| | - Mark Kevin Garrision
- University of Central Arkansas, Department of Physical Therapy, Conway, AR, USA 72035
| | - Adam J. Woods
- University of Florida, Department of Clinical and Health Psychology, Gainesville, FL 32610
| | - Jacqueline L. Rainey
- University of Central Arkansas, Department of Health Sciences, Conway, AR, USA 72035
| | - Thomas Kiser
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Prasad R. Padala
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System, Little Rock, AR 72205
| | - Mark Mennemeier
- University of Central Arkansas, Department of Physical Therapy, Conway, AR, USA 72035
- University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Department of Neurobiology & Developmental Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205
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16
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Bruce AS, Howard JS, VAN Werkhoven H, McBride JM, Needle AR. The Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Chronic Ankle Instability. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 52:335-344. [PMID: 31453883 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Given maladaptive neuroplasticity after musculoskeletal injury, interventions capable of restoring corticospinal excitability should be considered. We therefore aimed to determine if a 4-wk intervention of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (aTDCS) with eccentric exercise would improve neural excitability, functional performance, and patient-reported function in individuals with chronic ankle instability (CAI). METHODS Twenty-six individuals with CAI were recruited to undergo 4 wk of eccentric evertor strengthening. Subjects were randomized into aTDCS (n = 13) and sham (n = 13) groups, where the aTDCS group received 18 min of aTDCS (1.5 mA) over the primary motor cortex. Participants were assessed for cortical excitability, dynamic balance, muscle activation, functional performance, strength, and patient-reported function at baseline, week 2, week 4, and week 6. RESULTS Twenty-two subjects completed the training and test sessions. Cortical excitability (resting motor threshold) to peroneus longus in aTDCS increased from baseline (36.92 ± 11.53) to week 6 (32.91 ± 12.33, P = 0.024), whereas sham increased excitability from baseline (36.67 ± 12.74) to week 2 (27.86 ± 14.69, P = 0.007), but decreased at week 4 (35.63 ± 13.10, P = 0.022) and week 6 (35.99 ± 13.52, P = 0.006). Dynamic balance and muscle activation also improved in the aTDCS group from baseline to week 6 (P = 0.034). Functional performance on a side-hop test increased in all participants from baseline to week 2 (P = 0.003). The aTDCS group had decreased perceived disablement from week 2 (18.09 ± 6.41) to week 4 (15.55 ± 4.82, P = 0.046), whereas the sham group reported increased disablement from baseline (17.91 ± 4.59) to week 2 (21.00 ± 8.52, P = 0.047). CONCLUSIONS Our results provide preliminary evidence that 4 wk of eccentric training with aTDCS improves cortical excitability, functional performance, and patient-reported function in individuals with CAI. These data are the first to show the efficacy of noninvasive brain stimulation therapies in patients with musculoskeletal injury, and demonstrate the link between improved neural excitability and functional outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amelia S Bruce
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC
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17
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Tseng SC, Chang SH, Hoerth KM, Nguyen ATA, Perales D. Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Retention of Visuomotor Stepping Skills in Healthy Adults. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:251. [PMID: 32676018 PMCID: PMC7333563 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) paired with exercise training can enhance learning and retention of hand tasks; however, there have been few investigations of the effects of tDCS on leg skill improvements. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether tDCS paired with visuomotor step training can promote skill learning and retention. We hypothesized that pairing step training with anodal tDCS would improve skill learning and retention, evidenced by decreased step reaction times (RTs), both immediately (online skill gains) and 30 min after training (offline skill gains). Twenty healthy adults were randomly assigned to one of two groups, in which 20-min anodal or sham tDCS was applied to the lower limb motor cortex and paired with visuomotor step training. Step RTs were determined across three time points: (1) before brain stimulation (baseline); (2) immediately after brain stimulation (P0); and (3) 30 min after brain stimulation (P3). A continuous decline in RT was observed in the anodal tDCS group at both P0 and P3, with a significant decrease in RT at P3; whereas there were no improvements in RT at P0 and P3 in the sham group. These findings do not support our hypothesis that anodal tDCS enhances online learning, as RT was not decreased significantly immediately after stimulation. Nevertheless, the results indicate that anodal tDCS enhances offline learning, as RT was significantly decreased 30 min after stimulation, likely because of tDCS-induced neural modulation of cortical and subcortical excitability, synaptic efficacy, and spinal neuronal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shih-Chiao Tseng
- Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Shuo-Hsiu Chang
- Motor Recovery Laboratory, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Kristine M Hoerth
- Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Anh-Tu A Nguyen
- Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Daniel Perales
- Neuroscience Laboratory, School of Physical Therapy, Texas Woman's University, Houston, TX, United States
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18
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Gowan S, Hordacre B. Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation to Facilitate Lower Limb Recovery Following Stroke: Current Evidence and Future Directions. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10050310. [PMID: 32455671 PMCID: PMC7287858 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10050310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke remains a global leading cause of disability. Novel treatment approaches are required to alleviate impairment and promote greater functional recovery. One potential candidate is transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which is thought to non-invasively promote neuroplasticity within the human cortex by transiently altering the resting membrane potential of cortical neurons. To date, much work involving tDCS has focused on upper limb recovery following stroke. However, lower limb rehabilitation is important for regaining mobility, balance, and independence and could equally benefit from tDCS. The purpose of this review is to discuss tDCS as a technique to modulate brain activity and promote recovery of lower limb function following stroke. Preliminary evidence from both healthy adults and stroke survivors indicates that tDCS is a promising intervention to support recovery of lower limb function. Studies provide some indication of both behavioral and physiological changes in brain activity following tDCS. However, much work still remains to be performed to demonstrate the clinical potential of this neuromodulatory intervention. Future studies should consider treatment targets based on individual lesion characteristics, stage of recovery (acute vs. chronic), and residual white matter integrity while accounting for known determinants and biomarkers of tDCS response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Gowan
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Program, Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin—La Crosse, La Crosse, WI 54601, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-8-83021286
| | - Brenton Hordacre
- IIMPACT in Health, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
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19
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Coppens MJM, Staring WHA, Nonnekes J, Geurts ACH, Weerdesteyn V. Offline effects of transcranial direct current stimulation on reaction times of lower extremity movements in people after stroke: a pilot cross-over study. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2019; 16:136. [PMID: 31699109 PMCID: PMC6839051 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-019-0604-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a non-invasive brain stimulation technique that has shown promise for rehabilitation after stroke. Ipsilesional anodal tDCS (a-tDCS) over the motor cortex increases corticospinal excitability, while contralesional cathodal tDCS (c-tDCS) restores interhemispheric balance, both resulting in offline improved reaction times of delayed voluntary upper-extremity movements. We aimed to investigate whether tDCS would also have a beneficial effect on delayed leg motor responses after stroke. In addition, we identified whether variability in tDCS effects was associated with the level of leg motor function. METHODS In a cross-over design, 13 people with chronic stroke completed three 15-min sessions of anodal, cathodal and sham stimulation over the primary motor cortex on separate days in an order balanced across participants. Directly after stimulation, participants performed a comprehensive set of lower-extremity tasks involving the paretic tibialis anterior (TA): voluntary ankle-dorsiflexion, gait initiation, and backward balance perturbation. For all tasks, TA onset latencies were determined. In addition, leg motor function was determined by the Fugl-Meyer Assessment - leg score (FMA-L). Repeated measures ANOVA was used to reveal tDCS effects on reaction times. Pearson correlation coefficients were used to establish the relation between tDCS effects and leg motor function. RESULTS For all tasks, TA reaction times did not differ across tDCS sessions. For gait initiation and backward balance perturbation, differences between sham and active stimulation (a-tDCS or c-tDCS) did not correlate with leg motor function. Yet, for ankle dorsiflexion, individual reaction time differences between c-tDCS and sham were strongly associated with FMA-L, with more severely impaired patients exhibiting slower paretic reaction times following c-tDCS. CONCLUSION We found no evidence for offline tDCS-induced benefits. Interestingly, we found that c-tDCS may have unfavorable effects on voluntary control of the paretic leg in severely impaired patients with chronic stroke. This finding points at potential vicarious control from the unaffected hemisphere to the paretic leg. The absence of tDCS-induced effects on gait and balance, two functionally relevant tasks, shows that such motor behavior is inadequately stimulated by currently used tDCS applications. TRIAL REGISTRATION The study is registered in the Netherlands Trial Register (NL5684; April 13th, 2016).
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Affiliation(s)
- Milou J M Coppens
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Wouter H A Staring
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Jorik Nonnekes
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander C H Geurts
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vivian Weerdesteyn
- Department of Rehabilitation, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, PO Box 9101, 6500, HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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20
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Iyer PC, Rosenberg A, Baynard T, Madhavan S. Influence of neurovascular mechanisms on response to tDCS: an exploratory study. Exp Brain Res 2019; 237:2829-2840. [PMID: 31455998 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-019-05626-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial effects of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) for stroke rehabilitation are limited by the variability in changes in corticomotor excitability (CME) after tDCS. Neuronal activity is closely related to cerebral blood flow; however, the cerebral hemodynamics of neuromodulation in relation to neural effects have been less explored. In this study, we examined the effects of tDCS on cerebral blood velocity (CBv) in chronic stroke survivors using transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasound in relation to changes in CME and described the neurovascular characteristics of tDCS responders. Middle cerebral artery (MCA) CBv, cerebrovascular resistance (CVRi) and other cerebral hemodynamics-related variables were continuously measured before and after 15 min of 1 mA anodal tDCS to the lesioned lower limb M1. tDCS did not modulate CBv in the whole group and upon TMS-based stratification of responders and non-responders. However, at baseline, responders demonstrated lower CME levels, lower CBv and higher CVRi as compared to non-responders. These results indicate a possible difference in baseline CME and CBv in tDCS responders that may influence their response to neuromodulation. Future trials with a large sample size and repeated baseline measurements may help validate these findings and establish a relationship between neuromodulation and neurovascular mechanisms in stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooja C Iyer
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Science, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander Rosenberg
- Department of Physiology and Anatomy, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, TX, USA.,Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Tracy Baynard
- Integrative Physiology Laboratory, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Brain Plasticity Laboratory, Department of Physical Therapy, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, 1919 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612, USA.
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21
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Patel R, Madhavan S. Comparison of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Electrode Montages for the Lower Limb Motor Cortex. Brain Sci 2019; 9:brainsci9080189. [PMID: 31390741 PMCID: PMC6721300 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci9080189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been widely explored as a neuromodulatory adjunct to modulate corticomotor excitability and improve motor behavior. However, issues with the effectiveness of tDCS have led to the exploration of empirical and experimental alternate electrode placements to enhance neuromodulatory effects. Here, we conducted a preliminary study to compare a novel electrode montage (which involved placing 13 cm2 electrodes anterior and posterior to the target location) to the traditionally used electrode montage (13 cm2 stimulating electrode over the target area and the 35 cm2 reference electrode over the contralateral orbit). We examined the effects of tDCS of the lower limb motor area (M1) by measuring the corticomotor excitability (CME) of the tibialis anterior muscle using transcranial magnetic stimulation in twenty healthy participants. We examined behavioral effects using a skilled motor control task performed with the ankle. We did not find one electrode montage to be superior to the other for changes in the CME or motor control. When the group was dichotomized into responders and non-responders (based on upregulation in CME), we found that the responders showed significant upregulation from baseline after tDCS for both montages. However, only the responders in the traditional montage group showed significant changes in motor control after tDCS. These results do not support the superiority of the new anterior–posterior montage over the traditional montage. Further work with a larger cohort and multiple cumulative sessions may be necessary to confirm our results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika Patel
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Sangeetha Madhavan
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 60612, USA.
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22
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Fehring DJ, Illipparampil R, Acevedo N, Jaberzadeh S, Fitzgerald PB, Mansouri FA. Interaction of task-related learning and transcranial direct current stimulation of the prefrontal cortex in modulating executive functions. Neuropsychologia 2019; 131:148-159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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23
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Seidel O, Ragert P. Effects of Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of Primary Motor Cortex on Reaction Time and Tapping Performance: A Comparison Between Athletes and Non-athletes. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:103. [PMID: 31024275 PMCID: PMC6460944 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies provided compelling evidence that physical activity leads to specific changes on a functional and structural level of brain organization. The observed neural adaptions are specific to the sport and manifested in those brain regions which are associated with neuronal processing of sport-specific skills. Techniques of non-invasive brain stimulation have been shown to induce neuroplastic changes and thereby also facilitate task performance. In the present study, we investigated the influence of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the leg area of the primary motor cortex (M1) on simple reaction time tasks (RTT) and tapping tasks (TT) as a comparison between trained football (FB) and handball players (HB) and non-athletes (NA). We hypothesized that anodal tDCS over M1 (leg area) would lead to specific behavioral gains in RTT and TT performance of the lower extremity as compared to sham condition. On an exploratory level, we aimed at revealing if trained athletes would show stronger tDCS-induced behavioral gains as compared to NA, and, furthermore, if there are any differential effects between FB and HB. A total number of 46 participants were enrolled in a sham-controlled, double-blinded, cross-over study. A test block consisting of RTT and TT was performed before, during, after as well as 30 min after a 20-min tDCS application. Additionally, the specificity of tDCS-induced changes was examined by testing upper extremity using the same experimental design as a control condition. Our data showed no group- or sport-specific tDCS-induced effects (online and offline) on RTT and TT neither for lower nor upper extremities. These findings indicate that neither athletes nor NA seems to benefit from a brief period of tDCS application in speed-related motor tasks. However, more knowledge on neuronal processing of RTT and TT performance in trained athletes, the influence of tDCS parameters including stimulation sites, and the effect of inter-individual differences are required in order to draw a comprehensive picture of whether tDCS can help to enhance motor abilities on a high-performance level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Seidel
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Institute for General Kinesiology and Exercise Science, Faculty of Sport Science, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany
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24
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Proessl F, Poston B, Rudroff T. Does a single application of anodal tDCS improve knee extensor fatigability in people with multiple sclerosis? Brain Stimul 2018; 11:1388-1390. [PMID: 30146429 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 08/10/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- F Proessl
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Department of Health and Exercise Science, Colorado State University, USA
| | - B Poston
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, USA
| | - T Rudroff
- Department of Health and Human Physiology, University of Iowa, USA.
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Foerster Á, Dutta A, Kuo M, Paulus W, Nitsche MA. Effects of anodal transcranial direct current stimulation over lower limb primary motor cortex on motor learning in healthy individuals. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:779-789. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2017] [Revised: 02/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Águida Foerster
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Germany
- Deptartment Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Leibniz‐Institut für Arbeitsforschung Ardeystr. 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering University at Buffalo Buffalo NY USA
| | - Min‐Fang Kuo
- Deptartment Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Leibniz‐Institut für Arbeitsforschung Ardeystr. 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
| | - Walter Paulus
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology Universitätsmedizin Göttingen Georg‐August Universität Göttingen Germany
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Deptartment Psychology and Neurosciences Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors Leibniz‐Institut für Arbeitsforschung Ardeystr. 67 44139 Dortmund Germany
- Department of Neurology University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil Bochum Germany
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Poststimulation time interval-dependent effects of motor cortex anodal tDCS on reaction-time task performance. COGNITIVE AFFECTIVE & BEHAVIORAL NEUROSCIENCE 2018; 18:167-175. [DOI: 10.3758/s13415-018-0561-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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27
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Online adjustments of leg movements in healthy young and old. Exp Brain Res 2017; 235:2329-2348. [DOI: 10.1007/s00221-017-4967-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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28
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Horvath JC, Carter O, Forte JD. No significant effect of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) found on simple motor reaction time comparing 15 different simulation protocols. Neuropsychologia 2016; 91:544-552. [PMID: 27664296 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2016.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Research exploring the behavioral impact of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over M1 has produced homogenous results. The most common explanations to address this homogeneity concerns the differential impact of varied tDCS parameters (such as stimulation intensity or electrode montage). To explore this, we systematically examined the effects of 15 different tDCS protocols on a well-elucidated neurobehavioral system: simple visual motor reaction time (smRT). METHODS For the initial phase of this study, 150 healthy participants were randomly assigned to one of 5 experimental groups (2mA anodal, 2mA cathodal, 1mA anodal, 1mA cathodal, or sham) across 3 different conditions (orbitofrontal, bilateral, or extracephalic reference electrode location). The active electrode was always placed over M1 and tDCS lasted for 20min. Starting ~5min prior to stimulation and running continuously for ~30min, participants were repeatedly presented with a visual cue centered on a computer monitor and asked to press a response button as quickly as possible at stimulus onset (stimuli number: 100 pre-, 400 during-, and 100-post stimulation - interstimulus interval: 1-3s). Ex-gaussian distribution curves, miss, and error rates were determined for each normalized batch of 100 RTs and compared using a two-way ANOVA. As the largest group differences were seen with 2mA anodal (compared to sham) stimulation using an orbitofrontal montage, an additional 60 healthy participants were recruited to further test for significance in this condition. RESULTS No significant impact of tDCS was seen on any parameter of smRT distribution, error rate, or miss rate, regardless of polarity, stimulation intensity, electrode montage, or stimulation-to-task relationship. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that tDCS over M1 might not have a predictable or reliable effect on short duration smRT. Our results raise interesting questions regarding the mechanisms by which tDCS might modulate more complex motor behaviors. Additional research utilizing multiple tDCS protocols as undertaken here will help address and clarify these concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared Cooney Horvath
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Olivia Carter
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Jason D Forte
- University of Melbourne, School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Reliability and Variability of tDCS Induced Changes in the Lower Limb Motor Cortex. Brain Sci 2016; 6:brainsci6030026. [PMID: 27472368 PMCID: PMC5039455 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is emerging as a promising adjuvant to enhance motor function. However, there has been increasing reservations about the reliability and variability of the neuromodulatory effects evoked by tDCS. Objective/Hypothesis: The main purpose of this study was to explore the test-retest reliability and inter-individual variability of tDCS of the lower limb M1 and the relationship between transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-related measures and tDCS-induced changes. Methods: Fifteen healthy participants received anodal tDCS of the lower limb M1 either when performing a lower limb motor task or when the limb was at rest. Each condition was tested twice. tDCS induced changes in corticomotor excitability of the tibialis anterior muscle were measured using TMS. A repeated measures ANOVA was performed to examine efficacy of tDCS between the two task conditions. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and variance component analyses were performed to examine reliability and variability respectively. Results: A significant increase in in corticomotor excitability was noted for the tDCS-task condition at 140% active motor threshold (AMT) and when comparing recruitment curve slopes, but not at 120% and 130% AMT. Overall, ICC values between testing days for each stimulation condition ranged from 0.6–0.9. Higher ICCs were seen for higher TMS intensities (140% AMT) and recruitment curve slopes. Inter-individual variability contributed to 34% of the exhibited variance. Conclusions: Our data suggest that the TMS-related measure used to assess neuromodulation after tDCS has an effect on its perceived test-retest reliability and inter-individual variability. Importantly, we noticed that a high reliability and low variability does not necessarily indicate clinical efficacy of tDCS as some participants showed little to no modulation of corticomotor excitability consistently.
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